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Q 1.
How many days can a cement be kept after its manufacture date?

The maximum time for cement to be

used after manufacturing process is 3
months.
Cement is a hygroscopic product, which
means it absorbs moisture. This makes it
important to use it before its "best
before" date to ensure a durable
structure.

Q 2.
What is the mould size for concrete
cube?

Generally we take 150mm x 150mm x

150mm cubes but if maximum size of
aggregates are less than 20mm then
100mm x 100mm x 100mm cubes can be
used as alternative

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Q 3.
What is the need of side face reinforcement in beam?
side face reinforcement is provided to
control the crack width in tensile zone of
concrete. Additionally,
Side phase reinforcement is provided in
a beam when
 beam depth > 450mm (if beam
subjected to torsion)
 Beam depth > 750mm (if beam not
subjected to torsion)

Q 4.
What is mean by setting and hardening
of concrete??

Setting is defined as stiffening of the

original plastic mass due to initial gel
formation. Hardening is development of
strength, due to crystallization.
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Q 5.
What is the density of construction materials used at construction??

Q 6.
While designing a RCC elements, which option is better: using higher diameter
reinforcement or lower diameter reinforcement?

Using thicker bars in the design of RCC

elements can weaken the bond strength.
It's usually a better idea to use a greater
number of thinner bars instead.

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Q 7.
What is standard size of brick??

According to the BIS guideline, the

standard brick size in India is 190 mm x
90 mm x 90 mm.

Q 8.
How to lap column reinforcement of
diameter greater than 36mm??

As per the IS code, if the reinforcement

bars have a diameter of 36mm or more,
it's best to weld them together.
If welding isn't possible, you can instead
use lap splicing, but make sure to add an
extra 6mm diameter bar spiral at the
splice point.

Note: Vertical bars of columns should be

lapped in the regular zone (mid-height)
only. It should be staggered, meaning
not more than 50% of the bar can be
lapped at one section.
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Q 9.
Explain Trishore Props and where they are used.

Trishore props, also known as "three-leg" props, are

designed for supporting heavy loads and large spans.
They consist of three telescopic tubes that can be
independently adjusted, providing stable support for
horizontal or inclined formwork over a wide area.
Trishore props are particularly useful for applications
where additional load-bearing capacity and flexibility
are required.

Q 10.
What is the basic difference between
RCC and PSC?

In RCC, concrete takes compressive load,

and steel takes tensile load.
In PSC, both concrete and steel take
compressive load.

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Q 11.
What is the initial setting time of Ordinary Portland Cement, Rapid Hardening
Cement, and Sulphate Resisting Cement?

The initial setting time of Ordinary Portland Cement, Rapid Hardening Cement &
Sulphate Resisting Cement are given as following:

Q 12.
What is a flat slab??

The slab which is supported on columns

is only called a flat slab.
The flat slab doesn't have any beams.
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Q 13.
By which test can the initial setting time
be determined?

The initial setting time of cement can be

found using the Vicat apparatus.
The Vicat apparatus is also used to find
out the consistency, and final setting
time of the cement. The standard
consistency of cement paste is a
prerequisite for the assessment of
setting times.

Q 14.
What is the volume of a 50kg cement bag?
A 50 kg bag of cement has a volume of 0.034722
cubic meters, or 34.722 liters.

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Q 15.
What is dimension tolerance of cube is??

The height of the mould and the distance

between opposite faces shall be the specified
size ± 0.2 mm.
The angle between adjacent internal faces
and between internal faces and top and
bottom planes of the mould shall be 90° ±
0.5°

As per IS code:- IS: 516-1959 clause 2 9.1 & IS

10086-1982 clause 4.1

Q 16.
What is the ratio of grades M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40?
M5 – 1:5:10
M7.5 – 1:4:8
M10 – 1:3:6
M15 – 1:2:4
M20 – 1:1.5:3
M25 – 1:1:2
M30, M35, M40 – Design Mix Followed
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Q 17.
What is the minimum curing period of concrete??
The minimum curing period of concrete for different condition are given as
following: As per IS code:- IS: 456-2000 clause 13.5.1

Q 18.
What is the Full Form of JCB??

Joseph Cyril Bamford

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Q19.
What is the minimum hook length for
stirrups?
The minimum hook length is maximum
of 6D or 65mm.

As per IS code:- IS: 13920-2016 clause

3.9

Q20.
Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil ??
Various tests are conducted to determine the bearing capacity of soil. Some of the
commonly used tests include:
1. Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
2. Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
3. Plate Load Test
4. California Bearing Ratio Test (CBR)
5. Vane Shear Test
6. Pressuremeter Test
7. Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT)

The bearing capacity of soil is determined through various methods, and one
commonly used test is the Standard Penetration Test (SPT). The SPT is widely used
for geotechnical exploration and to assess the subsurface conditions for
foundations.

Q 21.
Why Concrete Cover is provided to
reinforcement??
to protect the rebar against corrosion and to
provide resistance against fire.
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Q 22.
What are the minimum concrete grades for mild, moderate, severe, very severe,
and extreme exposure conditions?
The minimum grade of concrete for mild moderate, severe, very severe and
extreme condition are given as following:

Q 23.
What is mixing time of concrete mix ??

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Q 24.
Why foundations are provided in building??
What are the types of foundations??
Foundations are provided in structures to transfer the load from the
superstructure (the part of a building or construction that is above its foundation
or basement) to the underlying soil or rock in a way that ensures stability and
prevents excessive settlement.

Q 25.
What is the difference between
nominal cover and effective cover?

Nominal cover (Clear cover) is the

distance between the outer surface of
concrete to the nearest surface of
reinforcing bar.

Effective cover is the distance measured from the face of the member to the
center of area(centroid) of the main reinforcement. This is the dimension mostly
used for design calculation.
Effective cover = Nominal cover + Dia of Stirrups + (Dia of main reinforcement
bars / 2)
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Q 26.
What is minimum horizontal spacing
between reinforcement of beam??

The minimum horizontal spacing

between two parallel main bars shall be
the diameter of the larger bar or the
maximum size of coarse aggregate plus 5
mm.
However, where compaction is done by
a needle vibrator, the spacing may be
further reduced to two-thirds of the
nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregate.

Q 27.
How to calculate unit weight of steel
bar in kg??

Where,
W = Weight of Steel Bar
D = Diameter of Steel Bar in mm
L = Length of Steel Bar in Meter

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Q 28.
How the load is transferred in one way and two way slab??
One way slab:
 Load transfer: Loads are transferred in one direction (long direction)

 Bending: Bending occurs in one direction

 Load distribution: Load is distributed in proportion to the tributary area

supported by each beam or wall
Two way slab:
 Load transfer: Loads are transferred to four beams

 Bending: Bending occurs in two directions

 Load distribution: Load is distributed more evenly across the slab

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Q 29.
What is the standard size of mould for
testing concrete?

As per IS the recommended concrete

cube size for testing compressive
strength is 150mm x 150mm x 150mm.

Q 30.
What is the minimum number of main bar should be provided in column is??
The minimum number of main bar in rectangular and circular column are as
following:

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Q 31.
What is the initial and final setting time
time of cement??
The initial setting time of Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) is 30 min.

The Final setting time of Ordinary

Portland Cement (OPC) is 10 hour.

Q32.
What is push and pull props??
Push and pull props are used for heavy loads and are
designed to resist both compression and tension
forces. They consist of two telescopic tubes that can
be adjusted independently.
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Q 33.
What is the purpose of providing main bar and distribution bar??

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Q 34.
The PH of water is used in making concrete should be in a range of??
The PH value of water used for concrete
mix shall not be less than 6.

As per IS code:- IS: 456-2000 clause 5.4

Q 35.
What are the permissible limits of solids in water used for concreting as per the
IS code? As per IS code:- IS: 456-2000 clause 5.4 table 1
The permissible limit of solids in water are given as following:
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Q 36.
What are the effects of water impurities
on concrete?

Q 37.
What is the difference between Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pozzolana
Portland Cement (PPC)??

OPC concrete have higher initial strength

where as PPC concrete develops higher
strength than OPC concrete over a
longer period of time.

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Q 38.
Which type of cement is best for RCC
casting work?

OPC 53 and PPC (Portland Pozzolana

Cement) of all brands are the best
choices for RCC roof slab construction.
They offer higher strength to the roof
slab, enabling it to withstand different
kinds of loads.
Strength of PPC cement is similar to OPC
53 grade

Q 39.
Which type of cement is best suited for plastering works??
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is considered the best cement for plastering.
1. Strength of PPC cement is similar to OPC 53 grade.
2. PPC is easy to work with and apply, and has superior workability and
finishing than Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
3. PPC is less susceptible to cracks than OPC
4. PPC has a lower heat of hydration than OPC, which means it produces less
heat during the cement reaction with water
5. PPC is cheap
6. OPC 43 can also be used for plastering work as heat of hydration is less in
OPC 43 as compare to OPC 53.
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Q 40.
Where can Portland slag cement be
used?

PSC generally used as mass concrete

works, dams, and foundations.
PSC does offer some resistance to
sulphate and chloride attacks due to it’s
blended composition

Q 41.
What is minimum vertical spacing between reinforcement of beam??
The minimum vertical spacing between
bars should be greater than the bar size
or 2/3 of the maximum aggregate size.
Additionally, the vertical spacing should
always be more than 15mm.

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Q 42.
Which type of cement is best for RCC
casting work??
OPC 43 and OPC 53 are most commonly
used cement for general RCC (Reinforced
Cement Concrete) casting.

Q 43.
What is the minimum diameter used for
spacer bar??

Min diameter of spacer bar is 25mm.

Note: diameter of the spacer bar should

be greater than the maximum size of
aggregates used in concrete.

Q 44.
Max limit of tolerance for placing the
reinforcement in a RCC slab is ???
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Q 45.
Describe the properties of Portland slag cement (PSC)
and specify its applications.

 PSC does offer some resistance to sulfate and

chloride attacks due to its blended composition.
 PSC enhances the workability, durability, and
long-term strength of the cement.
 PSC generally used as mass concrete works,
dams, and foundations.

Q 46.
Describe the application of Portland
Pozzolana Cement.

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

commonly used for plastering, masonry,
and in areas where the availability of
good-quality aggregates is limited.
Strength of PPC cement is similar to OPC
53 grade.

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Q 47.
Tell the full form of PCC, RCC, RBC, DPC
& RMC.
The full form of PCC, RCC, RBC, DPC & RMC are given as following:

Q 48.
What is the least count of total station, theodolite & compass???
The least count of total station, theodolite & compass are as following:
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Q 49.
Tell me diferent names of M-sand.
The different names of M-sand are as
following:

Q 50.
What is end bearing pile??

End bearing piles are used to transfer

superstructure load through low bearing
capacity soil to a strong stratum such as
rock or very dense sand and gravel.

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Q 51.
What is friction pile?

A friction pile is a type of deep

foundation that relies on the frictional
resistance between the pile and the
surrounding soil or rock to transfer the
load of a structure to the ground.

Q 52.
Which is longest highway in India?

NH 44 is India's longest national route.

Total length of NH 44 is 4,112 km.
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Q 53.
Tell me some names of siporex block.
The different names of siporex block are
as following:

Q 54.
What is std length of steel bar??

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Q 55.
Explain soil pressure distribution below
footing.

When settlement is uniform the soil

pressure the pressure distribution below
footing is as following

Q 56.
What are the types of waterproofing ??
The most common uses of waterproofing in buildings are as follows:
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Q 57.
What are the possible failure of
column??

Buckling Failure: Sudden collapse due to

excessive axial compression causing
lateral bending.
Example: Tall column bending sideways
under heavy vertical load.

Shear Failure: Material fails along a

plane due to forces parallel to its
surface.
Example: Beam splitting horizontally
from excessive sideways forces.

Compression Failure: Material crushes

under excessive axial compressive
forces.
Example: Concrete column collapsing
under extreme vertical load.

Q 58.
Tell in brief what is Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) is and
where it is used.

Composition: CPVC pipes are made from

PVC that has undergone a chlorination
process, resulting in increased chlorine
content.

Disadvantages of CPVC:
 Costly

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Q 59.
Tell in brief what is Polyvinyl Chloride
(PVC) is and where it is used.

Composition: PVC pipes are made from

a thermoplastic polymer called polyvinyl
chloride.

Disadvantages of PVC:

 PVC isn’t capable of withstanding hot water and will warp as a result.

 PVC can not take high pressure.

 PVC emits toxic fumes when melted or subjected to fire.

 Not suitable for drinking water.

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Q 60.
Tell in brief what is Unplasticized
Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC) is and
where it is used.

Composition: UPVC pipes are made

from PVC resin without any plasticizers,
making them rigid and less flexible than
PVC pipes.

Q 61.
What is difference between CPVC and UPVC pipes??
 CPVC can withstand a higher degree of temperature than UPVC.
 CPVC pipes contain a higher chlorine content than UPVC pipes. The addition
of chlorine improves the heat resistance and makes CPVC more suitable for
hot water applications.

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Q 62.
What is one way slab??

A one-way slab is a type of reinforced

concrete slab that is primarily supported
along two opposite sides, and its main
load-carrying capacity is oriented in a
single direction. The reinforcement in a
one-way slab is designed to resist
bending in one direction, typically the
shorter span.
It has a length-to-breadth ratio of two or
greater.

Q 63.
What is two way slab??

A two-way slab is a type of reinforced

concrete slab that is supported by
beams on all four sides. Unlike one-way
slabs, which are supported on two
opposite sides,
two-way slabs distribute the load in both
the shorter and longer directions. This
type of slab is designed to efficiently
transfer loads to the supporting beams
in a balanced manner, making it suitable
for square or nearly square-shaped floor
plans.
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Q 64.
Why is main reinforcement provided in
only one direction in a one-way slab?

One way slab bends only in one (shorter)

direction. hence we are providing bent
up bars in shorter direction.

Q 65.
What is the minimum thickness of the
slab??

The minimum thickness of RCC slab

should be 125mm.

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Q 66.
Why is main reinforcement provided in
both directions in a two-way slab?

Two way slab bends in both direction.

hence we are providing main bars in
both direction

Q 67.
What is the minimum required cover
for a slab?

The minimum cover for slab is 20mm.

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Q 68.
What is the minimum cover required
for beam??

The minimum cover for beam is 25mm.

Q 69.
What is minimum cover required for
column??

The minimum cover for column is

40mm.

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Q 70.
What is minimum cover required for
footing??

The minimum cover for footing is 50mm.

Q 71.
Where to use shallow foundation?
Where are shallow foundations most
commonly used?
Shallow foundations are used when the
bearing capacity of the soil is relatively
high.
They distribute the load of the building
directly to the soil near the ground
surface.
Examples of shallow foundations include
spread footings, strip footings, and mat
foundations.
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Q72.
How is water-cement ratio related to strength of concrete?
The water-cement ratio (w/c ratio) is a critical factor that significantly influences
the strength of concrete. It is the ratio of the mass of water to the mass of cement
used in a concrete mix. The w/c ratio is a key parameter because it affects the
workability, durability, and strength of the concrete.

Here's how the water-cement ratio is related to the strength of concrete:

Workability: A higher water-cement ratio generally increases the workability of

concrete, making it easier to place and consolidate. However, excessive water can
lead to segregation and bleeding, negatively impacting the overall quality of the
concrete.

Strength: The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement

ratio. In other words, as the water-cement ratio increases, the strength of the
concrete decreases. This is because excess water dilutes the cement paste,
reducing its ability to bind the aggregates effectively.

Porosity: Higher water-cement ratios result in more voids and pores in the
concrete. These voids weaken the structure and reduce the overall density of the
material. As a result, the concrete is more susceptible to cracking and has lower
compressive strength.
Durability: The durability of concrete is also affected by the water-cement ratio.
Excessive water can lead to a porous structure, making the concrete more
vulnerable to chemical attacks, freeze-thaw cycles, and other environmental
factors.

Q 73.
What is Lap Length?
Lap Length is provided to maintaining
the continuity of bars in order to safely
transfer the load from one bar to
another bar and to act as unison.

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Q74.
When to use deep foundation?
Where are deep foundations most
commonly used?
Deep foundations are employed when
the bearing capacity of the soil near the
surface is inadequate.
These foundations transfer the load to
deeper, more competent soil layers or
bedrock.
Examples of deep foundations include
pile foundations, drilled shafts, and
caissons.

Q75.
Define bleeding and explain with the
help of cause and effect.
Bleeding:
Bleeding occurs when the solid
components of the mix, such as cement,
sand, and aggregate, settle down,
leaving excess mixing water to rise to the
top. This upward movement happens
due to the difference in density between
the mixing water and the denser solid
components of the concrete.
Causes: Excessive water content, high water-cement ratio, and inadequate
consolidation are common causes of bleeding.
Effects: Bleeding can lead to a weakened top surface layer, reduced bond strength,
and an uneven distribution of cement paste. It may also result in surface defects
when the excess water evaporates, leaving behind voids and cracks.
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Q76.
What is the difference between standard
and nominal size of brick?

Standard brick size in India is 190mm x

90mm x 90mm
and when thickness of mortar (10mm) is
added each side of brick then it is called as
nominal size of brick.
So size of nominal brick is 200mm x 100mm
x 100mm.

Q77.
What is the basic difference between nominal mix and design mix?
Nominal Mix Concrete is a volumetric mixture that does not care about the
individual properties of the ingredients (Cement, Sand, Coarse Aggregate). We
simply measure the volume (using measuring box) of ingredients and make a
proportion of it.
Design Mix Concrete is opposite on the other hand. The name itself suggests that
it is carefully designed by weight proportions. It ensures the quality of ingredients
by implying the multiple numbers of lab tests to study their characteristics.

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Q78.
Define segregation and explain with the
help of cause and effect.
Segregation:
Segregation occurs when the
components of the concrete mix, such as
coarse aggregates, sand, and cement,
become separated from each other
during the placement and compaction
process.

Causes:
- Transporting concrete mixes for long
distances
- Using a poorly proportioned mix where
there is insufficient matrix to bind the
aggregates
- Dropping concrete from a height of
more than 1.5m
- Vibrating concrete for an extended
period

Effects: Segregation can lead to an uneven distribution of materials, resulting in

variations in strength and durability throughout the structure. It may cause
pockets of weak concrete with insufficient cement paste, impacting the overall
integrity of the construction.

Q79.
1 horse power = ____watt.

1 horse power = 746 watt.

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Q80.
Define honeycombing and explain with
the help of cause and effect.
Honeycombing:
Honeycombing refers to the formation of
voids or gaps in the concrete mass, often
near the surface, due to incomplete
filling and compaction of the concrete.
Causes: Insufficient compaction, improper placement, or inadequate vibration
during the concrete pouring process can lead to honeycombing. It may also result
from the use of an improper mix design.
1. Inadequate compaction or vibration of concrete while casting the concrete
element
2. When the workability of concrete is too low for the structural element
3. Use of excessive reinforcement is also a major cause of honeycomb in
concrete. It prevents the concrete from reaching all the internal places.
4. Poor mix design with improper water-cement ratio
5. Poor arrangement of formwork which leads to the loss of cement slurry
6. It can happen if the side cover for the structural element is inadequate

Effects: Honeycombing can reduce the strength and durability of the concrete, and
it may compromise the aesthetic appearance of the surface. The voids created by
honeycombing can serve as pathways for the penetration of water and aggressive
substances, leading to increased vulnerability to deterioration.

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Q81.
What is the difference between honeycombing and segegation
Honeycombing Segregation
Definition Formation of voids or gaps in the Separation of components
concrete mass, often near the (coarse aggregates, sand, and
surface, due to incomplete filling cement) during placement and
and compaction. compaction, leading to uneven
distribution.
Appearance Visible voids or gaps in the Observable separation of coarse
concrete, often resembling aggregates from the cement
honeycomb patterns. paste, resulting in distinct layers
or patches.
Causes  Inadequate compaction  Over-vibration.
during placement.  Excessive handling.
 Improper vibration.  High slump (excessive
 Use of improper mix designs. workability).
 Inadequate grading of
aggregates.
Effects  Reduced strength and  Variations in strength and
durability. durability throughout the
 Increased vulnerability to structure.
water penetration.  Pockets of weak concrete
 Aesthetic concerns. with insufficient cement
paste.
Prevention  Proper compaction  Careful handling and
techniques. placement. Avoidance of
 Adequate vibration. excessive vibration. Proper
grading of aggregates.
 Appropriate mix design.
 Attention to concrete mix
 Attention to formwork and design.
construction practices.
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Q82.
What is the minimum de shuttering period of formwork??
In standard construction scenarios where ambient temperatures remain above
15°C, ordinary Portland cement is used, and proper curing has been carried out,
the following guidelines for the removal of formwork (shuttering) can be
considered:

1. Vertical Formwork for Columns, Walls, and Beams:

- De-shuttering period: 16-24 hours.

2. Soffit Formwork for Slabs:

- De-shuttering period: 3 days.
- Props (supports) should be reinstalled immediately after removing the
formwork.

3. Soffit Formwork for Beams:

- De-shuttering period: 7 days.
- Props (supports) should be reinstalled immediately after removing the
formwork.

4. Props for Slabs:

- Spanning up to 4.5m: De-shuttering period is 7 days.
- Spanning over 4.5m: De-shuttering period is 14 days.

5. Props for Beams and Arches:

- Spanning up to 6m: De-shuttering period is 14 days.
- Spanning over 6m: De-shuttering period is 21 days.

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Q83.
Write down the meaning and applications of following grade of concrete
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500
Fe500 -D

Fe250:
Meaning: "Fe" stands for Iron, and "250" represents the yield strength in
megapascals (MPa).
Yield Strength: 250 MPa
Common Application: Fe250 steel is typically used in low-stress and non-critical
applications, such as in small residential buildings.

Fe415:
Meaning: "Fe" for Iron, and "415" for the yield strength in MPa.
Yield Strength: 415 MPa
Common Application: Fe415 is commonly used for medium-strength applications
in reinforced concrete structures, such as residential and commercial buildings.

Fe500:
Meaning: "Fe" for Iron, and "500" for the yield strength in MPa.
Yield Strength: 500 MPa
Common Application: Fe500 is a high-strength steel used in critical and high-stress
applications, such as in the construction of bridges, high-rise buildings, and
infrastructure projects.

Fe500-D:
Meaning: Similar to Fe500, but the "D" indicates that the steel bars are "ductile."
Yield Strength: 500 MPa
Ductility: The addition of "D" signifies that the steel has enhanced ductility,
meaning it can deform more before failure. This is crucial in seismic-resistant
structures.
Common Application: Fe500-D is often used in earthquake-resistant construction
and in areas prone to seismic activity.
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Q84.
What size of needle vibrator is
recommended for compaction of
different RCC members?
 Vibrator needles are offered in a
size range spanning from 25mm to
90mm.
 25 to 40mm needle vibrator is use
for slab, pardhi, chajja, etc.
 40 to 60 mm needle vibrator is use
for column, beam, single mesh
footing.
 60 to 90mm needle is use for
double mesh heavy footing.

Q85.
What is the ideal immersion time of
needle vibrator?

The ideal immersion time for a needle

vibrator is typically between 5 and 10
seconds.

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Q86.
What is Development Length?
Development length is provided to transfer the load from steel to concrete. It is
also known as anchorage length.
Development length refers to the embedded length required to achieve adequate
bond strength between the reinforcing bar and concrete.

Q87.
What are the test can be done on fresh concrete?
The following test can be done on fresh concrete:
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Q 88.
How does sand is formed??

The story of sand begins with a mountain made of granite. Inside this granite are
chunks of quartz, which will eventually turn into sand. These quartz chunks break
off as boulders and roll down the mountain.

These boulders further break apart by colliding with other

objects, experiencing the freezing and thawing of water in
their cracks, or undergoing chemical processes.
Boulders break into gravel and pebbles. Pebbles further
erode in rivers or by wind, forming sand on beaches.

Q89.
What is the minimum nominal cover for mild exposure condition for slab, beam,
column and foundation?
The minimum nominal cover for mild exposure condition for different RCC
members are as following:

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Q90.
Tell me the name of the test and its suitability for assessing the workability of
concrete.
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Q91.
When should a raft foundation be used
while installation of building?

Raft foundations are suitable when the

soil has low bearing capacity or when
the loads from the structure are large in
amount.

Q92.
When should a pile raft foundation be
used while installation of building?

It is used in situations where the soil has

some bearing capacity but is not
sufficient to support the entire building
on a conventional raft foundation.
Pile rafts incorporate both piles and a
raft slab. The piles transfer some of the
building loads to deeper, more
competent soil layers, while the raft
spreads the remaining loads over a
larger area.

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Q93.
When should a pile foundation be used
while installation of building?

A pile foundation is a deep foundation

system used when the soil near the
surface is not suitable for bearing heavy
loads.
Pile are driven or drilled deep into the
ground until they reach a stable soil
layer or rock that can support the
structure.

Q94.
When should a pad foundation be used
while installation of building?

They are suitable when the soil has

sufficient bearing capacity and the loads
are not excessively heavy.
A pad footing, also known as a spread
footing, is a type of shallow foundation
used to support individual columns or
isolated loads.
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Q95.
What are the difference between gypsum plaster and cement plaster?

Cement plaster Gypsum plaster

 Cement plaster required water for  Gypsum plaster does not required
curing. water for curing.
 Cement plaster shrink while  Gypsum does not shrink while
setting hence it develop cracks on setting hence it does not develop
heating or setting. cracks on heating or setting.
 Cement plaster is suitable at all the  Gypsum plaster is not suitable in
locations. external plaster as it is slightly
soluble in water.

Q96.
What is the role of plinth band in
building?
a horizontal band, like a plinth band,
plays a crucial role in earthquake
resistance by creating a box-like
structure. This helps prevent significant
damage during earthquakes. Without
such a band, masonry structures are
more prone to damage, often resulting
in visible cracks in the walls and
openings.

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Q97.
How to store cement?

 Store cement bags in a cool, dry,

and well-ventilated area. Because

 Avoid stacking more than fifteen

bags on top of each other as there
is a risk of the cement forming
lumps.
 Do not store your cement bags out
in the open. Store them in a
windowless room to protect them
against the moisture in the air.

 To protect your cement against moisture from the ground, store the cement
bags on a wooden platform that is raised off the floor at a height of six to
eight inches.
 Store cement bags away from direct sunlight and sources of heat to prevent
spoilage.
 Use the "first in, first out" principle to ensure older bags are used before
newer ones to maintain freshness.
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Q98.
What is the basic difference between H
beam and I beam?

Q99.
What is Adjustable Steel Props??

These are the most commonly used props in construction.

They consist of a steel tube with an adjustable threaded end
and a plate at the top. They can be extended or shortened to
provide support at various heights.
Adjustable props are typically made of steel and are
adjustable in height. They can provide vertical support to
beams, slabs, and formwork. They can also be used as
temporary support for walls and ceilings.

Acrow props are a brand name for adjustable steel props.

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Q100.
Tell me the thickness of plaster required for different surface of building?
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