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MA1202_LA_tutorial_2

The document is a tutorial sheet focused on linear transformations and matrices, containing various problems to determine linearity, derive matrices, and compute null spaces, ranges, nullity, and rank. It includes exercises on polynomials, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors, along with systems of linear equations. Additionally, it covers concepts such as the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and exponential of matrices.

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maheshvanka33
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3 views

MA1202_LA_tutorial_2

The document is a tutorial sheet focused on linear transformations and matrices, containing various problems to determine linearity, derive matrices, and compute null spaces, ranges, nullity, and rank. It includes exercises on polynomials, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors, along with systems of linear equations. Additionally, it covers concepts such as the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and exponential of matrices.

Uploaded by

maheshvanka33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 1202 Tutorial Sheet-2: Linear Transformations &

Matrices

* To be worked out in tutorial


† Assignment Problems
Unmarked are for practice
1. Let T : R2 → R2 be as defined below. For each of these cases, determine if T is linear.
If T is linear then derive the corresponding matrix of the map. Furthermore, in this
case, describe its null space and range and compute its nullity and rank.

(a) T (x, y) = (y, x) (d) T (x, y) = (x, 0)


(b) T (x, y) = (x, x) (e) † T (x, y) = (x, 1)
(c) * T (x, y) = (ex , ey ) (f) † T (x, y) = (2x − y, x + y)

2. * Let V be the linear space of polynomials of degree ≤ n. For p ∈ V , T (p) = p(x + 1)


for all x ∈ R. Is T linear? If T is linear then derive its matrix of the linear map for
n = 2.

3. Let V be the linear space of polynomials of degree ≤ 2 and let T : V → V be given by


T (a + bx + cx2 ) = (a + 1) + (b + 1)x + (c + 1)x2 . Is T linear? If T is linear then derive
its matrix of the linear map.

4. * Let V be the linear space of polynomials of degree ≤ 3 and let T : V → V be given


d2 p dp
by T (p) = 2 − 2 . Is T linear? If T is linear then derive its matrix of the linear
dt dt
map.

5. † Let V be the linear space of polynomials of degree ≤ 2Z and let T : V → W be given


x
by T (p) = q where q is a polynomial such that q(x) = p(s)ds. Is T linear? If so,
0
for what W ? If T is linear then derive its matrix of the linear map.

6. † Let T : R2 → R be such that T (av) = aT (v) for all a ∈ R and v ∈ R2 . Show that,
via an example, that T need not be linear.

7. *Let T : Rn → Rm be such that T (x) = Ax where A ∈ Rm×n . Show that dim(R(T ))


is the maximum number of independent columns of the matrix A.

8. * A linear transformation T : R2 → R3 maps the basis vectors as follows:

T (1, 0) = (1, 0, 1) and T (0, 1) = (−1, 0, 1).

(i) Determine the nullity and rank of T .


(ii) Determine the matrix of T .

1
(iii) Find bases {e1 , e2 } for R2 and {w1 , w2 , w3 } for R3 relative to which the matrix of
T will be in diagonal form.

9. Solve the following systems of linear equations.

2y + z = −8 x+y+z =6 x − 2y − 6z = 12
(i)* x − 2y − 3z = 0 (ii) † 2x − y + z =3 (iii) 2x + 4y + 12z = −17
−x + y + 2z = 3 x+z =4 x − 4y − 12z = 22
2x + y + z =8

10. † Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices:


   
1 4 2 4
A= , B= .
2 3 2 4

What do you observe? Try to formulate a general principle.

11. * Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices:


   1 
0 2 −1 −2 1
A= , A = 1 .
1 1 2
0

What do you observe? Try to formulate a general principle.

12. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices:


   
−1 3 2 7 −3
A= , A = .
2 0 −2 6

What do you observe? Try to formulate a general principle.

13. † Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A, B, and A + B:


   
3 0 1 1
A= , B= .
1 1 0 3

Are eigenvalues of A + B equal to sum of eigenvalues of A and B? Can this ever be


true?

14. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A, B, AB, and BA:


   
1 0 1 2
A= , B= .
1 1 0 1

Observe any relation between eigenvalues of A, B, AB, and BA.


 
0.6 0.2
15. † Let A = . Using Caley-Hamilton theorem, express A2 , A3 , A4 , and A5
0.4 0.8
in terms of A and I2 . Next, express A as XΛX −1 (where Λ is a diagonal matrix with
eigenvalues of A. Then derive a general expression for An . Compute (if it exists)
lim An .
n→∞

2
16. * Let A ∈ R3×3 have eigenvalues {0, 1, 2}. Determine (wherever possible) i) rank of A,
ii) determinant of AT A, iii)† eigenvalues of AT A, and iv)† eigenvalues of (A2 + I)−1 .

17. Compute
 the
 exponentials
 of the following
  matrices:
  
−1 0 5 2 5 4 0 −1
i) , ii) * , iii) † , and iv) .
0 2 2 2 −4 5 1 2
 
a b
18. Let a, b ∈ R. Compute the exponential of .
−b a

19. * Let A ∈ Fn×n and λ ∈ spec(A). Show that eλ ∈ spec(eA ).

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