Chapter – I

MANAGEMENT OF
SPORTING EVENTS
 Chapter – I
PLANNING IN SPORTS

According to Harold Koontz, "Management is the art of getting things done through others and
with formally organized groups.”

Functions of sports events management (planning, organizing, staffing, directing

and controlling)

Planning
Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the
gap between where we are to where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which
would not otherwise occur.

Some main function of planning are as follows:

1. Defining goals and objectives for the event
2. developing a budget for the event
3. selecting a venue and determining event format
4. developing a timeline and schedule for the event
5. identifying and addressing potential risks or challenges to the Event.

Organising
According to Henry Fayol, “ organising is a process of establishing authority relationships
among selected people, work and workplaces so that the group can work together efficiently.”
Post planning comes by organising the resources and teams so that the action can be
implemented.

Some mean functions of organising are as follows:

1. Assigning duties to various departments
2. Classifying various groups of activities.
3. Coordinating resources and logistics required for event success.
4. Developing policies and procedures for event operations.
Staffing
According to Koontz and O’ Donnell, “Managerial function of staffing involves manning the
organisation structure through the proper and effective selection, appraisal and development of
personnel to fill the role designed in the structure.
Staffing is the function of hiring and retaining a suitable work force for the enterprise both at
managerial as well as non-managerial level.

Some main functions of staffing are as follows:

1. Defining staffing requirements for the event.
2. Developing job descriptions and qualifications for the event staff.
3. Recruiting and hiring event staff.
4. training and developing event staff
5. Scheduling event staff and assigning tasks and responsibilities.
6. Managing even staff and addressing any performance issues that arise.
7. Ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory requirements related to employees.
8. Developing a contingency plan for staffing emergencies.

Directing
According to John A. Pearce II and Richard B. Robinson Jr, "Directing is a managerial function
that involves the responsibility of managers for communicating to others what their rules are in
achieving the company plan.
The directing function is considered leadership, communication, motivation and supervision so
that the employee performs their activities in the most efficient manner possible in order to
achieve the desired goals.

Main function of directing are as follows:

1. Communicating expectations and responsibilities to event staff and volunteers.
2. Delegating tasks and responsibilities to appropriate individuals.
3. Providing guidance and support to event staff and volunteers.
4. Addressing any conflicts are issues that may arise among team members in a timely and
effective manner.
5. Posting good relationships between team members, stakeholders, and volunteers to
ensure everyone is working effectively and efficiently towards the success of the event.

Controlling
According to Knoontz and O'Donnell, "Controlling is the measurement and correction of
performance activities of subordinates in order to make sure that enterprise objectives and
plans desired to obtain them are being accomplished.”
The activities of controlling consist of establishing standards for work performance measuring
performance and comparing it to those set standards and taking corrective actions as and when
needed to correct any deviations.

Some main functions of controlling are as follows:

1. Establishing standard performance.
2. measuring actual performance
3. Comparing actual performance with established standards to identify deviations.
4. taking corrective actions to address divisions
5. Conducting regular performance evaluations and assessments.
6. Evaluating and adjusting the event plan as needed to ensure success.

PLANNING IN SPORTS
Meaning of planning in sports
It is an intellectual process of thinking in advance about setting of goals and
developing strategies which are required to attain the goal efficiently in the field
of sports.
It means deciding the future course of action and developing strategies to
attain the goals efficiently in the field of sports.

Definitions
1. According to MITCHELL, “Planning is usually interpreted as a process to
develop a strategy to achieve desired objectives, to solve problems and to
facilitate action”.
2. According to ALLEN, “A plan is a trap laid to capture the future”.
3. According to Kennith H.Killen,”Planning is the process of deciding in
advance what is to be done and when is to be done, who is to do it, how is
to be done and where is to done”.

OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING
Following are the objectives of planning in sports:
1. Avoid unnecessary pressure of last minute hassles
 2. Increase efficiency of every activity
3. Keep good control our all activities
4. Facilitate proper coordination between various committees
5. Facilitate safety and improvement in performances
6. Increase creativity
7. Reduces the chances of mistake

TOURNAMENT- KNOCK-OUT AND LEAGUE

 The sports competitions or tournaments provide recreation to the spectators,
which help them in reducing stress and tension of day to day life.
 These tournaments are helpful in the harmonious development of
participants. In fact, tournament is that series of sports in which a team
finally wins and rest of the teams lose the matches. Before organizing a
tournament, it is very essential to prepare a good plan.
 To select the best method depends upon various factors such as what is the
number of participating teams? What facilities of ground equipments,
numbers of officials are available? And in how many days, the tournament is
to be completed.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURAMENTS
The tournaments are not only significant to the players but to the coaches and
physical education teachers also. The importance of tournaments is described
below:
1. Development of sports skills
2. Propaganda of sports
3. Helpful in selection of players
4. Development of national and international integration
5. Development of social qualities
6. Source of recreation

Explanation
1. Development of sports skills: The maximum no: of participants does not
develop only technical skills of the sports but tactical skills also. They acquire
efficiency in skills and finally, they improve the game.
2. Propaganda of sports: Tournaments are helpful in publishing the sports.
The spectators come to know about that sport. Thus, it creates interest in
those sports.
3. Helpful in selection of players: On the basis of tournament, the good
players can be selected easily by observing their performance in the
tournament.
4. Development of national and international integration: Sports
tournaments are helpful in developing national integration as well as
international unity and brotherhood. Tournaments are one of the best means
of enhancing international peace.
5. Development of social qualities: Social traits such as tolerance,
sympathy, cooperation, group cohesion, brotherhood and discipline etc are
developed among participants through sports tournaments.
6. Source recreation: Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the
spectators. That is why, a large no: of people go to watch the Olympic
Games and world cups of various games and sports. So, tournament is a
good source of recreation.

TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

TOURNAMENTS
CHALLENGE
KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT
TOURNAMENT

LEAGUE
OR COMBINATION
ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
TOURNAMENT

1. KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT: In this type of tournament, a team which is

once defeated, automatically gets eliminated from the tournament. Only the
winning teams continue in the tournament.
e.g.: four teams participate
A. VV DAV A
B. ST. FRANCIS A Winner
 C. KAMAL D
D. VISHAL BHARTI

Advantages of knock-out tournament

 The knock-out tournaments are less expensive because of the team,
which gets defeated, is eliminated from the competition.
 The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standards of sports.
 Owing to less number of matches, it requires less time to complete the
tournament.
 Minimum no: of official are required in organizing such type of
tournaments.

Disadvantages of knock-out tournament

 There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in 1st or 2nd
round. So, good team may not reach into the final round.
 There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.
 Spectators may not have enough interest in the final match.

Essential points for knock-out tournament

The following points must be taken into consideration while preparing fixture:
1. The total no: of teams participating in the tournament.
2. The total no: of byes.
3. The no: of teams in each half or quarter.
4. The no: of byes to be given in each half or quarter.
5. The total no: of rounds.
6. The total no: of matches.

Method of preparing fixture in knock-out tournament

In knock-out tournament the total number of matches can be calculated by
subtracting one from the total number of teams.

e.g.
If total no: of teams participating is = 8
The total no: matches will be = 8-1=7
There will be 7 matches in the tournament.
The total number of teams is divided into equal halves and then matches are
divided by draw of lots. If the total number of teams is not the power of 2 such
as 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 etc.,
then byes are given. The teams, which are given byes, do not play in the first
round. In fact, a bye refers to a dummy teams that does not play in the first
round but participates in the second round.

Example: How many byes will be given if 15 teams are participating

in a tournament?
Ans: Total no: of teams = 15
Next highest no: of power of two =
Difference
To calculate between
the no: total no:
of teams in of teams
each and Next highest no: of power
half:
of two = 16-15
If the no of teams is in the power of two,=it becomes01 easy to divide the teams in
Hence, 1 bye will be given.
two halves. But if the number of teams is not the power of two, the following
procedure is applied:

UPPER HALF = TOTAL NUMBER OF TEAMS + 1

2
It means N+1, where ‘N’ is the total number of teams.
2

LOWER HALF = TOTAL NUMBER OF TEAMS - 1

2

It means N-1, where ‘N’ is the total number of teams.

2
Example: How many teams will be kept in upper half and lower half, if
11 teams are participating in a tournament?
Ans: Total number of teams = 11
Teams in upper half
N+1 = 11+1 = 12 =6
2 2 2
Teams in lower half
N-1 = 11-1 = 10 =5
2 2 2

Example: How many byes will be given in total in upper half and lower half, if the
total number of teams is 11?
Ans: total number of teams = 11
Next highest power of two is 24 = 16
Number of byes in upper half
NB-1 = 5-1 = 4 = 2 BYES [NB stands for total number of Byes]
2 2 2
Number of byes in lower half
NB+1 = 5+1 = 6 = 3 BYES [NB stands for total number of Byes]
2 2 2
Method of fixing byes
fixtures
The total no of teams (in case of 11 teams) from 1 to 11 is
Written on a paper. After that lots are drawn and the names of teams
are written against their numbers. Then the total number of teams
is divided into two halves. After that the byes are fixed in upper
and lower halves in the
Following order: 1 2 BYE
1. The first bye is given at the last team of lower half. 2
3
2. The second bye is given to the first team of the upper half.
4
3. The third bye is given to the first team of lower half. 5
4. The fourth bye is given to the last team of the upper half. 6
5. The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described 7
8 4 BYE
above.
9 3 BYE
10
Number of matches in knock-out tournament 11
The number of matches in knock-out tournament is (N-1), where ‘N; 12
13
denotes for number of teams participating in a tournament.
14
For example: if 11 teams are participating in a knock-out tournament, 15 5 BYE
the number of matches will be: 16 1 BYE
N-1 = 11-1 =10 matches

Number of rounds in knock-out tournament

The number of rounds will be calculated from the power of 2n. ‘N’ denotes the
number of rounds.
For example:
1. If the number of participating teams is the power of two, (in case of 16
teams), the number of rounds will based on the power i.e. 24
(2x2x2x2=16) here four times two denotes the total number of rounds.
2. If the number of participating teams is not the power of two, (in case of
19 teams), the number of rounds will based on the next highest power i.e.
25 (2x2x2x2x2=32) that is five times two denotes the total number of
rounds.
Number of teams in each quarter
1. If the no of teams is less, the teams are divided into upper and lower half
only.
2. On the other hand, if number of teams is more, upper half and lower half are
further divided into two-two halves. It means that the upper half has two
quarter, i.e. 1st quarter and 2nd quarter and the lower half has 3rd and 4th
quarter.
3. For determining the number of team in each quarter, the total number of
teams is divided by 4. If the reminder remains zero, there will be 4 quarters
with equal number of teams.
4. If the reminder remains 1, the first quarter comprise of 1extra team, where
as the remaining quarters will have equal number of teams. This procedure
can be easily understood with the help of following example:
Number of
1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rdt quarter 4th quarter
teams
28 7 7 7 7
29 7+1 7 7 7
30 7+1 7+1 7 7
31 7+1 7+1 7+1 7
32 8 8 8 8
33 8+1 8 8 8
34 8+1 8+1 8 8

Consolation tournament
1. In knock-out tournament, a good team can be eliminated if by chance it plays
with another good team in the first round. It may be set back to that team.
2. Therefore, consolation tournament is organized but it depends solely on the
organizers, whether they organize it or not.
3. In consolation tournament one additional chance is given to the defeated
teams.
4. In this tournament, the winner is declared from the defeated team.
 Consolation tournament is of two types
 First type: In this type of consolation tournament the teams which are
defeated in the first round are given additional opportunity to play.
 Second type: In this type of consolation tournament, the teams
Defeated in all the rounds, are given an additional opportunity to
Take part in competition.

Seeding method
There is always possibility in knock-out tournament that strong team 1 1 seeding
May be paired with weak teams or all strong teams might grouped in 2
3
any one half. Therefore to avoid such a situation seeding is given to the
4
Winners (finalist or semi-finalist) or top performers. 5
1. In this method, the strong teams are selected to keep them at 6
appropriate place in the fixture. 7
8 4 seeding
2. If two teams are to be seeded (last year finalist), then winner is
9 3 seeding
kept at the top of the upper half and the runner-up is kept in 10
the last position of the lower half. 11
3. If four teams are to be seeded, the winner and runner-up will 12
13
be placed as mentioned above. The third position holder will
14
be kept in the top position of the lower half and the fourth 15
position holder will be placed in the last position of the upper half. 16 2 seeding

League or round robin tournament

League tournament is also called ‘Round Robin tournament’. Mr. Burger was the
first person who imagined about the league tournament and owing to that, it is
also called ‘Burger System’.
1. According to this tournament, each team play with every other team once if it
is a single league tournament. If it is a double league tournament, each team
plays with every other team twice.
2. In these types of tournament, every team plays with every other team
irrespective of victory or defeat.

TYPES OF LEAGUE
TOURNAMENT

SINGLE LEAGUE DOUBLE LEAGUE

  Single league: In single league tournament, every team plays with every
other team once and the number of matches is determined with the help
of following formula:

N (N-1)
2
NB: ‘N’ stands for number of teams
E.g. if 9 teams are participating in a tournament, the
 Double league:
number In double
of matches will be 9league
(9-1) = tournament every team plays with
9 x 8 = 36 matches
every other team twice. The number 2 of2 matches is determined with the
help of following formula:

N (N-1)
NB: ‘N’ stands for number of teams
E.g. if 9 teams are participating in a tournament, the
number of matches will be 9 (9-1) = 9 x 8 = 72 matches

Advantages of league tournament

There are following advantages of league tournament:
1. Only strong or deserving team gets victory in the tournament.
2. Every team gets full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
3. Sports and games can be made more popular through league tournament
owing to maximum number of matches.
4. This tournament is good for selecting player for the team.
5. Appropriate opportunities are available to the players to improve their
performance.
Disadvantages of league tournament
There are following disadvantages of league tournament:
1. It requires time.
2. It costs more.
3. It requires more arrangements for sports officials and teams.
4. The teams coming from far and wide generally face more problems because
such tournaments waste their time and money.
5. Most of teams become psychologically down due to their defeat again and
again.
Procedure for fixing in league tournament
The following methods are used for fixing in league tournament:

METHODS

CYCLIC STAIRCASE TABULAR

METHOD METHOD METHOD

1. Cyclic method: In cyclic method, if the number of teams is in even number,

the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right hand side and then other team
numbers in ascending order consecutively downward and then upward on the
left side. If the number of teams is in odd number, the bye is fixed on the top
of the right side. The rest of the procedure remains same. Teams are rotated
in clockwise direction.
If the number of teams is in even number, the number of rounds will be (N-
1). E.g. if there are 6 team in the tournament the number of round will be
(6-1) = 5
On the other hand, if the number of teams is in odd number, the number of
round will remain the same. E.g. if there are 5 team in the tournament the
number of round will be the same that is 5.

Example: draw a fixture of 6 teams on league basis according to

cyclic method?
Solution:
Total no: of teams = 6
Total no: of matches =
N(N-1) = 6(6-1) = 6 X 5 = 30 = 15
2 2 2 2
No: of rounds = N-1 = 6-1 = 5 Rounds

Fixtures
1R 2R 3R 4R 5R
6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1

5 2 4 6 3 5 2 4 6 3

4 3 3 2 2 6 6 5 5 4
 Example: draw a fixture of 5 teams on league basis according to
cyclic method?
Solution:
Total no: of teams = 5
Total no: of matches = N(N-1) = 5(5-1) = 5 X 4 = 20 = 10
2 2 2 2
No: of rounds = 5 Rounds
1R 2R 3R 4R 5R
5 BYE 4 BYE 3 BYE 2 BYE 1 BYE

4 1 3 5 2 4 1 4 6 3
Staircase Method: In staircase method fixture are made just like a ladder or a
staircase.
3 2 This method
2 1is the easiest
1 5method because
5 4 no bye5 is given
4 to any
team and there is no problem of odd and even number of teams.
Example: draw a fixture of 5 teams on league basis according to
staircase method?

1–2

1–3 2-3

1–4 2-4 3-4

1–5 2-5 3-5 4-5

Tabular Method: Tabular method is called graph method. If the number of

teams is in even number such as 2,4,6,8 etc., then N+1 Squares are made
vertically and horizontally where N represents the number of team participating
in the tournament.
If the number of team participating is in odd number such as 3,5,7,9 etc. , then
N+2 squares are made vertically and horizontally.
For e.g. if 7 teams are participating in league tournament then N+2 = 7+2 = 9,
after that a diagonal line is drawn from the left side of the top to the right side of
the bottom.

Method of putting the number in square

1. First of all, write down the names of the teams such as A, B, C, D, E, F etc.,
vertically and horizontally on left side squares and upper side squares. If the
number of teams is in odd number, write down ‘bye’ in the last columns.
Example: Draw a fixture of 6 teams according to tabular method of
league tournament?
Solution: squares = N+1 = 6+1 = 7
Number of rounds = N-1 = 6-1 = 5
Number of matches = N (N-1) = 6(6-1) = 6 X 5 = 15
2 2 2

A B C D E F

A 1 2 3 4 5

B 3 4 5 2

C 5 1 4

D 2 1

E 3

1R 2R 3R 4R 5R
AXB AXC BXC BXD CXD

CXE DXE AXD AXE BXE

DXF BXF EXF CXF AXF

Method of deciding the winner in league tournament

 If a team gets maximum points in a tournament, it is declared the winner of
the tournament. The following ways is used to give the points:
Winner of the match = 2 points
Loser of the match = 0 points
Draw = 1 point to each team
 If the points are equal in case of two teams, their match is held again.
 But if it remains a draw, the team which won the maximum number of
matches is declared as the winner.
 If the tie still remains, the team who scored maximum number of goals is
declared as the winner.
 If the tie still remains, a match is held again between these teams.
 If there is a draw again, the winner is declared by a toss.
 In addition to this, other methods are also used to declare the
winner.
A. British method: Divide the total points obtained by the total possible points.
Example, if there are 8 teams participating in a tournament. A team wins 6
matches and 2 remains draw. The percentage of points will be:

TOTAL POINTS = 12+2 = 14

POSSIBLE POINTS = 16
PERCENTAGE OF POINTS = 14/16 = 0.875
B. American method: Divide the number of games won by the total number of
games played. If 8 teams are participating in a tournament. It wins 5
matches.

Intramurals and Extramurals

Intramurals
 The word ‘intramural’ is derived from the Latin word ‘intra’ and ‘muralis’.
‘Intra’ means ‘within’ and ‘Muralis’ means walls. It means that the activities
which are performed within the walls or within the campus of an institution
are called ‘intramurals’.
 These activities are organized only for the students of a school or institution.
 No students of other schools can participate in these activities.
 In fact, intramural competition is one of the best means to motivate all the
students of an institution for taking part in the games and sports.

Origin of intramurals
 First time, in U.S.A the intramural of baseball was organized in 1864. After
that in the beginning of 20th century, some progressive physical education
teachers showed interest in intramurals and they realized that through
intramurals, the more extensive development of physical education can be
done.
 In 1925, every high school started the mission to establish intramural
department in U.S.A.
 But in India, we are still lagging behind this field.
Need of Intramurals
In simple term, intramural means, “a game for each and each for a
game.”
The following points can express the need of intramural for students:
1. Intramurals are very essential for physical, mental, emotional and social
development of students.
2. These programmes also lay stress on moral and ethical values of students.
3. These programmes are also essential to calm down the fighting instinct of
children.
4. These programmes refresh the children and make them agile.
5. Intramurals provide ample opportunities to the students to the students to
participate in games and sports.
6. Intramurals are also essential for developing the leadership qualities among
the students.

Objectives of intramurals
There are various objectives of intramurals which are described below:
1. To provide opportunity to every student to participate in games and
sports.
2. To develop the leadership qualities among students.
3. To develop the feeling of cooperation
4. To provide recreation
5. To develop the feeling of sportsmanship.
6. To provide the opportunity to learn a variety of games and skills
7. To provide the opportunity to get experience of organization of
competition.
8. To find out the talented sportspersons.
9. To provide the opportunity to develop personality.
Explanations
1. To provide opportunity to every student to participate in games and
sports:
 To provide ample opportunity to every student in games and sports is one
of the major objectives of intramurals.
  In intramurals every student is free to participate in the games and sports
of his/her choice.
2. To develop the leadership qualities among students:
 Intramural activities are helpful in developing leadership qualities.
 The students also develop the qualities to follow.
3. To develop the feeling of cooperation:
 It is really difficult to get success alone in the field of sports and games.
 These intramural activities are helps in developing feeling of cooperation
among students.
4. To provide recreation:
 Intramural activities provide a number of opportunities for recreation for
to the students.
 Students participate according to their interests.
 They get lot of fun, joy and pleasure by participating in such intramural
activities.
5. To develop the feeling of sportsmanship:
 Sportsmanship means to show respect and courtesy to opponents and
officials.
 It also means to be humble in victory and gracious in defeat.
 The intramural competition develops the feeling of such qualities among
students.
6. To develop the opportunity to learn a variety of games and skills:
 To provide the opportunity to learn a number of games, their fundamental
skills, rules and regulations and technical and tactical knowledge is
another important objective of intramurals.
7. To provide the opportunity to get experience of organization of
competition
 It provides opportunity to the students to get experience of organizing
competition.
 In intramural competitions, a number of committees of committees are
formed for their organization in which students are also involved directly
or indirectly.
8. To find out the talented sportspersons:
 Intramural competitions aid to find out the talented sportspersons due to
participation of all the students in such competition.
 9. To provide the opportunity to develop personality:
 Intramural activities provide a number of opportunities to develop the
physical, mental, social and emotional aspect of personality.

General principles of intramurals

Some general principles are essential to follow prior to the organization of
intramural competitions in a school. The general principles are mentioned below:
1. Local circumstances
2. Good quality for sports equipments and other facilities
3. Interest
4. Budget
5. Time
6. Emphasis
7. Medical examination
8. Classification of students
Explanation
1. Local circumstances: While organizing intramural, the local circumstances
should be kept in mind. Local circumstances mean the popular games of the
school, availability of playground and sports equipments.
2. Good quality for sports equipment and other facilities:
 Sports equipment must be checked prior to competition
 Sports equipments should be of good quality.
 For organizing intramural competition, qualified official should be there.
3. Interest:
 The interest of the students in various activities of intramural competition
must be kept in mind.
4. Budget:
 The organization of intramurals should be based on budget of the school.
 If the budget of the school is sufficient, the organization of intramurals
can be done on a large-scale.
 On the other hand, if the budget is less, the intramurals can be organized
according to that budget.
5. Time: While organizing intramurals, it should be kept in mind that the
teaching work should not be disturbed at all.
6. Emphasis on winning:
 In intramural competitions, there should not be over emphasis on
winning.
 Winning should be viewed as a means to self-improvement and not as an
end in itself.
 if they lay undue stress on winning, the education goals of intramurals will
go unfulfilled.
7. Medical examination: Medical examination of students should be performed
in advance. If any student is found medically sick, he should not be allowed
to participate in intramural.
8. Classification of students: Classification of students should be performed
in advance on the basis of age, ability, weight, class and physical maturity,
so that intramural can be planned in a effective manner.

Activities for intramural competition

There are a number of activities which may be included in intramural
competitions. The activities should be selected very carefully. Mainly, the
selection of activities should be based on two factors i.e. interest of students and
availability of facilities in the institution or school.
The selection should be made out of the following categories of activities:
1. Major games: volleyball, hockey, cricket, basketball, kabaddi, swimming,
athletics, cycling, wrestling, lawn tennis, football, softball and badminton
etc.
2. Minor games: Shuttle run, Kho-Kho, circle games, tag game, roller
skating, potato race, sack race and three-legged race, etc.
3. Rhythmic: Lazium, dumb bell, marching, folk dance, group dance, solo
dance, mass P.T, and rhythmic gymnastics, etc
4. Creative activities: Painting, drawing, sculpturing, making models.
5. Combative activities: Boxing, judo, taekwondo, judo, karate, etc.

Extramural
The word ‘Extramural’ is derived from the latin words ‘extra’ and ‘muralis’.
‘Extra’ means ‘outside’ and ‘muralis’ means ‘wall’. It means that the activities
which are performed outside the walls of an institution or school. In extramural
competitions, the students of other schools also participate in sports related
activities. Extramural competition are also called inter school competition.

Need of extramural competition

Extramural competitions are essential in the field of physical education. The
following points are significant to show the need of extramural competition:
1. Provide opportunities to school to show their sports capabilities
2. For enhancing the standard of sports performance
3. Providing appropriate knowledge of sports techniques
4. For making and implementing the programmes of physical education more
effective
5. Improve the opportunities to participate in sports
Explanation
1. Provide opportunities to school to show their sports capabilities:
Extramural competitions provide ample opportunities to school to show their
sports capabilities.
2. For enhancing the standard of sports performance: Extramural
competition is a platform where student assess themselves and improves
when they compete out of the school walls.
3. Providing appropriate knowledge of sports technique: Extramurals are
essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new techniques of sports.
4. For making and implementing the programmes of physical education
more effective: Extramurals help in broadening the base of sports. They are
essential for making the programmes of physical education more effective.
5. Improve the opportunities to participate in sports: Extramural
competitions enhance the opportunities for the students of various schools to
participate in sports.

Objectives of extramurals
1. To improve the standard of sports
2. To provide experience to students
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity
4. To broaden the base of sports
5. To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques
Explanation
1. To improve the standard of sports: By participating in extramural, the
students become technically and tactically efficient in respective sports. They
become skillful.
2. To provide experience to students: Experience has its own value in any
field. Extramurals provide experience to students who participate in such
competitions. Due to experience, students exhibit good performance in
competitions.
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity: Extramural competitions tend
to develop the traits of sportsmanship and fraternity in students.
4. To broaden the base of sports: To broaden the base of sports in another
vital objective of extramurals. Many students from various schools participate
in extramurals.
5. To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques:
students participating in extramural competitions learn latest rules and
regulation of the sports and games. They learn new techniques and tactics to
overcome their opponents which ultimately enhance their skill and
knowledge.

General principles related to the organization of extramurals:

For organizing the extramural competitions, the following principles must be
followed properly:
1. To participate in extramural competitions willingly
2. Medical examination prior to competition
3. Organization of extramurals should be on holiday
4. Arrangement of efficient officials in extramurals.
5. Programme of extramurals should be according to the convenience of players
6. Winning should not be over-Emphasized
7. Good quality of sports equipments should be used

Explanation
1. To participate in extramural competitions willingly: stress should not
be laid down on students to participate in extramural competitions. They
should participate in such competitions according to their will.
2. Medical examination prior to competition: medical examination of
students should be performed well in advance before the organization of
extramurals. Along this a doctor must be present during the competition.
3. Organization of extramurals should be on holiday: while fixing the
date/dates, the organizers must keep in mind that the organization of
extramurals should be on holiday.
4. Arrangement of efficient officials in extramurals: for the successful
organization of extramurals, efficient and skillful officials should be arranged
by the organizers.
5. Programme of extramurals should be according to the convenience of
players: While preparing the programme of extramurals, the organizer
should lay emphasis on the convenience of players. There should not be clash
of various events.
6. Winning should not be over-emphasized: Wining should be viewed as a
means to self-improvement and not as an end in itself.
7. Good quality of sports equipments: For extramurals, the sports
equipments must be of high quality. If such sports equipments are not used
in extramurals, the chances of injuries to players may be higher.

Formation of committees for organizing sports event

 For organizing sports events, various committees are formed for systematic
and smooth conduct of competitions/tournaments.
 The organization and conduct of sports events involve a lot of planning and
preparation.
 The organizing committee is mainly responsible for the successful and
smooth conduction of the sports meet/sports events.
Various committees for organization of track and field
meet/sports
ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTOR

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ORGANISING COMMITTEE FOR GAMES/SPORTS

BOARDIN DECORATION TRANSPORT

PUBLICITY G& RECEPTION & ATION
COMMITTEE LODGING COMMITTEE CEREMONY COMMITTEE
COMMITT COMMITTE
EE

GROUNDS & COMMITTEE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE

EQUIPMENT FOR ON ENTRIES & FOR
COMMITTEE ENTERTAIN & PROGRAMMES OFFICIALS
REFRESHMENT

ANNOUNCCE
MENT FIRST-AID
COMMITTEE COMMITTEE
 Various committees are formed under this organizing committee.
1. Committee of publicity: The committee for publicity announces the date,
venues and sports events, advance information to the institutions and
printing etc.
2. Transport committee: This committee is responsible for providing the
facilities regarding transportation of various teams to the venue of sports
events or to the place of boarding and lodging as the case may be.
3. Boarding and lodging committee: Boarding and lodging committee is
responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation
and serving meals to the sports-persons and officials.
4. Decoration and ceremony committee: Decoration committee is
responsible to make necessary arrangements for the opening ceremony,
victor ceremony and closing ceremony of the games/sports meet.
5. Ground and equipment committee: This committee is responsible for
making the ground or laying out the track and field. This committee is also
responsible for providing the equipments according to specifications.
6. Refreshments and entertainment committee: This committee takes the
charge of supplying refreshments, drinks and making arrangements for
entrainment for guests, officials and competitors etc.
7. Reception committee: The members of this committee are responsible to
welcome the chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies.
8. Committee on entries and programmes: This committee sends entry
forms to various institutions early and receives them. It prepares fixtures and
related to the games/sports events and get it printed.
9. Committee for officials: This committee selected various officials such as
referees, judges, recorders, clerks of the course, starters, marshalls, track
umpires, time keepers and lap scorers for athletic meet and judges etc.
10. Announcement committee: This committee is solely responsible for
making various announcements during the sports meet or games. Like
opening and closing ceremony, events schedules etc.
11. First-Aid committee: First-Aid committee is headed by a well-qualified
doctor. This committee provides first aid to the victim or affected
athlete/sportsperson immediately.
Specific Sports programmes
Specific sports programmes are such programmees of sports which are not usually
related to competitions. These sports programmes have various objectives such
as:
 Creating awareness among people regarding unity, health and diseases like
AIDS, swine flu, etc.
 Raising funds for charitable institutions or organization.
 Such programmes may be organized for the promotion and maintenance of
health among people.
These sports programmes are described below:
A. Sports day
B. Health runs
C. Run for fun
D. Run for unity
E. Run for awareness
F. Run for specific causes
Explanations
A. Sports day:
 The sports day is organized so that the all round development of children
could be done.
 The various sports activities in which physical and recreational activities
are included are conducted on sports day.
 These activities are vital for children. The activities, which are conducted
on sports day, provide ample opportunities for recreation of children and
owing to that they do not fall in the trap of stress and depression.
 The level of health of children is also increased by taking part in such
activities.
Procedure of organization of sports day
 First of all a day is fixed for proper organization of sports day.
  After that an administrative or organization committee should be
constituted. This committee conducts all the programmes of sports day
systematically.
 The various committee, such as decoration committee, playground
committee, first aid committee, prize distribution committee, reception
committee, etc.
B. Health runs:
 Health runs are organized by health department, sports department or
social organization.
 The purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along
with the rising of funds for charity.
 There is no competition in it but registration of participants is performed
in advance.
 The date and time is also fixed well in advance.
 Before going to health runs, everyone should take a note of the following
suggestion to make
1. Avoid tension. Make sure that your arms, shoulder, neck, and fingers
are relaxed.
2. Your breathing should be rhythmic and deep.
3. Don’t bend your body from hip level.
4. Run softly and your strides should be normal.
5. Your both arm should swing equally.
6. Always consume adequate amount of fluid before and after the run.
7. Consult the doctor as a precautionary measure
C. Run for fun:
 Run for fun is also organized with an objective to spread the message
among the masses to remain healthy and fit.
 Run for fun is a friendly race and is organized to raise funds for a charity.
 The sponsors only deduct the organizational expenditure.

C. Run for unity:

 Such a run is organized with a specific purpose, i.e. to show unity and
peace among the people of different religions.
 Integration runs for international peace and hormonal relationship.
 It may be in the form of long distance relay races, marathon race.
  A lot people participate in this race from corporate world, film stars and
marathon runners from other countries.
 The cash prize is given to the first three position holders
 Such runs promote harmony, peace and solidarity among people of
different religion.

D. Run for awareness:

 Run for awareness is organized for creating awareness among the people
about preventing against the current health problems or hazards running
in society or country.
 The running distance is kept 5 km and one mile.
 It is also organized to raise the funds for charitable society.
 The participants are registered before taking part in the run.
 The prizes are given to first three position holders.

E. Run for specific causes

 Run for specific causes is the run which is related to a good and noble
cause.
 It can be organized for various categories of participants
 Prizes can be given to the position holders.
 It main purpose is to raise the funds for specific cause but the cause
should be noble.