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Chapter4 |

Interpolation
(With Equal 1ntervals)

4.1. INTERPOLATION
lnterpolation is an art of reading the values between the lines of the table. Iet
y=T*) be an explicit function. That or
is called independent variable
x.
is, y depends upon the variable This variable
arguments. Suppose Yo Y1, Y2, Yn are
, n Then the process of
,
values of the function y = f(x) corresponding to x0, *1, tg,
finding the value ofy = f(x) at any x =x; between and x, is called interpolation.
xo
a for any
Thus interpolation is the technique of determining the value of functionfunction
intermediate value of the independent variable when the values of theprocess
of
Corresponding to the argument are given. On the other hand, the
computing the value of the function outside the given range is called
extrapolation.
If the function f() is explicit, then the value of the function corresponding to
any value ofx can easly be determined. On the other hand iff*) is not known, it is
very difficult to determine the exact form off(r) with the help of given set of values
(; y). Let o(c) denote an arbitray simpler function so taken that it takes the same
values as fe) for the given values *;, Now any other valuemay becalculated from
o(e)which is known as interpolating function. When o(%) is a polynomial, then it
is called the parabolic or interpolating polynomial. The study of interpolation is
based on the calculus of finite differences. In this chapter we shall discuss the
interpolation with equal intervals of arguments.
4.2. NEWTON'S FORWARD INTERPOLATION
(i) Forward Interpolation.
The technique which is mainly used for interpolating the values of y in the
beginning of the given arguments, is called forward interpolation. This formula
is applied when the arguments are given with equally spaced.
Let y=f(r) be a function which takes the values
f(a), f(a +h), f(a + 2h), ..., f(a + nh) for x = a, a +h, a + 2h, ..., a + nh. Where h is the
step size of the arguments. Here (n + 1) arguments are given, therefore, the
(n + 1) difference is zero. Thus f*) is a polynomial of degree n. So f(c) can
be taken
as
f(x) = ao
+a,x - a) + agr - ) - h);+
(*-a a(– a)
(x-a-h) (* -a-2h) + ...
a,(t- (-a -h) ... (-a-
Where, ao,
Puttingx=
a,
4,a
ag,
+
,
h, a + 2h,
+

an are constants.
,a +
a) (n - 1) h) ..(I)

nh into (i) respectively, we get

0 =fa) ...(2)
ao + ayh =fla + h)
Or aqh=fa +h)-fa)
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Eqnal.ntervals) 157
nerpolatlou (With

„fa +h) -fia)

4f(a) ...(3)
h
dg + 2ha + 2h a, m fla + 2h)
2ha, = fa + 2h) - ag- 2ha,
and

f(a + 2h) - fa) - 2A fla)

- fa + 2h) - 2fa + h) + fa)

...(4)
21h2
Continuing in this way, we get
n ...<5)
31,3***,
Now substituting these values of ao, a, ag,
n!h"
, a, into (1), we get
+ Af(O (-a) + (- a) («-a-h)
fx) =fa) 2!12
a)
(x-a- h) (x-a-2h) + ...
(x-
3!3
... (x
A
fa) h" (x-
n!h2
) (x-a- h)
-a-(n- 1) h) ..(6)

Further,x=a+uh, then ...

x-u= uh, x-a-h= (u- 1) h, x-a-2h= (u-2) h,
(n- 1) h.
*-a-(n- 1)
h=u-
Thus using above equation (6) becomes
(u-)ra) + ...
f(a+ hu) =fa) + usf(a) + * 2!
. u
(u
- 1)
... (u -n+1)
A" fla).
n!
This is Newton-Gregory's formula for
forward interpolation with equal
intervals.

SOLVED EXÁMPLES

the number of students who obtain

Example 1. From the following table, find
less than 45 mark:

Marks No. of students

30-40 31
40-50 42
51
50-60
35
60-70
31
70-80
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Numerical
Analysi
as follows
Solution. The difference table for the given data is
No. of students A fx) A f) A f)
Marks * fr)
Less 40 31
42
Less 50 73
51 -25
Less 60 124 - 16 37
35 12
Less 70 159 -4
31
Less 80 190
Here h = 10, a = 40 and x=45.
45- 40 5 1
h 10 10 2
By Newton's Forward Interpolation, we have

f(45) =f(40) +
.4f(40) + Af(40) +
--) 4° f(40)
2! 3!

---a)
4!.
= 5 x
31+5x42-x9-25– 128 37

=31+ 21 -1.125- 1.563 × 1.445

= 47.867.
Thus the number of the students who obtain less than 45 marks are 48.
Example 2. Find the form of the function from following given data :

1 2 4
fe) ..
6 11 18 27
Solution. The difference table is given as under :
fx) Af(x) f)
3
1
2
5
2 11
2
7
3 18
2
4 27
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Aetolation Equal lntenvals) 159

Here a =0, h= l, and u=

Newton's forward formula is
The
R) =f(0) +* Af0) +-)ro), (-) 31(-2) 9 ro
2!
=3+x(3)+-1)
2
(2)+0

"=3+3r+
fu) =a+ 2v+ 3.
Dyample 3. From the following table of halfyearly premium for policics
maturing at different ages, estimate the premium for policies maturing
at the age
of46:
45 50 55 60 65
Age
114.84 96.16 83.32 74.48 68.42
Premium
(in rupees)
Solution. Th difference table is given as under:
Premium
Age (in rupees) Ay 4y
(r) (y)
45 114.84 =Y0
-18.68
50 96.16 5.84
- 1.84
- 12,84
4 0.68
83.32
55
-8.84
- 1.16
74.48 2.84
60
-6
65 68.48
Here a =
45, h =5, x = 46, then
u= 46– 45 =0.2.
h 5 5
By Newton's forward formula,
u(u - 1)
ulu - 1) (u - 2)
=yo + u t
y(x) Ayo
2!0 3!
u(u - 1) (u-2) (u -3) yo
+ h
4!
(0.2)(0.2 -1) (5.84)
= 114.84 + 0.2 (- 18.68) + 2
(0.2)(0.2-1)(0.2-2-1.84)
6 -
(0.2) (0.2
1)
(0.2 -2) (0.2-3) (0.68)
+ 424
= l14.84 - 3.726 -0.4672 - 0.08832- 0.022848
= 110.525632.