Table of Contents

1. Fluid Mechanics
1.1 Properties of Fluids
1.2 Pressure and its Measurement
1.3 Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
1.4 Fluid Kinematics
1.5 Fluid Dynamics
1.6 Flow Through Pipes
1.7 Laminar Flow
1.8 Flow Measurement
1.9 Turbulent Flow
1.10 Dimensional and Model Analysis
1.11 Boundary Layer Theory
1.12 Open Channel Flow & Drag and Lift
1.13 Impact of Jets
1.14 Hydraulics Turbines
1.15 Hydraulics Pump

2. Power Plant Engineering

2.1 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
2.2 Steam Turbine
2.3 Boilers
2.4 Air and Gas Compressors
2.5 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy

3. Internal Combustion Engine

3.1 IC Engine Cycles
3.2 Fuels and Combustion
3.3 Ignition Systems
3.4 Knocking and Detonation
3.5 Octane and Cetane Number
3.6 Carburettor
3.7 Engine Performance Parameter
3.8 Cooling and Lubrication

4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

 4.1 Refrigeration Cycles and Devices
4.2 Refrigerants
4.3 Air Conditioning

5. Thermodynamics
5.1 Basic Concepts & Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
5.2 First Law of Thermodynamics
5.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
5.4 Availability and Irreversibility
5.5 Ideal and Real Gases
5.6 Properties of Pure Substances, Gases and Vapour Mixtures
5.7 Thermodynamic Relations

6. Heat Transfer
6.1 Modes of Heat Transfer
6.2 Conduction
6.3 Fins
6.4 Convection
6.5 Radiation
6.6 Heat Exchanger

7. Engineering Mechanics
7.1 Equilibrium and Friction
7.2 Moment of Inertia and Centroid
7.3 Frame Truss and Beam
7.4 Kinematics and Kinetics
7.5 Law of Motion
7.6 Impact and Virtual Work

8. Strength of Materials
8.1 Elastic Limit and Constants
8.2 Simple Stress and Strain
8.3 Principal Stress or Strain
8.4 Shear Force and Bending Moment
8.5 Shear Stress and Bending Stress
8.6 Torsion of Shaft
8.7 Columns Theory
 8.8 Strain Energy
8.9 Deflection of Beam
8.10 Pressure Vessels
8.11 Theory of Failure
8.12 Testing of Materials

9. Design of Machine Elements

9.1 Design For Static Loading
9.2 Design Against Fluctuating Load
9.3 Shafts Keys and Couplings
9.4 Welded, Riveted and Bolted Joints
9.5 Belt and Chain Drive
9.6 Friction Clutch
9.7 Brakes and Power Screws

10. Theory of Machines

10.1 Mechanisms and Machines
10.2 Velocity and Acceleration Analysis
10.3 Gear and Gear Trains
10.4 Flywheel and Governors
10.5 Balancing, Gyroscope and Cams
10.6 Mechanical Vibrations

11. Production Engineering

11.1 Metal Casting
11.2 Joining
11.3 Machining Processes and Machine Tools
11.4 Metal Forming
11.5 Metrology and Inspection
11.6 CAD/CAM

12. Engineering Materials Science

12.1 Structure and Properties of Engineering Materials
12.2 Heat Treatment Process

13. Industrial Engineering

13.1 Break Even Point Analysis
13.2 Forecasting
13.3 Queueing Theory
13.4 Line Balancing and Work Study
13.5 CPM and PERT
13.6 Linear Programming
13.7 Quality Control and Value Engineering
13.8 Project Management
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1. What will be the specific weight of one litre of a liquid 11. Which of the following is an example of pseudoplastic
having the weight of 7N? fluid?
A) 7 N/m3 B) 70 N/m3 A) Printing ink B) Water
3 C) Blood D) More than one of the
C) 700 N/m D) 7,000 N/m3
above
2. The weight density of the fluid is given by: du n
A) (Weight of fluid) / (Volume B) (Weight of fluid) × (Volume 12. In fluid shear stress, τ is μ ( ) .
dy

of fluid) of fluid)
If exponent n > 1, then the fluid is
C) (Mass of fluid) / (Volume of D) (Mass of fluid) × (Volume of A) Pseudo plastic fluid B) Newtonian fluid
fluid) fluid)
C) Dilantant fluid D) Bingham plastic
3. If diameter of the capillary tube (d), surface tension force for
13. For which of the following fluids, the apparent viscosity
unit length (σ) and weight density (w), then the capillary rise of can be considered to be independent of the rate of shear
water in the glass tube (h) will be given by: strain and equal to the fluid's viscosity?
(Consider angle of contact between water and the glass tube A) Ketchup B) Water
is zero) C) Corn Starch Solution D) Blood
A) h = 2σ/wd B) h = 3σ/wd
14. The bulk modulus in a rigid body and incompressible fluid
C) h = 4σ/wd D) h = 6σ/wd is equal to which of the following values?
A) 0 B) 1
4. Which of the following statements is correct regarding fluid
C) 100 D) Infinity
statics?
A) It deals with viscous and B) It deals with gravity and 15. Which of the following options represents the property of
gravity forces. pressure forces. the fluid to oppose the relative motion between it's different
C) It deals with surface D) It deals with viscous and layers?
tension and gravity forces. pressure forces. A) Surface tension B) Viscosity
5. If the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6, the density of C) Osmosis D) Buoyancy
mercury at 4°C is: 16. The standard value (in kg/m3) of density of water, air and
A) 136.0 kg/m3 B) 13.6 kg/m3 mercury is respectively?
C) 13600 kg/m3 D) 1360.0 kg/m3 A) 1.225, 1000, 13600 B) 13600, 1000, 1.225
C) 1000, 1.225, 13600 D) 1000, 1225, 13600
6. The mass per unit volume of a fluid is termed as:
A) density B) specific weight 17. A metal block has a specific gravity of 2.7. Its density in Sl
C) weight density D) specific volume units is-
A) 2.7 kg/m3 B) 2700 kg/m3
7. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the
3
term 'Reduced Pressure'? C) 270 kg/m D) 27 kg/m3
A) It is represented by the B) It is the difference between 18. What is the pressure inside a soap bubble, over the
ordinate (Y axis) of the critical pressure and the atmospheric pressure if its diameter is 2 cm and the surface
generalised compressibility existing pressure of a
tension is 0.1 N / m?
chart. substance.
A) 0.4 N / m2 B) 4 N / m2
C) It is the ratio of the existing D) Its unit is MPa.
2
pressure to the critical C) 40 N / m D) 400 N / m2
pressure of a substance.
19. A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft
8. The relation between surface tension 'σ' and difference of and a concentric sleeve. The sleeve attains a speed of 80
pressure 'p' between the inside and outside of a liquid drops is cm/s, when a force of 40 N is applied to the sleeve parallel to
given as ________. the shaft. Determine the speed if a force of 300N is applied.
σ σ
A) p = 8d B) p = 6d A) 600 cm/s B) 200 cm/s
σ C) 250 cm/s D) 300 cm/s
C) p = 2d D) p =
4σ

d
20. Viscosity of a lubrication oil for an IC engine is measured
9. Falling drops of rain acquire spherical shape on account of by ______.
A) Viscosity B) Surface Tension A) thermometer B) manometer
C) Vapour Pressure D) Compressibility C) viscometer D) barometer
10. The density of water at the surface of the ocean is ρ. If the 21. For a Non - Newtonian fluid, apparent viscosity depends
bulk modulus of water is B. what is the density of ocean water on ______.
at a depth where the pressure is hp0 (where P0 is the A) stress intensity B) proof stress
atmospheric pressure)? C) velocity D) shear rate
ρB ρB
A) B) 22. The definition of the compressible and incompressible fluid
(B−hP0 ) (B−(h+1)P0 )

ρ
is defined according to the changes in ________.
ρB
C) D) (h−1)P
A) energy B) density
(h−1)P 0
0
1−
B
1−
B C) temperature D) motion
23. The force required to keep unit length of the surface film in I. Capillary effect is also known as meniscus effect.
equilibrium is called ________. II. The fall of liquid surface during capillary action is known as
A) cohesion force B) surface tension capillary depression
C) friction force D) viscosity force III. The effect is represented in terms of mm/kg of liquid.
24. The expression F = μ A (du/dy) denotes ________. IV. The value of capillarity strictly depends only on specific
A) Newton’s law of force B) Newton’s law of momentum weight of the liquid
A) I and II B) II and III
C) Newton’s law of motion D) Newton’s law of viscosity
C) III and IV D) I and IV
25. Ideal fluids are ________.
A) viscous and incompressible B) non-viscous and 38. Fluid rise in thin capillaries, also known as capillary action,
incompressible is the virtue of which fluid property?
C) viscous and compressible D) non-viscous and A) Mass B) Kinematic Viscosity
compressible C) Surface tension D) Temperature

26. Calculate the specific weight of a liquid having a volume 39. Which of the following is true for Real fluid?
of 7 m3 and weight of 42 kN. 1. Is incompressible
A) 6 kN/m3 B) 0.167 m3 /kN 2. Has surface tension
3 3. Is viscous
C) 252 kN-m D) 5.656 m3/kN A) Only 1 B) Both 2 and 3
27. Kinematic viscosity also known as stoke is equal to: C) Only 3 D) Both 1 and 2
A) 10−2 m2/s B) 10−3 m2/s 40. For water is rising in a capillary tube made of pure glass,
C) 10−4 m2/s D) 10−1 m2/s what is the angle of contact?
A) 0° B) 60°
28. What is the specific gravity of one litre of liquid that
C) 90° D) 180°
weighs 7 N? Take acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2 and
density of water = 1000 kg/m3. 41. Match the following types of fluid to their description
A) 0.5 B) 0.7 given:
C) 0.8 D) 0.6 Column I Column II

29. The dynamic viscosity of a liquid is 1.2 × 10-4 N-s/m2, A. Ideal 1.

Shear stress is directly proportional velocity
3 gradient
whereas the density is 600 kg/m . The kinematic viscosity (in
Shear stress is not proportional velocity
m2/s) is B. Real 2.
gradient
A) 72 × 10-3 B) 20 × 10-8
3 C. Newtonian 3. Possesses viscosity
C) 7.2 × 10 D) 70 × 106
Non-
30. The density of water is maximum at D. 4. Does not possess viscosity
Newtonian
A) 0 K B) 0º C
A) A - 3, B - 4, C - 2, D - 1 B) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2
C) -4º C D) 4º C
C) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1 D) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
31. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is
42. What is the value of shear stresses at a constant velocity
B) m/s2
kg
A) m−s gradient for all layers in an ideal plastic fluid?
A) Less than zero B) Greater than zero
D) m2/s
2
m
C)
s
2
C) Equal to zero D) Cannot be determined
32. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density is known 43. If A is the surface tension on a liquid droplet and B is the
as- surface tension on a hollow bubble, which of the following
A) Coefficient of viscosity B) Kinematic viscosity expressions shows the relation between A and B?
C) Specific viscosity D) Viscosity index A) A = 2B B) B = 2A
C) A = 4B D) B = 4A
33. The value of bulk modulus of a fluid is required to
determine the- 44. A certain liquid rises 10 cm in a capillary tube that has a
A) Euler number B) Mach number radius equal to 4 mm. To what height will the same liquid rise
C) Froude number D) Reynolds number in another tube of same material, but with half the original
radius?
34. One Poiseuille is equivalent to ________ poise. A) 5 cm B) 10 cm
A) 10 B) 1
C) 20 cm D) 40 cm
C) 1000 D) 100
45. The CGS units of X and Y are Poise and Stokes
35. The ratio of specific weight of a liquid to the specific respectively. Identify X and Y.
weight of pure water at a standard temperature is called - A) X - Specific gravity, Y - B) X - Specific volume, Y -
A) Density of liquid B) Surface tension of liquid Specific volume Specific gravity
C) Specific gravity of liquid D) Compressibility of liquid C) X - Kinematic viscosity, Y - D) X - Dynamic viscosity, Y -
36. Capillary tube viscometers used for measurement of Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity
viscosity are based on - 46. An oil has a kinematic viscosity of 1.25 x 10-4 m2/s and a
A) Hagen - Poiseuille equation B) Stoke's Law specific gravity of 0.8. What is its dynamic viscosity in Pa.s?
C) Chezy equation D) Darcy - Weisbach equation A) 1 B) 0.125
37. From the following sets of statements on capillary action, C) 0.1 D) 0.08
identify the correct pair.
47. Which fluid is NOT used in hydraulic systems? A) Density B) Compressibility
A) Petroleum based oils B) Water C) Surface tension D) Viscosity
C) Compressed air D) Molten metal 59. An oil of 2.5 litre weighs 5 N at room temperature. The
48. The density of the brine solution can be measured with the specific weight of the oil is
aid of _______. A) 2 kN/m3 B) 2 N/m3
A) Anemometer B) Hydrometer 3
C) 0.08 N/m D) 12.5 N/m3
C) Tachometer D) Barometer
60. The water in a glass tube wet the surface of the tube. This
49. In the graph of Shearing stress vs Rate of Shearing strain is due to the reason that
which of the lines represent Shear thickening fluid? A) More cohesion of water B) Adhesion between water is
molecules glass is less
C) Density of glass is more D) Adhesion between water is
than water glass is more
61. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 0.7 poise and specific
gravity is 0.8, then the kinematic viscosity of the fluid in stokes
is:
A) 0.22 B) 1.14
C) 0.87 D) 0.34
A) 4 B) 2 62. Which is the fluid whose viscosity does NOT change with
C) 3 D) 1 the rate of deformation?
A) Ideal fluid B) Real fluid
50. The dimensional formula for coefficient of kinematic
viscosity is: C) Newtonian fluid D) Non-Newtonian fluid
A) M/(LT) B) L/T2 63. In the case of capillarity, the rise or fall of head 'h' in a
capillary tube of diameter 'd', liquid surface tension 'σ' and
C) ML/T D) L2/T
specific weight w is given by
51. If one of the ends of the glass capillary tube is immersed in A) 4σ/wd B) 4dσ/w
a liquid with stronger adhesion than cohesion then: C) 4wd/σ D) 4d/σw
A) liquid would rise in the B) liquid can rise or fall
capillary depending on density 64. Rate of deformation of fluid element is equal to
C) liquid would remain at D) liquid would fall in the A) Shear stress B) Coefficient of dynamic
same level in the capillary as capillary viscosity
free surface C) Coefficient of kinematic D) Velocity gradient
viscosity
52. The specific weight of water in M system is taken as -
65. Consider the following properties:
A) 1 gram/cm3 B) 1000 liter/m3
1. Energy 5. Pressure
C) 1000 kg/m3 D) All the above
2. Entropy 6. Temperature
53. The shear stress developed in lubricating oil, of viscosity
9.81 poise, filled between two parallel plates 1 cm apart and 3. Gibbs energy 7. Viscosity
moving with relative velocity of 2 m/s is: 4. Volume 8. Elasticity
A) 196.2 N/m2 B) 20 N/m2
Which of the above are intensive properties?
C) 40 N/m2 D) 29.62 N/m2 A) 1, 3, 5, 6 B) 5, 6, 7, 8
54. A fluid in which resistance to deformation is independent C) 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 D) 4, 5, 6 8
of the shear stress, is known as - 66. Kinematic viscosity is expressed in_____
A) Bingham plastic fluid B) Pseudo plastic fluid A) stoke B) m2/sec
C) Dilatants fluid D) Newtonian fluid
C) cm2/sec D) all of the above
55. Unit of viscosity is
67. In the CGS unit, dynamic viscosity is expressed as
A) m/sec B) kg sec/m2
A) poise B) Pa-s
C) N sec/m2 D) Ns2/m C) stokes D) None of the above
56. Kinematic viscosity is equal to: 68. In C.G.S unit, dynamic viscosity is expressed as:
A) Dynamic viscosity × B)
Dynamic viscocity
A) Poise B) Pa-s
density Density

Density
C) Stoke D) None of the above
C) D) None of these
Dynamic viscocity
69. Newton's law of viscosity depends upon
57. For a fluid at rest:- A) shear stress, pressure and B) shear stress and strain in
velocity the fluid
A) The shear stress is zero only B) The shear stress is zero
on the horizontal plane C) shear stress and rate of D) viscosity and shear stress
strain
C) The shear stress in D) The shear stress depends
maximum on a place inclined upon the co-efficient of 70. Shear thickening fluid is also known as-
at 45° to the horizontal viscosity A) Pseudoplastic B) Dilatant
58. The mercury does not wet the glass tube. This is due to the C) Thixotropic D) Rheopectic
property of liquid known as 71. Pick the correct statement about viscosity.
A) In general, it decreases with B) In general, it decreases with A) free vortex flow B) forced vortex flow
temperature for liquids temperature for gases C) radial flow D) spiral flow
because the internal force of because the internal force of
attraction between two fluid attraction between two fluid 81. For the flow to occur between two points in a pipeline, the
layers gets decreased. layers gets decreased. differential pressure between these points should be more
C) In general, it increases with D) In general, it increases with than
temperature for liquids temperature for gases A) surface friction B) viscosity force
because the internal force of because the internal force of C) frictional force D) All of the above
attraction between two fluid attraction between two fluid
layers gets increased. layers gets increased. 82. Bulk modulus “K” is:
A) Ratio of normal stress to B) Ratio of change in volume
72. A cubic wooden block of edge 100 mm and weight 1 kN is Volumetric strain to normal stress
sliding down on an inclined plane of inclination 30° with the C) Ratio of shear to stress D) Ratio of stress to shear
horizontal. A Newtonian fluid with the viscosity 0.2 Ns/m2 is 83. Which of the following parameters has the unit of Pascal-
layered on the inclined plane. If the thickness of the layer is second?
0.02 mm, then the terminal velocity of the block in m/s. A) Pressure B) Kinematic viscosity
A) 0.25 B) 2.5
C) Dynamic viscosity D) Surface tension
C) 5 D) 0.5
84. Which of the following is not the unit of dynamic viscosity?
73. A fluid near a solid wall has an approximated velocity
πy
A) Nm2/s2 B) N-s/m2
profile given by u (y) = U∞ × sin( ), 0 ≤ y ≤ δ . The C) Pa.s D) Poise
2δ

walls shear stress is given by: 85. Match List-I (Fluid properties) with List-II (Related terms)
A) τwall =
πμU∞
B) τwall =
3πμU∞
and select the correct answer using the given lists:
2δ δ
List-I List-II
2πμU∞ πμU∞
C) τwall = D) τwall = A. Capillarity a. Cavitation
δ δ

B. Vapour pressure b. Density of water

74. Pick the correct statement about the bulk modulus of
elasticity: C. Viscosity c. Shear forces
A) it is a dimensionless B) it is independent of D. Specific gravity d. Surface tension
number pressure and viscosity
A) A-a, B-d, C-b, D-c B) A-a, B-d, C-c, D-b
C) it is larger if fluid is more D) it is higher if the fluid is less
compressible compressible C) A-d, B-a, C-b, D-c D) A-d, B-a, C-c, D-b

75. If the surface tension of the soap bubble is 0.035 N/m, then 86. The specific gravity of water is taken as
the work done in blowing the soap bubble of radius 5 cm in A) 0.001 B) 0.01
the air is. C) 0.1 D) 1
A) 220 mJ B) 2.2 mJ 87. Pressure intensity inside the soap bubble is (where σ =
C) 22 mJ D) 0.22 mJ Surface tension, d = diameter of bubble)
76. A fan supplies 250 CFM air flow rate. It is equal A) P = 8σ/d B) P = 2σ/d
C) P = 4σ/d D) P = σ/d
to____m3/s.
A) 0.095 B) 0.118 88. In a static fluid, _______.
C) 0.127 D) 0.175 A) linear deformation is small B) Resistance to shear stress is
small
77. When a fluid is at rest, the shear stress is-
C) Only normal stress can D) Fluid pressure is small
A) Very large B) Zero
exist
C) Undefined D) Finite
89. Falling drops of water becomes sphere due to the of
78. Paper pulp can be regarded as A) Surface tension B) cohesion
A) Bingham plastic fluid B) Dilatant fluid
C) adhesion D) Viscosity
C) Newtonian fluid D) Pseudo plastic fluid
90. Which property of mercury is the main reason for its use in
79. Sonic velocity will have a low value in the medium having barometers?
A) low value of coefficient of B) high value of coefficient of A) High density B) Negligible capillarity effect
compressibility compressibility
C) Very low vapour pressure D) Low compressibility
C) high bulk modulus of D) homogenous composition
elasticity 91. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 has viscosity of 0.28 stoke at

80. Fluid is flowing in a curved path without any external 38°C. What will be its viscosity in N-s/m2?
impressed contact force. This flow is known as A) 0.2520 B) 0.0311
C) 0.0252 D) 0.0206

ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans D A C B C A C D B D C C B D
Q. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans B C B C A C D B B D B A C B
Q. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ans B D D B B A C A A C B A D B
 Q. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans A C D C C B A D A C A D C B
Q. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans B C A D C C A D B D A A C B
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ans A C A D B B B D B A D A C A
Q. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
Ans D D A C A C C

SOLUTIONS 10. The density of ocean water at a depth with pressure hp0
can be found using the bulk modulus of water (B) and surface
1. Specific weight is the weight of fluid divided by its volume.
density (ρ). Using the formula for bulk modulus, the change in
Weight density is given by w = ρg. Here, volume is 0.001 m3
volume can be calculated as B =
ΔP
.
and weight is 7N. Therefore, specific weight = 7/0.001 = 7,000 (
−ΔV
)

3
V

N/m .
The density of ocean water at the given depth can be found
2. The weight density of a fluid is the weight of the fluid as
divided by its volume. Specific volume is the reciprocal of
density. Mass density is the mass divided by volume. Specific
ΔV = V1
(hP0 −P0 )

B
⇒ V2 = V1 − V1
(hP0 −P0 )

B
⇒ V1

V2
=
B

B−(h−1)P0

gravity or relative density is the ratio of the density of the

substance to the density of water at 4°C. Mass density is also ⇒ ρ2 =
ρB

B−(h−1)P0
⇒ ρ2 =
ρ

(h−1)P
0

known as density. 1−
B

3. The height of capillary rise is given by: h =

4σ cos θ
.Where, σ 11. Blood, is an example of a pseudoplastic fluid.
ρ g d
Pseudoplastic fluids are fluids that decrease in viscosity as the
= Surface tension of fluid at 20°C ρ = Density of fluid (kg/m3) d shear rate increases. This means that they flow more easily
= Diameter of the glass tube and h = height of capillary when they are subjected to more force. Blood is a
rise/fall. Consider angle of contact between water and the pseudoplastic fluid because it contains red blood cells, which
glass tube is zero then h = 4σ/wd. are suspended in plasma. When blood is at rest, the red blood
4. Fluid statics deals with pressure and gravity forces acting cells are close together and the viscosity of the blood is high.
on a fluid at rest or flowing ideally without shear stress. The However, when blood is flowing, the red blood cells are forced
pressure force is due to the pressure exerted by fluid particles to move apart and the viscosity of the blood decreases. This
normal to the surface, while the gravity force is due to self- allows blood to flow easily through the blood vessels.
weight of the particle. Viscous and surface tension forces are
12.
not considered in fluid statics.
5. The density of mercury at 4°C can be calculated using its
specific gravity, which is the ratio of its density to that of
water at 4°C. As the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6, it is 13.6
times denser than water. As the density of water at 4°C is
1000 kg/m³, the density of mercury at 4°C can be calculated
as 13.6 x 1000 kg/m³, which is equal to 13600 kg/m³.
6. Density is the measure of mass per unit volume of a
substance.
7. Reduced pressure is a dimensionless term that is the ratio of
the actual pressure to the critical pressure of a gas. It is
represented on the Y-axis of a generalized compressibility
chart and is a set of state variables normalized by the fluid's
state properties at its critical point.
8. The excess pressure inside a liquid drop is given by P=2σ/r,
where σ is surface tension and r is the radius of the drop. 13. Apparent viscosity for Newtonian fluids remains constant
Therefore, the relation between surface tension and difference and equal to the fluid's viscosity regardless of the rate of
of pressure between inside and outside of a liquid drop is shear strain. Water is a Newtonian fluid, so its viscosity is
p=4σ/d.The pressure inside the drop is greater due to surface independent of shear strain. Other fluids like ketchup, corn
tension, which creates higher pressure on the concave side starch solution, and blood have varying viscosities that
than the convex side. depend on the rate of shear strain, making them non-
9. Surface tension is the property that makes falling drops of Newtonian fluids.
rain acquire a spherical shape. It is the force acting per unit 14. Bulk modulus is the ratio of hydraulic stress to the
length of an imaginary line drawn on the liquid surface. corresponding volumetric strain. The equation for bulk
Viscosity, compressibility, and vapour pressure are not modulus is β = −
P
. The negative sign indicates that an
responsible for the spherical shape of the raindrops. The
ΔV

sphere has the minimum surface area for a given volume due increase in pressure leads to a decrease in volume. For
to surface tension. Applications of surface tension include the incompressible fluid, the volumetric strain is zero. Therefore,
taste of warm soup, capillary action, and drawing ink in the bulk modulus is infinite.
fountain pens.
15. Viscosity is the property of a fluid to oppose the relative 26. Given: Volume = 7 m3 and Weight = 42 kN;
motion between its different layers. It is measured as the
= 6 kN/m3
Weight 42
Specif ic Weight = =
resistance offered by the fluid. Surface tension is the property Volume 7

by virtue of which a liquid tries to minimize its free surface

27. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity and
area. Osmosis is the process of diffusion of water across a
density of fluid. Its SI unit is m²/s and CGS unit is cm²/s or
selectively permeable membrane. Buoyancy is the lift
generated when a body is immersed in a fluid due to the net
'Stoke'. 1 Stoke = 10 m²/s. ⁻⁴
vertical component of hydrostatic pressure forces. 28. Given: W = 7 N = 0.007 kN, V = 1L = 0.001 m3; Specific
16. Density is the mass per unit volume of an object. Water weight(γ), γ =
W
=
0.007
= 7 kN /m
3
; Specific gravity,
V 0.001
3
has a standard density of 1000 kg/m , air has a density of γmaterial 7
S = = = 0.7
1.225 kg/m3, and mercury has a density of 13600 kg/m3. γwater
10

17. Given: γ = 2.7 ∵ ρw = 1000 kg/m3 ∵ 29. Given: μ = 1.2 × 10-4 Ns/m2, ρ = 600 kg/m3 ∴
μ
ν = =
⇒ ρ = 2.7
ρ
Density of Substance ρ −4
γ = =
ρ
∴ 2.7 = ρ/1000 1.2×10
= 20 × 10
−8 2
m /sec.
Density of same volume of water w 600

×1000 = 2700 kg/m3 30.

18. Given: σ = 0.1 N/m, d = 2 cm = 0.02 m ∴
N/m2
8σ 8×0.1
p = = = 40
d 0.02

du
19. Given: F1 = 40 N, F2 = 300 N, V1 = 80 cm/s ∵ F = Aμ
dy

∵ Area(A), viscosity( μ ) and clearance(dy) is constant, hence

Force is directly proportional to velocity. ⇒ F

F
1

2
=
V

V
1

2
⇒
40

300
=
80

V2
⇒V 2 = 600 cm/s
Water has maximum density of 1000 kg/m3 at 4°C due to
equilibrium between opposing effects. The crystal lattice of ice
has empty space and breaks when melted, increasing density.
20. Viscosity of lubrication oil for an IC engine is measured
Temperature increase causes molecules to move apart and
using a viscometer. Other measuring instruments and their density to decrease. Water contains ice-like clusters at
applications include a thermometer for temperature, a temperatures close to 0°C.
manometer for measuring gas pressure, and a barometer for
continuous recording of atmospheric pressure. 31. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m²/s.
21. Non-Newtonian fluids have a relation between shear stress
n
Dynamic viscosity is the measure of fluid's resistance to
du
and rate of deformation represented by τ = m( ) . where deformation at a given flow and is measured in N-s/m² or Pa-
dy
s.
n = flow behavior index, m = consistency index. Apparent
du
n−1 32. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to
viscosity, μ, is given by τ = m( ) . mass density. The equation for kinematic viscosity is ν = μ/ρ.
dy

22. The definition of the compressible and incompressible fluid Its SI unit is m2/s and CGS unit is cm2/s or stoke.
is defined according to the changes in density. Compressible 33. Bulk modulus of a fluid is required to determine the Mach
fluids are fluids whose density can change significantly with number, which is the ratio of inertia force to elastic force. Bulk
changes in pressure or temperature. Incompressible fluids, on modulus is the ratio of hydrostatic stress to volumetric strain.
the other hand, are fluids whose density remains relatively Mathematically, Mach Number (M) = V/C, where C = √K/ρ
constant with changes in pressure or temperature. and K is bulk modulus.
23. The force required to keep unit length of the surface film in 34. Dynamic viscosity is the property of a fluid that offers
equilibrium is called surface tension. Surface tension is a resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over an
property of a fluid that causes it to resist any external force adjacent layer of the fluid. Poise is a unit of dynamic viscosity,
that attempts to increase its surface area. It is due to the where 1 Poise is equivalent to 0.1 N s/m2. 1 Poiseuille is
equivalent to 10 Poise and 1 decapoise.
cohesive forces between the molecules at the surface of the
liquid. These forces tend to pull the molecules together, 35. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to
reducing the surface area. The SI unit of surface tension is the the density of water at a standard temperature. It is also
newton per meter (N/m). known as relative density. The equation for specific gravity is γ
= ρ/ρw, where γ is specific gravity, ρ is the density of the
24. Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is directly
substance, and ρw is the density of water at 4°C.
proportional to the rate of shear strain. This law explains the
continuous deformation of a fluid particle when in motion. The 36. Capillary tube viscometers measure the viscosity of a fluid
given expression, τ = μ
du
, represents Newton's law of by measuring the pressure needed to force the fluid to flow at
dy
a specified rate through a narrow tube. This type of
viscosity, where, τ = shear stress, μ = dynamic viscosity, du/dy
viscometer is based on laminar flow through a circular pipe
= shear strain rate.
and uses the Hagen-Poiseuille equation to calculate the
25. An ideal fluid is an imaginary fluid that is incompressible π
W l hf d
4

and has zero viscosity. It has constant density and obeys the viscosity of the liquid. The equation is μ = (
128
) .
QL

continuity equation and Bernoulli's equation. All existing fluids

have some viscosity, hence ideal fluids do not exist in reality. 37. The correct pair of statements about capillary action is I
and II.
I. Capillary effect is also known as meniscus effect. This

3
statement is true as the capillary action involves the formation 44. Given: Size r1 = 4 mm, h1 = 10 cm; Size r2 = 2 mm, h2 =
of a meniscus due to surface tension in the small capillary ?; Height of capillary rise is given by: h =
2σ cos θ
∴ h ∝
1

⇒ h ×r =h ⇒ 4 × 10 = h
tube.
ρgr r

II. The fall of liquid surface during capillary action is known as 1 1 2 × r2 2 × 2 ∴ h2 = 20 cm

capillary depression. This is true because when the liquid 45. Viscosity is the internal resistance of a fluid to motion.
surface in a capillary tube falls below the external liquid level, Dynamic viscosity is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate and
it is referred to as capillary depression. is measured in poise or Pa-s. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of
The other two statements, III (related to the unit of measuring dynamic viscosity to density and is measured in Stoke or m2/s.
capillary effect) and IV (indicate that capillarity only depends X and Y are CGS units of dynamic and kinematic viscosity,
on specific weight of the liquid), are not correct. respectively.
38. 46. Given: ν = 1.25 x 10-4 m2/s, specific gravity = 0.8, density of
⇒
water = 1000; ρobj = 0.8 × 1000 ρobj = 800; ν =
μ

ρ
⇒
1.25 × 10
−4
=
μ

800
⇒ μ = 1.25 × 10
-4
× 800 ⇒ μ = 0.1 Pa.s
47. Compressed air is not used in hydraulic systems. Hydraulic
systems use a liquid as a pressure medium while pneumatic
systems use a gas. Various liquids can be used, including
water, mineral oils, synthetic and organic liquids, vegetable
Capillary action (or oils, and even molten metals.

capillarity) describes the ability of a liquid to flow against 48. Hydrometer is used to measure the density of brine
gravity in a narrow space such as a thin tube. The height to solution. It measures the specific gravity of liquids by
comparing the density of the liquid with water. The device
which capillary action will take water is limited by surface
consists of a glass stem and a weighted bulb that floats in the
tension and gravity.Capillary height is given by:
solution. By taking the reading on the scale where it breaches
.
4σ cos θ
Rise of liquid, h =
ρgd
the surface, the density of the brine solution can be measured
accurately.
39. Real fluid is compressible and has some value of shear
49.
force. It is viscous and possesses surface tension. On the other
hand, an ideal fluid is incompressible, irrotational, and non-
viscous. Although ideal fluids do not exist in nature, they are
used for fluid flow problems.
40. Capillarity is the phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid
surface level in a small diameter tube relative to the adjacent
general level of liquid. For water and clean glass tube, the
contact angle is 0°. The mathematical expression for
4σ cos θ
capillarity is h = , where σ is surface tension, θ is angle
ρgd

of contact, ρ is density of liquid, and d is diameter of tube. For

θ < 90°, h is positive and for θ > 90°, h is negative.
41.
Column I Column II
Shear thickening fluids have an apparent viscosity that
A. Ideal 4. Does not possess viscosity increases with an increase in shear rate. In the graph of
Shearing stress vs Rate of Shearing strain, the line with a
B. Real 3. Possesses viscosity
power law index greater than 1 represents shear thickening

C. Newtonian 1.
Shear stress is directly proportional fluid. The equation for Dilatant fluid is τ = μ(du/dy)n, where n >
velocity gradient 1.
Non- Shear stress is not proportional velocity 50. Kinematic viscosity (v) is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to
D. 2.
Newtonian gradient mass density. Its dimensional formula is L2T-1 , involving only
length and time.
42. Shear stresses in an ideal plastic fluid are greater than
zero for all layers at a constant velocity gradient. This is 51. Capillary action is the flow of a fluid through a narrow
because the Bingham plastic model, which represents an ideal space due to adhesive and cohesive forces. If the adhesive
plastic fluid, has a yield stress that must be overcome before force is greater, there will be capillary rise and the meniscus
deformation occurs. The equation for shear stress in a will be concave. If the cohesive force is greater, there will be
Bingham plastic fluid includes a constant yield stress term in capillary fall and the meniscus will be convex. In the given
addition to the viscosity term. scenario, since the liquid has stronger adhesion than cohesion,
the liquid would rise in the capillary.
43. This can be obtained by using the pressure relationship for
a bubble and a droplet, which is Pi - Po = 4T/r and Pi - Po = 2T/r 52. The specific weight of water is its weight per unit volume. It
is given by γ = ρg. In the M system, the specific weight of
respectively. By replacing sigma with A and B in the equations
for pressure intensity inside the droplet and bubble, we get A = water is 1000 kg/m3. This means that the weight of one cubic
pd/4 and B = pd/8.Thus, A = 2B meter of water is 1000 kg. The E system uses pounds per cubic
foot, where the specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3.
53. Given: Viscosity = 9.81 poise = 0.981 Ns/m2 , du= 2 m/s, dy= viscosity, du/dy is shear strain rate, and dθ/dt is the rate of
-2 deformation.
1 cm = 1/10 m; shear stress is:
τ = μ
du
⇒ 0.981 ×
2
= 196.2
N 65. Properties that depend on mass are extensive while those
that don't are intensive. Intensive properties include pressure,
−2 2
dy 10 m

54. A fluid that has a constant viscosity at a given temperature, density, viscosity and elasticity. The ratio of two
temperature is known as a Newtonian fluid. Its resistance to extensive properties is an intensive property, e.g. energy/mass
deformation is independent of the shear stress rate of change. = specific energy. Specific properties are intensive properties.
Examples include water, mineral oil, and gasoline. Non- Properties are exact differential, independent of past history
Newtonian fluids have a variable viscosity at a constant and in a cyclic change, property is equal to zero.
temperature and their viscosity varies with the rate of shear. 66. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity and
Examples include ketchup, blood, yogurt, gravy, and density of the fluid. Its unit in SI is m²/s and in C.G.S is cm²/s or
quicksand. ⁻⁴
'Stoke'. 1 Stoke = 10 m²/s. All the given units are used to
55. Viscosity is the internal resistance of a fluid to motion. The express kinematic viscosity.
unit of dynamic viscosity is N.s/m2. Kinematic viscosity is the 67. Dynamic viscosity is the constant of proportionality in the
ratio of dynamic viscosity to density and its unit is Stoke or equation τ = μ (du/dy), where τ is shear stress, μ is dynamic
m2/s. viscosity, and du/dy is shear strain rate. The CGS unit of
dynamic viscosity is poise, while the MKS and SI units are
56. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to
kg/(m-s) and Ns/m², respectively. 1 poise = 0.1 Ns/m².
density. Its unit is m2/s. As temperature increases, viscosity Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density
also increases due to the randomness and collision of gas and its unit is the stoke or m²/s. The CGS unit of kinematic
molecules. viscosity is cm²/s.
57. A fluid at rest cannot resist shear stress and any applied 68. Dynamic viscosity is expressed in Poise in the CGS system.
shear stress, no matter how small, will result in the motion and It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to velocity gradient.
continuous deformation of the fluid. Thus the shear stress is The unit of force in the CGS system is dyne, length is cm and
zero for a fluid at rest.
time is sec. The SI unit of dynamic viscosity is Pa-s or Ns/m2.
58. The property of liquid responsible for mercury not wetting
69. Newton's law of viscosity states that shear stress is directly
the glass tube is surface tension. Surface tension is the tension
proportional to the rate of angular deformation or velocity
exerted by the stretched elastic membrane of a liquid's
gradient across the flow. The law depends upon viscosity and
surface film when in contact with other liquids, gases, or solid
shear stress. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that offers
surfaces.
resistance to shear or angular deformation due to molecular
59. Given: Volume = 2.5 liter = 2.5 × 10-3 m3, Weight = 5 N; momentum exchange between fluid layers. Shearing stresses
Weight 5 3 3 3
between the moving layers appear as flow occurs.
Specif ic Weight = = = 2 × 10 N/m = 2 kN/m
Volume 2.5×10
−3
70. Shear thickening fluid, also known as Dilatant, is a type of
60. Adhesion is the intermolecular force that attracts fluid whose viscosity increases as the shear rate increases.
molecules of different substances to each other. In the case of This is in contrast to shear thinning fluids, which have a
water and glass, the adhesion between the two substances is decreasing viscosity as shear rate increases.
greater than the cohesion between water molecules. This 71. Viscosity is the resistance to the motion of fluid layers. In
means that the water molecules are more attracted to the liquids, the cohesive force causes viscosity, which decreases
glass molecules than they are to each other. As a result, the with temperature as molecules move away from each other. In
water spreads out over the surface of the glass to maximize gases, viscosity is caused by molecular randomness, which
the contact between the two substances. increases with temperature, causing viscosity to increase.
61. Given: μ = 0.7 poise = 0.07 kg/ms, specific gravity = 0.8, ∴ ρ Pressure has no effect on viscosity.
= 0.8 × 1000 = 800 kg/m3, ν =
μ

ρ
⇒ 72.
0.07
ν =
800
= 0.87 × 10
−4
= 0.87 stokes

62. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear

stress and strain rate. Their viscosity remains constant
regardless of the rate of deformation. Examples include air,
water, and oil-based liquids. Non-Newtonian fluids have a
non-linear relationship between shear stress and strain rate
and their viscosity depends on the shear rate. Ideal fluids have Given: Edge of the block, a = 100 mm = 0.1 m , weight, W = 1
kN, θ = 30°, y = 0.02 mm, μ = 0.2 ; Shear stress acting at
Ns
no viscosity and are incompressible. Real fluids have viscosity
⇒
2
m

and offer shear resistance when they move. the face of the cube in contact with fluid, τ = μ ×
V

⇒ ⇒ V = 5 m/s
y
63. Capillarity is the rise or fall of liquid in a small diameter mg sin θ V 1000×0.5 V
= μ × = 0.2 ×
tube due to surface tension. The rise or fall is given by h = A y 0.1×0.1 0.02×10
−3

4σcosθ
, where σ is surface tension, θ is the angle of contact, w 73. Given: Velocity profile,
⇒
wd

is specific weight and d is diameter. For pure water, θ = 0°, u (y) = U∞ × sin(
πy
), 0 ≤ y ≤ δ , τ = μ ×
du

hence h = 4σ/wd. 2δ dy

du ∂ πy

64. The rate of deformation of a fluid element is equal to the τ = μ ×

dy
= μ × U∞ ×
∂y
(sin(
2δ
))

velocity gradient, as per Newton's law of viscosity. Shear = μ × U∞ × cos(

πy
) ×
π
, As we have to find the shear stress
stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain or rate 2δ 2δ

of angular deformation of a fluid particle. The equation is τ = at the wall, y = 0, τwall = μ × U∞ ×

π
=
πμU∞

μ (du/dy) = μ (dθ/dt), where τ is shear stress, μ is dynamic 2δ 2δ

74. The bulk modulus of elasticity is a measure of 83. The unit of Pascal-second (Pa·s) is used to measure
compressibility of a fluid. The lower the volumetric strain, the dynamic viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's
higher the bulk modulus, making the fluid less compressible. resistance to flow under an applied shear stress. It is defined
The volumetric strain can be calculated using the equation ΔP as the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate. The shear
= -β(Δv/vo). Water is considered incompressible due to its low stress is the force per unit area that acts on a fluid parallel to
its surface. The shear rate is the rate of change of velocity
volumetric strain of 5×10-5 for one atm pressure rise. Flow is
over distance.
considered incompressible when the flow velocity is ≤ 0.33
times the local acoustic speed. 84. The unit of dynamic viscosity is the Pascal-second (Pa·s),

75. Given: σ = 0.035 , Initial radius of bubble, ri = 0 cm, Final

N which is equivalent to N-s/m2. Nm2/s2 is not a recognized unit
of measurement in the International System of Units (SI).
m

radius of bubble, ro = 5 cm = 0.05 m; Work required is: W = 2σ

85.
× ΔA ,
2 2
W = 2σ × 4π × (ro − r ) = 2 × 0.035 × 4π × (0.05
2 2
− 0 ) = List-I List-II
i

2.19 mJ A. Capillarity d. Surface tension

-4
76. Given: Fan supplies 250 CFM ∵ 1 CFM = 4.72 × 10 B. Vapour pressure a. Cavitation
m3/s ∴ 250 CFM = 250 × 4.72 × 10-4 = 0.118 m3/s C. Viscosity c. Shear forces
77. When a fluid is at rest, it does not resist shear stress as a
D. Specific gravity b. Density of water
solid does. Any amount of shear stress applied to a fluid will
cause it to move and deform continuously. Therefore, a fluid at 86. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to
rest must be in a state of zero shear stress. the density of water at 4°C. The specific gravity of water is 1.
78. Paper pulp is a type of non-Newtonian fluid known as a
87. Pressure intensity inside the bubble: . where σ =
8σ
p =
pseudoplastic fluid. Other examples of pseudoplastic fluids d

include fine particle suspensions, gelatine, blood, and Surface tension, d = diameter of bubble.
polymeric solutions such as rubbers and paints. Pseudoplastic 88. In a static fluid, only normal stress can exist as there is no
fluids have a decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate.
shear stress. This is due to the hydrostatic condition, where
79. Sonic velocity in a medium is proportional to the square any force developed is due to pressure. Linear deformation
root of its bulk modulus of elasticity. It is inversely proportional and resistance to shear stress are small, and fluid pressure
to the square root of the coefficient of compressibility of the may or may not be small.
medium. As coefficient of compressibility is defined as the 89. Surface tension is the property of a liquid that causes its
inverse of bulk modulus of elasticity, a high value of
free surface to behave like an elastic stretched membrane. A
coefficient of compressibility will result in low sonic velocity.
small liquid drop takes a spherical shape due to the minimum
80. Fluid flowing in a curved path without external contact surface area for a given volume, caused by surface tension.
force is called free vortex flow. In this flow, liquid particles Applications of surface tension include capillary action, which
move in circular paths around a fixed vertical axis without any draws ink to the tips of fountain pen nibs, and the warm soup
external torque. An example is water flowing through a tastes tasty as its surface tension is low at high temperatures.
washbasin hole. Forced vortex flow, on the other hand, occurs 90. Mercury's low vapor pressure makes it an ideal fluid for
when a vessel containing liquid is forced to rotate around a
use in barometers. It doesn't wet the glass, is a good
fixed vertical axis with the help of external torque.
conductor of heat, and expands evenly with temperature.
81. To allow flow between two points in a pipeline, the These properties make it a reliable and accurate instrument
differential pressure between them must be greater than for measuring atmospheric pressure.
surface friction, viscosity force, and frictional force. This is 91.
because the pressure force of the fluid needs to overcome cm
2

these resistances. Kinematic viscosity, ν = 0.28 stoke = 0.28

s
=
2 ρ
m
82. Bulk modulus "K" is the ratio of normal stress to Volumetric 0.000028
s
⇒ ρsp =
ρwater
→ ρ = ρsp ∗ ρwater = 0.9 ∗
P
strain. It is given by K = −
ΔV
. The negative sign indicates 1000 = 900 kg/m
3

V 2
⇒ Dynamic viscosity, μ = ν ∗ ρ = 0.0252 N s/m
that an increase in pressure leads to a decrease in volume.
The SI unit of bulk modulus is N/m2 or Pa.