Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 1

Sample Problems

1
Compute each of the following integrals. Please note that arcsin x is the same as sin x and arctan x is the same
as tan 1 x

Z Z Z
1. xex dx 5. arcsin x dx 9. cos2 x dx

Z Z
2. x cos x dx 6. arctan x dx
Z
10. x2 e 3x dx
Z Z
3. xe 4x dx 7. ex sin x dx

Z Z Z
2 x3
4. ln x dx 8. sin x dx 11. dx
(x2 + 2)2

Practice Problems

Z Z Z
1. xe2x dx 6. x2 2x dx 11. x sin 10x dx

Z
3x
Z
2. xe dx
7. x cos x dx Z9
ln x
12. p dx
x
Z2
ln
Z
1

3. xe 3x dx 8. x2 cos x dx
0 Z1
ln x
13. dx
Z1 Z x7
1
4. xe 3x dx 9. x ln x dx
0

Z Z Z=4
5. x2x dx 10. x5 ln x dx 14. x sin 2x dx
0

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 2

Sample Problems - Answers

1 1
1.) xex ex + C 2.) x sin x + cos x + C 3.) e 4x xe 4x +C 4.) x ln x x+C
16 4

p 1 1 x
5.) x arcsin x + 1 x2 + C 6.) x arctan x ln x2 + 1 + C 7.) e (sin x cos x) + C
2 2

1 1 3x 1 2 2 2
8.) ( sin x cos x + x) + C 9.) (x + sin x cos x) + C 10.) e x + x+
2 2 3 9 27

1 1
11.) ln x2 + 2 + 2 +C
2 x +2

Practice Problems - Answers

1 2x 1 2x 1 3x 1 3x 7 1 1
1.) xe e +C 2.) e xe +C 3.) ln 2 4.)
2 4 9 3 72 24 9

2x 1 2x 2x 2
5.) x +C 6.) x2 + 2 +C 7.) x sin x + cos x + C
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2

1 2 1 2 1 6 1 6
8.) x2 sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C 9.) x ln x x +C 10.) x ln x x +C
2 4 6 36

1 1 1 1
11.) sin 10x x cos 10x + C 12.) 6 ln 9 8 13.) 14)
100 10 36 4

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 3

Sample Problems - Solutions

1 1 x.
Please note that arcsin x is the same as sin x and arctan x is the same as tan

Z
1. xex dx

Solution: We will integrate this by parts, using the formula

Z Z
0
f g = fg f g0

Let g (x) = x and f 0 (x) = ex Then we obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = ex g (x) = x
f 0 (x) = ex g 0 (x) = 1
Z Z
0
f g = fg f g0 becomes
Z Z
xex dx = xex ex dx = xex ex + C

We should check our result by di¤erentiating the answer. Indeed,

(xex ex + C)0 = ex + xex ex = xex

and so our answer is correct.

Z
2. x cos x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = x and f 0 (x) = cos x Then we obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = sin x g (x) = x

f 0 (x) = cos x g 0 (x) = 1
Z Z
f 0g = f g f g0 becomes
Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x sin x dx = x sin x ( cos x) = x sin x + cos x + C

We should check our result by di¤erentiating the answer. Indeed,

(x sin x + cos x + C)0 = sin x + x cos x sin x = x cos x

and so our answer is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 4

Z
3. xe 4x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = x and f 0 (x) = e 4x

Then we obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration. To
du
compute f (x) ; we will use substitution. Let u = 4x then du = 4dx and so dx = :
4
Z Z Z
4x u du 1 1 u 1 4x
f (x) = e dx = e = eu du = e +C = e +C
4 4 4 4
1 4x .
We will choose C = 0 and so f (x) = e
4

1 4x
f (x) = e g (x) = x
4
f 0 (x) =e 4x
g 0 (x) = 1
Z Z
0
f g = fg f g0 becomes
Z Z Z
4x 1 4x 1 4x 1 4x 1 4x 1 4x 1 1 4x
xe dx = xe e dx = xe + e dx = xe + e +C
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 4x 1 4x
= xe e +C
4 16

We check our result by di¤erentiating the answer.

0
1 4x 1 4x
xe e +C =
4 16

1 0 1 0 1 1
= xe 4x e 4x = e 4x
+x 4e 4x
4e 4x
4 16 4 16
1 4x 1
= e + xe 4x + e 4x = xe 4x
4 4
and so our answer is correct.

Z
4. ln x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = ln x and f 0 (x) = 1 Then we obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.
f (x) = x g (x) = ln x
1
f 0 (x) = 1 g 0 (x) =
x
Z Z
f 0g = f g f g 0 becomes
Z Z Z
1
ln x dx = x ln x x dx = x ln x 1 dx = x ln x x + C
x
We check our result by di¤erentiating the answer.
1
(x ln x x + C)0 = ln x + x 1 = ln x
x
and so our answer is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 5

Z
5. arcsin x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = arcsin x and f 0 (x) = 1 Then we obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = x g (x) = arcsin x

1
f 0 (x) = 1 g 0 (x) = p
1 x2
Z Z
0
f g = fg f g 0 becomes
Z Z Z
1 x
arcsin x dx = x arcsin x x p dx = x arcsin x p dx
1 x 2 1 x2
Z
x
We compute the integral p dx by substitution. Let u = 1 x2 : Then du = 2xdx and so
1 x2
du
dx = .
2x
Z Z Z Z
x x du 1 1 1
p dx = p = p du = u 1=2 du
1 x 2 u 2x 2 u 2
1 u1=2 p p
= +C = u+C = 1 x2 + C
2 1
2
Thus the entire integral is
Z p p
arcsin x dx = x arcsin x 1 x2 + C = x arcsin x + 1 x2 + C

We check our result by di¤erentiating the answer.

p 0
x arcsin x + 1 x2 + C =

1=2 0 1 1 1=2
= (x arcsin x)0 + 1 x2 = arcsin x + x p + 1 x2 ( 2x)
1 x2 2
x x
= arcsin x + p p = arcsin x
1 x2 1 x2
and so our answer is correct.
Z
6. arctan x dx

Solution: Let g (x) = arctan x and f 0 (x) = 1 Then we obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = x g (x) = arctan x

1
f 0 (x) = 1 g 0 (x) = 2
x +1
Z Z
0
f g = fg f g 0 becomes
Z Z Z
1 x
arctan x dx = x arctan x x 2 dx = x arctan x dx
x +1 x2 +1

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 6

Z
x du
We compute the integral dx by substitution. Let u = x2 + 1: Then du = 2xdx and so dx = .
x2 + 1 2x
Z Z Z
x x du 1 1 1 1
dx = = du = ln juj + C = ln x2 + 1 + C
x2 + 1 u 2x 2 u 2 2
Thus the entire integral is
Z
1
arctan x dx = x arctan x ln x2 + 1 + C
2

We check our result by di¤erentiating the answer.

0
1
x arctan x ln x2 + 1 + C =
2

1 0 1 1 1
= (x arctan x)0 ln x2 + 1 = arctan x + x 2 (2x)
2 x +1 2 x2 + 1
x x
= arctan x + 2 = arctan x
x + 1 x2 + 1
so our answer is correct.
Z
7. ex sin x dx
Z
Solution: This is an interesting application of integration by parts. Let M denote the integral ex sin x dx:
Solution: Let g (x) = sin x and f 0 (x) = ex (Notice that because of the symmetry, g (x) = ex and f 0 (x) =
sin x would also work.) We obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = ex g (x) = sin x

f 0 (x) = ex g 0 (x) = cos x
Z Z
0
f g = fg f g0 becomes
Z Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x ex cos x dx
Z
It looks like our method produced a new integral, ex cos x dx that also requires integration by parts. We
proceed: let g (x) = cos x and f 0 (x) = ex . We obtain g 0 and f by di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = ex g (x) = cos x

f 0 (x) = ex g 0 (x) = sin x
Z Z
f 0g = f gf g 0 becomes
Z Z Z
ex cos x dx = ex cos x ex ( sin x) dx = ex cos x + ex sin x dx
Z Z
Thus ex cos x dx = ex cos x + ex sin x dx

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 7

Z
Now the result contains the original integral, ex sin x. At this point, it looks like we are getting nowhere
Z
because we are going in circles. However, this is not the case. Recall that we denote ex sin x by M . Let
us review the computation again:
Z Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x ex cos x dx
Z Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x e cos x + ex sin x dx
x

Z Z
ex sin x dx = ex sin x ex cos x ex sin x dx

This is the same as

M = ex sin x ex cos x M
This is an equation that we can solve for M .
2M = ex sin x ex cos x
1 x
M = e (sin x cos x)
2
1 x
Thus the answer is e (sin x cos x) + C . We check our result by di¤erentiation.
2
0
1 x
e (sin x cos x) =
2

1 x 0 1 1 1
= (e ) (sin x cos x) + ex (sin x cos x)0 = ex (sin x cos x) + ex (cos x + sin x)
2 2 2 2
1 x 1 x x
= e (sin x cos x + sin x + cos x) = e (2 sin x) = e sin x
2 2
so our answer is correct.
Z
8. sin2 x dx

Solution: Note that this integral can be easily solved using substitution. This is because of the double
1 cos 2x
angle formula for cosine, cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x =) sin2 x = . This solution can be found
2
on our substitution handout. But at the moment, we will use this interesting application of integration by
parts as seen in the previous problem.
Z
Let M denote the integral sin2 x dx: Let g (x) = sin x and f 0 (x) = sin x Then we obtain g 0 and f by
di¤erentiation and integration.

f (x) = cos x g (x) = sin x

f 0 (x) = sin x g 0 (x) = cos x
Z Z
f 0g = f g f g0 becomes
Z Z Z
sin2 x dx = sin x cos x ( cos x) cos x dx = sin x cos x + cos2 x dx
Z Z Z
= sin x cos x + 1 sin2 x dx = sin x cos x + 1 dx sin2 x dx
Z
= sin x cos x + x sin2 x dx

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 8

We obtained
Z Z
2
sin x dx = sin x cos x + x sin2 x dx or
M = sin x cos x + x M we solve for M
2M = sin x cos x + x
1
M = ( sin x cos x + x) + C
2

1
So our answer is ( sin x cos x + x) + C . We check our result by di¤erentiating the answer.
2
0
1
( sin x cos x + x) + C =
2

0
1 1
= ( sin x cos x + x) + C = ( sin x ( sin x) + ( cos x) (cos x) + 1)
2 2
0 1
1 1 1
= sin2 x cos2 x + 1 = @sin2 x + 1| {z
cos2 x}A = 2 sin2 x = sin2 x
2 2 2
sin2 x

so our answer is correct.

Z
9. cos2 x dx

Solution: We do not need to integrate by parts (although it is good practice)

Z Z Z Z
2 2 1
cos x dx = 1 sin x dx = 1 dx sin2 x dx = x ( sin x cos x + x) + C
2
1 1 1
= sin x cos x + x + C = (x + sin x cos x) + C
2 2 2

We check our result by di¤erentiating the answer.

0 1
0
1 1 1@ 1
(x + sin x cos x) + C = 1 + cos2 x sin2 x = 1 sin2 x} + cos2 xA = 2 cos2 x = cos2 x
2 2 2 | {z 2
cos2 x

so our answer is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 9

Z
10. x2 e 3x dx

Solution: We will need to integrate by parts twice. First, let f 0 (x) = e 3x and g (x) = x2 . Then
1 3x
f (x) = e g (x) = x2
3
f 0 (x) = e 3x g 0 (x) = 2x
Z Z
f 0g = f g f g0 becomes
Z Z Z
2 3x 1 3x 2 1 3x 1 2 3x 2 3x
x e dx = e x e 2xdx = x e + xe dx
3 3 3 3
Z
and we can compute xe 3x dx by integrating by parts. Let f 0 (x) = e 3x and g (x) = x. Then

1 3x
f (x) = e g (x) = x
3
f 0 (x) = e 3x g 0 (x) = 1
Z Z
0
f g = fg
becomes f g0
Z Z Z
3x 1 3x 1 3x 1 1
xe dx = e (x) e dx = xe 3x + e 3x
dx
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 3x 1 1
= xe 3x + e +C = xe 3x e 3x
+C
3 3 3 3 9
Z
This is the result we need to compute the integral x2 e 3x dx. So far we had this much:
Z Z
2 3x 1 2 3x 2 3x
x e dx = x e + xe dx
3 3
Z
3x 1 3x 1 3x
to this we substitute our result xe dx = xe e + C:
3 9
Z Z
2 3x 1 2 3x 2 3x 1 2 3x 2 1 3x 1 3x
x e dx = x e + xe dx = x e + xe e + C1
3 3 3 3 3 9
1 2 3x 2 2
= x e xe 3x e 3x
+C
3 9 27

3x 1 3x .
Our result might look nicer if we factor out e or e Then the …nal answer is
27
3x 1 2 2 2 1 3x
e x + x+ + C or e 9x2 + 6x + 2 + C .
3 9 27 27
We check via di¤erentiation:
0
0 1 3x 2 1
f (x) = e 9x + 6x + 2 = 3e 3x 9x2 + 6x + 2 + e 3x
(18x + 6)
27 27
1
= e 3x 27x2 18x 6 + e 3x (18x + 6)
27
1 3x
= e 27x2 18x 6 + 18x + 6 = x2 e 3x
27
and so our solution is correct.

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013

Lecture Notes Integrating by Parts page 10

Z
x3
11. dx
(x2 + 2)2
Solution: this integral can be computed using at least three di¤erent methods: substitution (try u = x2 + 2)
or partial fractions or integration by parts. We will present integration by parts here.
x x
First, let f 0 (x) = 2
2 and g (x) = x . To compute f , we need to integrate . We can do
2
(x + 2) (x + 2)2
2
du
that by using substitution: Let u = x2 + 2. Then du = 2xdx and so dx = . So
2x
Z Z Z
x x du 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 dx = 2
u 2x
=
2 u 2
du =
2 u
+C = 2
2 (x + 2)
+C
(x + 2)
x 1
Thus if f 0 (x) = 2, then f (x) = . Proceeding with the integration by parts, we write
(x2 + 2) 2 (x2 + 2)
1
f (x) = g (x) = x2
2 (x2 + 2)
x
f 0 (x) = g 0 (x) = 2x
(x2 + 2)2
Z Z
f 0g = f g f g0 becomes
Z Z
x 1 1
2 x2 dx = x2 (2x) dx
(x2 + 2) 2 (x2+ 2) 2 (x2 + 2)
Z
x2 x
= + dx
2 (x2 + 2) x2 +2
and this second integral can be computed using the same substitution:
dw
Let w = x2 + 2. Then dw = 2xdx and so dx =
2x
Z Z Z
x x dw 1 1 1 1
dx = = dw = ln jwj + C = ln x2 + 2 + C
x2 + 2 w 2dx 2 w 2 2
and so the entire integral is then
Z Z
x3 x2 x x2 1
dx = + dx = + ln x2 + 2 + C
(x2 + 2)2 2 (x2 + 2) 2
x +2 2
2 (x + 2) 2

We check via di¤erentiation:

0
x2 1
f 0 (x) = + ln x2 + 2 + C
2 (x2 + 2) 2
!
1 2x x2 + 2 x2 (2x) 1 1
= 2 + (2x)
2 2
(x + 2) 2 x2 + 2
!
x x2 + 2 x3 x x3 + 2x x3 x
= + = +
(x2 + 2)2 x2 + 2 (x2 + 2)2 x2 +2
2x x x2 + 2 2x + x3 + 2x x3
= + = =
(x2 + 2)2 (x2 + 2)2 (x2 + 2)2 (x2 + 2)2
and so our solution is correct.

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c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: December 10, 2013