ENGLISH 10 – 4TH Quarter 5.

Variable
- Refers to a person, place, thing or phenomenon that you
MODULE 1A – Technical Terms in Research are trying to measure in some way.
- They are the characteristics, traits, or factors that can
Learning Competency change or vary within a study.
Distinguish Technical Terms in Research
2 Types of Variables:
Learning Objectives: Independent Variable (IV) – This is the variable that the
researcher manipulates or changes to see its effect on
After the lesson, students are expected to: another variable. It is the "cause" in a cause-and-effect
1.iIdentify the different technical terminologies used in relationship.
research;
2. be able to use these terms in future research. o Example: In a study examining the effect of
different types of fertilizer on plant growth, the type
of fertilizer is the independent variable.

Dependent Variable (DV) – This is the variable that

Research is a repeated process of finding the truth and of is measured or observed to see how it is affected by the
validating the existing truth.
independent variable. It is the "effect" in a cause-and-effect
relationship.
Research is a systematic and scientific process to answer
questions about facts and relationships between facts.
o Example: In the fertilizer study, the height of the
Research is an activity that involves seeking answers to plants is the dependent variable.
unanswered questions.
6. Conceptual Framework
TECHNICAL TERMS: - It offers a logical structure of connected concepts that help
provide a picture or visual display.
1. Abstract
- it is a clear, concise summary that communicates the 7. Literature Review
essential information about the study. - Provides a review of what others have written or
- it is written at the beginning of the research paper researched concerning the topic.
- it contains the objective of the study, research problems or
questions, respondents, results, and the conclusion. 8. Discussion
- It unrolls the main results, provides an explanation, and
2. Introduction describes the most interesting points in the research.
- It states the objective of the study or statement of the
problem and significance of the study. 9. Conclusion
- It provides a summary of the results of the research.
3. Hypothesis
- It is a statement of the predicted relationship between two 10. References
or more variables in research study, an educated or - List all the sources used in the research study.
calculated guess by the researcher.
11. Research Method
2 Types of Hypotheses: - is the systematic plan or procedure you use to collect and
Null Hypothesis – signifies that there is no significant analyze data in order to answer your research question.
relationship, difference, or effect between 2 or more
variables. - It's the "how" of your research, outlining the specific steps
Alternative Hypothesis – signifies that there is a you'll take to gather and interpret information.
significant relationship, difference, or effect between 2 or
more variables. Quantitative Research:

4. Data • Statistical Analysis

- Units of information or any statistics, facts, figures, general • Focuses on measuring and quantifying
material, evidence, or knowledge collected during the course data using numerical methods.
• Aims to test hypotheses and establish
of study.
relationships between variables.
 • Often involves large sample sizes and statistical • Process: Researchers collect data from the same
analysis. individuals or groups at multiple points in time.

Qualitative Research: Research Design under Qualitative Research:

• Thematic Analysis
• Focuses on understanding the meanings and 1. Ethnography:
experiences of individuals. • Purpose: To understand and describe a particular
• Aims to explore complex phenomena and culture or community from an insider's perspective.
generate insights into human behavior. • Process: Researchers immerse themselves in the
• Often involves small sample sizes and in-depth culture they are studying, observing, interacting,
data collection. and participating in daily life.
• Example: A researcher studying the cultural
Mixed Method Research: practices and beliefs of a specific indigenous group.
- combines elements of quantitative research (focusing on
numerical data and statistical analysis) and qualitative 2. Phenomenology:
research (focusing on understanding meanings and • Purpose: To explore and understand the lived
experiences through text and observation) to provide a more experiences and perspectives of individuals
comprehensive understanding of a research question regarding a specific phenomenon.
• Process: Researchers conduct in-depth interviews
12. Research Design with participants to gather detailed accounts of their
- The game plan or blueprint for finding out what you want to experiences and interpretations.
know. • Example: A study exploring the experiences of
individuals who have recovered from a serious
Research Design under Quantitative Research: illness.
1. Descriptive Designs:
• Purpose: To describe existing conditions, 3. Grounded Theory:
behaviors, or characteristics of a population. • Purpose: To develop a theory about a social
• Process: Researchers collect data on a specific phenomenon based on data collected from
phenomenon and summarize it using descriptive participants.
statistics. • Process: Researchers collect data through
interviews, observations, and document analysis,
2. Correlational Designs: and then use a systematic process of coding and
• Purpose: To explore the relationships between analysis to identify patterns and develop a theory.
variables without manipulating them. • Example: A study exploring the factors that
• Process: Researchers measure two or more contribute to successful leadership in a particular
variables and examine the strength and direction of organization.
their association.
4. Case Study:
3. Quasi-Experimental Designs: • Purpose: To provide an in-depth analysis of a
• Purpose: To study cause-and-effect relationships specific individual, group, event, or organization.
when random assignment is not possible. • Process: Researchers collect data from multiple
• Process: Similar to experimental designs, but sources, including interviews, observations,
participants are not randomly assigned to groups. documents, and archival materials, to provide a
Instead, pre-existing groups or naturally occurring comprehensive understanding of the case.
situations are used. • Example: A study examining the impact of a new
educational program on a specific school.
4. Experimental Designs:
• Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect 5. Historical Research:
relationships between variables. • Purpose: To understand past events and their
• Process: Researchers manipulate an independent significance in the present.
variable (the cause) and observe its effect on • Process: Researchers collect and analyze historical
a dependent variable (the outcome) while documents, artifacts, and oral histories to
controlling other factors. reconstruct past events and interpret their meaning.
• Example: A study exploring the historical
5. Longitudinal Designs: development of a particular social movement.
• Purpose: To study changes and trends over time.
6. Action Research:
• Purpose: To solve a practical problem in a specific
setting through a collaborative process involving
researchers and practitioners.
• Process: Researchers work closely with
practitioners to identify a problem, collect data,
analyze findings, and develop and implement
solutions.
• Example: A study involving teachers and
administrators to improve student engagement in a
particular school.