BPT 101 Anatomy I (Basic Concepts and Upper Extremity)

BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course will provide the students about the basic concepts of anatomy that includes
introduction to anatomy, body planes and axes, joints and its classification, histology and
embryology. The course also focuses on detail anatomy of upper limb.

Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
• Explain the basic concept of human joints, histology and embryology;
• Describe the types of connective tissues including skin, cartilage, bone, joints,
muscles;
• Explain different anatomical positions, planes, axes and descriptive terms;
• Describe the concept of dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes;
• Describe in detail the upper limb structures and function of muscles, ligament,
bones, joints, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics; and
• Explain the surface marking and applied anatomy of upper extremity.

Course Contents

Unit I: Basic Anatomy 12 hours

Introduction to anatomy, body planes and axes. Joints- classification with examples. Histology:
tissue- classification and description; general histology – connective tissue, nervous tissue,
muscular tissue, cartilage, bones, arteries, veins and lymphoid tissue. Embryology:
spermatogenesis, gametogenesis, gastrulation, ossification and neurulation; Concepts of
dermatomes, myotomes and sclerotomes.

Unit II: Upper Extremity

A. Pectoral Region and Arm 14 hours

Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: scapula, clavicle and humerus; Joints: pectoral
girdle; blood supply, nerve supply and action of pectoral region and arm; brachial plexus;
breast; surface marking; applied anatomy.

B. Forearm and Wrist 8 hours

Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: ulna, radius and carpals; elbow, radioulnar and
wrist joints; blood supply, nerve supply and action of forearm and wrist; cubital fossa; surface
marking; applied anatomy.

C. Hand 10 hours
Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: metacarpals and phalanges; joints of hand;
blood supply, nerve supply and action of hand; arches of hand; surface marking; applied
anatomy.

D. Lymphatic System of Upper Extremity 2 hours

Case Discussion on Applied Anatomy of Upper Extremity 2 hours

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Teaching Methods
Discussion, Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Snell, R. S. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Boston: Little Brown; 1995.
2. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 1 (Upper limb and
Thorax). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.
3. Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7h ed. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
4. Datta AK, Essentials of human Anatomy: Superior and Inferior extremities. 5th ed.
Current Books International: Kolkata.
5. Singh I. Text book of Anatomy with colour atlas: Introduction, Osteology, Upper
Extremity, Lower Extremity. Vol I. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 1996.
6. Singh I. Textbook of Human Osteology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
7. Standring S, Neil RB and Henry G. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical
Practice. 40th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008.
8. Poddar S. Bhagat A. Handbook of osteology. 13 ed. Scientific Book Company. 2015.

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 BPT 102 Anatomy II (Lower Extremity and Pelvis)
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course is designed to cover the detail anatomical aspect of the lower extremity and pelvis.
The subject also includes the integumentary system which consists of the skin structure,
function, blood and nerve supply;

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Describe in detail the lower extremity including the pelvis structures and function
of muscles, ligaments, bones, joints, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics;
• Explain the surface marking and applied anatomy of lower extremity and pelvis;
and
• Explain the skin structure, function, blood supply, nerve supply and applied
anatomy.

Course Contents

Unit I: Lower Extremity and Pelvis

A. Pelvic Region and Thigh 16 hours

Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: pelvic bone, femur; muscle of pelvic floor;
Joints: pelvic girdle; blood supply, nerve supply and action of pelvic girdle and thigh muscles;
gluteal region; compartments of thigh; femoral triangle, femoral canal, inguinal canal, adductor
canal; lumbar and sacral plexus; surface marking; applied anatomy.

B. Leg and Ankle 12 hours

Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: Patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones; Knee (patello
femoral, tibio-fibular) and ankle joints; blood supply, nerve supply and actions of muscles;
popliteal fossa; compartments of leg; surface marking; applied anatomy.

C. Foot 12 hours
Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: metatarsals and phalanges; joints of foot; blood
supply, nerve supply and action of foot muscles; arches of foot; surface marking; applied
anatomy

D. Lymphatic System of Lower Extremity 2 hours

Case Discussion on Applied Anatomy of Lower Extremity 2 hours

Teaching Methods: Discussion

Unit II: Integumentary System 2 hours

Skin – structure, layers, function, blood and nerve supply; applied anatomy

Teaching Methods
Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

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References
1. Snell, R. S. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Boston: Little Brown; 1995.
2. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 2 (Lower limb,
Abdomen and Pelvis). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.
3. Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7h ed. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
4. Datta AK, Essentials of human Anatomy: Superior and Inferior extremities. 5th ed.
Current Books International: Kolkata.
5. Singh I. Text book of Anatomy with colour atlas: Introduction, Osteology, Upper
Extremity, Lower Extremity. Vol I. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 1996.
6. Singh I. Textbook of Human Osteology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
7. Standring S, Neil RB and Henry G. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical
Practice. 40th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008.
8. Poddar S. Bhagat A. Handbook of osteology. 13 ed. Scientific Book Company. 2015.

4
 BPT 103 Physiology I (Basic Concepts, Haemopoietic and Musculoskeletal System)
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course will provide the students about the basic concepts of physiology about the cell
structure, function and body fluids. The course will also cover the detailed physiological aspect
of haemopoietic and musculoskeletal system.

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Describe the components, functions of cell membrane, cell organelles with their
functions, intercellular connections, communications and active-passive transport;
• Explain the genesis of resting membrane potential, characteristic features of an
action potential including its ionic basis and action potential;
• Describe the type and components of body fluids;
• List the composition, functions of blood and types and functions of plasma proteins;
• Define erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis and its stages, development and regulation
factors and functions;
• List the types of blood groups and its significance;
• Define hemostasis and describe its mechanism;
• Classify the muscle and its functional organization and properties;
• Explain the types of muscle fibre, muscle contraction and properties; and
• Know the applied physiology with appropriate definitions and clinical features.

Course Contents

Unit I: Basic Physiology 4 hours

Cell: structure and function; body fluids: distribution, composition, formation and transport
mechanism across cell membrane; homeostasis

Unit II: Haemopoietic System 12 hours

Body fluids: types and components; Red Blood Cells: morphology, counts, functions,
erythropoiesis, hemoglobin and iron metabolism; White blood cells: morphology,
classification, counts and functions; Platelets: morphology, counts, functions; Clotting
mechanism and clotting factors; Blood grouping: Landsteiner’s law, Rhesus (Rh) factor; Blood
transfusion: cross matching, indications and complications; Circulation and function of lymph
and lymphoid tissue; Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Packed Cell Volume; Applied
physiology: Anemia, Polycythemia, Neutropaenia, neutrophilia, erythroblastosis fetalis,
clotting disorders.

Unit III: Musculoskeletal Physiology 14 hours

Muscle classification, functional organization and properties; Neuromuscular junction and
transmission, motor unit; Excitation contraction coupling; Action potential, Resting membrane
potential; Types of muscle fiber and muscle contraction; Muscle length- tension relationship;
Strength duration curve; Applied physiology: Rigor mortis, Tetany, Myasthenia gravis, Clonus.

Case Discussion on Applied Physiology 2 hours

Teaching Methods: Discussion

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Teaching Methods
Lecture, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text book of medical physiology. 12th ed. USA: Saunders
Elsevier; 2011.
2. Chaudhuri S K. Concise medical physiology. 6th ed. NCBA.
3. John NA. CC. Chatterjee’s Human Physiology. 12th ed. CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
4. Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 5th ed. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2010.
5. Jain AK. Textbook of Physiology. Vol 1 & 2. 7th ed. Avichal Publishing Company;
2017.
6. Venkatesh D & Sudhakar H H. Basics of Medical physiology. 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer.

6
 BPT 104 Biochemistry
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
This course is designed to introduce Biochemistry and its application. This course focuses in
medical biochemistry and its significance in understanding health and disease as whole. It also
aims to provide knowledge to students on significance of biochemistry in diagnosis and
treatment plan of various health conditions.

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Explain the importance of nutrition, nutritional aspects of carbohydrates, proteins
and their role in diet;
• Describe the carbodydrate metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, citric acid
cycle, glycogen metabolism and cori cycle;
• Describe the structure of protein, define amino acids and its classification;
• Define and understand the functions of lipids and the classifications and also
understand the lipid absorption and its metabolism;
• Define and classify vitamins;
• Describe the biochemical functions and deficiency disorders for the following fat-
soluble vitamins;
• Describe the effect of different factors on enzyme activity;
• Describe enzyme inhibition and regulation of enzyme activity;
• Explain the mechanism of regulation of enzymes;
• Describe co-enzymes. Define iso-enzymes and its application;
• Describe aerobic an anaerobic glycolysis and regulation of glycolysis;
• List the essential micronutrients, RDA, their biochemical functions and their
deficiency symptoms;
• List the macro and micro minerals, RDA, their biochemical functions and their
deficiency symptoms;
• Define acid, base, pH and pKa;
• Read and understand the biochemical findings; role of lungs and kidney in acid base
balance and imbalance; and
• Understand application of chemistry to the study of biological processes.

Course Contents

Unit I: Nutrition 5 hours

Importance of nutrition; Calorific values; Calorimetry- energy values, respiratory quotient, etc;
Basal Metabolic Rate; Nutritional aspects of carbohydrates, fats & fibers; Nutritional aspects
of proteins; Balanced diet and dietary recommendations; Protein Energy Malnutrition-
Marasmus & kwashiorkor; Role of carbohydrate, protein and lipid in diet.

Unit II: Carbohydrates 11 hours

A. Introduction: Definition, chemistry and classification; Digestion and absorption of
carbohydrates; Dietary fiber.
B. Carbohydrate Metabolism:

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 1. Glycolysis: Definition; Site and subcellular site; Mention the regulatory enzymes and
list the names of hormones that regulate it in the well-fed state and starvation;
Energetics
2. Gluconeogenesis: Definition; Key enzymes; Pathway of synthesis of glucose from
pyruvate and lactate; mention the regulatory enzymes and list the names of hormones
that regulate it in the well-fed state and starvation; Significance
3. Citric acid cycle: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (reaction and coenzymes);
Reactions with all the enzymes and coenzymes; Regulatory enzymes
4. Glycogen metabolism: Definition, site, subcellular site; End product of degradation
and its fate; Functions of glycogen; Regulation (Regulatory enzymes, names of
hormones, well-fed state and starvation)
5. Cori cycle
6. Glycogen storage disorders (Name, defective enzyme, tissue affected in Type I, V &
VI)

Unit III: Protein and Amino Acid 5 hours

General structure; Peptides and its importance; Amino acids (definition/ examples): a. Standard
amino acids, b. Glucogenic and ketogenic and c. Essential and non-essential; Classification of
proteins and amino acids based on composition, functions and shape (with examples); Collagen
(Structure of Mature Collagen)

Unit IV: Lipids 7 hours

A. Lipid Chemistry 2 hours
Definition; Functions of lipids in the body; Classification of lipids (subclasses with examples);
Classification of fatty acids (Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids); Essential fatty acids

B. Lipid Digestion, Absorption and Associated Disorder 2 hours

Process of digestion; Absorption of lipids (Diagrammatic representation)

C. Lipid Metabolism 3 hours

1. Synthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG): Schematic structure of triacylglycerol; Reactions;
Fate of TAG in liver and adipose tissue
2. Lipolysis: Reactions; Mention the regulatory enzymes and list the names of hormones
that regulate it in the well-fed state and starvation
3. Lipoproteins: Classification (based on electrophoretic mobility and ultracentrifugation
properties); Site of synthesis and functions of chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

Unit V: Minerals 2 hours

Name the macro/ microminerals; Iron: Sources, RDA, Functions and Disorders of deficiency
and excess; Calcium and phosphorus, magnesium, iron: Sources,RDA, functions, normal
serum levels and hormones regulating their level

Unit VI: Vitamins 4 hours

Definition and classification; RDA, sources, coenzyme forms, biochemical functions and
disorders for the following water-soluble vitamins: Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic
acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin, Cobalamine, Folic acid, Ascorbic acid; RDA, sources, coenzyme
forms, biochemical functions and deficiency disorders for the following fat-soluble vitamins;
A, D, E, K.

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Unit VII: Molecular Biology 2 hours
Bases (Purines and Pyrimidines), nucleosides and nucleotides; Structure of DNA; Differences
between DNA and RNA; Definition (Replication, Transcription, Translation)

Unit VIII: Biochemistry of Connective Tissue 1 hour

Introduction, tissue proteins, collagen, elastin – glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Unit IX: Enzymes 3 hours

Definition and classification; Definition of isoenzymes with examples (Emphasis on creatine
kinase, lactate dehydrogenase); Proenzymes- Definition and examples (Pepsin & trypsin);
Factors affecting enzyme activity; Clinical significance of enzymes (CK, ALP, AST, ALT,
LDH)

Unit X: Acid Base Balance and Disturbances 3 hours

Definitions of acid, base, pH and pKa; Buffers: i. Definition; ii. Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, principal buffer systems in the ECF ICF and urine; iii. Bicarbonate and phosphate
buffer systems (pKa value, normal ratio of base/acid in the plasma); Acidosis and Alkalosis:
Definition & Classification; Causes and biochemical findings; Role of lungs and kidney in acid
base balance and imbalance

Unit XI: Clinical Biochemistry 5 hours

Normal levels of blood and urine constituents; Blood and urine level levels of glucose; Urea,
uric acid, creatinine, calcium. Phosphate, pH and bicarbonate; Liver function tests and renal
function test

Teaching Method
Lecture

References
1. Prasad RM. RM’s Physiotherapy Textbook Series, Text book of Biochemistry for
Bachelor of Physiotherapy. 4th ed. Mangalore: RM Publications; 2014.
2. Murray Robert KK, Harper’s Biochemistry. 29th ed. Prentice Hall: McGraw Hill; 2012.
3. Ramakrishna S, Prasanna KG, Rajan R, Text Book of Medical Biochemistry. 1st ed.
Bombay: Orient Langman.
4. Vasudevan, Kumari S. Text Book of Biochemistry for Medical students. 1st ed. New
Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
5. Das D. Biochemistry. 7th ed. Calcutta: Academic Publishers.
6. Satyanarayan U. Chakrapani U. Biochemistry. 4th ed. Elsevier

9
 BPT 105 Microbiology and Clinical Immunology
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course will provide the students about the concepts of general microbiology, sterilization,
immunity, bacteria, viruses, mycology and other conditions.

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Learn the nomenclature, taxonomy and classification of microorganisms;
• Classify various micro-organisms and its morphology;
• Explain the principal and process of disinfection, sterilization, antisepsis and
decontamination;
• Define health care associated infections;
• Enumerate the general features of common and medically important bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites; and
• Explain the basic principal of identifying microbes.

Course Contents

Unit I: General Microbiology 2 hours

Nomenclature, taxonomy and classification of microorganisms

Unit II: Sterilization & Disinfection 6 hours

Introduction and different modes of sterilization and disinfection: Heat (Dry heat, and moist
heat methods), Radiation, Filtration, Chemical agents (Disinfectants), Antiseptics, Gases;
Hospital acquired infection; Universal safety precautions and waste disposal

Unit III: Immunology 6 hours

Antigen-antibody—reaction & application for diagnosis; Immune response- normal/abnormal;
Innate immunity & acquired immunity [vaccination]; Hyper-sensitivity: i. auto-immunity, ii.
Immune response- normal/abnormal

Unit IV: Bacteriology 10 hours

Common infection caused by gram positive cocci :Gas gangrene, Clostridium, Diphtheria
morphology of bacteria, mode of disease transmission, methods of prevention, basic principle
of diagnosis and interpretation of laboratory reports); Common Infection caused by gram
negative cocci: urinary tract Infection, GI infections, Mycobacterial infection: tuberculosis,
Syphilis: morphology & pathogenesis [VDRL], Typhoid, cholera, Leprosy, Atypical
Mycobacterium & Diarrhoea (morphology of bacteria, mode of disease transmission, methods
of prevention, basic principle of diagnosis and interpretation of laboratory reports)

Unit V: Virus 3 hours

Introduction & general properties of viruses; HIV, hepatitis, polio, measles, Herplex, Rubella,
CMV, EB; Pathogenesis of viral infections; Prophylaxis and basic principle of diagnosing viral
diseases

10
Unit VI: Mycology 3 hours
General properties of fungi; Opportunistic infections: Candidiasis, Mycetoma, Aspergillosis,
Rhinosporidium, Cryptococcus (Principle of laboratory diagnosis and common areas of
infection).

Unit VII: Parasites Affecting CNS 2 hours

Malaria, Filaria, Toxoplasma, Cysticriosis & Echinococcus (General properties and principle
of laboratory diagnosis)

Teaching Method
Lecture

References
1. Baveja CP, Baveja V. Text book of Microbiology for Physiotherapy. 4th ed. Arya
Publications.
2. Gupta S. Short textbook of Medical Microbiology. 10th ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers.
3. Kapil A. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Text book of Microbiology. 9th ed. Hyderabad:
Universities Press. 2013.
4. Reddy KR. Microbilogy & Parasitology. 5th ed. Paras Medical Publisher; 2014.
5. Chakraborty P. A Textbook of Microbiology. NCBA; 2008.

11
 BPT 106 Introduction to Physiotherapy (Including Ethics)
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course will provide an introduction to physiotherapy as a discipline within the health care
system, including the history and development, philosophy, purposes, legal and ethical aspects
of physical therapy. Additionally, students will receive a basic understanding of
communication, documentation, ICF and basic therapeutic exercises.

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Understand what is physiotherapy, its scope of practice and current situation about
physiotherapy in Nepal;
• Acquire knowledge about different physiotherapy organization (national and
international) and their Professional physiotherapy practice including leadership,
ethics and professional issues at national and international level;
• Define and know the principles of International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health and its application on a clinical condition;
• Define and know the principles, types, indication and contraindication of basic
therapeutic assessment like range of motion, MMT, muscle length, strength, limb
girth and limb length measurement;
• Define and know the principles, indication and contraindication of the basic
technique of relaxation, suspension therapy and soft tissue massage;
• Define the fundamental and derived starting positions;
• Understand the principles of stick diagram; and
• Define and understand the purpose of reflective practice and portfolio.

Course Contents

Unit I: Physiotherapy 2 hours

definition, specialties, scope and job scenario in Nepal (government and non-government
level), job description

Unit II: History of Physiotherapy and Evolution of Physiotherapy in Nepal (clinical and
at education level) 2 hours

Unit III: Organization 5 hours

WCPT, Asia-Pacific WCPT, NHPC, NEPTA: philosophy, purpose, guidelines, standards of
practice, core values, ethical principles, professional conduct, professional standard, licensing
and accreditation

Unit IV: Professionalism and Professional Ethics 4 hours

Principles, continuing physiotherapy education, life-long learner

Unit V: Introduction to Leadership 2 hours

Unit VI: Multidisciplinary Team Approach 2 hours

roles of other health care providers, health care facilities in Nepal

12
Unit VII: Orientation to Basic Therapeutics Equipment 2 hours
tilt table, suspension therapy, transfers with suspension, quads table, Thera band, weight cuff,
tubes, biofeedback mirror, biofeedback pressure, shoulder wheel, shoulder ladder, shoulder
pulleys, pronator / supinator instrument, static cycle, treadmill, rowing machine, ankle
exerciser and balancing board, springs, different types, assistive devices: crutches, types-
axillary, elbow or forearm, gutter etc. canes, walkers, wheel chair, continuous passive
movement, medicine ball, Swiss ball

Unit VIII: Therapeutic Assessment

A. ROM 2 hours
AROM, AAROM, PROM: introduction, principles, types, purpose, and dose, measurement:
goniometer, inclinometer etc.

B. Passive Movement 2 hours

Definition, classification, types, techniques, effects and uses – diagnostic and therapeutic usage

C. Stretching 3 hours
Various terminologies, introduction, types, purpose and dosage

D. Strengthening 3 hours
Introduction, types, purpose, progressive strengthening, dosage, Delorme etc, types of resisted
exercise-manual and mechanical

E. MMT 3 hours
Introduction, types, purpose; Trick movements: examples with muscles work and the need of
such movements in human mechanics

Unit IX: Relaxation 2 hours

Definition, types, purpose, demonstration, dosage

Unit X: Suspension Therapy 2 hours

Principles, uses, technique

Unit XI: Limb Length and Girth Measurement 1 hour

Definition, types, purpose, measurement

Unit XII: Soft Tissue Manipulation 2 hours

Definition, types, purpose, techniques

Unit XIII: Home Exercise 2 hours

Definition, purpose

Unit XIV: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)

2 hours
Definition, example of at least one condition

Unit XV: Group Exercise 2 hours

Introduction, advantages and disadvantages, formation of group, space selection of patients,
number of people, patients, Instruction to patients group type, type of exercise, group exercises
for health and wellness – fitness

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Unit XVI: Starting Positions and Stick Diagram 2 hours
Fundamental starting positions, derived position, its effects and uses

Unit XVII: Reflective Practice 1 hour

Types and documentation

Unit XVIII: Portfolio 1 hour

Definition, types and purpose

Teaching Methods
Lecture, practical and group work

References
1. Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal; system: Foundations for Physical
Rehabilitation, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2010.
2. Kisner C, Colby LA. Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and techniques, 7th ed.
Philadelphia: FA Davis Company.
3. Levangie PK, Norkin C. Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis, 5th ed.
FA Davis Company.
4. Magee DJ. Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.
5. Kendall FP, Kendall E, McCreary. Muscle Testing and Function with Posture and Pain,
5th ed.
6. Daniels and Worthingham. Muscle Testing: Techniques of Manual Examination. 5th ed.
7. Norkin CC, White JD; Measurement of joint Motion, A guide to Goniometry, 2nd
Edition
8. Donatelli RA. Physical Therapy of the shoulder. 4th edition. USA. Churchill
Livingstone. 2004.
9. Gross JM, Fetto J, Rosen E. Musculoskeletal Examination. 3rd Edition. Wiley.
10. Prentice WE. Therapeutic modalities in rehabilitation. 3rd edition. McGraw Hill; 1993.
11. Robertson V, Ward A, John L, Reed A. Fundamentals of electrotherapy, 4th Edition.
Elsevier.
12. Stately C. Therapeutic modalities. 4th Ed. FA Davis Company. 2005.
13. Cameron MH. Physical agents in rehabilitation: from research to practice. 5th edition.
Elsevier.
14. Gardiner D. The Principles of Exercise therapy. 4th Edition. Delhi: CBS Publishers and
Distributors; 2005.
15. Sunder S. Textbook of Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers;
2008.

14
 BPT 111 Laboratory 1 (Anatomy I, II and Physiology I)
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course will provide practical knowledge to students about the basic concepts of anatomy
and physiology. The course also will cover the detailed practical aspect of upper extremities,
lower extremity and pelvis of human body.

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• practically demonstrate practical aspect of bone and soft tissues of upper extremity,
lower extremity and pelvis;
• practically demonstrate the physiology of cell, strength duration curve; and
• practically perform the blood grouping.

Course Contents

Unit I: Basic anatomy 12 hours

Histology; Tissue- classification and description; General Histology – Connective tissue,
Nervous tissue, muscular tissue, cartilage, bones, arteries, veins and lymphoid tissue;
Embryology; Spermatogenesis, gametogenesis, gastrulation, ossification and neurulation;
Concepts of dermatomes, myotomes and scleretomes

Unit II: Upper Extremity 12 hours

A. Pectoral Region and Arm
Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: Scapula, clavicle and humerus; Joints: pectoral
girdle; Blood supply, nerve supply and action of pectoral region and arm; Brachial plexus;
Breast; Surface Marking; Applied anatomy.

B. Forearm and Wrist

Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: Ulna, radius and carpals; Elbow, Radioulnar
and wrist joints; Blood supply, nerve supply and action of forearm and wrist; Cubital fossa;
Surface marking; Applied anatomy.

C. Hand
Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: metacarpals and phalanges; Joints of hand;
Blood supply, nerve supply and action of hand; Arches of hand; Surface Marking; Applied
anatomy.

Unit III: Lower Extremity and Pelvis 12 hours

A. Pelvic region and Thigh
Osteology, Ossification and muscle attachment: Pelvic bone, femur; Muscle of pelvic floor;
Joints: Pelvic girdle; Blood supply, nerve supply and action of pelvic girdle and thigh muscles;
Gluteal region; Compartments of thigh; Femoral triangle, femoral canal, inguinal canal,
adductor canal; Lumbar and sacral plexus; Surface Marking; Applied anatomy.
B. Leg and ankle
Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: Patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones; Knee (Patello
femoral, tibio-fibular) and ankle joints; Blood supply, nerve supply and actions of muscles;
Popliteal fossa; Compartments of leg; Surface marking; Applied anatomy.

15
C. Foot
Osteology, ossification and muscle attachment: metatarsals and phalanges; Joints of foot;
Blood supply, nerve supply and action of foot muscles; Arches of foot; Surface Marking;
Applied anatomy.

Unit IV: Basic Physiology: Cell 3 hours

Structure (microscopic view)

Unit V: Musculoskeletal Physiology 3 hours

Strength duration curve

Unit VI: Haemopoietic system 6 hours

Red Blood Cells, WBC & Hemoglobin: counts; Blood grouping: landsteiners law, Rhesus
factor

Teaching Methods
Practical, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Snell, R. S. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Boston: Little Brown; 1995.
2. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy – Regional and Applied. Vol. 1 (Upper limb and
Thorax). 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors; 2013.
3. Moore KL. Dalley AF. Agur AMR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7h ed. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
4. Datta AK, Essentials of human Anatomy: Superior and Inferior extremities. 5th ed.
Current Books International: Kolkata.
5. Singh I. Text book of Anatomy with colour atlas: Introduction, Osteology, Upper
Extremity, Lower Extremity. Vol I. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 1996.
6. Singh I. Textbook of Human Osteology. 4th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
7. Standring S, Neil RB and Henry G. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical
Practice. 40th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2008.
8. Poddar S. Bhagat A. Handbook of osteology. 13 ed. Scientific Book Company. 2015.
9. Ghai CL. A Textbook of Practical Physiology. 8th ed. Jaypee Brothers.
10. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Text book of medical physiology. 12th ed. USA: Saunders
Elsevier; 2011.
11. Chaudhuri S K. Concise medical physiology. 6th ed. NCBA.
12. John NA. CC. Chatterjee’s Human Physiology. 12th ed. CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
13. Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 5th ed. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers; 2010.
14. Jain AK. Textbook of Physiology. Vol 1 & 2. 7th ed. Avichal Publishing Company;
2017.
15. Venkatesh D & Sudhakar H H. Basics of Medical physiology. 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer

16
 BPT 112 Practical 1 (Introduction to Physiotherapy)
BPT, First Year, First Semester

Course Description
The course will provide a practical exposure to the understanding of communication,
documentation and basic therapeutic exercises.

Learning Objectives
On the completion of the course, the student should be able to:
• Practically demonstrate the different ways use for communicating;
• Assess using SOAP documentation;
• Practically assess the basic therapeutic assessment skills;
• Practically demonstrate technique of suspension, relaxation and soft tissue massage;
• Analyse a clinical condition using International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health;
• Practically demonstrate the fundamental and derived starting positions;
• Draw the stick diagram;
• Write a reflective practice; and
• Prepare a portfolio.

Course Contents

Unit I: Communication and Patient Handling Skills 4 hours

non-verbal, verbal, written/documentation, cultural competence including in context of Nepal,
presentation skills

Unit II: SOAP Documentation 10 hours

subjective, objective, assessment, planning

Unit III: Therapeutic Assessment

A. ROM: AROM, AAROM, PROM: demonstration of at least one technique 2 hours
B. Passive movement: demonstration of at least one technique 2 hours
C. Stretching: demonstration of at least one technique 2 hours
D. Strengthening: demonstration of at least one technique 2 hours
E. MMT: demonstration of at least one technique; Trick movements: demonstration with
example 2 hours

Unit IV: Relaxation 4 hours

definition, types, purpose, demonstration, dose

Unit V: Suspension Therapy 4 hours

demonstration of technique in joints of upper limb and lower limb

Unit VI: Limb Length and Girth Measurement 2 hours

Unit VII: Orientation to Basic Therapeutics Equipment 2 hours

tilt table, suspension therapy, transfers with suspension, quads table, thera band, weight cuff,
tubes, biofeedback mirror, biofeedback pressure, shoulder wheel, shoulder ladder, shoulder
pulleys, pronator / supinator instrument, static cycle, treadmill, rowing machine, ankle

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exerciser and balancing board, springs, different types, assistive devices: crutches, types-
axillary, elbow or forearm, gutter etc. canes, walkers, wheel chair, continuous passive
movement, medicine ball, Swiss ball

Unit VII: International Classification of Functioning 2 hours

example of at least one condition

Unit IX: Group Exercise 2 hours

demonstration with an example

Unit X: Starting Positions, Derived Positions 4 hours

demonstration and drawing of stick diagram

Unit XI: Reflective Practice 2 hours

writing a reflective practice with at least one example

Unit XII: Portfolio 4 hours

making of portfolio

Teaching Methods
Practical, demonstration and group discussion

References
1. Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal; system: Foundations for Physical
Rehabilitation, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2010.
2. Kisner C, Colby LA. Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and techniques, 7th ed.
Philadelphia: FA Davis Company.
3. Levangie PK, Norkin C. Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis, 5th ed.
FA Davis Company.
4. Magee DJ. Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders.
5. Kendall FP, Kendall E, McCreary. Muscle Testing and Function with Posture and Pain,
5th ed.
6. Daniels and Worthingham. Muscle Testing: Techniques of Manual Examination. 5th ed.
7. Norkin CC, White JD; Measurement of joint Motion, A guide to Goniometry, 2nd
Edition
8. Donatelli RA. Physical Therapy of the shoulder. 4th edition. USA. Churchill
Livingstone. 2004.
9. Gross JM, Fetto J, Rosen E. Musculoskeletal Examination. 3rd Edition. Wiley.
10. Prentice WE. Therapeutic modalities in rehabilitation. 3rd edition. McGraw Hill; 1993.
11. Robertson V, Ward A, John L, Reed A. Fundamentals of electrotherapy, 4th Edition.
Elsevier.
12. Stately C. Therapeutic modalities. 4th Ed. FA Davis Company. 2005.
13. Cameron MH. Physical agents in rehabilitation: from research to practice. 5th edition.
Elsevier.
14. Gardiner D. The Principles of Exercise therapy. 4th Edition. Delhi: CBS Publishers and
Ditributors; 2005.
15. Sunder S. Textbook of Rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers;
2008.

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