AIR-CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATION

INTRODUCTION:

The following will serve as a guide for estimating the cooling load requirement for a given space or
building.

Before going into a detailed heat load analysis the approximate load may be obtained by using the
factors in column 4 of Table 1. The approximate tonnage (1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/HR) is obtained and an
idea of the type of equipment to be used can be formed. If room units are to be used then the analysis
usually ends by selecting the next highest capacity unit or combination of units. Otherwise, a more
detailed analysis, set out as follows is adopted to get a more accurate heat load.

TABLE 1 : Design & Cooling Load Check Figures

Applications Occupancy Lighting: Fresh Air Refrigeratio Supply Air

ft2/person w/ft2 cfm/ft2. n cfm/ft2.
Btuh/ft2.

Av. High Av. High Av. High Av. High Av. High
Apartments (Flats) 100 50 1 2 0.35 0.5 30 35 1.2 1.75

Auditoriums, Theatres 10 5 1 2 1.5 2.5 48 120 1.5 2.5

Educational Facilities 25 20 2 4 0.3 0.4 60 80 1.4 1.8

(ex. Schools, Colleges,
Universities, etc)

Factories :
Assembly Areas 35 25 3+ 4.5+ 0.25 0.5 50 80 2.25 3.0
Light Manuf. 150 100 9+ 10+ 0.1 0.15 60 80 2.75 3.0

Hospitals :
Patient Rooms 50 25 1 1.5 0.75 1.5 55 75 1.2 1.7
Public Areas 80 50 1 1.5 0.75 1.5 86 110 1.2 1.7

Hotels, Motels, 150 100 1 2 0.2 0.3 40 55 1.2 1.4

Dormitories

Libraries & Museums 60 40 1 1.5 0.35 0.4 43 60 1.2 1.1

Office Buildings 110 80 4 6+ 0.25 0.40 43 65 1.0 1.7

Private Offices 125 100 2 5.8 0.15 0.25 43 65 1.0 1.2

Typing Department 85 70 5+ 7.5 0.25 0.35 43 65 1.0 1.3

Restaurants:
Large 15 13 1.5 1.7 0.75 1.0 120 65 1.5 2.0
Medium 15 13 1.5 1.7 0.6 0.8 100 120 1.5 2.1

Drug Stores 23 17 1 2. 0.3 0.45 48 60 1.5 2.0

+ Includes other loads expressed in Watts/ft2.

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 DEFINITIONS

1. Air Conditioning
A process which heats, cools, cleans and circulates air and controls its
moisture content. This process is done simultaneously and all year round.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

1. Design Conditions - Outdoor Air and Indoor Air Temperature (Dry bulb and Wet
Bulb), Humidity, Moisture Content.

2. Orientation of building - Location of the space to be air conditioned with respect

to :
a) Compass points - sun and wind effects
b) Nearby permanent structures - shading effects
c) Reflective surfaces - water, sand, parking lots, etc.

3. Use of space (s) - Office, hospitals, department store, specialty shop, machine
shop, factory, assembly plant, etc.

4. Dimensions of space - Length, width, and height

5. Ceiling height - Floor to floor height, floor to ceiling, clearance between

suspended ceiling and beams.

6. Columns and beams - Size, depth, also knee braces.

7. Construction materials - Materials and thickness of walls, roof, ceiling, floors and
partitions and their relative position in the structure.

8. Surrounding conditions - Exterior colour of walls and roof, shaded by adjacent

building or sunlit. Attic spaces - vented or unvented, gravity or forced ventilation.
Surrounding spaces conditioned or unconditioned-temperature of non-conditioned
adjacent spaces, such as furnace, boiler room, kitchen etc. Floor on ground
basement etc.

9. Windows - Size and location, wood or metal sash, single or double hung. Type of
glass - single or multipane. Type of shading device. Dimensions of reveals and
overhangs.

10. Doors - Location, type, size and frequency of use.

11. Stairways, elevators and escalators - Location, temperature of space if open to

unconditioned area. Horsepower of machinery, ventilated or not.

12. People - Number, duration of occupancy, nature of activity, any special

concentration. At times, it is required to estimate the number of people on the basis
of square feet per person or on average traffic.

13. Lighting - Wattage at peak. Type - incandescent, fluorescent, recessed, exposed. If

the light are recessed, the type of air flow over the lights, exhaust, return or supply,
should be anticipated. At times, it is required to estimate the wattage on a basis of
watts per sq. ft. due to lack of information.

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 14. Motors - location, name plate and brake horsepower and usage. The latter is of
great significance and should be carefully evaluated. It is always advisable to
measure power input where possible. This is especially important in estimates for
industrial installations where the motor machine load is normally a major portion of
the cooling load.

15. Appliances, business machines, electronic equipment - Locations, rated wattage,

steam or gas consumption, hooded or unhooded, exhaust air quantity installed or
required, and usage. Avoid pyramiding as not all machines will be used at the
same time. Electronics equipment often requires individual air-conditioning - the
manufacturers recommendation for temperature and humidity variation must be
followed.

16. Ventilation - Cfm per person, cfm per sq. ft., scheduled ventilation. Excessive
smoking or odours, code requirement. Exhaust fans - type, size, speed, cfm
delivery.

17. Thermal storage - Operating schedule (12, 16 or 24 hours per day), specifically
during peak outdoor conditions, permissible temperature swing in space during
design day, rugs on floor, nature of surface materials enclosing the space.

18. Continuous or intermittent operation - Whether system be required to operate

every business day during cooling season, or only occasionally, such as ballrooms
and churches. If intermittent eg. churches, ballrooms, determine duration of time
available for pre-cooling or pull-down.

LOAD COMPONENTS

A. Load components can be divided into two (2) types:

i) SENSIBLE LOAD
results when heat entering the conditioned space that causes dry bulb
temperature (DB) to increase.

ii) LATENT LOAD

results when moisture entering the space causes the humidity to increase.

A load component may be all sensible, all latent, or a combination of the two.

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 B. Additionally load components can be classified into three (3) categories:

i) EXTERNAL LOADS

a) Solar heat gain through glass (Formula 1) - Sun rays entering windows.

b) Solar and transmission gain through walls and roofs (Formula 2) - Sun rays
striking walls and roofs.

c) Transmission gain through glass, partition, floors (Formula 3) - The air

temperature outside the conditioned space

d) Infiltration - The wind blowing against a side of the building.

e) Ventilation - Outdoor air usually required for ventilation purposes as in TABLE

11.

C. INTERNAL LOADS

a) People - Human body generates heat within itself and releases it by radiation,
convection and evaporation from the surface (sensible), and by convection and
evaporation in the respiratory tract (latent). The amount of heat generated and
released depends on surrounding temperature and on the activity level of the person
as in TABLE 10. Both sensible and latent loads will enter the space.

b) Lights (Formula 4) - Illuminants convert electrical power into light and sensible
heat. Lighting is either fluorescent or incandescent.

c) Motors

d) Equipment and Appliances

D. OTHER LOADS (AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT AND DUCT

SYSTEM)

a) Supply duct heat gain

b) Supply duct leakage loss

c) Supply air fan heat

d) Bypass outdoor air

e) Return duct heat gain

f) Return duct leakage gain

g) Return air fan heat

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 E. GRAND TOTAL HEAT
The total load seen by the coil in the central air handling unit is referred to as
Grand Total Heat (GTH) or Dehumidified Load. It is the sum of the total room
loads, outdoor air loads,

F. REFERIGERATION LOAD
Two (2) additional loads are introduced to the refrigeration machine which are not
experienced by the coil. They are:

i) Piping sensible heat gain as the cold pipe passes through warm surroundings and;

ii) Pumping heat gain as the pump does work on the water.

III. Design Conditions:

The following are usually used for comfort design:-

Dry bulb (0F) Wet bulb (0F) % RH Gr/lb

Outside 92 (day)/(76 (night) 80 (day)/75 (night) 60 (day)/95 (night) 138

Room 75 64 55 72

These are filled in the heat estimate form as shown.

IV. Solar heat gains:

The exposure with the maximum sunlit glass area is used and the design month is
then fixed from Table 4 by selecting the month with the maximum value at that
exposure. The peak value for other exposures of sunlit can than be read for that
month.

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 TABLE 4: Peak solar heat gain through Ordinary Glass

Btu/(hr)(sq.ft)
Month Exposure
N NE E SE S SW W NW Horizontal
June 59 156 147 42 14 42 147 156 226

July & May 48 153 152 52 14 52 152 153 233

August & April 25 141 163 79 14 79 163 141 245

Sept. & March 10 118 167 118 14 118 167 118 250

Oct. & Feb. 10 79 163 141 34 141 163 79 245

Nov. & Jan. 10 52 152 153 67 153 152 52 233

Dec. 10 42 147 156 82 156 147 42 226

Solar gain Steel sash or Haze - ------- Altitude + Dew point Dew point
Correction no sash x 1.17 15% (Max) +0.7% per Above Below 670F
1000 ft. 670F --7% +7% per
per 10F 10F

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 TABLE 5 : Storage Load Factors (at 4 pm)

Exposure Weight (lb/ft2 24 hr. Operation 12 hr. Operation

of floor Constant Space Temperature Constant Space Temperature
area):
With With With With
internal external internal external
shade shade shade shade
150 & over 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.26
NE 100 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.23
30 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.14
150 & over 0.17 0.23 0.21 0.30
E 100 0.16 0.23 0.19 0.28
30 0.11 0.15 0.11 0.15
150 & over 0.21 0.32 0.26 0.41
SE 100 0.21 0.31 0.25 0.37
30 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.23
150 & over 0.42 0.48 0.49 0.61
S 100 0.45 0.53 0.51 0.63
30 0.24 0.61 0.24 0.61
150 & over 0.61 0.47 0.69 0.60
SW 100 0.64 0.53 0.70 0.64
30 0.79 0.78 0.79 0.79
150 & over 0.63 0.36 0.71 0.49
W 100 0.66 0.40 0.72 0.51
30 0.81 0.67 0.82 0.69
150 & over 0.49 0.25 0.56 0.37
NW 100 0.52 0.29 0.58 0.39
30 0.63 0.48 0.64 0.50
N & Shade 150 & over 0.86 0.72 0.96 0.93
100 0.88 0.79 0.98 0.95
30 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00

The solar heat gains for the glass area sunlit at 4 pm are obtained from :-

Cooling Load (Btu/hr) = (Peak solar heat gain - Table 4)

x (window area, ft2)
x (storage factor - Table 5)
x (shade factor - Table 6) FORMULA 1

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The correction factors at the bottom table 4 are to be used for other application.

The storage load factor in table 5 depends on the type of building. For normal brick (9") building the
weight of the building is normally about 100 lb/ft2 and a normal brick (4 1/2") building with 5/8"
plaster is about 60 lb/ft2. For timber or light weight buildings the values for 30 lb/ft2 are taken. The
values for 150 lb/ft2 and over are used for heavier brick buildings.

TABLE 6 : OVERALL SHADE FACTOR

Type of Glass No. Inside Venetian Blind Outside Awning

Shade
Light Medium Dark Light Medium Dark
Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour or Colour
Regular plate 1/4" 0.94 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.19 0.24

Stained Glass Light Colour = white, cream, etc.

Amber colour 0.70 Medium Colour = light green, light blue, grey. etc.
Dark red 0.56
Dark blue 0.60 Dark Colour = dark blue, dark red, dark brown, etc.
Dark Green 0.32
Grayed Green 0.46
Light Opalescent 0.43
Dark opalascent 0.37

The various factors for solar heat gain of the sunlit glass areas at 4 pm are thus found and substituted in
the Estimate form and the load/s calculated.

NOTES:

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V. Solar heat gain for walls and roof

These are found using Tables 7, 8 & 9 from the formula :-

Heat gain thro' walls/roof = (Area (ft2))

x (equivalent temp. diff (0F) - Table 7,Walls & Table 8,Roofs)
x (transmission coefficient (U) - Table 9) FORMULA 2

TABLE 7: Equivalent Temperature Difference (0F)

at 4 pm. for dark coloured, shaded & sunlit walls
(insulated and un-insulated)

Exposure Weight of Wall

(1b/ft2)
20 & less 60 100 140
NE 18 16 14 18 The weight of a 4½"
brick wall with 5/8"
E 18 16 22 22 plaster is about 60
1b/ft2.
SE 20 22 22 20
9" brick wall is about
S 30 30 20 14 100 1b/ft2

SW 44 36 18 12

W 44 30 16 14

NW 28 16 20 20

North 18 14 8 6
(Shade)

TABLE 8: Equivalent Temperature Differencen (0F)

at 4 pm. for dark coloured sunlit & shaded Roofs

Condition Weight of Roof (1b./ft2)

10 20 40 60 80
Exposed to Sun 47 45 42 39 36 Nomal 4" TK concrete
flat roof is about 50
Covered with Water - 22 20 18 - 1b./ft2.

Sprayed - 20 18 16 -

Shaded - 18 16 12 -
Notes: For attic ventilated and ceiling insulated roofs, reduce equivalent temp. difference by 25%. For
peak roofs use projected area on horizontal plane.

The equivalent temp. difference in Tables 7 and 8 should be corrected for light coloured and medium
coloured walls and roofs as follows:-
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 Light coloured wall or roof: (Estimate fig. 0.78)

^te = 0.55^tem + 0.45^tes

and Medium coloured wall or roof: (Estimate fig. 0.87)

^te = 0.78^tem + 0.22^tes

where ^te = equivalent temp diff. for colour of wall or roof desired.
^tem = equivalent temp. diff. for wall or roof exposed to the sun.
and ^tes = equivalent temp. diff. for wall or roof in shade.

NOTES:

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 TABLE 9 : Transmission Coefficient, for common building structures
Btu/(hr)(sq.ft)(0F temp. diff.)

DESCRIPTION U
Roofs 4" - 6" concrete roof with suspended ceiling board. 0.21

Corrugated asbestos sheets with suspended ceiling boards. 0.28

Corrugated zinc sheets with suspended ceiling boards. 0.29

Clay-tiled pitch roof with suspended ceiling boards. 0.28

Horizontal glass skylight 0.86

External 4 ½" brick wall with cement plaster on both sides. 0.48
Walls
(7 mph wind) 9" brick wall with cement plaster on both sides. 0.34

3/8" – ½" gypsum or plaster board with plywood and 1" 0.17
polystyrene sandwiched in between

As above but with 1 ½" - 2" polystyrene 0.10

As above but with airspace instead of polystyrene 0.39

Metal sliding door with air space in between 0.56

Plywood door (sandwich) 0.42

Glass (Vertical) 1.13

Internal walls: 4½" brick wall with plaster on both sides 0.40
(to
unconditioned Sandwich gypsum, plaster board or plywood with 1" 0.15
space) polystyrene

As above but with 1½"- 2" polystyrene 0.10

As above but with airspace instead of polystyrene 0.33

Plywood door (sandwich) 0.35

Ceiling and None or floor tile on 4" x 6" concrete floor with suspended 0.25
floor: board ceiling (heat flow up)

Same as above but heat flow down 0.22

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 VI. Transmission Heat Gains:

The transmission through all glass whether sunlit or in shade is obtained by.

Heat gain thro all glass = (Area (ft2)) x (U factor - Table 9)

x (outdoor temp - indoor temp) FORMULA 3
Infiltration cannot be accurately assessed easily and is usually not computed but allowed for by
taking a factor of safety of 10% in the load calculation for both the room sensible and room
latent heat totals.

VII. Internal Heat

The internal heat gains from people can be divided into sensible heat gain and latent heat gain.
These depend on their activity and the design temperature of the space. They are as shown in
Table 10.
TABLE 10 : Heat Gain From People
Degree of Activity Typical Room Dry Bulb Temperature
Applications
780F 750F 700F
BTU/HR BTU/HR BTU/HR
Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Latent
Seated at Rest Theatre, Grade 210 140 230 120 260 90
School

Seated, very light High School 215 185 240 160 275 125
work.

Office Worker Offices, hotels, )

colleges. ) 215 235 245 205 285 165
)
Standing, Walking Dept., Retail Store )
Slowly

Walking, seated Drug Store )

) 220 280 255 245 290 210
Standing Walking Bank )
Slowly

Sedentary Work Restaurant + 240 310 280 270 320 230

Light benchwork Factory, Lightwork 245 505 295 455 365 385

Moderate dancing Dance Hall 275 575 325 525 400 450

Walking 3mph Factory, fairly 330 670 380 620 460 540
heavy work

Heavy Work Bowling alley, 485 965 525 925 605 845
factory

The values for this application include 60 Btu/hr for food per individual

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The heat gain from lights depends on whether it is fluorescent or incandescent:-

Heat gain = Total light watts x 3.4 (for incandescent) or

= Total light watts x 1.25 x 3.4 (for fluorescent) FORMULA 4

If no lighting power is given then the values in column 2 of Table 1 can be used.

The heat gain from other equipment also has to be added. This can be obtained from the name plate
horsepower or power input and multiplied by 3.4 Btu/hr per watt.

The room sensible heat (RSH) can then be totaled and a factor of safety of 10% added.

RSH = Solar Gain(Glass) + Solar Transmission Gain + Trans. Gain + Internal Heat

NOTES:

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VIII. Outside Air :
The outside air required for ventilation purposes can be obtained from table 11 below :-

TABLE 11 : Ventilation Standards

Application Smoking CFM Per Person CFM/ft2. of
floor,
Minimum
Recommended Minimum
Apartments
- Average Some 20 15 -
- De Lux Some 30 25 0.33

Drug Stores Considerable 10 7½ -

Factories None 10 7½ 0.10

Garage - - - 1.0

Hospital
- Operating Rooms None - - 2.0
- Private Rooms None 30 25 0.33
- Wards None 20 15 -

Hotel Rooms Heavy 30 25 0.33

Kitchen
- Restaurant - - - 4.0
- Residence - - - 2.0

Laboratories Some 20 15 -

Meeting Rooms Very Heavy 50 30 1.25

Office
- General Some 20 10 0.25
- Private None 25 15 0.25
- Private Considerable 30 25 0.25

Restaurant
- Cafe Considerable 12 10 -
- Dining Room Considerable 15 12 -

School Rooms None - - 1.0

Theatres None 7 5 -
Theatres Some 15 10 -
Toilets (exhaust) - - - 2.0

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NOTES: * When the minimum is used, use the larger
+ All outdoor air is recommended

The heat gain from outside air is then obtained from :-

O.A Sensible Heat = (ventilation, cfm -Table 11) x (design temp. difference, 0F (DB))
x (by-pass factor (BF) x 1.09) FORMULA 5

The BYPASS FACTOR (BF) is a characteristic of the cooling coils used and unit design. It represents
the portion of air which is considered to pass through the cooling coils without being cooled.

The BF = Velocity of air through coils (time for air to contact surface of coils)
available coil surface (rows of coils, spacing of coil tubes)

Coil bypass factor Type of Application Example

0.30 to 0.50 A small total load or a load that is larger with a Residence
low sensible heat factor (ie. high latent load)

0.20 to 0.30 Typical comfort application with a relatively Residence

small total load or a low sensible heat factor with Small retail shop, Factory
a somewhat larger load.
Dept. Store, Bank, Factory
0.10 to 0.20 Typical comfort application
Dept. Store, Restaurant,
Factory
0.05 to 0.10 Applications with high internal sensible loads or
requiring a large amount of outdoor air for
ventilation. Hospital, Operating Room,
Factory
0 to 0.10 All outdoor air applications

Table 12 is a guide for design purposes. Usually a value of 0.3 is chosen for package units and 0.1 for
chilled water or central DX systems. These should be compared with the final equipment bypass factor.
If there should be a difference of 8% or more than the heat estimate for outside air should be
recalculated.

The Effective Room Sensible heat (ERSH) is then totaled up.

ERSH = RSH + OA Heat(bypass) + Supply Duct Heat Gain + S.D Leak Loss + Fan H.P
FORMULA 6

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IX. Room Latent heat:

The latent heat gain from people can be obtained from Table 10. Any equipment latent heat is also
added. The room latent heat (RLH) can then be totaled and a factor of safety of 10% added.

The latent heat from the ventilation outside air is obtained from:-

O.A. Latent heat = ventilation, cfm

x design specific humidity, gr/lb.
x BF x 0.68 FORMULA 7

The Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH) is then totalled up.

ERLH = RLH + OAHeat (bypass) + Supply Duct Leakage Loss FORMULA 8

The Effective Room TOTAL Heat (ERTH) is then obtained:

ERTH = ERSH + ERLH FORMULA 9

X. Outdoor air heat:

The remaining heat (less bypass air) from the outside air is computed as set out below, and the Grand
Total heat is obtained. This is the actual amount of heat that is physically seen by the coil.

O.A Sensible Heat = ventilation, cfm -Table 11

x design temp. difference, 0F (DB)
x (1-BF) x 1.09. FORMULA 10

O.A. Latent heat = ventilation, cfm

x design specific humidity, gr/lb.
x (1-BF) x 0.68 FORMULA 11

The Grand Total Heat (GTH) is thus obtained by adding this load to the ERTH.

GTH = ERTH + O.A Heat + RA Heat Gain + Ra Leakage + Blow Thru Fan
FORMULA 12

XI Refrigeration Load

The Refrigeration Load is the actual load that is seen by the refrigeration machine.

Refrigeration Load = GTH + Piping Heat Gain + Pump H.P FORMULA 13

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 XII Dehumidified and Supply air quantity:

The effective sensible heat factor (ESHF) is obtained from :

ESHF = ERSH / ERTH FORMULA 14

Knowing the ESHF, the apparatus dew point, ADP, of the coil can be found from table 13.

TABLE 13 : Apparatus Dew Points

Room Conditions

Effective Sensible Heat Factor (ESHF) and Apparatus Dewpoint (ADP)

DB RH WB W
0 0
F % F gr/1b

75 50 62.6 65 ESHF 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.64+
ADP 55.2 54 52 50 48 46 44 40 34 +

75 55 64 71.5 ESHF 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.65 0.61 +
ADP 57.8 57 56 54 52 50 47 44 39 +
The values shown in the last column indicate the lowest effective sensible heat factor possible without
the use of reheat.

The dehumidified air quantity required is than obtained from :-

CFM DA = ERSH
1.09 x (1-BF) x (TRM - TADP) FORMULA 15

Where TRM is the design room dry bulb temperature and TADP is the apparatus dew point found from the
above table.

The outlet temperature difference is obtained from :

(TRM - TOUTLET AIR) = RSH

1.09 x CFM DA FORMULA 16

This difference should be less than 200F for normal ceiling heights and up to 350F for high ceiling when
using ceiling diffusers and up to 250F when using supply air grilles.

If the temperature difference is too high, cold drafts will be experienced. The supply cfm should then be
calculated from

Supply cfm = RSH

1.09 x temp. diff. desired FORMULA 17

The amount of air to be bypassed physically round the coil would then be
cfm BA = cfm SA - cfm DA FORMULA 18

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XIII. Resulting Entering and Leaving Conditions at Apparatus :

The conditions of the air entering and leaving the coils can be obtained from :-

TEDB = TRM + ((cfm OA/cfm DA) x (TOA - TRM)) FORMULA 19

and TLDB = TADP + (BF x (TEDB - TADP)) FORMULA 20

The wet bulb temperatures can then be obtained from the psychometric chart showing the process.

Check figures

The values of the items listed at the bottom of the Estimate form should be calculated and checked with
table 1. The figures should not vary much, otherwise a check on the calculations may be necessary.

The total air change should not be greater than 20 air change or drafts would occur. Exceptional to this
is the design of special rooms such as Operation Theatre, Clean Room and Pathology Laboratory.

LOAD COMPONENTS

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 A. Load components can be divided into two (2) types:

i) SENSIBLE LOAD

ii) LATENT LOAD

B. Additionally load components can be classified into three (3) categories:

i) EXTERNAL LOADS

a) Solar heat gain through glass (Formula 1) - Sun rays entering windows.

b) Solar and transmission gain through walls and roofs (Formula 2) - Sun
rays striking walls and roofs.

c) Transmission gain through glass, partition, floors (Formula 3) - The air

temperature outside the conditioned space

d) Infiltration - The wind blowing against a side of the building.

e) Ventilation - Outdoor air usually required for ventilation purposes as in

TABLE 11.

C. INTERNAL LOADS

D. OTHER LOADS (AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT AND DUCT

SYSTEM)

E. GRAND TOTAL HEAT

The total load seen by the coil in the central air handling unit is referred to
as Grand Total Heat (GTH) or Dehumidified Load. It is the sum of the
total room loads, outdoor air loads,

F. REFERIGERATION LOAD
Two (2) additional loads are introduced to the refrigeration machine which
are not experienced by the coil. They are:

i) Piping sensible heat gain as the cold pipe passes through warm
surroundings and;

ii) Pumping heat gain as the pump does work on the water.

III. Design Conditions:

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 The following are usually used for comfort design:-

Dry bulb (0F) Wet bulb (0F) % RH Gr/lb

Outside 92 (day)/(76 (night) 80 (day)/75 (night) 60(day)/95 (night) 138

Room 75 64 55 72

These are filled in the heat estimate form as shown.

IV. Solar heat gains:

The solar heat gains for the glass area sunlit at 4 pm are obtained from :-

Cooling Load (Btu/hr) = (Peak solar heat gain - Table 4)

x (window area, ft2)
x (storage factor - Table 5)
x (shade factor - Table 6) FORMULA 1

V. Solar heat gain for walls and roof

These are found using Tables 7, 8 & 9 from the formula :-

Heat gain thro' walls/roof = (Area (ft2))

x (equivalent temp. diff (0F) - Table 7,Walls & Table 8,Roofs)
x (transmission coefficient (U) - Table 9) FORMULA 2

VI. Transmission Heat Gains:

The transmission through all glass whether sunlit or in shade is obtained by.

Heat gain thro all glass = (Area (ft2)) x (U factor - Table 9)

x (outdoor temp - indoor temp) FORMULA 3
Infiltration cannot be accurately assessed easily and is usually not computed but allowed for by
taking a factor of safety of 10% in the load calculation for both the room sensible and room
latent heat totals.

VII. Internal Heat

The heat gain from lights depends on whether it is fluorescent or incandescent:-

Heat gain = Total light watts x 3.4 (for incandescent) or

= Total light watts x 1.25 x 3.4 (for fluorescent) FORMULA 4

VIII. Outside Air :

The heat gain from outside air is then obtained from :-

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 O.A Sensible Heat = (ventilation, cfm -Table 11) x (design temp. difference, 0F (DB))
x (by-pass factor (BF) x 1.09) FORMULA 5

The Effective Room Sensible heat (ERSH) is then totaled up.

ERSH = RSH + OA Heat(bypass) + Supply Duct Heat Gain + S.D Leak Loss + Fan H.P
FORMULA 6

IX. Room Latent heat:

The latent heat gain from people can be obtained from Table 10. Any equipment latent heat is also
added. The room latent heat (RLH) can then be totaled and a factor of safety of 10% added.

The latent heat from the ventilation outside air is obtained from:-

O.A. Latent heat = ventilation, cfm

x design specific humidity, gr/lb.
x BF x 0.68 FORMULA 7

The Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH) is then totalled up.

ERLH = RLH + OAHeat (bypass) + Supply Duct Leakage Loss FORMULA 8

The Effective Room TOTAL Heat (ERTH) is then obtained:

ERTH = ERSH + ERLH FORMULA 9

X. Outdoor air heat:

The remaining heat (less bypass air) from the outside air is computed as set out below, and the Grand
Total heat is obtained. This is the actual amount of heat that is physically seen by the coil.

O.A Sensible Heat = ventilation, cfm -Table 11

x design temp. difference, 0F (DB)
x (1-BF) x 1.09. FORMULA 10

O.A. Latent heat = ventilation, cfm

x design specific humidity, gr/lb.
x (1-BF) x 0.68 FORMULA 11

The Grand Total Heat (GTH) is thus obtained by adding this load to the ERTH.

RMY/Heat Load Calculation edited 3/9/2016 HL/21

 GTH = ERTH + O.A Heat + RA Heat Gain + Ra Leakage + Blow Thru Fan
FORMULA 12

XI Refrigeration Load

The Refrigeration Load is the actual load that is seen by the refrigeration machine.

Refrigeration Load = GTH + Piping Heat Gain + Pump H.P FORMULA 13

XII Dehumidified and Supply air quantity:

The effective sensible heat factor (ESHF) is obtained from :

ESHF = ERSH / ERTH FORMULA 14

Knowing the ESHF, the apparatus dew point, ADP, of the coil can be found from table 13.

The dehumidified air quantity required is than obtained from :-

CFM DA = ERSH
1.09 x (1-BF) x (TRM - TADP) FORMULA 15

Where TRM is the design room dry bulb temperature and TADP is the apparatus dew point found from the
above table.

The outlet temperature difference is obtained from :

(TRM - TOUTLET AIR) = RSH

1.09 x CFM DA FORMULA 16

This difference should be less than 200F for normal ceiling heights and up to 350F for high ceiling when
using ceiling diffusers and up to 250F when using supply air grilles.

If the temperature difference is too high, cold drafts will be experienced. The supply cfm should then be
calculated from

Supply cfm = RSH

1.09 x temp. diff. desired FORMULA 17

The amount of air to be bypassed physically round the coil would then be
cfm BA = cfm SA - cfm DA FORMULA 18

RMY/Heat Load Calculation edited 3/9/2016 HL/22

XIII. Resulting Entering and Leaving Conditions at Apparatus :

The conditions of the air entering and leaving the coils can be obtained from :-

TEDB = TRM + ((cfm OA/cfm DA) x (TOA - TRM)) FORMULA 19

and TLDB = TADP + (BF x (TEDB - TADP)) FORMULA 20

The wet bulb temperatures can then be obtained from the psychometric chart showing the process.

RMY/Heat Load Calculation edited 3/9/2016 HL/23