UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

Tagum College

Department of Criminal Justice

Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed

Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CRI 111 – INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY

Name of Teacher: Aimee M. Aya-ay, RCrim.

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT

FOR REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF
ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE
USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY
ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Table of Contents
page

Part 1. Course Outline and Policies ...................................................... 1

Part 2. Instruction Delivery
CC’s Voice ............................................................................…….. 5
Course Outcomes .......................................................................... 5
Big Picture A: Unit Learning Outcomes ....................................... 6
Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………. 6
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 6
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 7
Self-Help .................................................................................... 18
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 19
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 21
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 22
Q&A List .................................................................................... 23
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 24
Big Picture in Focus:ULOb …………………………………………… 24
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 24
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 24
Self-Help .................................................................................... 35
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 36
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 38
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 39
Q&A List .................................................................................... 41
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 41
Big Picture B: Unit Learning Outcomes ............................................. 42
Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 42
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 42
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 43
Self-Help .................................................................................... 58
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 61
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 62

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 63
Q&A List .................................................................................... 63
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 63

Big Picture C: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 64

Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 64
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 64
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 64
Self-Help .................................................................................... 78
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 79
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 80
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 81
Q&A List .................................................................................... 81
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 82

Big Picture D: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 82

Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 82
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 83
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 83
Self-Help .................................................................................... 89
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 90
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 93
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 93
Q&A List .................................................................................... 94
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 95

Part 3. Course Schedule ......................................................................... 96

Online Code of Conduct .............................................................. 97
Monitoring of OBD and DED............................................................ 98

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Course Outline: CRI 111 – INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Course Coordinators : Aimee M. Aya-ay, RCrim.

Email : [email protected]
Student Consultation : by appointment
Mobile Number : 09127041619
Date of Effectivity : August 2020
Mode of Delivery : Online Blended Delivery
Time Frame : 54 Hours
Student Workload : Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites : None
Credit : 3-unit Lecture
Attendance Requirements : Minimum of 95% attendance in all scheduled
virtual or face to face sessions and the Learning
Management System (LMS)

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non- This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed

contact Hours for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The
expected number of hours will be 54, including the face
to face or virtual meetings. A Learning Management
System (LMS), Quipper, will be used to facilitate your
learning. Other sessions may also be conducted
through online communication channels such as
Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Viber, E-mail, Line,
Zoom, Skype, or any other similar applications. You
may also contact the course coordinator through a
mobile number or telephone.

Assessment Task Submission of assessment tasks shall be on the 3rd,

Submission 5th, 7th, and 9th week of the term. The assessment
paper shall be attached with a cover page indicating
the title of the assessment task (if the task is a
performance), the name of the course coordinator, date
of submission, and the name of the student. The
document should be e-mailed to the course
coordinator. It is also expected that you already paid
your tuition and other fees before the submission of the
assessment task.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

If the assessment task is done in real-time through the

features in the Learning Management System, the
schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the
course coordinator.

Turnitin submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment

tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
(if necessary) with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. Also, if the document has
reached a more than 30% similarity index, the student
may be called for disciplinary action following the
University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or people
to complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).

Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments / designated time on the due date, without an approved
Assessments extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the
possible maximum score for that assessment item for
each day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of the assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should
be submitted and approved by the course coordinator.
If necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
pieces of evidence.

Return of Assignments / Assessment tasks will be returned to you within two (2)
Assessments weeks after the submission. This will be returned
through e-mail or via the Quipper.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator

will require some or few of the students for online or
virtual sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate
the originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.

Assignment You should request in writing addressed to the course

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Resubmission coordinator your intention to resubmit an assessment

task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy three
(3) standards or other reasonable circumstances, e.g.,
illness, accident financial constraints.

Re-marking of You should request in writing addressed to the course

Assessment Papers and coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the
Appeal score given to an assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to contest the
grade. The course coordinator shall communicate with
you on the approval and disapproval of the request.

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.

Grading System Your grades will be based on the following:

Examinations
First to Third 30%
Final 30% = 60%
Class Participations
Quizzes 10%
Assignments 5%
Research/Requirements 15%
Oral Recitation 10% = 40%
Total = 100%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.

Preferred Referencing Use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Style

Student Communication You are required to have an e-mail account, which is a

requirement to access the LMS portal. Then, the
course coordinator shall enroll the students to have
access to the materials and resources of the course.

You may call or send SMS to your course coordinator

through his/her phone number. Online communication
channels, such as those stated above, may be used.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.

Contact Details of the Dr. Gina Fe G. Israel

Dean Dean of College
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 0915 832 5092 / 0909 994 2314

Marck Lester L. Navales, CPA, MBA

Assistant Dean
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 0975 0517 851
Contact Details of the Jun Mark A. Asis, MSCrim
Program Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: 0938 493 1993
Students with Special Students with special needs shall communicate with
Needs the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator with the approval of the
program head may provide alternative assessment
tasks or extension of the deadline for submission of
assessment tasks. However, the alternative
assessment tasks should still be in the service of
achieving the desired course learning outcomes.

Library Contact Details Clarissa R. Donayre, MSLS

E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 0927 395 1639
Well-being Welfare Rochen D. Yntig, RGC
Support Help Desk GSTC Head
Contact Details E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 0932 771 7219

Mersun Faith A. Delco, RPm

Psychometrician
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 0927 608 6037

Alfred Joshua M. Navarro

Facilitator
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 0977 341 6064

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Course Information – See or download the course syllabus in Quipper

CC’s Voice: Hello there! Good day! Welcome to this course CRI 111:
Introduction to Criminology. As a criminology student it is
very important to know the basic knowledge in the course
of Criminology. Moreover, in this subject you will be going
to introduce the entire knowledge as Criminology students
should know. As theories of crime, personalities who
improve the study of Criminology will be discussed. In
addition, you will know the importance of studying
Criminology in the society. Learning this subject might be
quite difficult but rest assured it would be worthy. Thus,
enjoy while learning this course.

CO As a student of this course you are expected to explain the

different schools of thought in Criminology; theories that
explain criminal behavior; techniques for measuring the
characteristics of criminals, crime, and victims; the
interrelatedness of theory, policy, and practice in the
criminal justice system; and, current issues and studies in
criminology.

Let us begin!

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

BIG PICTURE A

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. Understand the nature and basic concepts of Criminology, the Criminology

schools of thought and the concepts of criminal justice and criminalistics.
b. Be particular with the principles of law in the field of criminology and the
concepts of crime, criminal law, and the criminal.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Understand the nature and basic

concepts of Criminology, the Criminology schools of thought
and the concepts of criminal justice and criminalistics.

Metalanguage

The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying

this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the basic concepts of Criminology.

Criminology it refers to the study of crime and criminals, especially their

behavior; the scientific study and investigation of crime and criminals.
School of Thought it refers to a specific way of thinking or a group of people
who share common opinion.
Criminal Justice is a social science that attempts to identify and explain
patterns of criminal behavior, as well as analyze society’s ability to control
crime and delinquency.
Criminalistics is the scientific study and evaluation of physical evidence in the
commission of crimes.
Sociology of Law this division of criminology attempts to offer scientific
analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws are being
developed as a process of formal social control.
Criminal Etiology this division of Criminology attempts to provide a scientific
analysis of the causes of crimes.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Essential Knowledge

The following are basic concept of Criminology that may be useful for
you to understand this field of expertise. The said concepts might be confusing
or difficult as a beginner but at the later part of this unit would be of great help
for you to understand the nature of its existence. Please note that you are not
limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc., and even online
tutorial websites.

1. Etymology of the word Criminology, the word is essentially the study of

crime. It derived from the Latin “crimen”, which means “accusation”, and Greek
“logia”, which means “the study of”. In 1885, Italian law professor Raffaele
Garofalo coined the term “criminology” (in Italian criminologia). The French
anthropogist Paul Topinard used it for the first time in French (criminologie).
Different definitions of Criminology, please read below!
1.a. According to Edwin Sutherland it is the body of knowledge regarding
crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the process of
making laws (sociology of laws) of breaking laws (Etiology of Crimes), and of
reacting toward the breaking of laws (Penology).
1.b. The objective of Criminology is the development of a body of general
and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding the process
of law, crime and treatment or prevention.
1.c. Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal
behavior. In which criminologist scientifically study the following:
1.c.a. the nature and extent of crime;
1.c.b. patterns of criminality;
1.c.c. explanations on the causes of crime and criminal
behavior; and
1.c.d. the control of crime and criminal behavior.

2. Definition of Terms
2.a. Criminologist – a person who studies criminology; not to be confused
with “criminalist” who reconstructs a crime scene or works with crime scene
evidence for forensic purposes. The word Criminologist is recorded in 1857.
2.b. Applied Criminology – the art of creating typologies, classifications,
predictions, and especially profiles of criminal offenders, their personalities and
behavior patterns.
2.c. Theory Construction – an informed, creative endeavor which connects
something known with something unknown, usually in a measurable way.
2.d. Theory Building –efforts to come up with formal, systematic, logical, and
mathematical ways in which theories are constructed.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

2.e. Theoretical Integration – efforts to come up with grand, overarching

theories which apply to all types of crime and deviance.
2.f. Theoretical Specification – efforts to figure out the details of a theory,
how the variables work together, usually associated with a belief that many,
competing theories are better than integrated efforts.
2.g. Theoretical Elaboration – efforts to figure out the implications of a
theory, what other variables might be added to the theory; also associated with
the belief that theory competition is better than theoretical integration.
2.h. Variables – the building blocks of theories; things that vary; things you
can have more or less of; e.g., crime rates, being more or less inclined to
criminality.

3. Purposes of Criminology – the purposes of criminology are to offer well

researched and objective answers to four basic questions:
-Why do crime rates vary?
-Why do individuals differ as to criminality?
-Why is there variation in reactions to crime?
-What are the possible means of controlling criminality?

4. Goals of Studying Criminology

-To describe criminal behavior
-To understand criminal behavior
-To predict criminal behavior, and
-To control criminal behavior

5. Nature of Criminology. Generally, criminology cannot be considered as

science because it has not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance. It is
not stable and it varies from one time and place to another. However,
considering that science is the systematic and objective study of social
phenomenon and other body’s knowledge, criminology is a science in itself
when under the following nature:

5. a. It is an Applied Science – in the study of the causes of crimes,

anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural science may be
applied, while in crime detection-chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics,
ballistics, polygraphy, legal medicine, questioned document examination may
be utilized. This is called Instrumentation.

5.b. It is a Social Science – inasmuch as crime is a social creation that exists

in a society being a social phenomenon, its study must be considered a part of
social science.

5.c. It is Nationalistic – the study of crimes must be in relation with the

existing criminal law within a territory or country. Finally, the question as to
whether an act is a crime is dependent on the criminal law of a state. It follows,

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

therefore, that the causes of crime must be determined from its social needs
and standards.

6. Areas Related to Criminology

-Study of law
-Science, medicine, chemistry and psychology
-Religion
-Education
-Social work involving sociology and psychology; and
-Public administration

7. The Agencies associated with Criminology

-Legislative bodies
-Law enforcement agencies
-Court and prosecution pillars
-Educational institutions
-Correctional institutions
-Public charitable and social agencies; and
-Public welfare agencies

8. Criminology in the Philippines – the first ever educational institution that

offered the Criminology course was the Philippine College of Criminology
(PCCr), in Sta. Cruz, Manila, formerly known as Plaridel College established in
1950 for scientific crime detection in the whole Southeast Asia. In the
succeeding years, criminology course was offered by the University of Manila
and Abad Santos College, both in Metro Manila, University of Visayas in Cebu
City, University of Mindanao in Davao City, University of Baguio in Baguio City.
However, at present, most colleges and universities in he country offer a
Criminology course or properly known as Criminal Justice Education course by
virtue of the Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order 21, series
of 2005.

9. Principal Division of Criminology

9. a. Sociology of Law – this division of Criminology attempts to offer
scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws are
being developed as a process of formal social control
9. b. Criminal Etiology – this division of Criminology attempts to provide a
scientific analysis of the causes of crimes.
9. c. Penology – this division of criminology is concerned with the control and
prevention of crimes and the treatment of youthful offenders.

10. Criminal Justice refers to the system by a government to maintain social

control, prevent crime, enforce laws, and administer justice. In the Philippine
Criminal Justice System (PCJS), law enforcement, prosecution, courts,
correction and community are the primary agencies charged with these
responsibilities. When processing the accused through the criminal justice

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

system, government must keep within the framework of laws that protect
individual rights. The pursuit of criminal justice is, like all forms of “justice”,
“fairness” or “process”, essentially the pursuit of an ideal. In the United States,
law enforcement, courts, and correction are the three pillars of their criminal
justice.

11. The Concept of the Philippine Criminal Justice System. The

prevention and control of crime and juvenile delinquency is not the sole task of
the government, much less the agencies within the System. An idea of
systematic criminal justice planning could serve as an avenue for the
development of inter-agency coordination in the area of prevention and control
of crime and delinquency.

12. Philippines Criminal Justice System operation includes, but not

limited to the following:

-Preventing the commission of crimes;

-Enforcing the law;
-Protecting life, individual rights and property;
-Removing dangerous persons from the community;
-Deterring people from indulging in criminal activities;
-Investigating, apprehending, prosecuting and imposing penalty upon those
who cannot be dissuaded from breaching the rules of society; and
-Rehabilitating offenders and returning them to the community as law abiding
and useful citizens of the society.

13. Criminalistics criminology and criminalistics are often mixed up.

Comparatively speaking, Criminology is the study of criminal people while
Criminalistics is the study of criminal things or the sum total of the application
of all sciences in crime detection. A criminal commits crime by means of things
or that something he left at the crime scene. Those things he used or that
something he left at the crime scene which are the objects of Criminalistics are
known as physical evidence. This physical evidence includes, but not limited to
the following:

-Blood and bloodstain;

-Firearms and other deadly weapons;
-Fingerprints and footprints, and
-Tool marks and many more.

14. Criminologist is any person who is a graduate of the Degree of

Criminology, who passes the examination for criminologists and is registered
as such by the Board of Examiners of the Professional Regulation
Commission. The term Criminologist is one who has been engaged in the

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

practice of Criminology and if he holds himself out to the public in any of the
following capacities.

 As professor, instructor or teacher in criminology in any university,

college or school duly recognized by the government and teaches any
of the following
-Law enforcement
-Criminalistics
-Correctional administration
-Criminal sociology and applied subjects
-Other technical and specialized subjects in criminology curriculum provided
by the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) now Commission
on Higher Education (CHED).
 As a law enforcement administrator, executive, adviser, consultant or
agent in any government or private agency.
 As technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned document, police
photography, lie detection (polygraphy), forensic chemistry, and other
aspects of crime detection.
 As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, worker or officer
in any correctional and penal institution.
 As a counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any government or
private agency or any aspect of criminal research or project involving
the causes of crime, juvenile delinquency, treatment of offenders, police
operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal
investigation or public welfare administration.

15. Criminalist is a person trained in forensic sciences, in the application of

instruments and methods for the detection of crime. Pieces of physical
evidence are variable. Some are visible; some are very small and have to be
looked into through a microscope. Some must be tested with the application of
chemicals in order to find out what they are. Some pieces of physical evidence
such as latent prints are not visible and have to be dusted with powders or
examined and searched with special lights to visualize them. Hence, the
aforesaid is tedious work of a criminalist.

16. Division of Criminalistics

16.a. Scientific – the scientific subjects require the study of science and
mathematics before practical training in the laboratory while technical subjects
are usually learned directly by practical training in the laboratory thru the
supervision of an experienced examiner. In both cases, the instrumentation is
involved. Instrumentation is the application of instruments and methods of
criminalistics to the detection of crime. It is the sum total of the application of
all sciences in crime detection, otherwise known as Criminalistics although
instrumentation means more than criminalistics because it includes all

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

technical methods by which the fugitives may be traced, identified and

examined.
 Chemistry – the original name of Criminalistics is Forensic Chemistry
which shows the significant role of the chemist in the field of
criminalistics. A chemist includes the following exertions, but not limited
to, alcohol analysis, toxicology, narcotic and substance abuse testing,
firearms discharge residues, identification of paint chips, chemical
development of latent fingerprints and all types of analysis through the
use of chemical reagents and electronic instruments.
 Physics – the duties of a physicist in a crime laboratory include, but are
not limited to firearms identification, tool mark comparison, scientific
photography, finding out the speed and direction of vehicles in case of
traffic or vehicular accidents, and use of X-rays in the detection of
crime.
 Biology – is the study of living things, it studies the origin, history
characteristics, life, processes, habits, and the like of plants and
animals. A biologist in a police laboratory studies all kinds of living
things – blood, semen, urine, hairs and skin, particularly skilled in the
use of a microscope. The most important role of a biologist in
criminalistics is to examine bloodstains in order to find out if that are of
human or animal origin.

16. b. Technical
 Firearms Identification – it deals with the study regarding comparison
and identification of weapons (firearms) alleged to have been used in
the commission of crime. It is sometimes wrongly called Ballistics;
ballistics is a branch of engineering that deals with the study of the art
of throwing missiles by means of a machine. It also deals with the study
of the motion of projectiles in flight. In effect, ballistics engineers are
concerned with the design of weapons and projectiles. Moreover, a
firearm examiner is concerned with the findings of whether a bullet or
cartridge was fired from one and the same firearm alleged to have been
used in the commission of a crime. It also tries to find out how far was
the suspect when he (suspect) shot his victim. Firearm examiner can
help the investigator to identify the make, model and kind of weapon
used by the perpetrator in the commission of a crime and the
pathologist to decide how the weapon was held when it fired at the
victim.
 Questioned Document Examination – this technical division of
criminalistics is considered with the examination of forged, altered, or
suspected papers, in order to determine if they are genuine or not, that
is, the tenor or substance on the face of the documents has been
changed in any way, that is prejudices the rights of others. Document
examiner, therefore, develops latent writing and reveals erasures,
alterations, intercalations and changes, compares ink, pencil,
typewriting and printed material of all kinds of questioned and standard
documents through the use of ultra-violet, infrared, transparent and
sloping light as well as advanced photography. Questioned document

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

examination should not be mixed up with the term and practice of

Graphology or Handwriting analysis. Graphology aims to determine a
person’s characteristics, traits and personality by the way a person
writes his/her letters and shapes of words.
 Fingerprint Identification – is the cornerstone of Personal
Identification. The system is based on the undisputed fact that after so
many studies and research, “no two persons have the same
fingerprint” or “the principle of individuality”. Fingerprint is a
positive proof wherein law enforcement agencies look upon the science
as the best evidence of positive identification. Fingerprint identification
can aid the police investigator in identifying persons in custody, and
when it is found at the crime scene. It can also help to identify and
locate the perpetrator by means of examining and comparing every
minute detail of the fingerprint lifted or developed from the crime scene
to that of the suspect’s fingerprint

16.c. Others
 Photography – serves as an aid to firearms examination, questioned
document examination, and fingerprint identification. Undeniably, it is an
indispensable method in the field of criminalistics; hence, photography
cannot be separated from the criminalistics because every criminalist
should know how to photograph evidence. Special photography in
criminalistics includes micro photography, macro photography, infrared,
ultra-violet and special light procedure.
 Lie Detection or Polygraphy – this is one of the methods in crime
detection. Through polygraph machine, it uses test or questioning of
individual (suspect) for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying
truth of statements through a visual, permanent and simultaneous
recording of a person’s cardio-vascular and respiratory pattern.
Polygraph machine merely measures certain identifiable physical
reactions as affecting the respiratory rate, blood pressure/pulse rate
and galvanic skin resistance, in connection with the application of a
reliable questioning technique for diagnosing deceptions. However, its
validity is still contested in court because of controversies regarding the
accuracy of the test. Accordingly, its test result is 96% accurate, but
what the court requires in criminal cases is proof beyond reasonable
doubt which is equivalent to 100%.

17. Schools of Thought in Criminology

17. a. Classical School – was developed in the mid-18th century and was
based on Utilitarianism. The classical theorists are:

 Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria-Bonesana (March 15, 1738-November

28, 1794) was an Italian philosopher and politician. He was known on
his essay entitled: Crimes and Punishment (1763-64) which condemned
torture and death penalty and was a founding work in the field of
Criminology.
-Essay on Crimes and Punishments is a seminal treatise on

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legal reform and widely considered as one of the founding texts of Classical
Criminology, proposing many reforms to the criminal justice system which we
now take for granted, in particular:
-The prompt administration of clearly prescribed and
consistent punishments;
-Well-publicized laws made by the legislature rather than
individual courts or judges;
-The abolition of torture in prisons; and
-The use of the penal system to deter would be offenders,
rather than simply punishing those convicted.
 Jeremy Bentham (26 February[O.S. 15 February15] 1748) – June 6,
1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer.
He was a political radical and a leading theorist in Anglo-American
philosophy of law. He is best known as an early advocate of
utilitarianism and fair treatment of animals that influenced the
development of liberalism. He invented the panopticon prison design,
and other classical philosophers argued the following:
-People have free will to choose how to act;
-Deterrence is based upon the utilitarian ontological notion of
the human being as ‘hedonist’ who seeks pleasure and avoids pain, and a
‘rational calculator’ weighing up the costs and benefits of the consequences of
each action. Thus, it ignores the possibility of irrationality and unconscious
drives as motivational factors;
-Punishment (of sufficient severity) can deter people from
crime, as the costs (penalties) overweigh benefits, and that severity of
punishment should be proportionate to the crime; and
-The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective
it is in deterring criminal behavior. The classical school of thought came about
at a time when major reform in penology occurred, with prisons developed as
a form of punishment. Also, this period saw many legal reforms, the French
Revolution, and the development of the legal system in the United States.

17. b. Positivist School – presumed that criminal behavior is caused by

internal (subjective or nature) and external (objective or nurture) factors
outside of the individual’s control. The scientific method was introduced and
applied to study human behavior. Positivism can be broken up into three
segments which include biological, psychological and social positivism.
Positivist theories are Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele
Garofalo.
 Cesare Lombroso, born Ezechia Marco Lombroso (November 6,
1836-October 19, 1909) was an Italian criminologist and founder of the
Italian School of Positivist Criminology. Lombroso rejected the
established Classical School, which held that crime was a characteristic
trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from
physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry and Social Darwinism,
Lombroso’s theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that
criminality was inherited, and that someone “born criminal” could be
identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or

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atavistic.
-Cesare Lombroso, an Italian prison doctor working in the late 19th century and
sometimes regarded as the “Father of Criminology”, was one of the largest
contributors to biological positivism. Lombroso took a scientific approach,
insisting on empirical evidence, for studying crime.
-He was considered as the Founder of Criminal Anthropology, who suggested
that physiological traits such as the measurements of one’s cheek bones or
hairline, or a cleft palate, considered to be throwbacks to Neanderthal man,
are indicative of “atavistic” criminal tendencies. This approach, influenced by
the earlier theory of phrenology and by Charles Darwin and his Theory of
Evolution, has been superseded, but more modern research examines genetic
characteristics and the chemistry of nutrition to determine whether there is an
effect on violent behavior.

Three types of Criminal according the Lombroso

1. Atavistic – these criminals are those considered as born criminals.
2. Insane Criminal – this refers to people who became criminals due to
alcoholism, kleptomaniacs, nymphomaniacs, and child molesters. Although
insane criminals bore some stigmata, they were not “born criminals”, rather
they, become criminal as a result “of an alteration of the brain, which
completely upsets their moral nature.
3. Criminaloid –these criminals refer to those categorized as “habitual
criminals”, who become so by contact with other criminals, the abuse of
alcohol, or other “distressing circumstances. This category included “juridical
criminals”, who fall afoul of the law by accident; and the “criminal by passion”,
hot headed and impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked.

-Cesare Lombroso (The Criminal Man, 1876) conducted an autopsy and

identified various physical stigmata; hence, Lombroso conducted that those
identified numbers of physical stigmata were indicative of the born criminal or
atavistic criminal.

Stigmata Related to an Atavistic Criminal are:

-Deviation in head size and shape from type common to race and region from
which the criminal came;
-Asymmetry of the face;
-Eye defects and peculiarities;
-Excessive dimensions of the jaw and checkbones;
-Ears of unusual size, or occasionally very small, or standing out from the
head as to those of a chimpanzee;
-Nose twisted, upturned, or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beak like in
murderers, or with a tip rising like a peak from swollen nostrils;
-Lips fleshy, swollen, and protruding;
-Pouches in the check like those of some animals;
-Peculiarities in the plate, such as are found in reptiles, and cleft palate;
-Chin preceding, or excessively long, or short and flat, as in apes;
-Abnormal dentition;
-Abundance, variety, and precocity of wrinkles;
-Anomalies of the hair, marked by characteristics of the opposite sex;

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-Defects of the thorax, such as too many or too few ribs, or supernumerary
nipples;
-Inversion of sex characters in the pelvic organs;
-Excessive length of arms;
-Supernumerary fingers and toes; and
-Imbalance of the hemisphere of the brain (asymmetry of the cranium)

Summary of Lomboso’s work

1. He consistently emphasized the need for direct study of the individual
utilizing measurements and statistical methods in anthropological, social and
economic data.
2. He began with the basic assumption of nature of human character and
behavior.
3. He first conceived of the criminal as throwback to a more primitive type of
brain structure, and therefore, of behavior.
4. He later modified this to include degeneracy of defectiveness; and
5. He never claimed that the born criminal constituted more than 40% probably
less, only 1/3 of the total criminal population.
6. With successive years of study, discussion, and contact with critics, he
modified his theory and method. He included all kinds of social, economic, and
environmental data. Through it all, he always attempted to be:
-Objective, in method, often statistical;
-Positive in the sense of deterministic; and
-Faithful to the basic idea of cause as a chain of interrelated events, not
the more familiar and popular doctrine of self-determinism of human behavior,
to say nothing of the demonistic.

 Enrico Ferri – a student of Lombroso, believed that social as well as

biological factors played a role, and held the view that criminals should
not be held responsible, for the factors causing their criminality were
beyond their control. Lombroso’s biological theories have since been
rejected by criminologists, with control groups not use in his studies.

 Raffaele Garofalo (1851-1934) was an Italian jurist and a student of

Cesare Lombroso. He rejected the doctrine of free will and supported
the position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by
scientific methods. He attempted to formulate a sociological definition of
crime that would designate those acts which can be repressed by
punishment. These constituted “natural crime” and were considered
offenses violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all
people, namely, probity and pity. Crime is an immoral act that is
injurious to society. This was more of a psychological orientation than
Lombroso’s physical type anthropology.

Garofalo’s law of adoption followed the biological principle of Darwin in terms

of adoption and the elimination of those unable to adapt in a kind of social
natural selection. Consequently, he suggested the following:
1. death for those whose criminal acts grew out of a permanent psychological
anomaly, rendering them incapable of social life;

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2. partial elimination or long time imprisonment for those fit only for the life of
nomadic hordes or primitive tribes; and
3. Enforced reparation on the part of those who lack altruistic sentiments, but
who have committed their crimes under the pressure of exceptional
circumstances are not likely to so again.

17. c. Chicago School – arose in the early 20th century, through the work of
Robert Ezra Park, Ernest Burgess, and other urban sociologists at University
of Chicago. In the 1920s, Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones
that often exist as cities grow, including the “zone in transition” which was
identified as most volatile and subject to disorder. In the 1940s, Henry McKay
and Clifford R. Shaw focused on juvenile delinquents, finding that they were
concentrated in the zone of transition.
 Chicago School sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to
studying cities and postulated that urban neighborhoods with high levels
of poverty often experience breakdown in the social structure and
institutions such as family and schools. This results in social
disorganization, which reduces the ability of these institutions to control
behavior and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior.
 Chicago School is still considered as an offshoot of Positivist since its
concept as to crime causation is still within the framework of external
factor particularly social positivism. Hence, classical and positivist
schools are the only two theoretical foundations of criminology.

18. Significant Contributors in the Field of Criminology:

18. a. Adolphe Quetelet – he made use of date and statistical analysis to gain
insight into the relationship between crime and sociological factors. He found
out that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumptions were
important factors related to crime.

18. b. Rawson W. Rawson – he utilized crime statistics to suggest a link

between population density and crime rates, with crowded cities creating an
environment conducive to crime. Joseph Fletcher John Glyde also presented
their research papers on crime and its distribution to the Statistical Society of
London.

18. c. Henry Mayhew – he used empirical methods and an ethnographic

approach to address social questions and poverty, and presented his studies
in London Labour and the London Poor.

18. d. Emile Durkheim – he viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society,

with uneven distribution of wealth and other differences among people.

18. e. Alphonse Bertillon – a French law enforcement officer and biometrics

researcher, who created anthropometry- an identification system based on

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physical measurement. Anthropometry was the first scientific system police

used to identify criminals. The method was eventually supplanted by
Dactyloscopy.

18. f. Sir Alee John Jeffreys (in Criminalistics) – a fellow of the Royal Society
(FRS), a British Geneticist, who developed techniques for Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA) fingerprinting and DNA profiling.

18. g. Willem Adrian Bonger – a Dutch criminologist, who believed in a

causal link between crime and economic and social conditions. He asserted
that crime is social in origin and a normal response to prevailing cultural
conditions. In more primitive societies, he contended that survival requires
more selfless altruism within the community.

18. h. Abrahamsen – he explained the causes of crime in his Crime and the
Human Mind (1945) through this formula (CB = CT + inducing situation
/PMRT). That is, Criminal Behavior equals Criminalistic Tendency plus
inducing situation divided by the Person’s Mental or Emotional Resistance to
Temptation.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson
Eduardo, J. (2018). Essentials of Criminology. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.,
Quezon City, Philippines.

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Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this

unit.

Activity 1. Multiple Choice: Select the best answer by encircling the letter
that corresponds to the given question. (1 point each)

1. Criminology is derived from the Latin word crimen, which means:

a. crime b. violation of law c. accusation d. study of criminals

2. he stated that Criminology includes the study of Sociology of Laws, Etiology

of Crimes and Penology.
a. Cesare Lombroso b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Raffaele Garofalo d. Edwin Sutherland

3. Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal behavior

while Criminologists scientifically study the following except;
a. the nature and extent of criminal.
b. patterns of criminality.
c. explanations and causes of crime and criminal behavior.
d. the control of crime and criminal behavior.

4. The French anthropologist Paul Topinard used Criminology for the first time
in French; thus, the French word of Criminology is;
a. Criminologie b. Criminologia c. Crimenalogy d. Crimenology

5. The word Criminologist was recorded in the year:

a. 1857 b. 1758 c. 1587 d. 1785

6. This refers to the efforts to come up with formal, systematic, logical and
mathematical ways in which theories are considered.
a. Theory Building b. Theory Creation
c. Theory Construction d. Any of the following

7. This refers to the efforts to figure out the implications of a theory, what other
variables might be added to the theory; also associated with the belief that
theory competition is better than theoretical integration.
a. Theoretical Elaboration b. Theoretical Specification
c. Theoretical Integration d. Theoretical Variable

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8. Criminology changes as social condition changes. It is concomitant with the

advancement of other science that has been applied to it. The statement
means that criminology is:
a. An applied science b. A social science
c. Dynamic d. Nationalistic

9. This division of Criminology attempts to offer scientific analysis on the

conditions under which penal or criminal laws are being developed as a
process of formal social control.
a. Criminal Etiology b. Sociology of Law
c. Penology d. Any of the following

10. This refers to the system used by a government to maintain social control,
prevent crime, enforce laws, and administer justice.
a. Five pillars b. Criminal laws
c. Criminal Justice d. All of the following

Activity 2. Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in
the following statements: (One point each)

1. Things he (suspect/accused) used in the commission of

crime or something he left in the crime scene which is the object of
Criminalistics is known as:
2. A person who is trained in forensic sciences and in the
application of scientific instruments and methods for the detection of crime is
known as:
3. Biology is under the scientific division of Criminalistics
while Fingerprint Identification is under what division?
4. This refers to the application of instruments and
methods of Criminalistics to the detection of crime. It is the sum total of the
application of all sciences in crime detection, otherwise known as
Criminalistics.
5. The Classical School was developed in the mid-18th
century and it was based on what philosophy.
6. The crime and punishment written by Cesare Beccaria
is a book. Yes or no, is what kind of printed material?
7. According to Cesare Lombroso, people commit crime
due to integral and external factors. Hence, granting that the concept of
Chicago School is correct, which factor (internal or external) would it (Chicago
School) fit?
8. Some theorists in the field of criminology assert that
people commit crime because they learn it in their respective environment in

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various means. Thus, the statement entails that criminals are nurtured. Yes or
no.
9. He is one who emphasized that people commit crime
on the basis of Free will.
10. Born criminals are one of a kind of criminals as
mentioned by Cesare Lombroso which he called as Atavists. If you too believe
in his Atavism principle, then you consider that being a criminal or having a
criminal behavior is nurtured or nature?

Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions: (5 points
each)

1. If poverty is eliminated from the society and people are financially

capable through the support of the government, do you think crime will no
longer happen? Yes or No. Defend.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________

2. The Classical and Positivist Schools were both established during the
Age of Enlightenment or Age of Change. The age was called as such because
people during that time used reasoning to solve or answer the occurring
problems in the society. What are the other distinctions of the two Schools?
Explain each distinction.
______________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________

In a Nutshell

In this part you are going to jot down what you have learned in
this unit. The statement of yours could be in a form of concluding statements,
arguments or perspective you have drawn from this lesson. I have indicated
my arguments or lessons learned

1. The study of Criminology is essential, because it aims to establish why

people commits crime, how it was establish, and how to prevent it. Moreover,
in this chapter we identify the different personalities who develops the study of
Criminology. This personality develops different theories about crimes and
criminals.
2. In this chapter also, we discuss the different part of studies that is part
in the study of criminology.

Now it’s your turn!

1.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Q&A List

You are free to list down all the emerging questions or issues in the provided
spaces below. These questions or concerns may also be raised in the LMS or other
modes. You may answer these questions on your own after clarification. The Q&A
portion helps in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Questions/Issues Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Keywords Index

Criminology Prosecution Ballistics

School of Thought Courts Polygraphy
Criminal Justice Law Enforcer Criminalist
Criminalistics Community Chemistry
Sociology of Law Correction Physics
Criminal Etiology Criminal Justice System Biology
Penology Firearms Identification Photography
Classical School Panopticon Prison Positivist School
Atavistic Criminaloid Chicago School

Big Picture in Focus ULOb. Introduce the principles of law in the

field of criminology and the concepts of crime, criminal law,
and the criminal.

Metalanguage

The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying

this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the Sociology of Law.

1. Criminal Law. It is that branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats
of their nature, and provides for their punishment.
2. Principle of Logomacy. There is no crime if there is no law punishing it.
3. Felony. Is an act or omission punishable by law specifically the Revised
Penal Code.

Essential Knowledge

The following are the first division of Criminology which attempts to offer
scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws are
developed as a process of formal social control. This might be confusing or
difficult as a beginner but at the later part of this unit would be of great help for
you to understand the nature of its existence. Please note that you are not
limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize

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other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc., and even online
tutorial websites.

1. Sociology of Law, refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an

approach within the field of legal studies. Sociology of law is a diverse field of
study which examines the interaction of law with other aspects of society; such
as the effect of legal institutions, doctrines, and practices on other social
phenomena and vice versa. Some of its areas of inquiry include the social
development of legal institutions, the social construction of legal issues, and the
relation of law to social change. Sociology of law overlaps with jurisprudence,
economic analysis of law and more specialized subject such as criminology.

2. General Types of Law

2.a. Natural Laws are rooted in core values shared by many cultures. Natural
Laws protect against harm to persons (e.g. murder, rape, assault) or property
(theft, larceny, robbery), and form the basis of common law system. In the
Philippine setting, Natural laws, therefore, are those crimes contained in the
Revised Penal Code (RPC) which is called mala inse.

2.b. Statutory Laws are enacted by legislatures and reflect current cultural
mores, albeit some laws may be controversial, e.g. laws that prohibit marijuana
use and gambling. Marxist Criminology, Conflict Criminology and Critical
Criminology claim that most relationships between State and citizen are non-
consensual and, as such, criminal law is not necessarily representative of public
beliefs and wishes, iitsi exercised in the interests of the ruling or dominant
class. The more right wing criminologies tend to posit that there is a consensual
social contract between State and citizen. In the Philippines setting, Statutory
Laws are those penal laws created by the Congress (House of Representative
and Senate) which is called mala prohibita. Therefore, definitions of crime will
vary from place to place, in accordance with the cultural norms and mores, but
may be broadly classified as blue collar crime, corporate crime, organized
crime, political crime, public order crime, state crime, state-corporate crime, and
white-collar crime.

2.c. Divine Laws are those rules enshrined in the Holy Book. For the Christians
they called it Bible. Hence, Christians have their Ten Commandments.
However, Divine Laws vary depending on the religious denomination each
person belongs to, since the world is composed of various religious convictions.

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3. General Types of Crime both the positivist and classical schools take a
consensus view of crime – that a crime is an act that violates the basic values
and beliefs of society. Those values and beliefs are manifested as laws that
society agrees upon. The general types of crime are as follows;

3. a. Blu-Collar Crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower

social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime
committed by individuals of a higher social class.

3.b. Corporate Crime refers to crime committed either by a corporation (i.e. a

business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons
that manage its activities), or by individuals that may be identified with a
corporation or other business entity.

3.c. Organized Crime or Criminal Organization these are groups or

operations run by criminals, most commonly for the purpose of generating a
monetary profit. The Organized Crime Control Act (US 1970) defines organized
crime as “the unlawful activities of ….a highly organized, disciplined
association. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist organizations, are
politically motivated. Gangs sometimes become “disciplined” enough to be
considered “organized”. An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred
to as a mob. Organized crime, however defined, is characterized by a few basic
qualities, including durability over time, diversified interests, hierarchical
structure, capital accumulation, reinvestment, access to political protection and
the use of violence to protect interests.

3.d. Political Crime is one involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a
duty to act), which prejudice the interests of the state, its government or the
political system. It is to be distinguished from state crime when it is the state
that breaks both their own criminal laws and/or public international law. Political
crime refers also to any behavior perceived as a threat, real or imagined, to the
state’s survival including violent and non-violent oppositional crimes.

3. e. Public Order Crime involves acts that interfere with the operations of
society and the ability of people to function efficiently, i.e. it is a behavior that
has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values,
and customs. Public order crime should be distinguished from political crime. In
the former, although the identity of the “victim” may be indirect and sometimes
diffuse, it is cumulatively the community that suffers, whereas in a political
crime, the state perceives itself to be the victim and criminalizes the behavior it
considers threatening. Thus, public order crime includes consensual crime,
victimless vice, and victimless crime. It asserts the need to use the law to
maintain order both in the legal and moral sense. Public Order Crime is now
preferred term against the use of the word “victimless” based on the idea that

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there are secondary victims (family, friends, acquaintances, and society at

large) that can be identified.

The application of victimless crime are the following:

 A victimless crime may be one in which the victim is the accused.
 In common usage, victimless crime refers to behavior that is illegal but
which is claimed to not violate or threaten the rights of anyone and
may be associated with the implication that the behavior should,
therefore, not be illegal.
 Victimless crime is now termed Public Order Crime.
 In law, case law has developed to discuss what used to be termed
“victimless” crime.

*This class of crime typically applies to adults, and specifically not to minors
who have not yet reached the age of consent, where age of consent is relevant.
For example, an adult selling drugs or sex to another adult may be seen as a
victimless crime, but selling drugs or sex to a minor is not victimless, as the
minor is not legally able to consent. Debate exists surrounding how accurately
the legal age of consent reflects the true age at which individuals are
intellectually capable of informed consent. Where individuals are mentally
capable of informed consent, but have not yet reached the legal age of consent,
certain crimes may be considered victimless.

3. f. State Crime is the activity or failure to act that breaks the state’s own
criminal law or public international law. State refers to those elected and
appointed officials, the bureaucracy, and the institutions, bodies and
organizations comprising the apparatus of the government. Initially, the state
was the agency of deterrence, using the threat of punishment as utilitarian tool
to shape the behavior of its citizens. Then, it became the mediator, interpreting
society’s wishes for conflict resolution. Theorists then identified the state as the
“victim” in victimless crimes.

3. g. State-Corporate Crime or incorporated governance refers to crimes

that resulted from the relationship between the policies of the state and the
policies and practices of commercial corporations. This definition was intended
to include all “socially injurious acts” and not merely those that are defined by
the local criminal jurisdiction as crime. This is not universally accepted as valid
definition so a less contentious version has been adopted here. As an academic
classification, it is distinguished from:

a. corporate crime, which studies deviance within the context of a corporation

and by a corporation;
b. political crime, which is crime directed at the state; and
c. state crime or “state-organized crime”, which studies crimes committed by
government organizations.

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3. h. White-collar Crime or “Incorporated Governance” has been defined by

Edwin Sutherland “as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high
social status in the course of his occupation.” Sutherland was a proponent of
Symbolic Interactionism, and believed that criminal behavior was learned from
interpersonal interaction with others. White collar crime therefore overlaps with
corporate crime because the opportunity for fraud, bribery, insider trading,
embezzlement, computer crime, and forgery is more available to white collar
employees.

4. Crime and Criminal Law

4. a. Crime – it is an act committed or omitted in violation of public law

forbidding or commanding it. Crime could be in the form of:

 Felonies – those in violation of the Revised Penal Code.

 Offenses – those in violation of statutes.
 Misdemeanor – those in violation of ordinances.

*Thus, it is logical to say that, “all felonies are crime but not all crimes are felony
because crime could also be in the form an offense or misdemeanor.

4. b. Criminal Law – it is that branch or division of law which defines crimes,

treats of their nature, and provides for their punishment.

4. c. Sources of Criminal Law are:

 The revised Penal Code (Act no. 3815) and its amendments.
 Special Penal Laws (statutes) passed by the Philippine Commission,
Philippine Assembly, Philippine Legislature, National Assembly, the Congress
of the Philippines, and the Batasang Pambansa.
 Penal Presidential Decrees issued during Martial Law.

4. d. Characteristics of Criminal Law are:

1. Generality – it provides that criminal law is binding on all persons who live or
sojourn in the Philippine territory.

2. Territoriality – it states that criminal laws undertake to punish crimes committed

within the Philippine territory with the exceptions provided under Article two (2) of the
Revised Penal Code.

3. Prospectivity – it states that the penal law cannot make an act punishable in a
manner in which it was not punishable when committed (ex post facto law). Thus,
crimes are punished under the laws in force at the time of their commission.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

4. e. Theories of the Penal Code the Old Penal Code, which is at present known as
the Revised Penal Code was based on the two prominent suppositions, namely:
Classical and Positive theories.

4. f. Classical Viewpoint are as follows:

1. The foremost principle of the Penal Code is that the basis of criminal liability is
human free will and the purpose of the penalty is retribution.

2. To the classicist, and the framers of the Old Penal Code, man was essentially a
moral creature absolutely having a free will to choose between good and evil,
thereby placing more stress upon the effect or result of the felonious act that upon
the man, the criminal himself.

3. They assert that man should only be adjudged and held accountable for wrongful
acts so long as freewill appears u impaired.

4. It has endeavored to establish a mechanical and direct proportion between crime

and penalty.

4. g. Positivist Viewpoint are as follows:

1. The classical method considers the offender as an abstract being, and of prefixing
for him, through a series of hard and fast rules, a great multitude of penalties with
scant regard to the human element.

2. The positivist principle deviates from the classical school in connection with crime
with the criminal. The positivist holds that man is subdued occasionally by a strange
and morbid phenomenon which constrains a man to do wrong in spite of or contrary
to his volition.

3. Crime is essentially a social and natural phenomenon and as such, it cannot be

treated and checked by the application of abstract principles of law and
jurisprudence nor by the imposition of a punishment fixed and determined a priori but
rather, through the enforcement of individual measures 8n each particular case after
a thorough, personal and individual examination conducted by a competent body of
psychiatrists and social scientists.

4. h. Brief History of Philippine Criminal Laws- before the code of Kalantiao was
promulgated in 1433, the people of Pre-Spanish Philippines had a customary 1nd
unwritten law. Some of the most striking laws promulgated during this period were as
follows:

 Due respects to elderly and parents;

 Strict obedience of children to their parents;
 Strict fulfillment of contract; and

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

 Equality of husband and wife both socially and in the control of their property

With the promulgation of the Code of Kalantiao, the penal laws were made severe
and extensive. According to the Code, the penalties for felonies and other
misdemeanor were:

 Death
 Incineration
 Mutilation of fingers
 Slavery, flagellation
 Being bitten by ants
 Swimming under water for a time and other disciplinary penalties.

The Code likewise provided severe punishment for men who were cruel to their
wives. Husbands who maltreated innocent wives were sentenced to death. Adultery,
as well as the contracting of marriage to very young girls was severely punished.

4. i. The following were some of the most significant attributes of the Kalantiao
Code:

 Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye steal; neither shall ye hurt the aged; lest ye
incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned
to death by being drowned with stones in the river, or in boiling water.
 Ye shall obey. Let all obey. Let your debts with headmen be met punctually.
He who does not obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes.
 Who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall be condemned
to swim for three hours (for the first time), and for the second time, to be beaten
to death with sharp thorns or for the third time, shall be lacerated with thorns.
 Ye shall obey; he, who makes exchanges for food, let it always be done in
accordance with his work.
 He, who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the
offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.
 Slavery of doom (certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal
away women of the headmen; by him who keeps ill-tempered dogs that bite the
headmen; by him who burns the fields of another.
 All those, shall be beaten for two days, who sing while traveling by night; kill
the bird mana-ol; tear the documents belonging to the headmen…… or mock the
dead.
 They shall be burned; those who by their strength, cunning have mocked at
and escaped punishment; or who kill young boys; or to steal away the women of
the agorangs (oldmen).

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

4. j. Felony as a Crime, felony is an act or omission punishable by law specifically

the Revised Penal Code. Felony is committed not only by means of fault (culpa) but
also by means of deceit (dolo) (Art. 3, RPC).

4. k. Classifications of Felony are the following:

1. As to the manner of commission:

 By means of dolo or deceit – when the act was done with deliberate intent.
 By means of culpa or fault – when the wrongful act resulted from
impudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill.

2. As to the stages of commission

 Attempted crime – when the offender commenced the commission of the

felony directly by overt acts and does not perform all the acts of execution, which
could produce the felony by reason of causes independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
 Frustrated crime – when the offender has performed all the acts of
execution, which will produce the felony as consequence, but which,
nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason of causes independent of the
will of the perpetrator.
 Consummated crime – when the elements necessary for its execution and
accomplishment are all present.

3. As to the plurality:

 Simple crime – when single act constituted only one offense.

 Complex crime – when a single act constituted two or more grave felonies or
when an offense is a necessary means for committing the other.

4. As to the gravity of Penalty:

 Grave felonies – those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or
afflictive penalties.
 Less grave felonies – those which the law punishes with penalties which are
set initializes in nature.
 Light felonies – those infractions of law for the commission of which the
penalty of arresto menor of fine not exceeding 200 Pesos are imposed.

5. As to the category:

 Crimes against national security and the law of nations

 Crimes against the fundamental law of the state
 Crimes against public order.
 Crimes against public interest

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

 Crimes relative to opium and other prohibited drugs

 Crimes against public morals
 Crimes committed by public officers
 Crimes against person
 Crimes against liberty and security
 Crimes against property
 Crimes against chastity
 Crimes against the civil status of persons
 Crime against honor
 Quasi-offenses

4. l. Criminological Classification of Crime are as follows:

As to the result:

 Acquisition crime – when the offender acquired something as a

consequence of his criminal act.
 Extinctive crime – when the end result of a criminal act is destructive.

As to the time or period of commission:

 Seasonal crime – those committed only during a certain period of the year
like violation of tax law.
 Situational crime – those committed only when given the situation conducive
to its commission.

As to the length of time of commission:

 Instant crime – those committed in the shortest possible time.

 Episodic crime – those committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space of
time.

As to the place or location of the commission:

 Static crime – those committed only in one place.

 Continuing crime – those than can be committed in several places.

As to the use of mental faculty

 Rational crime – those committed with intent and offenders are in full
possession of their sanity.
 Irrational crime – those committed by persons who do not know the nature
and quality of their act on account of the disease of their mind.

As to the social status of the offender:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

 White collar crime – those committed by persons of respectability and Upper

socio economic class in the course of their occupation activities.
 Blue collar crime – those committed by ordinary professional criminals to
maintain their livelihood.

As to the standard of living of the criminals

 Crime of the Upper world – those committed with a high degree of skill.
 Crime of the underworld – those committed through limited ability.

5. Crime, sin and Immorality

5. a. When does Crime exist?

 In legal viewpoint crime exist the moment a person has been proven guilty
by the court. The main objection to this view is that there is terrific morality of
cases between the times a crime has been reported up to the time a verdict of
conviction is made by the court (Maglinao, G., 2001).
 In the scientific point of view crime exists the moment it is reported. This is
more realistic but not all reported cases are with sound basis of true
happening. Some also they are also unfounded (Maglinao, G., 2001).

5. b. The Element of Crime Criminological concept posits that crime exists through
the presence of:

 Motive (M) – refers to the moving power which impels one to act for a definite
result. Motive is different from intent; Intent refers to the purpose in using a
particular means to affect such result. Intent is an element of an Intentional
Felony while motive is not M. Motive becomes important only if the identity of
the felon has not been clearly established (Reyes, 2001).
 Opportunity (O) – refers to the chance or time given to the offender in
committing the crime.
 Instrumentality or Capability (I/C) – Instrumentality refers to the use of
materials or other means in the commission of crime while Capability speaks
of the physical capability of a person to perpetrate a crime. For example,
Pedro, an impotent, cannot be convicted of rape through forcible sexual
intercourse since his sexual organ has no capacity to erect; Pedro is
incapable

Note: Crime will not occur if one of the elements is not present

5. c. Why Does Crime Exist, there is crime because of the existence of law. The
Principle of Logomacy states that, “there is no crime if there is no punishing it”.
Similarly, the Spanish texts states, “nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege”. Thus,
in order to eliminate crime in a certain area it also requires the abolition of law.
However, law is a form of social control and the absence of regulation in the

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

community leads to the chaos between the people within that area. Furthermore,
without a decree to control the people the “law of the jungle” will prevail.

 The law of the Jungle speaks about “survival of the fittest” or in Tagalog
parlance, “Matira ang matibay”. In the forest, there is no law applicable to
control those animals which lead to the preying of those weak creatures by
those tough animals. It is, therefore, assumed that only the Lion (king of the
forest) will survive in the jungle because it can physically outsmart other
beings in the jungle.

5. d. Between Crime and Sin:

 Crime is an act or omission against the penal law of a state while Sin is an act
or omission against the spiritual or divine law.
 The penalty for the crime is imprisonment or fine or both, or even deaths while
for a sinner, to Christian believers, is an inferno.

5. e. Between Crime and Immorality:

 Crime is committed against the law of the state while Immorality is committed
against the unwritten social norms in the locality.
 Crime is fixed by statute, while Immorality is not.
 Crime is nationalistic while Immorality is regionalistic.

5.f. Why members of society must be concerned with the study of crime?

 Crime is pervasive - almost all members of a free society were once upon a
time a victim or an offender in a criminal act. Crime is an associate of society
affects almost all people – regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, religion,
financial condition, education and other personal circumstances.
 Crime is expensive – the government and private sector spend an enormous
amount of money for crime detection, prosecution, correction and prevention.
 Crime is destructive – many lives have been lost because of crimes like
murder, homicide, and other violent death. Property has been lost or
destroyed on account of robbery, theft and arson.
 Crime is reflective – crime rate or incidence in a given locality is reflective of
the effectiveness of the social defenses employed by the people primarily of
the police system.
 Crime is progressive – crime increases in volume on account of the
increasing population. The ever increasing crime rate and its technique shows
the progressive thinking of the society for advancement.

6. Criminals, in the legal sense, refers to any person who has been found to have
committed a wrongful act in the course of the standard judicial processes. There
must be a final verdict of his guilt. In Criminology sense, a person is already

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

considered as criminal the moment he committed any anti-social act even without
conviction.

6. a. Between Criminal and Delinquent, Criminal refers to a person who has

violated a penal law and has been found guilty of the crime charged upon
observance of the standard judicial procedure while a delinquent is a person who
merely committed an act not in conformity with the norms of society.

6. b. General Classifications of Criminal

On the basis of etiology

 Acute criminals - those who violate criminal law because of the impulse of
the moment, fit of passion or anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
Chronic criminals – those criminals who act in consonance with deliberate
thinking.

On the basis of behavioral system:

 Ordinary criminals – the lowest form of criminal career. They engage only on
conventional crimes which require limited skill. They lack organization to avoid
arrest and convictions.
 Organized criminals – they have a high degree of organization to enable
them to commit crimes without being detected and committed to specialized
activities which can be operated in large scale business. Force, violence,
intimidation, and bribery are used to gain and maintain control over economic
activities. Special type of this includes various forms of racketeering, control of
gambling, prostitution and distribution of prohibited drugs.
 Professional criminal – they are highly skilled and able to obtain
considerable amount of money without being detected because they are
organized and in contact with other professional criminals. These offenders
are always able to escape conviction. They specialized crime that requires
skill, pick-pocketing, shoplifting, theft, counterfeiting and others.

On the basis of mental attitudes:

 Active aggressive criminals – those who commit crime in an impulsive
manner, usually due to the aggressive behavior of the offender. Such attitude
is clearly shown in crimes of passion, revenge and resentments.
 Passive inadequate criminals – those who commit crimes because they are
pushed to it by inducement, by reward or promise without considering its
consequence.
 Socialized delinquent criminals – those who are normal in their behavior,
but merely defective in their socialization processes. To this group belongs
thee educated, respectable member of society who may become criminal on
account of the situation they are involved in.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson
Eduardo, J. (2018). Essentials of Criminology. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.,
Quezon City, Philippines.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity 1. Multiple Choice: Select the best answer by encircling the letter that
corresponds to the given question. (1 point each)

1. This is a division of criminology which attempts to offer scientific analysis of the

conditions under which penal or criminal laws are developed as a process of formal
social control.
a. Criminal Etiology b. Social Criminal Law
c. Sociology of Law d. Penology

2. This crime refers to behavior that is illegal, but claimed not to have violated or
threatened the rights of anyone and may be associated with the implication that the
behavior should, therefore, not to be considered illegal.
a. Victimless Crime b. State Crime
c. Corporate Crime d. White Collar Crime

3. P/Supt. Allan Ty, together with his subordinates committed coup d’etat and was
convicted by final judgment. Which of the following classes of crime did they commit.
a. Public Order Crime b. State Corporate Crime
c. State Crime d. Organize Crime

4. All felonies are crime, but not all crimes are felonies.
a. True b. False
c. Slightly True d. Slightly false

5. Mr. Kharim Abdul Jakhul, a Lebanese, while enjoying his visit in the country
(Philippines) was arrested for allegedly committing murder against Petra, which is a
violation of Article 248 of Revised Penal Code Book II. Was the arrest of Mr. Jakhul
lawful?
a. No, because he is a foreigner; he should enjoy his visit in the country.
b. Yes, because our law applies to every person in the country.
c. No, he could only be arrested by the police from his country.
d. Yes, because there was a Warrant of Arrest.

6. Based on the preceding question, what characteristic of our Criminal law should
apply?
a. Territoriality b. Generality
c. Prospectivity d. Criminality

7. Crime is essentially a social and natural phenomenon and as such, it cannot be

treated and checked by the application of abstract principles of law and
jurisprudence or by the imposition of a punishment fixed and determined a priori but
rather, through the enforcement of individual measures in each particular case after
a thorough, personal and individual examination conducted by a competent body of
psychiatrists and social scientists. The statement refers to which of the following?

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

a. Classical Theory b. Neo-Classical Theory

c. Positivist Theory d. A and C

8. Kalantiao Code V: he, who does not __________, shall be beaten for one hour, he
who repeats the offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.
a.Comply b. Work
c. Pay d. Suffer

9. Acquisitive crimes refer to those crimes committed only during a certain period of
the year.
a. True b. False
c. Slightly true d. slightly false

10. This refers tto a person who has violated a penel law and has been found giuilty
of the crime charge upon observance of the standard judicial procedure.
a. Criminal b. Delinquent
c. Suspect d. Accused

Activity II. Identification. This progress check requires you to identify the answer
that corresponds to each question. Write your answer on the space provided for
each number. (one point each)

__________1. A crime committed while the offender is in full possession of his sanity
is what kind of crime according to mental facility.

__________2. Crime refers to acts against the law of state while those committed
against the unwritten social norms in a certain locality is known as.

__________3. Crimes committed in the shortest possible time are called Instant
crimes while those committed by a series of actions in lengthy space of time refer to.

__________4. Diego was stabbed to death by his long time enemy Pedro in a bar.
As to the place of commission, what crime did Pedro commit?

__________5. Atty. Bhug Goos, while jogging in front his house killed Elmer by
throttling his victim because it was the latter who ransacked his (Bhug) house and
took Bhug’s savings amounting to P500, 000.00. as to the social status of the
offender, what crime did Atty. Bhug Goos commit?

__________6. Crime is expensive, those expenses utilized to prevent the

commission of crimes like the construction of window grills, fences, gates, purchase
of door locks, safety vaults, hiring of watchmen, feeding of watchdog, etc. refers to
what kind of government expenses?

__________7. Crimes persist; hence, many lives have been lost due to murder,
homicide, and other violent deaths. Property has been lost or destroyed on account

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

of robbery, theft and arson. Due to these, we must be concerned with the study of
crime. What does the aforesaid statement infer?

__________8. Crime exists when it is reported. This point of views as to the

existence of a crime refers to;

__________9. Crime rate or incidence in a given locality shows the effectiveness of

the social defenses employed by the people primarily of the police system. The
statement entails that crime is.

__________10. Crime increases and their (criminals) technique shows their

advanced thinking and method in consummating their criminal designs. The
statement entails that crime is.

Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your

understanding about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will
be required to ELABORATE your answers about the following
questions: (5 points each)

1. Why is law important in our society? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Which do you prefer, a society governed by law/s or a society that is totally free
from control? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

In a Nutshell

In this part you are going to jot down what you have learned in this unit.
The statement of yours could be in a form of concluding statements, arguments
or perspective you have drawn from this lesson. I have indicated my arguments
or lessons learned

1. In this chapter, it explain the laws, how it was created, how it is helpful to a
community. Law can either be ammended, appealed depending, if its applicable
to a certain situation. Countries has different law, because each country created
their own law, basis to the needs of their nation. Moreover, in creating the law, it
depends on the society needs, principles, ethics, history, religion to a coutnry.
In addition, law guides the nation/society/people in their daily activity.
2. In this part, crime, criminal was being emphasized. How can you identify a
person if delinquent, suspect and criminal? There were different terms yet, they
can be considered as person who may, or violated the law. Can a criminal be
classifying according to the crime he/she committed? Yes, through the different
types of crime. And it was being discussed that there are different of crimes.
And yes, there were different reasons why people commit crime.

Now this time make a scenario that illustrates the different types of crime:
(5 points each)
1.
Felony__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.
Offenses________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3.
Misdemeanor____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

You want more?

Now, this time can you identify and explain the elements of crime, and how
important it is in the commission of a crime? (10 points)

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

40
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may
indicate your questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your
question is being raised and clarified. You can write your questions below.

Questions/Issues Answers
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Keywords Index

Criminal Law Organized crime Territoriality

Principle of
Political crime Generality
Logomacy
Felony State crime Prospectivity
Natural Law Offenses Attempted crime
Statutory Law Misdemeanor Frustrated crime
Divine Law Revised Penal Code Consummated crime
Bible Special Penal Code Simple crime
Blue Collar crime Presidential Decree Complex crime
Corporate crime Law of the jungle Grave felonies

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Extinctive crime Seasonal crime Motive

Opportunity Instrumentality Criminal

BIG PICTURE B

Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. Explain the principles of criminal etiology, the early theories of criminality, the
contemporary theories in the development of crime and criminality, the crime
factors in the Philippines and other related causal theories of crime.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the principles of criminal

etiology, the early theories of criminality, the contemporary
theories in the development of crime and criminality, the
crime factors in the Philippines and other related causal
theories of crime.

Metalanguage

The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying

this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the basic concepts of special crime
investigation.

1. Psychiatry. Refers to the study of human mind. It is a branch of medicine which

exists to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders in humans.
2. Biochemistry. Is known by many names: biological, constitutional (having to
do with the structure of the body’s morphology), genetic, and anthropological
criminology.
3. Trait Theory. Identifies where a person might lie along a continuous of
various personality characteristics
4. Idiots. Persons with mental defectiveness of such degree that are unable to
guard themselves against common physical dangers. Their mentality is
compared to 2 years old person.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Essential Knowledge

1. Criminal Etiology refers to the division of criminology which attempts to

provide scientific analysis on the “causes of crime”.

2. Causes of Crime refers to the factors or circumstances that apply significantly

more to offenders than to non-offenders and that potentially a direct but not
necessarily immediate link to crime. As regards any attempt at scientific studies
of the causes of crime, two things or objects should be considered, and these
are man and his criminal behavior, in relation to criminal or penal law.

Approaches in Criminal Etiology

 Single or Unitary Approach – this approach views that criminal
behavior is caused only by one factor or variable which is any of the
following: social, biological, or mental.
 Multiple Factor Theory Approach – this approach view that criminal
conduct is not a product of a single cause or factor but a combination of
several factors. Thus, some factors are playing a major reason while the
other is playing the minor role.
 Eclectic Theory Approach – this approach views that criminal behavior
at one instance may be cause by one or more factors, while in other
instances, it is caused by another set of factors.

3. Crime in the Philippines. Criminologists have accepted that criminality

tendencies and behavior could be influenced by social conditions. This one
factor seems to account largely for the crime rate situations in the Philippines,
although crimes committed are invariably associated with some of the following
contributing factors such as:
 Economic
 Cultural influences
 Environment
 Social conditions; and
 Individual personal temperament

3.1. Crime Committed irrespective of the individual’s personal circumstances is

an uncontrollable force resulting from the advancement of social life at a given
time and place. The ordeal for survival and financially unstable family often
results in crimes against property, against persons, hold-ups, kidnappings,
prostitutions, and estafa. Crimes committed on the basis of mental conditions,
and lack of education or instruction is rare. Research conducted by the author
in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, S.Y. 2013-2014 entitled: “Prostitution in
Cabanatuan City: Basis for Proposed Action Plan” revealed that majority (62%
or 25) of the forty women respondents were engaged in prostitution due to
unemployment. Interview of the respondents showed that they have applied into
a more decent work several times, but to no avail since they lack skills and 75%
or 30 of them have elementary educational attainment. Also, most (45% or 18)
of the respondents were not from Nueva Ecija, but migrants from
underprivileged provinces in or table confidentiality).

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

3.2. Individual temperaments influenced and motivated by revenge and hatred

lead to a crime of passion. Filipinos value life, but this has been greatly negated
by temperaments. Geographically speaking, the Philippines is in the tropic zone
and theoretically Filipinos are hot-blooded people with very volatile
temperaments. The cold season does not seem to affect the Filipino
temperament, climate conditions have little to do with the criminal propensity of
the Filipino people. Summer and the rainy seasons show no difference in crime
rates as they are almost on the same level irrespective of the locality of the
country. Sexual offenses ranging from rape, abduction, acts of lasciviousness,
and prostitutions are prevalent in some different localities of the country. The
reason for this may be traced to the concept that in the Philippines, the criminal
behavior of the people is greatly affected by poor economic and social
conditions, thus, considering crime a social phenomenon.

4. Crime Theories. Theory is an idea is suggested or presented as possibly

true, but that is not known or proven to be true. The function of theory is to
provide puzzles for research. Every criminological theory contains a set of
assumptions (about human nature, social structure, and the principles of
causation, to name a few), a description of the phenomena to be explained
(facts a theory must fit), and an explanation, or prediction, of that phenomenon.
The assumptions are also called met-theoretical issues, ad deal with debates
like those over freewill versus determinism or consensus versus conflict. The
description is a statistical profile, figure, diagram, or table of numbers
representing the patterns, trends, and correlates of the type of crime taken as
an exemplar (most appropriate example) of all crime. The explanation is a set of
variables (things that can be tweaked or changed) arranged in some kind of
causal order so that they have statistical and meaningful significance.
Criminological theories are primarily concerned with etiology (the study of
causes of reasons for crime), but occasionally have important things to say
about actors in the criminal justice system, such as police, attorneys,
correctional personnel, and victims. For this purpose, the crime related theories
are grouped as follows:
4.1. Biochemistry or biological theories and studies
 Biochemistry is known by many names: biological, constitutional
(having to do with the structure of the body’s morphology), genetic, and
anthropological criminology. The oldest field is criminal anthropology,
founded by the father of modern criminology, Cesare Lombroso, 1876.
He was one of first exponents of the positivist approach to explaining
crime. Positivism is a search for the causes of crime using the scientific
method, as opposed to the classical approach, which relies upon free will
as the main cause of crime. Historically, theories of the biochemistry type
have tried to establish the biological inferiority of criminals, but modern
biocriminology simply says that heredity and body organ dysfunction
produce a predisposition toward crime.

*Biological Theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is

the result of some flaw in the biological make-up of the individual. The physical
flaw could be due to the following:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

1. Heredity
2. Neurotransmitter dysfunction; and
3. Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above improper
development or trauma.

Thus, man as a living organism has been the object of several studies which
has the purpose of determining the causes of his crimes.

5. Anthropological Criminology. (Sometimes referred to as criminal

anthropology, literally a combination of the study of the human species and the
study of criminals) is a field of offender profiling, based on perceived links
between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the
offender. Although similar to physiognomy and phrenology, the term criminal
anthropology is generally reserved for the works of the Italian School of
Criminology of the late 19th century (Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffeale
Garofalo). Lombroso thought that criminals were born with inferior physiological
difference which was detectable. He popularized the motion of “born criminal”
and thought that criminality was atavism or hereditary disposition. His central
idea was to locate crime completely within the individual and utterly divorce it
from the surrounding social conditions and structures.

Criminal Anthropology Theories are as follows:

1. Born Criminal or Atavism. According to Cesare Lombroso, criminals are

born with some physical characteristics which become the causes of crimes. He
advanced the following explanation to such cause:
a. That the test is distinct born criminal type;
b. That this type can be identified by certain stigma or anomalies;
c. That the stigma are not the cause of crime, but rather the symptoms of
atavism or reversion of his body to his apelike ancestors;
d. That this atavism and degeneracy of the body are the causes of crime; and
e. That a person who is born criminal cannot refrain from committing crime
unless he lives under exceptionally favorable circumstances.

2. Physiognomy. The physiognomist Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801) was

one of the first to suggest a link between facial figures and crime. Victor Hugo
referred to his work in Les Miserables, about what he would have said about
Thenardier’s face. The philosopher Jacob Fries (1773-1843) also suggested a
link between crime and physical appearcance when he published a criminal
anthropology handbook in 1820. It is a theory based upon the idea that the
assessment of the person’s outer appearance, primarily the face, may give
insights into one’s character or personality. Physiognomy is not a strict science,
but rather a method of analysis that indicates a variety of correlations in its
subjects. Hence, physiognomy is not used as the basis of biological or
psychological theory. Physiognomic applications can be considered folk

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
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science or pseudoscience, and were once used with other tools of scientific
racism, in order to promote discriminatory ideas.

Types of Physiognomy

a. Absolute Predictive Physiognomy – a disproven concept which poses that

there are invariable 100% correlation between physical features (especially
facial features) and character traits.

b. Scientific Correlation Physiognomy – in which there are beliefs to be

rough statistical correlations between physical features (especially facial
features) and character traits due to a person’s physical preference that are
caused by corresponding character traits, such that gene mixing causes the
correlations; this type of physiognomy is, therefore, allegedly based on genetic
determinism of character.

3. Phrenology – it originated from greek “mind”; and logos, “knowledge”. A

theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality, traits and
criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (i.e., by reading “bumps and
“fissures”). This was developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall around
1800, the discipline was very popular in the 19 th century. In 1843, Francois
Magendie referred to phrenology as “a pseudo-science of the present day”.
Phrenology thinking was, however, influential in 19th century psychiatry and
modern neuroscience. Phrenology is based on the concept that the brain is the
organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions
or modules. In other words, phrenologists believed that the mind has a set of
different mental faculties, with each particular faculty represented in a different
portion (or organ) of the brain. These areas were said to be proportional to a
given individual propensities and the importance of a given mental faculty, as
well as the overall conformation of the cranial bone to reflect differences among
individuals.

4. Ernst Kretschmer’s Physique Theory

a. Pyknic Type - Those who are stout and with round bodies. They tend to
commit deception, fraud and violence.

b. Athletic Type – those who are muscular and strong. They are usually
connected with violence.

c. Asthenic Type – those who are skinny and slender. They may commit petty
theft and fraud.

d. Dysplastic or Mixed Type – those who are less clear evident having any
predominant type. Their offenses are against decency and morality.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

5. William Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory. This theory was developed in the

1940s by American psychologist William Sheldon (November 19, 1898 –
September 17, 1977), associating body types with human temperament types.
This linkage is fairly simplistic and is seen as outdated in physiological science,
but the account of somatotypes is still probably a valid, if limited way to sort
basic body types. Through the use of many photographs and measurements of
nude figures Sheldon assigned people into three categories of body types in the
1940s: endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic. He named his
somatotypes after the three germ layers of embryonic development, the
endoderm, that develops into the digestive tract, the mesoderm, that is to
become muscle heart and blood vessels, and the ectoderm that is to form the
nervous system. Sheldon’s “somatotypes” and their (presumed and supposed)
associated psychological traits can be summarized as follows:

 Ectomorphic body type is characterized by long arms and legs and a

short upper body and narrow shoulders, and supposedly has a higher
proportion of nervous tissue. They also have long and thin muscles.
Ectomorphs usually have a very low-fat storage; therefore, they are
usually referred to as slim.
 Mesomorphic body type is characterized by a high rate of muscle
growth and a higher proportion of muscular tissue. They have large
bones, solid torso combined with low fat levels. It is also noted that they
have wide shoulders with a narrow waist.
 Endomorphic body type is characterized by an increased amount of fat
storage, due to having a larger number of fat cells than the average
person, as well a higher proportion of digestive tissue. They have a wide
waist and large bone structure.

Biochemistry or Biological Studies

1. Criminal Anthropology: Study of Physical Defects and Handicapped.
Leaders of notorious criminal groups are usually in accordance with their
physical defects such as “Dodong Pilay”, “Ashiong Bingot”, “Densiong Unano”,
“Roger Komaang” and others. These criminals known by their physical defect
usually cause irritation during their childhood days, they become violent, feel
inferior to others, or being ostracized by the society. The unfavorable results,
therefore, could be any of the following;

a. Causes poor social relationship and serious emotional disturbances;

b. It reduces the capacity to compete occupationally and socially;
c. It may cause the development of inferiority complex; and
d. Those frequently irritated by friends resort to violent criminal behavior.

2. Heredity Studies (“it is in the blood”, “like father like son”)

a. Study of Kallikak Family Tree. This study was conducted by Henry H.

Goddard ( August 14, 1866- June 18, 1957), a prominent American

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

psychologist and eugenicist in the early 20 th century. He is known especially for

his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-
Mindedness, which he himself came to regard as deeply flawed, and for being
the first to translate the Alfred Binet intelligence test into English in 1908 and
distributing an estimated 22,000 copies of the translated test across the United
States; he also introduced the term “moron” into the field.

 His influential study inspired by the new Mendelism, traced back six
generations of the family of a young institutionalized woman and found
“an appalling amount of defectiveness”. It emerged, of course, that the
forebear met “a feeble-minded girl by whom he became the father of a
feeble-minded son”. Subsequently the father “married” a respectable girl
of good family,” by whom he produced children with “a marked tendency
toward professional careers,” who had “married into the best
families…signers of the Declaration of Independence…etc.” Goddard
invented the pseudonym Kallikak by combining a Greek root meaning
“beauty” (kallos) with one meaning “bad” (kakos). The lesson was clear
and dramatic: the study linked medical and moral deviance and fused the
new Mendelian laws with the old biblical injunction that “the sins of the
fathers shall be visited on the sons”.

b. Study of Juke Family Tree (Dugdale and Estabrook). The 19th century of
“degeneracy” (roughly synonymous with “bad heredity”) led theorists to
conceive of social problems such as insanity, poverty, intemperance, and
criminality as well as idiocy as interchangeable.

 This view was expounded in The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism,

Disease, and Heredity (Richard Dugdale, 1875), a study of a rural clan
that “over seven generations produced 1,200 bastards, beggars,
murderers, prostitutes, thieves and syphilitics.” Many of eugenicists ideas
about poverty came from cacogenics: the deterioration of a genetic stock
over time.
 The sociologist Richard Dugdale based his classic study, The Jukes, on
a clan of 700 criminals, prostitutes, and paupers descended from
“Margaret Ada Jukes, the mother of Criminals.” Dugdale believed that
bad environment caused their degeneracy and could be reversed over
time.

*Between Kallikak and Juke:

 Kallikak family is a study on the Heredity of Feeble-mindedness while the

Jukes family is a study on crime, pauperism, disease and Heredity.
 The Kallikaks were an example of the heritability of feeble-mindedness
while the Jukes in particular demonstrated heritability of criminality and
pauperism.

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 Both studies were often cited in support of eugenic practice as family

studies which demonstrated the heritability of undesirable traits.

c. Study of Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree. Sir Jonathan Edwards was a
famous preacher during colonial period. His family tree was traced and none of
his descendants was found to be criminal. On the other hand, many become
presidents of the United States, governor, and member of the Supreme Court,
famous writers, preachers and teachers.

6. Psychoanalytic and Psychiatry Theories and Studies

*Psychoanalytic- it refers to the analysis of human behavior.

Psychology of Crime Psychoanalytic Theories. Criminal behavior is a

multifaceted issue that results from diverse causes. It is through understanding
of social, biological, environmental and psychological causes as well as
correlates that crime and violent behavior can be understood. As a
developmental process, crime and violence are likely to begin during childhood,
proceed to adolescence and even into adulthood.

1. Psychoanalytic Theory. This theory was formed by Sigmund Freud (1856-

1939) concerning human personality and crimes. Psychoanalytic approach
argued that people’s unconscious mind are largely responsible for important
differences in their behavior styles. It emphasized childhood experiences as
critically important in shaping adult personality. It stressed the role of the
unconscious in motivating human actions.

The Structure of Personality/Tripartite Personality

 Id – allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is
based on the pleasure principle, i.e. it wants immediate satisfaction, with
no consideration for the reality of the situation. Id refers to the selfish,
primitive, childish, principle oriented part of the personality with no ability
to delay gratification. Freud called the id the “true psychic reality”
because it represents the inner world of subjective experience and has
no knowledge of objective reality.
 Ego – as the child interacts more with the world, the ego begins to
develop. The ego’s job is to meet the needs of the id, while taking into
account the constraints of reality. The ego acknowledges that being
impulsive or selfish can sometimes hurt us, so the id must be
constrained (reality principle) Ego is the moderator between the id and
superego which seeks to pacify both. It can be viewed as our “sense of
time and place”.
 Superego (Conscience of man) – the superego develops during the
Phallic stage as a result of the moral constraints placed on by our
parents. It is generally believed that a strong superego serves inhibit the
biological instincts of the id (resulting in a high level of guilt), whereas a
weak superego allows the id more expressions resulting in a low level of

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guilt. Superego internalizes societies and parental standards of “good”

and “bad”, “right” and “wrong” behavior.

*To be normal, there must be a proper balancing of the above components.

Imbalance or disharmony may make the individual neurotic. If the super ego is
deficient or improperly developed the ego will dominate, hence the person may
become impulsive or aggressive making them more prone to commit violent
acts.

Levels of Awareness (Topographical Model by Freud)

 The Conscious Level – it consists of whatever sensations and
experiences a person is aware of at a given moment of time.
 The Preconscious Level – this domain is sometimes called “available
memory” that encompasses all experiences that are not conscious at the
moment, but which can easily be retrieved into awareness either
spontaneously or with a minimum of effort. Example, memories of
everything a person did last Saturday night, all the towns he ever lived in,
his favorite books, an argument he had with a friend yesterday.
 The Unconscious Level – it id the deepest and major stratum of the
human mind. It is the storehouse for primitive instinctual drive plus
emotion and memories that are threatening to the conscious mind that
they have been repressed, or unconsciously pushed into the
unconscious mind. Example of material that might be found in a person if
unconscious include a forgotten trauma in childhood, hidden feelings of
hostility toward present, and repressed sexual desires of which you are
unaware.

2. Trait Theory. Identifies where a person might lie along a continuous of various
personality characteristics. Trait theories attempt to leave and explain the traits that
make up personality, the differences between people in terms of their personal
characteristics, and how they relate to actual behavior. Trait refers to the
characteristic s of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking and
feeling.

Kinds of Trait

 Common Traits – these are personality traits that are shared by most
members of a particular culture.
 Individual Traits – these are personality traits that define person’s unique
individual quality.
 Cardinal traits – these are personality traits that are so basic that person’s
activities relate to it. It is a powerful and dominating behavioral predisposition
that provides the pivotal point in a person’s entire life. Allport said that only
few people have cardinal traits.
 Central Traits – these are the core traits that characterize an individual’s
personality. Central traits are the major characteristics of our personalities that

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are quite generalized and enduring. They form the building blocks of our
personalities.
 Secondary Traits – these are traits that are inconsistent or relatively
superficial, less generalized and far less enduring that affect our behaviors in
specific circumstances.

Lewis Goldberg’s Trait Theory or “Big Five” or “Five Factor Theory”

 Extraversion – this dimension contrast such traits as sociable, outgoing,

talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive and active with more introverted
traits such as withdrawn, quiet, passive and reserved.
 Neuroticism – people high on neuroticism are prone to emotional instability.
They tent to experience negative emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous
and prone to worry.
 Conscientiousness – this factor differentiates individually which are
dependable, organized, reliable, responsible, thorough, hardworking, and
preserving from those undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable,
irresponsible, careless, negligent and lazy.
 Agreeableness – this factor is composed of collective of traits that range from
compassion to antagonism towards others. A person high on agreeableness
would be a pleasant person, warm, sympathetic and cooperative.
 Openness to Experience – this factor contrasts individuals who are
imaginative, curious, broad minded, and cultured with those who are concrete
minded and practical and whose interests are narrow.

Hans Eysenk’s Personality Trait

 Extrovert – a person who is sociable, out going and active.

 Introvert - a person who is withdrawn, quiet and introspective.
 Emotionally Unstable – it signifies being anxious, excitable and easily
disturbed.

Four Types of Temperament

 Melancholic – sad gloomy

 Choleric – hot tempered, irritable
 Phlegmatic – sluggish, calm
 Sanguine – cheerful, hopeful

3. Biological Approach. Points to inherited predispositions and physiological

processes to explain individual differences in personality. It is a perspective that
emphasizes the role of biological processes and heredity as the key to
understanding behavior.

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4. Humanistic Approach. Identifies personal responsibility and feelings to self-

acceptance as the key causes of differences in personality. This perspective focuses
on how humans have evolved and adapted behavior required for survival against
various environmental pressures over the long course of evolution.

5. Behavioral/Social Learning Approach. Explains consistent behavior patterns as

the result of conditioning and expectations. This emphasize the role of environment
in shaping one’s behavior.

 Behavioral personality theory – emphasizes learning and observable

behavior.
 Social Learning Theory – an explanation of the personality that combines
learning principle, cognition and the effects of social relationships.
 Self-reinforcement – this is praising or rewarding oneself for having made a
particular response.
 Identification – it is a feeling from which one is emotionally connected to a
person and a way of seeing oneself as himself or herself.

6. Cognitive Approach. Looks differences in the way people process information to

explain differences in behavior.

B. Psychiatry. Refers to the study of human mind. It is a branch of medicine which

exists to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders in humans.

b.1. Mental Deficiency. It is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of

the the mind existing before the age of 18 whether arising from the inherent causes
or induced by disease or injury. A mentally deficient person is prone to commit
malicious damage to property and unnatural sex offenses. They may commit violent
crimes, but definitely not crimes involving the use of mentality.

*Kinds of Mentality deficient person/mental deficiency related to crime:

a. Idiots. Persons with mental defectiveness of such degree that are unable to guard
themselves against common physical dangers. Their mentality is compared to 2
years old person.

b. Imbeciles. Persons with mental defectiveness which, though not amounting to

idiocy is yet pronounced that they are incapable of managing themselves on their
affairs. Their mentality is like a child of 2 to 7 years old.

c. Feeble-minded. Those in whose case there exist mental defectiveness which,

though not amounting to imbecility, is yet so pronounced that they require care,
supervision and control for their own or for the protection of others, or in the case of
children, they appear to be permanently incapable by reason of such defect on
receiving proper benefit from instruction in ordinary schools.

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d. Schizophrenia. This is a form of psychosis characterized by thinking disturbance

and regression to a more relatively impaired and intellectual functions are well
preserved. The personal appearance is dilapidated and the patient is liable for
impulsive acts, destructively and may commit suicide.

e. Compulsive Neurosis. This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do

something. There may be an active desire to resist the irrational behavior, but said
desire is prevented by unconscious motives to act out his difficulty or to suffer
miserably from his fear.

f. Psychopathic Personality. This is the most common cause of criminality among

youthful offenders and habitual criminals. This is characterized by an infantile level of
response lack of conscience, a deficient feeling of affection to another and
aggression to the environment and other people.

*Related Studies:

a.August Auburn in his book entitled Wayward Youth (1925) said that the cause of
crime and delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few
years of his life.

b.Cyril Burt (Young Delinquent, 1925) gave the theory of General Emotionality.
According to Burt, many offenses can be traced to either in excess or a deficiency of
a particular instinct on account of the tendency that many criminals are weak willed
or easily led.

c. William Healy (Individual Delinquency, 1916) claimed that crime is an expression

of the mental content of the individual. The frustration of the individual causes
emotional discomfort; personality demands removal of pain and pain is eliminated by
substitute behavior, that is, crime or delinquency of the individual.

d. Walter Bromberg (Crime and the mind, 1946) claimed that criminality is the result
of emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally mature when he has learned to
control his emotion effectively and when he lives at peace with himself and in
harmony with the standards of conduct which are acceptable to the society.

III. Sociological Theories and Studies. Refers to things, place and people with
whom man comes in contact and which play a part in determining actions and
conduct. These causes bring about the development of criminal behavior and author
Sutherland briefly explains the process by which a particular person comes to
engage in criminal behavior.

1. Differential Association Theory (DAT). Was developed by Edwin Sutherland

who proposed that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values,
attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. He defined differential
association which is a general theory of crime and delinquency that explains how

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deviants come to learn the motivations and the technical knowledge for deviant or
criminal activity. (Edwin Sutherland is known as Father of American Criminology.

*the Nine Key points of DAT:

 Criminal behavior is learned;

 Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other person in a process of
communication;
 The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occur within intimate
personal groups;
 When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of
committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes
simple and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalization and
attitudes.
 The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the
legal codes as favorable or unfavorable;
 A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to
violation of laws over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law;
 Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and
intensity;
 The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and
anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that involved in any other
learning; and
 While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not
explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an
expression of the same needs and values.
*Conclusion about DAT:

 this conclusion negates the theory that criminal behavior is inherited;

 criminal behavior is not invented by the criminal himself, but learned in the
process of association with others;
 the criminal behavior is learned in the process of communication with other
persons. The communication with another person in the process of learning
criminal behavior could either be verbal or thru imitation;
 the principal part of learning occurs within the intimate personal group. Unity
among the criminal gang is the most effective vehicle of influencing another to
learn and adopt criminal behavior. This is due to the fact that locality, faith and
belief among each other must prevail for the group to survive as one; and
 that while the criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values,
it is not explained by those general needs and values.

2. Differential Identification Theory by Daniel Classer. Maintained that a person

pursues criminal behavior to the extent that it identifies himself with a real or
imaginary person from those perspective his criminal behavior seems acceptable. A
person with the propensities of becoming a thief will consider thieves as their ideal
person to identify themselves.

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3. Imitation-Suggestion Theory of Gabriel Trade. Delinquency and crime are

matters that are learned and adopted. The learning process may either be conscious
type of copying (imitation) or unconscious copying (Suggestion) of confronting
patterns of behavior.

4. Differential Social Organization Theory. This is sometimes called social

disorganization there is social disorganization when there is a social change,
conflict of values between the new and the old. Some individual consequently breaks
through the lines of social control, and society has difficulty in maintaining effective
social order. (Based on the work of Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the
Chicago School).

5. Conflict of Culture Theory by Thorsten Sellin. Emphasized that multiplicity of

conflicting culture is the principal source of social disorganization. The high crime
and delinquency rates of certain ethics or racial group is explained by their exposure
to diverse and incongruent standards and codes of the larger society. The high rate
of population mobility aggravates the cultural diversity and exposure of children to
varied culture.

6. Containment theory by Reckless. Accordingly, criminality is brought about by

the inability of the group to contain behavior and that of effective containment of the
individual into the value system and structure of society will minimize the crime.
Reckless realized that urban life contained many temptations to commit crime. He
suggested that to commit a crime, the individual must break through a combination
of outer and inner containment.

7. Anomie Theory by Emile Durkheim. The word comes from Greek, namely the
prefix a “without”. And nomos “law”. The Greeks distinguished between nomos (law)
and (starting rule, axiom, principle). Anomie, in contemporary English, means a
condition or malaise in individuals, characterized by an absence or diminution of
standards or values. Durkheim defined anomie as a condition where social and or
moral norms are confused, unclear or simply not present.

8. Strain Theory (Social Class). In criminology, the Strain theories state that social
structures within society may encourage citizens to commit crime. Following on the
work of Emile Durkheim, Strain theories have been advanced by Merton (1938)
Cohen (1955), Cloward and Ohlin (1960), Agnew (1992) and Messner and
Rosenfeld (1994) strain may be either.

a. Structural. This refers to the processes at the societal level, which either down
and affect how individual perceives his or her needs.

b. Individual. This refers to the frictions and pains experienced by an individual as

he or she looks for ways to satisfy his or her needs.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

*Robert Merton Strain Theory. An American sociologist, suggested that

mainstream culture, especially in United States, is saturated with dreams of
opportunity, freedom and prosperity: as Merton put it, the American Dream.

*Albert Cohen Strain Theory. This theory tied anomie theory with Freud’s reaction
formation idea, suggesting that delinquency among lower class youth is a reaction
against the social norms of the middle class. Some youth, especially from poorer
areas where opportunities are acarce, might adopt social norms specific to those
places which may include “toughness” and disrespect for authority. Criminal acts
may result when youths conform to norms of the deviant subculture.

* Robert Agnew Strain Theory (General Strain Theory). In the 1990s, Agnew
asserted that Strain Theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance, but
that it needed revision, so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variable, but
refocused on self-generated norms.

*Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin Strain Theory. Suggested that delinquency
can result from differential opportunity for lower class youth. Such youth may be
tempted to take up criminal activities, choosing an illegitimate path that provides
them more lucrative economic benefits than conventional, over legal options such as
minimum wage paying jobs available.

*Messner and Rosenfeld (1994) Strain Theory. Proposed a theory of Institutional

Anomie (sometimes called “American Dream” representing a radicalization of
Merton’s key ideas by linking strain to social control theory and focusing on
contradictions in both the cultural system and the opportunity structures to be
pursued by everyone in a mass society dominted by huge multinational corporations.

9. Symbolic Interactionism. Draws on the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and

George Herbert Mead. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people
develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction. Thus, society is thought to
be socially constructed through human interpretation. People interpret one another’s
behavior and it is these interpretations that form the social bond. These
interpretations are called the “definition of the situation.”

10. Drift Theory. Although it was not presented as a Social Control Theory, David
Matza (1964) also adopted the concept of free will. Delinquent youth were neither
compelled nor committed to their delinquent actions, but were simply less receptive
to other more conventional traditions. Thus, delinquent youth were “drifting” between
criminal and non-criminal behavior, and were relatively free to choose whether to
take part in delinquency.

11. Routine Activity Theory. Developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen,
drew upom control theories and explained crime in terms of crime opportunities that

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

occur in everyday life. A crime opportunity requires the elements converge in time
and place including:

a. a motivational offender;

b. suitable target or victim; and

c. lack of capable guardian.

12. Labelling Theory by Becker and Lemert. Proposed that deviance is socially
constructed through reaction instead of action. In other words, according to this
theory, no behavior is inherently deviant on its own. Instead, it’s the reaction to the
behavior that makes it deviant or not.

13. Control Theory by Travis Hirschi. Is significant to crime prevention, this

approach is also called as social bond or social control theory. Instead of looking for
factors that make people become criminal, this theory tries to explain why people do
not become criminal. Thus, Hirschi identified four main characteristics:

a. attachment to others;

b. belief in moral validity of rules;

c. commitment to achievement; and

d. involvement in conventional activities.

The more a person features those characteristics, the less are the chances
that he or she becomes deviant. On the other hand, if those factors are not present
in a person, it is more likely that he or she might become criminal.

14. Geography and Crime. Earlier Criminologists correlated climate, humidity, wind
velocity, atmosphere pressure, rainfall, nature of soil and other geographical factors
to the existence and development of crimes and criminal.

1. North and South Pole. According to Adolphe Quetelet (Thermal Law of

Delinquency), crimes against person against person are more common in hotter
climates and seasons, whereas crimes against property are common in cooler
climates and seasons.

2. Approach to the Equator. According to the Charles de Montesquieu (Spirits of

Laws, 1748), criminality increase in proportion as one approaches the equator and
drunkenness increases as one approaches the North and South Pole.

3. Season of the Year. Crimes against a person is more in summer than in the rainy
season. A climatic condition directly affects one’s irritability and cause criminality.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

4. Soil Formation. More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in
hilly rugged terrain. There are more congregations of people and there is more
irritation. There is also incidence of rape in level districts.

5. Month of the Year. There is more incidents of violent crimes during the warm
months from April up to July having its peak in May. This is due to festivals,
excursions, picnics and other sorts of festivities wherein people are more in contact
with one another.

6. Temperature. According to Dexter, the number of arrest increases quite regularly

with the increase of temperature because it affects the emotional state of the
individual and leads to fighting. The influence of temperature upon females is greater
than upon males.

7. Humidity and Atmosphere Pressure. According to a survey, large numbers of

assaults were found to be correlated with low humidity and a small number with high
humidity. It was explained that low and high humidity is both vital and emotionally
depressing to the individual.

8. Wind Velocity. During high wind, the number of arrests is less. It may be due to
the presence of more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that lessens the vitality of
men to commit violence.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson
Eduardo, J. (2018). Essentials of Criminology. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.,
Quezon City, Philippines.

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity 1. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer by encircling the letter that
corresponds to the given question. (1 point each)

1. This refers to the factors or circumstances that apply significantly more to

offender than to non-offenders and that is potentially a direct but not necessarily
immediate link to crime.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

a. causes of crime c. Etiology

b. Effects of Crime d. Any of the following

2. This approach in criminal etiology views that criminal conduct is not a product
of a single cause or factor but a combination of several factors.
a. single factor c. eclectic factor
b. unitary factor d. multiple factor

3. The term Biochemistry in relation to the etiology of crimes is similar to any of

the following, except;
a. Constitutional c. Inheritance
b. Biological d. Anthropological

4. These theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the

result of some flaw in the biological makeup of the individual. This refers to:
a. Sociological Theories c. Learning Theories
b. Biological Theories d. Positivism Theories

5. Man as a living organism has been the item of several studies for the
purpose of determining the causes of crimes. Thus, if the cause of crime was
examined and the results revealed that criminal behavior is cause by outside
factors, then the study is:
a. Subjective approach c. Learning approach
b. Objective approach d. Biological approach

6. This theory is based on the idea that the assessment of the person’s outer
appearance, primarily the face, may give insights into one’s character or
personality. The statement refers to:
a. Phrenology c. Anthropology
b. Biological d. Physiognomy

7. According to Ernst Kretschmer, dysplastic persons refer to those who are

less clear evident having any predominant type. Their possible offenses are
against ________ and _________.
a. person and property c. property and decency
b. decency and morality d. person and morality

8. This study has linked medical and moral deviance and fused the new
Mendelian laws with the old biblical injunction that “the sins of the fathers shall
be visited on the sons.” The study refers to;
a. Study of Juke Family Tree c. Anthropological Study
b. Study of Kallikak Family Tree d. Sir Jonathan Edwards Family Tree

59
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

9. Kallikak Family is a study on the Heredity of feeble-mindedness while the

Jukes Family is a study on crime, _______, disease and heredity. The Kallikak
was an example of the heritability of _____ while the Juke in particular
demonstrated heritability of criminality and pauperism.
a. pauperism: feeble-mindedness c. property: criminal behavior
b. idiocy: mental disorder d. disorder: behavior

10. Psychoanalytic approach argued that people’s unconscious minds are

largely responsible for important differences in their behavior styles. It stressed
the role of the unconscious in motivating human actions. This theory was
initiated by;
a. Sigmund Freud c. Hans Eysenk
b. Gordon Allport d. Cyril Burt

Activity 2. Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in
the following statements: (One point each)

1. The structure of personality composed of id, ego and

superego is also known as.

2. This structure of personality internalizes societal and

parental standards of “good” and “bad”, “right” and “wrong” behavopr.

3. Petra has any of the following traits: sociable, outgoing,

talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active with more introverted traits.
According to Goldberg, Petra has trait known as.

4. Based on the preceding situation, your answer is similar

as which personality trait mentioned by Eysenk.

5. This approach identified personal responsibility and

feelings of self-acceptance as the key causes of differences in personality.

______6. He suggested that children normally follow only their

pleasure impulse instinctive.

______7. These cause of crime refer to things, place and people

with whom man come in contact and which play a part in determining our
actions and conduct.

8. He maintained that a person pursues criminal behavior

to the extent that it identifies himself with real or imaginary person from whose
perspective his criminal behavior seems acceptable.

9. It refers to a condition where social and moral norms are

confused, unclear, or simply not present.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

10. Social control theory tries to explain why people do not

become criminal. The theory was developed by whom.

Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions: (5 points each)

1. Theory has life. Yes or No. Support your answer by using any of the theories
presented.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Make your own theory or study that explains why crime exist.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

3. Make a scenario or situation that explains any of the theory presented.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

In a Nutshell

Since you have already identified the different theories, study or concept
why people commit crime it is now your turn to discuss in your own
understanding this different theories. And let us see if you have at least
understand part of the module.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

62
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Q&A List

You are free to list down all the emerging questions or issues in the provided
spaces below. These questions or concerns may also be raised in the LMS or other
modes. You may answer these questions on your own after clarification. The Q&A
portion helps in the review of concepts and essential knowledge.

Questions/Issues Answers

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Keywords Index

Psychiatry Somatotype theory Topographic model

Biochemistry ectomorphs Five factor theory
Trait Theory Endomorphs Mental deficiency
Idiots Mesomorphs Imbeciles
Criminal Etiology Kalikak Family Schizophrenia
Differential Association
Biological theory Juke Family theory
Atavism Jonathan Edwards family Containment theory
Differential identification
Physiognomy Psychoanalytic theory theory
Physique Theory Anomie Theory Superego

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

BIG PICTURE C

Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to

a. To know the importance a preview on penology, early punishments of law

violators, developments in prison as a form of punishment, the effects of
imprisonment and the rehabilitation programs for Philippine prisoner.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. To know the importance a preview

on penology, early punishments of law violators,
developments in prison as a form of punishment, the effects
of imprisonment and the rehabilitation programs for
Philippine prisoner.

Metalanguage

The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying

this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the basic concepts of Penology.

1. Reciprocity. If we look at the punishment as a natural part of the social order

and feel satisfied that the offender has been appropriately punished.
2. Penal management was also changed into correctional administration to
mean the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement,
as in jails or prisons, including custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.
3. Prison System. Is the organizational arrangement of the provision and
operation of prisons, and depending on their nature, may invoke a corrections
system.

Essential Knowledge

This unit tackles one of the main issues being tackled in penology. As it
is considered part of study in criminology. It covers the control and prevention of
crimes and the treatment of the offenders.

1. Penology. Is also referred to as penal science, it is the third division of

criminology that is focused on the philosophy and practice of society in its effort

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

to repress criminal activities. The word penology was derived from the Latin
word “poena” which means “pain” or “suffering”. The term penology was
changed to Correction due to its harsh connotation. Thus, penal management
was also changed into correctional administration to mean the manner or
practice of managing or controlling places of confinement, as in jails or prisons,
including custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. Penology
is short for the 19th century phrase “penitentiary science or the science of
corrections”. The term Corrections is a 20th century social engineering term for
the ability to be technically proficient at the processing of incarcerated
offenders.

Principal Goals of Penal Science

 To bring light on the ethical bases of punishment, along with the reasons
and purposes of the society in inflicting it;
 To make a relative study of penal laws and procedures through history
and between nations; and
 To evaluate the social consequences of the policies in force at a given
time.
Models of Penology

1. Retribution Model. Many of the early professional specialists were experts

at execution, torture, and mutilation. In fact, the Code of Hammurabi (Circa
1700 B.C., often cited as the world’s first legal code did not specify much of the
role for judges, but did specify a substantial role for those whose job was to
chop off hands or impulse somebody on a stake. Under the Code of
Hammurabi, an attempt was made to enact “sympathetic” punishment, or
justice in the form of “life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand,
foot for foot, burning for burning, wound for wound, and stripe for stripe”.

Philosophy of Retribution

 Proportionality. The notion of proportionality is the idea that we can

rank order the seriousness of the crime as well as a standard
progression in the penalties to administer.
 Just Deserts. Is the right term if we consider the culpability degree of
intent or willfulness) of each offender, in addition to the ranked
seriousness of their offense. It is one of the more popular principles in
the philosophy of retribution, or the idea that punishment is deserved by
the wrongdoer simply because they committed a transgression.
 Equity. If we take consistency to the extreme and see to it that all
offenders who commit the same crime with the same degree of
culpability get exactly the same punishment.
 Reciprocity. If we look at the punishment as a natural part of the social
order and feel satisfied that the offender has been appropriately
punished.
 Retributive. If the offender happens to agree to the appropriateness of

65
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

the punishment, or at least accepts some blame or shows remorse, or

the upholding of human dignity through the mutual acceptance of a fair
and just punishment.

2. Justice Model. It was first introduced in 1979 by David Fogel in his book, We
are the Living Proof: The Justice Model for Corrections. Basically, the Model is
a rejection of all hopes for rehabilitation and the indeterminate sentence.

Fogel’s ideas for the effectiveness of corrections as a justice agency:

 Punishment is necessary to uphold the laws;

 Prisoners should be considered and treated as responsible for their
actions;
 Justice employee discretion should be narrowed and controlled;
 Accountability ought be on the consumer (offender) not the clientele
(public); and
 Prisons ought to be accountable in how they demand accountability.

3. Utilitarianism Model. The philosophy of utilitarianism developed at a time in

history when intellectuals were concerned with the idea of social contract.
Social Contract consists basically of the doctrine that an individual is only bound
to society by their consent and that through this consent (often implied if the
person remains in that society and doesn’t move), society has a reciprocal
responsibility to them (such as protecting their life, property and welfare). The
root word of utilitarianism is “utility” which means “useful”. Punishment exists to
ensure the continuance of society and to deter people from committing crimes.
Deterrence comes, not from trying to be harsh, but from punishment that is
appropriate (severity) prompt, (celerity), and inevitable (certainty).

*Kinds of Deterrence

 Specific (Individual). It often takes the form of an older principle called

Incapacitation. The idea is to make it impossible for an individual to
commit another crime at least while they are in prison.
 General (Societal). It is what most people mean when they speak of
deterrence. The principle here is that others (potential criminals) will want
to avoid criminal behavior because of the example provided by
punishment.

4. Redemptive and Restorative Justice Model. Restorative justice

approaches are sometimes called communitarian, reintegrate or redemptive
approaches, and although subtle differences exist, almost all varieties try to
maximize forgiveness, hope, accountability, and positive outcomes for all
parties, especially but not limited to communities which have experienced the
most harm and could benefit the most from harm reversal.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Punishment. in 1765, the judge could hand out the death penalty for the
following offenses; murder, treason, coining money, arson, rape, sodomy,
piracy, forgery, destroying ships, bankrupts concealing their possession,
highway robbery, house breaking, pick pocketing or stealing and others.

*Methods of Death Penalty

 Death with dissection and hanging in chains

 Death by hanging
 Asphyxiation (strangulation)
 Boiling to death
 Brazen bull
 Burning, especially for religious heretics and witches on the stake
 Breaking wheel
 Burial (alive, also known as pit)
 Crucifixion
 Crushing by a weight, abruptly or as a slow ordeal
 Decapitation, or beheading (as by sword, axe or guillotine)
 Disembowelment
 Dismemberment
 Drawing and quartering (considered by many to be the most cruel)
 Drowning
 Electrocution
 Explosives
 Exposure in animal skin
 Flaying
 Garroting
 Gassing
 Impalement
 Lethal injection
 Poisoning
 Pendulum blade
 Sawing
 Scaphism and other similar methods
 Shooting by firing, by single shooter or by cannon
 Slow slicing
 Stabbing
 Starvation and dehydration
 Stoning
 By being thrown from height
 Various animal relate methods

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

*Corporal Punishment. was retained as a punishment for a lot longer time

than either the stocks or the pillory. The most common form of corporal
punishment was whipping, which was the punishment offenses including petty
theft, bigamy, assaulting, vagrancy, unmarried mother or manslaughter.
Offenders would be tied to a whipping post and thrashed with a “cat-o-nine-
tails”, which has a short handle whip with nine leather straps.

 The Development of Prison as Punishment. At the beginning of the

19th century, there was growing disinclination in England of imposing any
public punishment such as whipping and the gallows. This led to a
growing use of confinement as punishment. In 1808, Samuel Romily,
led a campaign to restructure the criminal law system by radically
decreasing the use of the death penalty.
 Imprisonment as a Modern Form of Punishment. A prison, penal
penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are
physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of
personal freedoms. Prisons are conventionally institutions which form
part of the criminal justice system of the country, such that imprisonment
or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for
the commission of a crime. The term jail or gaol is synonymous with
prison.
 Although people have been imprisoned throughout history, they have
also regularly been able to perform prison escapes. The first “modern”
prisons of the early 19th century were sometimes known by the term
“penitentiary” as the name suggests, the goal of these facilities was that
of penance by the prisoners, through a regimen of strict disciplines, silent
reflections, and maybe forced labor on tread wheels and the like. This
“Auburn system” of prisoner management was often reinforced by
elaborate prison architectures, such as the separate system and the
panopticon.

5. Bureau of Correction in the Philippines. Corrections in the Philippines

started during pre-colonial times when the task was community-based. It was
only during the Spanish regime that an organized corrective service was made
operational. The main penitentiary was the “old Bilibid Prison” in Oroquieta
Street in Manila, which was established in 1847. It was formally opened on April
10, 1866 by a Royal Decree. About four years later on August 21, 1870, the
San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga was established to confine
Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule.

 When the American took over in 1900s, the “Bureau of Prisons” was
created under Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act no. 1407 dated
Novemeber 1, 1905) as an agency under the Department of Commerce
and Police. It also paved the way for the re-establishment of San Ramon

68
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Prison in 1907, which was destroyed in 1898 during the Spanish

American war. It was placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons
and started receiving prisons from Mindanao.
 Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison, the American
established in 1904 the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto
Prisnsesa, Palawan on a vast reserve of 28, 072 hectares. It would reach
a total land hectares of d40, 000 hectares in the late 1950s. it was
located in the westernmost part of the archipelago.

1. Corporal Punishment. was retained as a punishment for a lot longer time

than either the stocks or the pillory. The most common form of corporal
punishment was whipping, which was the punishment offenses including petty
theft, bigamy, assaulting, vagrancy, unmarried mother or manslaughter.
Offenders would be tied to a whipping post and thrashed with a “cat-o-nine-
tails”, which has a short handle whip with nine leather straps.

2. The Development of Prison as Punishment. At the beginning of the 19th

century, there was growing disinclination in England of imposing any public
punishment such as whipping and the gallows. This led to a growing use of
confinement as punishment. In 1808, Samuel Romily, led a campaign to
restructure the criminal law system by radically decreasing the use of the death
penalty.

3. Imprisonment as a Modern Form of Punishment. A prison, penal

penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically
confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms.
Prisons are conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice
system of the country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty
that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime. The term jail or
gaol is synonymous with prison.

4. Prison System. Is the organizational arrangement of the provision and

operation of prisons, and depending on their nature, may invoke a corrections
system. Although people have been imprisoned throughout history, they have
also regularly been able to perform prison escapes. The first “modern” prisons
of the early 19th century were sometimes known by the term “penitentiary” as
the name suggests, the goal of these facilities was that of penance by the
prisoners, through a regimen of strict disciplines, silent reflections, and maybe
forced labor on tread wheels and the like. This “Auburn system” of prisoner
management was often reinforced by elaborate prison architectures, such as
the separate system and the panopticon.

5. Bureau of Correction in the Philippines. Corrections in the Philippines

started during pre-colonial times when the task was community-based. It was

69
 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

only during the Spanish regime that an organized corrective service was made
operational. The main penitentiary was the “old Bilibid Prison” in Oroquieta
Street in Manila, which was established in 1847. It was formally opened on April
10, 1866 by a Royal Decree. About four years later on August 21, 1870, the
San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga was established to confine
Muslim rebels and recalcitrant political prisoners opposed to the Spanish rule.

 When the American took over in 1900s, the “Bureau of Prisons” was
created under Reorganization Act of 1905 (Act no. 1407 dated
Novemeber 1, 1905) as an agency under the Department of Commerce
and Police. It also paved the way for the re-establishment of San
Ramon Prison in 1907, which was destroyed in 1898 during the Spanish
American war. It was placed under the auspices of the Bureau of
Prisons and started receiving prisons from Mindanao.
 Before the reconstruction of San Ramon Prison, the American
established in 1904 the Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm in Puerto
Prinsesa, Palawan on a vast reserve of 28, 072 hectares. It would reach
a total land hectares of 40, 000 hectares in the late 1950s. It was located
in the westernmost part of the archipelago far from the main town to
continue incorrigible with little hope of rehabilitation. The area was
expanded to 41, 007 hectares by virtue of E.O no. 67 issued by
Governor Newton Gilbert on October 15, 1912. On November 27,
1929, the Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) was created in
Mandaluyong under Act no. 3579. To date, it is the only prison facility
for women in the country; the Davao Penal Colony in Southern
Mindanao was opened on January 21, 1932 under Act no. 3732. Owing
to the interesting number of committals to the Old Bilibid Prison in
Manila, the New Bilibid Prison was established in 1935 in the southern
suburb of Munitnlupa, Rizal. The Old Prison was transformed into a
receiving center and a storage facility for farm produce from the colonies.
It was abandoned and is now under the jurisdiction of the Public Estates
Authority.

*The Bureau of Prisons was renamed into Bureau of Corrections under the
New Administrative Code of 1987 and Proclamation no. 495 issued on
November 22, 1989. It is one of the attached agencies of the Department of
Justice.

1. Old Bilibid Prison. A 1969 Senate report prepared by Senator Salvador

Laurel described the Old Bilibid Prison as “the main insular penitentiary
designed to house the prison population of the country”. This prison was known
as the “carcel y Presidio Correctional” and could accommodate 1, 127
prisoners. The “carcel” was designed to house 600 prisoners who were
segregated according to class, sex and crime while “Presidio” could

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

accommodate 527 prisoners. The prison occupied a quadrangular piece of land

180 meters long on each side, which was formerly a part of the Mayhalique
Estate in the heat of Manila. In 1940, the entire prison population, including
security facilities and equipment were transferred to a new site in Muntinlupa. A
portion was left to serve as the Manila office of the Bureau of Prisons.
Remaining edifices were used to house the Manila City Jail. The New Bilibid
Prison in Muntinlupa was constructed in 1936 and formally opened in 1940 to
decongest the Old Bilibid Prison.

2. New Bilibid Prison. The projected increase in the prison population

prompted the government to plan and develop a new site for the national
penitentiary. Accordingly, Commonwealth Act no. 67 was enacted,
appropriating one million pesos for the construction of a New National prison in
Muntinlupa. On November 15, 1940, all inmates of the Old Bilibid Prison in
Manila were transferred to the new site. The new institution had the capacity 3,
000 prisoners and it was officially named the “New Bilibid Prison” on January
22, 1941. The prison reservation had an area of 587 hectares, part of which
was arable. The institution became the “maximum security compound” in
the 70s and continues to be so. After WWII, there was a surfeit of steel matting
in the inventory and it was used to improve the security fence. In the late 60s,
fences were further reinforced with concrete slabs. In the 1980s, the height of
the concrete wall was increased and another facility was constructed 2.5
kilometer from main building, this became known as the “Camp Sampaguita
or the Medium Security Camp”.On January 22, 1941, the electric chair was
transferred to NBP. The NBP expanded the construction of new security
facilities, and it is the Minimum Security Camp, whose first site was
christened “Bukang Liwayway”.

3. Correctional Institution for Women (CIW). In a report dated January 22,

1959, submitted to a committee created by Administrative Oder no. 287 by the
President of the Philippines, it was noted that “before a separate building was
constructed especially for women prisoners, all female convicts were confined
in the Old Bilibid Prison. The male prisoners were confined in dormitories near
the women’s quarters. Because of these conditions vocational activities of the
women prisoners were limited to embroidery. After a series of negotiations
started by Prison Director Ramon Victorio, the Philippine legislature passed
Republic Act no. 3579 in November 1929. It authorized the transfer of all
women inmates to a building in Welfareville at Mandaluyong, Rizal and
appropriated P60, 000 for the move. On February 14, 1931, the women
prisoners were transferred from the Old Bilibid Prison to the building especially
constructed for them. Its old name “women prisons” was changed into
“Correctional Institution for Women”.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

4. Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm. This facility was established during the
American occupation. It was, however, during the Spanish regime that Puerto
Prinsesa was designated as a place where offenders sentenced to banishment
were exiled. A specific area of Puerto Prinsesa was selected as the site for a
correctional facility. The institution had for its first Superintendent Lt. George
Wolfe, a member of US expeditionary force, who later became the first prison’s
director. Governor Luke Wright authorized the establishment of a penal colony
in the province of Palawan on November 16, 1904. This penal settlement, which
originally comprised an area of 22 acres, originally served as depository for
prisoners who could not be accommodated at the Bilibid Prison in Manila. In
1906, the Department of Commerce and Police moved to turn the institution into
the center of a penal colony supervised in accordance with trends at the time.

 On August 16, 1959, a committee was created by President Carlos P.

Garcia to study the state of national prisons. Accordingly, prisoners in
Iwahig were divided into two groups; the settlers and colonists. The
settlers those engaged in farming for their own benefit; they were the
ones whose applications for land to cultivate had been approved. The
government furnished the land and initial requirements for tools,
dwellings and became of burden.

*Four Subdivisions of Iwahig into Zones or Districts

 Central sub-colony with an area of 14, 700 hectares

 Sta. Lucia with 9, 685 hectares
 Montible with 8, 000 hectares
 Inagawan with 13, 000 hectares

5. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm. According to historical accounts, it

was established in Southern Zamboanga on August 21, 1870 through the royal
decree promulgated in 1869. Established during the tenure of Governor
General Ramon Blanco (whose patron saint the prison was named after).
Originally established for prisons convicted of political crimes. Considered as
the oldest penal facility in the country and required prisoners to do agricultural
works. During Spanish-American war in 1898, the prisoners in San Ramon
were hastily released and the buildings destroyed. In 9107, the American
administration re-established the prison farm. In 1912, Gen. John Pershing,
chief executive of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, classified the
institution as a prison and penal colony and therein confined people sentenced
by the courts under his jurisdiction. On November 1, 1905, reorganization Act
no. 1407 was approved creating the Bureau of Prisons under the Department of
Commerce and Police integrating the Old Bilibid Prisons, San Ramon Penal
Colony and Iwahig Penal. The Philippine Coconut Authority took over

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

management of the coconut farm from San Ramon. In 1995, Congresswoman

Maria Clara Lobregat proposed the transfer of San Ramon Prison to Bongiao
town, in the mountainous area of Zamboanga, to give way to a special
economic zone.

6. Davao Penal Colony. Is the first penal settlement founded and organized
under Filipino administration. The settlement, which originally had an area of
approximately 30, 000 hectares in the Districts of Panabo and Tagum, Davao
del Norte, was formally established on January 21, 1932 by virtue of Act no.
3732. This act authorized Governor-General to lease or sell the lands, buildings
and improvements in San Ramon Rison and Iwahig Penal Colony. It is also
granted authority to the Secretary of Justice to establish a new prison and penal
colony in suitable public land. Governor Dwight Davis signed Proclamation no.
414 on October 7, 1931 which served as site for penal colony in Davao
province in Mindanao.

7. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm. Nearer to Manila than other penal
colonies, the Sablayan is located in Occidental Mindoro and relatively new.
Established on Spetember 26, 1954 by virtue of Presidential Proclamation no.
72, the penal colony has a total land area of approximately 16, 190 hectares.

8. Leyte Regional Prison (LRP). Situated in Abuyog, Southern Leyte, was

established a year after the declaration of martial law in 1972 by virtue of
Presidential decree no. 28. While its plantilla and institutional plan were almost
ideal, lack of funds made the prison unable to realize its full potential and its
facilities were often below par compred with those of other established penal
farms.

 Republic Act 10575 or known as the Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013

was signed into law on May 24, 2013, the act that consolidated House
Bill 6887 and Senate Bill 3335. As such, it is described as “An Act
Strengthening The Bureau of Corrections and Providing Funds Therefor”.

*The Psychological Effects of Imprisonment. Historically, imprisonment was

based on punishing those who wronged in the society, by inflicting suffering of
the body. Methods are punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation.

*Responsibilities of Prisons

 The safekeeping of all inmates

 The maintaining and improving of the welfare of all confined; and
 The performance of these objectives with maximum of efficiency and
economy.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

*Safekeeping. Is generally comprised of keeping inmates locked away,

counted and controlled whilst allowing for isolated moments of welfare activities
to satisfy needs through recreation, education and counseling.

*Prison Structure. The entire prison structure is based on solitude and

separatism. Firstly, the convicted is isolated from the external world and
everything that motivated his/her offenses. Secondly, they are to a large degree
isolated from one another. During 18 th century, this concept was taken to
extremes, whereby prisoners were even forced to wear facemasks that did not
allow vision or communication during exercise periods. The use of solitary
confinement was originally designed to allow prisoners to rediscover their own
conscience and better voice through spiritual conversion. Unfortunately, it was
later discovered that no form of torture could have been worse than solitary
confinement and ended psychological effects such as delusions, dissatisfaction
with life, claustrophobia, depressions, feeling of panic and on many instances.

*Pain of Confinement. Is limited to certain psychological deprivations. This

includes the loss of liberty were prisoners experience a limitation of movement.
There is also the pain of moral rejection implied in confinement. Confinement
applies that the prisoner is not trusted or respected, therefore, she/he should
not able to move freely among other citizen.

*Isolation. Is the term used when inmates are separated from the general
prison populations. There are three situations which may call for an inmate to
be put in isolation. These includes disciplinary segregation, administrative
segregation and protective custody.

*Case Study. As demonstrated on the experiment conducted by Phillip

Zimbardo in 1973 at the Stanford University, a number of case studies on the
effects of prison life have also indicated that imprisonment can be brutal,
demeaning and generally psychologically a devastating experience such as
psychosis, severe depression, inhibiting anxiety and complete social
withdrawal.

*Physical and Psychological Victimization. Physical victimization includes

assault, homicide and homosexual rape. While Psychological victimization
consist of verbal manipulation and other manipulations by changing their social
structure or physical environment.

*Effects of being victimized maybe feeling of helplessness and depression,

physical injury, disruption of social relationship, damage self-image, self-
manipulation and suicide, psychosomatic disease and increased difficulties in
adjusting to life after release.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Rehabilitation Programs for Prisoners in the Philippine. Rehabilitation

means to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education or to restore to
good condition, operation or capacity. Rehabilitation programs of prisoners can
be carried out through the process of classification and custody and control of
prisoners. Classification is more than placing prisoners into types of categories,
while custody and control of prisoners are important phases of prison
management.

*Process of Classification. Classification is a method by which diagnosis,

treatment, planning and execution of treatment programs are coordinated in the
individual case. Classification process are diagnosis, treatment planning and
execution of treatment program. And rehabilitation programs are employment of
prisoners, religious services, educational program, recreational program, library
services, health and medical services and counselling.

*Imposition of Penalty. Penalty, signifies pain, suffering, because of action of

society, by one who commits a crime. Penalty is imposed only after conviction
in a criminal action.

*Juridical Conditions of penalty

 Must be productive of suffering, but must not describe the human

personality;
 Must be proportionate to the crime in the sense that different penalties
are prescribed for different crimes;
 Must be personal as it must be imposed only upon the criminal and no
other;
 Must be legal as it must be the consequence of a judgment according to
the law;
 Must be certain so that one cannot escape from it;
 Must be equal in the sense that it applies to all persons regardless of
circumstances; and
 Must be correctional.

*Executive Clemency and Suspension of Sentence

 Clemency. Is a term means the lessening of the penalty of the crime

without forgiving the crime itself. The act of clemency is a reprieve.
Today, pardons and reprieves are granted in many countries when
individuals have demonstrated that they have fulfilled their debt to
society, or are otherwise deserving of a pardon or reprieve. In the
Philippines Executive clemencies are:
1. Pardon. Is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with
it. It is granted by a sovereign power, such as a president or chief of
state which is either Absolute Pardon or Conditional Pardon.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

2. Amnesty. It is and of justice by which the supreme power in a state

restores those who may have been guilty of any offense against it to the
position of innocent persons. It includes more than pardon, in as much
as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. The word has
same root as amnesia.
3. Reprieve. A temporary delay in imposition of death penalty by the
executive order of the state. Reasons for reprieve include the possibility
of newly discovered evidence, awaiting the result of some last minute
appeal, or concern of the executive that there have been some error in
the record of examination.
4. Commutation of sentence. It involves the reduction of legal penalties
especially in terms of imprisonment. Unlike pardon, a commutation of
sentence does not nullify the conviction and is often conditional.

 Suspension of Sentence (Probation and Parole). A suspended

sentence is a legal tern for a judges delaying of a defendants serving of
a sentence after he/she has been found guilty, in order to allow the
defendant to perform a period of probation. If the defendant does not
break the law during that period, and fulfills the particular conditions of
the probation, the judge usually dismisses the sentence.

*History of Probation in the Philippines. Probation was first introduced in the

Philippines during the American colonial period (1898-1945), with the
enactment of Act no. 4221 of the Philippine Legislature on August 7, 1935. This
law created a Probation Office under the Department of Justice. On November
16, 1937, after barely two years of existence, the Supreme Court of the
Philippines declared the Probation Law unconstitutional because of some
defects in the law’s procedural framework. In 1972, House Bill no. 393 was
filed in Congress, which would establish a probation system in the Philippines.
This Bill avoided the objectionable feature of Act 4221 that struck down. The bill
was passed by the House of Representatives, but was pending in the Senate
when Martial Law was declared and Congress was abolished.

In 1975, the National Police Commission Interdisciplinary drafted a Probation

Law. After 18 technical hearing over a period of six months, the draft decree
was presented to a selected group of 369 jurists, penologists, civic leaders and
social and behavioral scientists and practitioners. On July 24, 1976, Presidential
Decree no. 968, also known as the Adult Probation Law of 1976, was signed
by the President of the Philippines. The probation system started to operate on
January 3, 1978. There are at present 204 field offices spread all over the
country, supervised by 15 regional offices. (Teodulo Natividad authored the
country’s Probation Law PD 968, thus, considered as the Father of Probation in
the Philippines).

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

*Probation. Section 3 (a) of PD 968, as amended, defined probation s

disposition under which an accused, after conviction and sentence, is released
subject to conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation
officer. It is a privilege granted by the court; it cannot be availed of as a matter
of right by a person convicted of a crime. To be able to enjoy the benefits of
probation, it must first be shown that an applicant has none of the
disqualifications imposed by law.

 Disqualified offenders. Probation is intended for offenders who are 18

years of age and above, and who are not otherwise disqualified by law.
Offenders who are disqualified are those: sentenced to serve a
maximum term of imprisonment of more than six years, convicted of
subversion or any offense against the security of the State, or the Public
order, who have previously convicted by final judgment of an offense
punished by imprisonment of not less than one month and one day or a
fine not more than two hundred pesos, who have been once on
probation under the provisions of this Decree.
 Post-Sentence Investigation and the submission of the Post sentence
investigation report are pre-requisites to the court disposition of the
application for probation.
 Period of Probation. Is in essence a time bound condition. It is a
condition in point of time, which may be shortened and lengthened within
the statutory limits and the achievements by the probationer of the
reasonable degrees of social stability and responsibility from the
measured observation of the supervising officer and the exercise of
discretion by the court in decisive order.
 Probation Conditions
1. Mandatory Conditions. Present himself to the probation officer
designated to undertake his supervision at each place as may be
specified in the order within 72 hours from receipt of said order, and
2. Report to the probation officer at least once in a month at such time
and place as specified by said officer.
3. Special or Discretionary conditions are those additional conditions
imposed on the probationer which are geared towards his correction and
rehabilitation outside of prison and right in the community to which he
belongs.
 *Termination of Probation. After the period of probation and upon
consideration of the report and recommendation of the probation officer,
the court may order the final discharge of the probationer upon finding
that he has fulfilled the terms and conditions of his probation and
thereupon the case is deemed terminated.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

*Programs and Services

1. Post-Sentence Investigation. After conviction and sentenced, a convicted

offender or his counsel files a petition for probation with the trial court, who in
turn orders the Probation Officer to conduct a post-sentence investigation to
determine whether a convicted offender may be place on probation or not.
Probation may conduct PSIR with a period not later than 60 days upon receipt
of the Order of the Court.

2. Pre-Parole Investigation. The Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)

conducts pre-parole investigation of all sentenced prisoners in prisons and jails
within their jurisdiction. The purpose is to determine whether offenders confined
in prisons/jails are qualified for parole or any form of executive clemency and to
discuss with their plans after release. Pre-Parole investigation submitted for
assessment to the Board of Pardons and Parole.

3. Supervision of Offenders. The Agency supervises two types of offenders

under conditional release: 1. Probationers, or persons placed under probation
by the courts, 2 parolees and pardonees, or prisoners released on parole or
conditional pardon.

4. Rehabilitation Programs. The treatment process employed by the field

officers focuses on the particular needs of probationers, parolees and
pardonees.. Assistance is provided to the clientele in the form of job placement,
skills training, spiritual/moral upliftment, counseling, etc.

 *Parole. It is an instance by which prisoners are released on the basis of

their response to the correctional institution and service programs and by
which they are provided with necessary controls and guidance as they
serve the remainder of their sentence in a free community (see Act 4103,
as amended).
 *Community Linkages. Probation/Parole, as a community-based
treatment programs, depends on available resources in the community
for the rehabilitation of offenders. Thus, the Agency recognizing the
important role of the community in rehabilitation, involves the community
in the probation/parole work through the use of volunteer workers and
welfare agencies

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson
Eduardo, J. (2018). Essentials of Criminology. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.,
Quezon City, Philippines.

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Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity 1. Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in
the following statements: (One point each)

1. The principle of punishment makes it impossible for an

individual to commit another crime, at least while they are in prison.

2. Who proposed a type of prison design known as the

Panopticon which means “all-seeing-eye”.

3. Justice Hart Go said: A person is punished not so much

because he deserves it, but in order that others will not be inclined to do the
same or similar thing. His statement refers to what kind of deterrence.

4. This model of justice tries to maximize forgiveness,

hope, accountability and positive outcomes for all parties.

5. One of the early forms of death penalty is burying alive,

which is also known as:

6. Whipping is one of the common forms of punishment,

offenders would be tied a “whipping post” and thrashed with an instrument with
a short handle whip nine leather straps known as;

7. This punishment involves constricting the prisoner into a

ball with iron clamps so that his body would be broken with the compression.
The penalty refers to;

8. This is an instrument used for women who had been

accused of scandalous language which fitted as a cage around their heads with
a metal gag in the mouth that prevented them from speaking.

9. To restore useful life, through therapy and education or

to restore good condition, operation, or capacity is a statement referring to;

10. This prison in the country was originally established for

persons convicted of political crimes.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
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Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions:

1. Distinguish Parole from Probation.

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2. Is the redemption of the Death penalty in the Philippine would be effective in

preventing the crime rate in the Philippines? Yes or No. Defend your answer.
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Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

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In a Nutshell

Now that you already know that the role of Correction in Philippine
Criminal Justice system has a big impact. And you know that there are two
types of Correction, the Institutionalize and Community based correction. Now
it’s your time to elaborate the process of correction in PCJS and the difference
between the two types of correction.
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Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may
indicate your questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your
question is being raised and clarified. You can write your questions below.

Questions/Issues Answers
1.

2.

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3.

4.

5.

Keywords Index

Reciprocity Penitentiary Prison

Penal Management Retribution Bureau of prison
Carcel y presidio
Penology Justice model correctional
Suffering Restorative Justice Mayhalique estate
Correction Punishment Camp sampaguita
Bukang liwayway Penalty Clemency
Pardon Amnesty Reprieve
Parole Probation

BIG PICTURE D

Week 8-9: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to:

a. Understand victims, role of victims in the commission of the crime and determine
theories in understanding victimology.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Understand victims, role of victims

in the commission of the crime and determine theories in
understanding victimology.

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Metalanguage

The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying

this unit. Please refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding the basic concepts of Victimology.

 Secondary crime victims. who experience the harm second hand, such
as intimate partners or significant others of rape victims or children of a
battered woman.
 Who is a Crime Victim. Refers to any person, group, or entity who has
suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity (man-made) such as physical,
psychological and economic. The experience of victimization results in an
increasing fear of the victim of the crime and the spread of fear in the
community.
 Victim Impact Panel. Is a form of community-based or restorative justice in
which the crime victims (or relatives and friends of deceased crime victims)
meet with the defendant after conviction to tell the convict about how the
criminal activity affected them, in the hope of rehabilitation or deterrence.

Essential Knowledge

This unit tackles one the various topic on Victimology in relation to the
study of Criminology.

1. Victimology. It is the scientific study of victimization, including the

relationships between victims and offenders, the interaction between victims
and the criminal justice system – that is, the police and courts, and correction
officials – and the connections between victims and other societal groups and
institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. From this
definition, victimology encompasses the study of:
 Victimization
 Victim-offender relationships
 Victim-criminal justice system relationships
 Victims and the media
 Victims and the costs of crime
 Victims and social movements

2. Theories in Victimology. Over the years, ideas about victim precipitation

have come to be perceived as a negative thing, “victim blaming” it is called.
Research into ways in which victims “contribute” to their own victimization is
considered by victims and victim advocates as both unacceptable and

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destructive. Yet a few enduring models and near theories exist, such as the
following:

 Luckenbill’s (1977) Situated Transaction Model. This one is

commonly found in the sociology of deviance, the idea is that at the
interpersonal level, crime and victimization is a contest of character. The
stages go like insult, clarification, retaliation, counter retaliation, presence
of weapon, onlookers.
 Benjamin & Master’s Threefold Model. This one is found in a variety of
criminological studies, from prison riots to strain theories. The idea is that
conditions that support crime can be classified into three general
categories; 1. Precipitating factors – time, space, being in the wrong
place at the wrong time, 2. Attracting factors – choices, options, lifestyles
(the sociological expression “lifestyle” refers to daily routine activities as
well as special events one engages in on a predictable basis), 3.
Predisposing factors – all the sociodemographic characteristics of
victims, being male, being young, being poor, being a minority, living in
squalor, being single, being unemployed.
 Cohen & Felson’s (1979) Routine Activities Activity. This one is quite
popular among victimologists today who are anxious to test the theory.
Briefly, it says that crime occurs whenever three conditions come
together 1. Suitable targets – and well always have suitable targets as
long as we have poverty, 2. Motivated offenders - and well always have
motivated offenders since victimology, unlike deterministic criminology,
assumes anyone will try to get away with something if they can, and 3.
Absence of guardians – the problem is that there’s few defensible
spaces and in the absence of private security, the government can’t do
the job alone.

3. Crime Victim. A victims refers to a person who has suffered direct, or

threatened, physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the
commission of a crime; or in the case of a victim being an institutional entity,
any of the same harms by an individual or authorized representative of another
entity. Group harms are normally covered under civil and constitutional law, with
“hate crime” being an emerging criminal law development, although criminal law
tends to treat all cases as individualized.

 Besides “primary crime victims”, there are also “secondary crime

victims” who experience the harm second hand, such as intimate
partners or significant others of rape victims or children of a battered
woman. It may also make sense to talk about “tertiary crime victims”
who experience the harm vicariously, such as media accounts or from
watching television. Victim defenses have recently emerged in cases of
parricide and homicide of batterers by abused spouses. Advocates for
battered women were among the first to recognize the issue, and
promote the “battered woman syndrome” to defend women who killed or

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

seriously injured a spouse or partner after enduring years of physical,

emotional and sexual abuse.
 Attorney’s have also drawn upon theories of post-traumatic stress
disorder to defend their client’s behavior. From time to time, media
attention to these defenses becomes intense, and certain “high profile”
cases tend to influence public opinion, and spread confusion over who is
the “victim” and who is the “victimize”.

*Who is a Crime Victim. Refers to any person, group, or entity who has
suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity (man-made) such as physical,
psychological and economic. The experience of victimization results in an
increasing fear of the victim of the crime and the spread of fear in the
community.

*Consequences of Crime

 Emotional distress as a result of crime is a recurring theme for all

victims of crime. The most common problem affecting three quarters of
victims was psychological problems including fear, anxiety, nervousness,
self-blame, anger, shame and difficulty sleeping. These problems often
result in the development of chronic PTSD.

*Models of Victimization

 Victim of Crime Model (Man made cause). This model of victimization

is applicable to victims of man-made causes like homicide, rape and
others. This stages are Stage of Impact and Disorganization this depicts
the attitude of activity of the victim during and immediately following the
criminal event, Stage of Recoil in which this stage occurs during which
the victim formulates psychological defenses and deals with conflicting
emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance and desire of revenge and
Reorganization stage which occurs during which the victims puts his/her
life back to normal daily living.
 Victim of Disaster Model (Natural Cause). This model of victimization
is applicable to victims of natural causes like earthquake, flood, volcanic
eruption and others. The stages are Pre-impact Stage in which describes
the state of the victim prior to being victimized, Impact Stage which
victimization occurs, Post impact Stage entails the degree and duration
of the personal and social disorganization following victimization and
Behavioral Outcome Stage which describes the victim’s adjustment to
the victimization experience.

*Kinds of Crime Victim. It involves Direct or Primary Crime Victim, in this

kind of victim directly suffers the harm or injury which is physical, psychological,
and economic losses. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim, who experience
the harm second hand, such as intimate partners or significant others of rape

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

victims or children of a battered woman and Tertiary Crime Victim who

experience the harm vicariously, such as through media accounts, the scared
public or community due to watching news regarding crime incidents.

*Victim Assistance

 Victims should receive the necessary material, medical, psychological

and social assistance through governmental, voluntary, community
based and indigenous means.
 Victims should be informed of the availability of health and social
services and other relevant assistance and be readily afforded access to
them.
 Police, justice, health, social service and other personnel concerned
should receive training to sensitize them to the needs of victims, and
guidelines to ensure proper and prompt aid.
 In providing services and assistance to victims, attention should be given
to those who have special needs because of the nature of the harm
inflicted or because of factors.

*Mendelsohn’s Types of Victim. Believe that most victims had an

“unconscious aptitude for being victimized”. According to Mendelsohn
innocent, victim with only minor guilt, victim who is just as guilty as the
offender, the victim guiltier than the offender, the most guilty victims and
imaginary victim are the types of victim.

*Von Hentig’s Taxonomy of Murder Victims.

 Depressive type – a victim who lacks ordinary prudence and discretion.

 Greedy of gain or acquisitive type – a victim who lacks all normal
inhibitions and well founded suspicions.
 Wanton or Overly Sensual Type – a victim where “females foibles play a
role. This victim is particularly vulnerable to stresses that occur at a
given period of time in the life cycle, such as juvenile victims.
 Tormentor Type – the victim of attack from the target of his or her abuse,
such as with battered women.
 Lonesome Type – this is the same with the acquisitive type of vitim, by
virtue of wanting companionship or affection.
 Heartbroken Type – this victim is emotionally disturbed by virtue of
heartaches and pains.

*Von Hentig’s Classes of Victim.

 The young – is weak by virtue of age and immaturity.

 The Female – is physically less powerful and is easily dominated by
male.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

 The Old – is incapable of physical defense and common object of illegal

scheme.
 The Mentally Defective – is unable to think clearly.
 The Immigrant – is unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding
society.
 The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal
treatment by the agency of justice.

4. Crime Prevention and Protection Principles. This can be broadly defined as

anything that reduces the level of crime and/or the perceived fear of crime.
*Frameworks of crime prevention

 It is focused on making the environment safe from crime;

 It may reduce the potential from crime in high-risk situations; and
 Halt the possibility of future crime.
(these three areas of action safe environment, high risk potential, and future
crime have been conceptualized as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.)

*Frameworks of Crime Protection

 It is focused on ensuring victims, their rights to assistance and attention

to their needs; and
 It particularly emphasizes the prevention of re-victimization.

5. Stages of Crime Prevention

 Primary prevention can be done I any context or location, whether a
residence, workplace, school, neighborhood, community, or society.

*Theories of Primary Crime Prevention

a. Social Disorganization Theory states that residential mobility and racial

heterogeneity led people to have little interest in improving their neighborhood
and more of an interest in moving out, leaving behind an area where crime
could easily occur.

b. defensible space theory like its counterpart in the field of private security
called crime prevention through environmental design, tends to focus on
preventing easy access and exit by potential criminals as well as the elimination
of their hiding places and where they can geographically select a target.

c. Routine Activity theory posits a high rate of potential victims becoming actual
victims whenever three things occur in space and time together the absence of
capable guardians, an abundance of motivated offenders and suitable targets.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

d. Broken Window Theory argues that signs of decay, disorder and incivilities,
such as abandoned buildings, broken street lights, and graffiti all invite potential
criminals to an area.

1. Secondary Prevention involves a focus upon specific problems, places and

times worhoith the twin goals of reducing situation specific opportunities for
crime and increasing the risks of committing crime or Situational Crime
Prevention which involves:
 Problem oriented policing where the problem drives a team solution;
 Hot spots analysis which targets certain areas for saturation or directed
patrol;
 Surveillance and target hardening which increase the risk and effort for
committing crime;
 Property identification;
 Security lighting;
 Intrusion alarms;
 Neighborhood watch;
 Citizen patrols;
 Protection personnel; and
 Efforts on the part of victims to change their lifestyle.

2. Tertiary Prevention is a term taken from the field of medicine to describe the
procedures to be taken after a disease or threat is manifest. Such procedures
typically serve a deterrence or minimization of harm purpose and are almost
always characterized by being reactive, or after the fact. Example would include
personal injury or property insurance as well as self-protective measures
engaged in by those who have been victimized previously.

6. Criminal Justice System Response to Victim. About 40 to 50 years ago,

research examined that victim approached the issue from the perspective of
“shared responsibility”, wherein crime victims were part “responsible” for their
victimization. Moreover, in the research there is a host of individual, situational,
and community level factors that increases risk of criminal victimization.
Individual can be described in terms of socio-demographic characteristics or the
S.A.U.C.E.R. (sex-male or female, age-young, middle aged or elderly, urban or
rural, class, ethnicity or religion).

7. Victims and the Criminal Justice System. Victims of crime deserve rights and
services in the CJS that begin from reporting crime to the police, and continues
through the entire CJS and correction process. The CJS can minimize and
avoid inflicting “secondary victimization” that has often characterized much of
the plight of victims of crime.

CJS Agencies Roles and Responsibilities

 Law Enforcement- as “first responders” to most crimes, police
departments serve a critical and primary role in providing immediate

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

intervention and assistance to victims of crime. Police based services

provide essential assistance to victims of crime and essential services
should include but not limited to:
 Orientation to the law enforcement and investigatory process.
 Provision of or referral and accompaniment to crisis intervention and
psychological first aid.
 Accompaniment to emergency medical services in cases involving injury.
 Contacting a victim service professional to provide on site assistance
and support, upon request of the victim.
 Providing information to crime victims about their constitutional and
statutory rights, and the availability of crime compensation.
 Personally contacting the victim by telephone or in person 24-to-48
hours following the initial response to see if assistance has been sought
and/or received.
 Immediate referrals to community agencies that offer emergency
services to victims, as well as information about financial assistance,
should be provided to all victims.

*Prosecution. If the law enforcement has investigated crimes and suspects

have been arrested, the cases are referred to prosecutors. These are usually
handled through either an initial court appearance or some processes leading
to charging and arraignment. At this point, information regarding the
investigation and facts of the crimes are presented by the law enforcers to the
court with the assistance of prosecutors. And they are bound over for trial on
the charges.

*Court. Assuming a case goes beyond the plea negotiation stage, during the
trial, the defendant continues to receive basic protections granted by the
Constitution, state constitutions and various case law holdings. Judges are
empowered to sentence convicted criminals.

*Correction. In the Philippines, if the accused is sentenced 3 years and above

to a term of imprisonment, the Bureau of Corrections assumes responsibility for
convict’s supervision. The offender’s file that contains details of the crime, court
case and sentence, victim impact statement, recommendations for treatment
and services.

*Community. It is where a person (prisoner) after service of his or her sentence

is related into. Community is a place where a well-developed person after
having been reformed in the prison starts a new life.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand
the lesson

Eduardo, J. (2018). Essentials of Criminology. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.,

Quezon City, Philippines.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Let’s Check

Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.

Activity 1. Multiple Choice. Select the best answer by encircling the letter that
corresponds to the given question. (1 point each)

1. This refers to the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships

between victims and offenders, the interaction between victims and the CJS.
a. victimology b. Victimity c. Victimization d. Victim
Justice System

2.The concept of “victim” dates back to ancient cultures and civilizations, such
as the ancient Hebrews. Its original meaning was rooted in the idea of sacrifice
or.
a. Scapegoat b. Sacrificial Lamb c. Victimization d. Any of
them

3. It generally refers to any person, group or entity who has suffered injury or
loss due to illegal activity. The harm can be physical, psychological, or
economic. The statement refers to:
a. Crime victim b. Victim c. Innocent victim d.
Accidental victim

4. According to Von Hentig, a person who becomes a victim of attack from the
target of his or her abuse refers to:
a. Greedy type b. Tormentor type c. Innocent type d.
Wanton type

5. This stage under the Victim of Crime Model occurs during which the victim
formulates psychological defenses and deals with conflicting emotions of guilt,
anger, acceptance and desire of revenge.
a. Stage of recoil c. Stage of Impact and Disorganization
b. Reorganization Stage d. Recovery Stage

6. This stage under the Victim of Disaster model entails the degree and duration
of the personal and social disorganization following victimization.
a. Pre-impact stage b. Impact stage c. Post impact stage
d. Behavioral Outcome

7. This institution is considered as the prime mover of the CJS.

a. Prosecution b. Correction c. Court d.
Law Enforcement

8. This kind of victim refers to those who experience the harm vicariously, such
as through media accounts, the scared public or community due to watching
news regarding crime incidents.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

a. Indirect victim b. Direct victim c. Tertiary victim d. Primary

victim

9. In victim assistance, victims should be informed of the availability of health

and ______ services and other relevant assistance and be readily afforded
access to them.
a. Personal b. Social c. Medical d.
Guidance and counseling

10. Roger was robbed by Loren. The latter succeeded using the mental
deficiency of the former as the opportunity for her to enter into the formers
house. Hence, under the Mendelsohn’s types of victim, Roger is what kind of
victim?
a. Imaginary victim b. Most guilty c. Innocent victim d.
None of them

II. Enumeration. Provide answers of the following questions.

1. Give at least 5 factors that encompass the study of victimology. (1 point

each)
a.
_______________________________________________________________
b.
_______________________________________________________________
c.
_______________________________________________________________
d.
_______________________________________________________________
e.
_______________________________________________________________

2. Enumerate at least 5 psychological consequences of crime.

a.
_______________________________________________________________
b.
_______________________________________________________________
c.
_______________________________________________________________
d.
_______________________________________________________________
e.
_______________________________________________________________

3. Give at least 5 Von Hentig’s Taxonomy of Murder Victims.

a.
_______________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

c.
_______________________________________________________________
d.
_______________________________________________________________
e.
_______________________________________________________________

III. Essay. Answer the following questions comprehensively. (5 points each)

1. Present and discuss the relationship of the pillars of the PCJS.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. What do you think is the present problem of the PCJS? Give at least 5 from
each pillar.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Let’s Analyze

Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding
about the topics of this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to
ELABORATE your answers about the following questions: (5 points each)

1. How important studying victimology in the field of Criminology? And How it

related to study crime?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

In a Nutshell

Victimology is now being emphasized in the study of Criminology. Being

one of the character or part in the commission of the crime, and accordingly
neglected character or not emphasized in Criminal Justice System. However,
the role of the victim in the commission of the crime has a big impact in the
success of the crime. With this, we identify the different theories that victims

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

might help in the commission of the crime. Moreover, we identify how Criminal
Justice system protect and prevent victimization. Now, its your time discuss and
elaborate more the concept of victimology in the study of Criminology.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may
indicate your questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your
question is being raised and clarified. You can write your questions below.

Questions/Issues Answers
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Keywords Index

Situated transaction
Secondary crime victim mode Emotional distress
Crime Victim Routine activity model Victimization
Victim impact panel Primary victim Tertiary crime prevention
Broken widow theory Tertiary prevention

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

COURSE SCHEDULES

Please be mindful of the schedules below to avoid future problems in complying with
your requirements.

Activity Date Where to submit

Big Picture A: ULOa Let’s Check
August 20, 2020 CF’s email
and Analyze Activities
Big Picture A: ULOa In a Nutshell August 22, 2020 CF’s email
Big Picture A: ULOa Q and A List August 24, 2020 via Zoom app
Big Picture A: ULOb Let’s Check
August 25, 2020 CF’s email
and Analyze Activities
Big Picture A: ULOb In a Nutshell August 27, 2020 CF’s email
Big Picture A: ULOb Q and A List August 28, 2020 via Zoom app
First Examination September 4,
Quipper LMS
2020
Big Picture B: ULOa Let’s Check September 8,
CF’s email
and Analyze Activities 2020
Big Picture B: ULOa In a Nutshell September 10,
CF’s email
2020
Big Picture B: ULOa Q and A List September 12,
via Zoom app
2020
Big Picture B: ULOb Let’s Check September 15,
2020 CF’s email
and Analyze Activities
Big Picture B: ULOb In a Nutshell September 15,
2020 CF’s email
Big Picture B: ULOb Q and A List September 16, via Zoom app
2020
Second Examination September 18,
Quipper LMS
2020
Big Picture C: ULOa Let’s Check September 22,
2020 CF’s email
and Analyze Activities
Big Picture C: ULOa In a Nutshell September 24,
2020 CF’s email
Big Picture C: ULOa Q and A List September 25,
via Zoom app
2020
Big Picture C: ULOb Let’s Check September 26,
CF’s email
and Analyze Activities 2020
Big Picture C: ULOb In a Nutshell September 26,
2020 CF’s email
Big Picture C: ULOb Q and A List September 28,
via Zoom app
2020
Third Examination October 2, 2020 Quipper LMS
Big Picture D: ULOa Let’s Check
October 8, 2020 CF’s email
and Analyze Activities
Big Picture D: ULOa In a Nutshell October 8, 2020 CF’s email
Big Picture D: ULOa Q and A List October 9, 2020 via Zoom app
Big Picture D: ULOb Let’s Check October 13, 2020 CF’s email

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

and Analyze Activities

Big Picture D: ULOb In a Nutshell October 13, 2020 CF’s email
Big Picture D: ULOb Q and A List October 14, 2020 via Zoom app
October 15-16,
Final Examination Quipper LMS
2020

Please note that this schedule may change from time to time. It is advisable that you
always keep in contact with your teacher for updates and always check your LMS or
Group Chatrooms.

Online Code of Conduct

 All teachers/Course Coordinators and students are expected to abide by an

honor code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-
management and self-regulation.
 Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning
facilitators in holding DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with
properly under existing guidelines, specifically on social media conduct (OPM
21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
 All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending
DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing
guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
 Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s
Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity;
academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all
lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance
tasks and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and
observance of data privacy.
 Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The
University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize
plagiarism.
 All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Coordinators shall be
properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Coordinators shall be
professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the
online classes or published in SIM/SDL manuals.
 Teachers/Course Coordinators shall devote time to handle DED courses and
shall honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
 Teachers/Course Coordinators shall never engage in quarrels with students
online. While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the
teachers/Course Coordinators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and
moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory languages
are absolutely prohibited.
 Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do
assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall
not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g.
examinations, assignments).

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 DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

 Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
 By handling DED courses, teachers/Course Coordinators agree and abide by all
the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and
protocols in handling online courses.
 By enrolling in DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions of
the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in
handling online courses.

Monitoring of OBD and DED

 The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective DED classes through the
LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e. monitoring of the
conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with generated utilization graphs
and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports shall be generated and
consolidated by program and by department.
 The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.
 For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct of
DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs for
endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.

Course prepared by:

AIMEE M. AYA-AY, RCRIM

Course Coordinators

Course reviewed by:

MARCK LESTER L. NAVALES, CPA, MBA

Assistant Dean

Approved by:

GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD

Dean of College

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 DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management Program
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116

Work Plan for Lecture

Days
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Modality Synchronous Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
 Teacher to
Type of  Learner to Learner to Learner to Teacher to Learner  Learner to
Learner
interaction Content Learner Content Content
 Uploading of  Utilization of  Group Sharing  Utilization of  Discussion  Utilization of
Learning SIM a. Collab SIM (Clarification or SIM
Materials b. Forum New lessons)
 Videos c. Zoom  Videos a. Collab  Videos
 Discussion b. Forum
a. Collab  Self-directed  Consultation  Self-directed c. Zoom  Self-directed
b.Forum Activities Activities Activities
c. Zoom  Supplementary Rest
Suggested Day
Activities
Activities
 Giving of
Formative  Quiz
Assessment
 Consultation
 Giving of
Performance
Task

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

AIMEE M. AYA-AY, RCrim. MARCK LESTER L. NAVALES, CPA, MBA GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD
Course Teacher Assistant Dean Dean of College

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