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Periodic_Table_Notes_JEE_Advanced

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the periodic table, emphasizing the modern periodic law, structure, classification of elements, and periodic trends essential for JEE Advanced. Key concepts include atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electronegativity, and exceptions to trends, alongside important anomalies and focus points for exam preparation. It also highlights quick revision tips to aid students in mastering the material.

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73 views

Periodic_Table_Notes_JEE_Advanced

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the periodic table, emphasizing the modern periodic law, structure, classification of elements, and periodic trends essential for JEE Advanced. Key concepts include atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electronegativity, and exceptions to trends, alongside important anomalies and focus points for exam preparation. It also highlights quick revision tips to aid students in mastering the material.

Uploaded by

harshvadgave169969
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Periodic Table - Class 12th NCERT Chemistry Notes for JEE Advanced

1. Modern Periodic Law

- The properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

- The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number, not atomic mass, correcting

Mendeleev's version.

2. Periodic Table Structure

- Groups: Vertical columns numbered 1-18. Elements in a group have similar outer electronic

configurations.

- Periods: Horizontal rows numbered 1-7. Each period starts with filling a new principal energy

level.

- Blocks: Elements are divided into s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block based on the type of

atomic orbital that is being filled.

3. Classification of Elements

- s-block: Groups 1 and 2 (alkali and alkaline earth metals).

- p-block: Groups 13 to 18 (includes metals, metalloids, and non-metals).

- d-block: Transition metals (Groups 3-12).

- f-block: Lanthanides and actinides (inner transition metals).

4. Periodic Trends

Understanding trends across periods and down groups is crucial for JEE. Key trends include:

- Atomic Radius:
- Decreases across a period (left to right) due to increasing nuclear charge pulling electrons

closer.

- Increases down a group due to an additional electron shell.

- Ionic Radius:

- Cations are smaller than their parent atoms (loss of electron decreases electron-electron

repulsion).

- Anions are larger than their parent atoms (gain of electron increases electron-electron

repulsion).

- Isoelectronic species: Size decreases with increasing nuclear charge.

- Ionization Energy (Ionization Potential):

- Increases across a period due to higher nuclear charge.

- Decreases down a group due to the increasing distance of the outermost electron from the

nucleus.

- Exceptions: Be > B, N > O, Mg > Al due to half-filled and filled subshell stability.

- Electron Gain Enthalpy:

- Tends to become more negative (more favorable) across a period as atoms are more eager to

accept electrons to complete their octet.

- Becomes less negative down a group as added electrons are farther from the nucleus.

- Exceptions: Group 15 (half-filled p-subshell) and noble gases (stable configuration) have less

favorable electron gain enthalpies.

- Electronegativity:

- Increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge.


- Decreases down a group as atomic size increases.

- Most electronegative element: Fluorine.

- Metallic and Non-Metallic Character:

- Metallic character increases down a group and decreases across a period.

- Non-metallic character shows the opposite trend.

5. Anomalies in Periodic Trends

- d-Block Contraction: d-block elements have smaller atomic and ionic sizes than expected due to

the ineffective shielding by d-electrons, known as the lanthanide contraction.

- Diagonal Relationships: Elements in period 2 show similarities with elements diagonally

positioned in period 3 (e.g., Li and Mg, Be and Al) due to similar atomic sizes and charge densities.

6. Important Concepts for JEE Advanced

- Screening Effect (Shielding):

- Inner shell electrons shield the outer electrons from the nucleus.

- Higher shielding (in s and p orbitals) reduces effective nuclear charge felt by outer electrons,

impacting atomic size and ionization energies.

- Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff):

- The net positive charge experienced by valence electrons.

- Calculated using Slater's rules in complex cases.

- Zeff increases across a period, reducing atomic radius and increasing ionization energy.

- Isoelectronic Species:

- Species with the same number of electrons but different nuclear charges.
- Compare nuclear charge to predict relative sizes and ionization energies.

- Hydration Enthalpy:

- Ionic compounds dissolve better when they have higher hydration enthalpies.

- Smaller ions with high charge density have higher hydration enthalpies (e.g., Li+ > Na+).

7. Key Exceptions to Remember

- Ionization energy order anomalies (e.g., Be > B, N > O).

- Electron gain enthalpy of noble gases and Group 15 elements is less negative.

- Transition metals and lanthanides have irregular ionization energies due to similar energy levels

of their d- and f-orbitals.

- f-block contraction (lanthanide contraction) affects atomic size down the d-block and causes

similarities between 5th and 6th-period elements.

8. JEE Advanced Focus Points

- Application of periodic trends in predicting reaction feasibility.

- Comparing physical properties like melting and boiling points based on bonding and structure.

- Use of periodic trends to understand properties of oxides, halides, and hydrides of elements.

- Reaction patterns of alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and p-block elements.

9. Quick Revision Tips

- Memorize group names (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases).

- Understand and remember the order of trends across periods and down groups.

- Solve previous JEE problems to familiarize yourself with trend-based questions.

- Focus on exceptional cases, as they are frequently tested in JEE Advanced.

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