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Chapter 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which one of the following would contain the translated Java byte code for a program named Demo?
a. Demo.java
b. Demo.code
c. Demo.class
d. Demo.byte

ANS: C

2. To compile a program named First, use the following command:

a. java First.java
b. javac First
c. javac First.java
d. compile First.javac

ANS: C

3. A Java program must have at least one of these:

a. Class definition
b. Variable
c. Comment
d. System.out.println(); statement

ANS: A

4. In Java, the beginning of a comment is marked with:

a. //
b. ""
c. ;
d. #

ANS: A
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

5. The term typically refers to the device that displays console output.
a. Standard output device
b. Central processing unit
c. Secondary storage device
d. Liquid crystal display

ANS: A

6. In Java, must be declared before they can be used.

a. Variables
b. Literals
c. Key words
d. Comments

ANS: A

7. If the following Java statements are executed, what will be displayed?

System.out.println("The top three winners are\n");

System.out.print("Jody, the Giant\n");
System.out.print("Buffy, the Barbarian");
System.out.println("Adelle, the Alligator");
a. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the Barbarian
Adelle, the Alligator
b. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator
c. The top three winners are Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, and the Albino
d. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator

ANS: D

8. This is a value that is written into the code of a program.

a. literal
b. assignment statement
c. variable
d. operator

ANS: A

9. When the + operator is used with strings, it is known as the:

a. Assignment operator
b. String concatenation operator
c. Addition operator
d. Combined assignment operator

ANS: B
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

10. What would be printed out as a result of the following code?

System.out.println("The quick brown fox" +

"jumped over the \n"
"slow moving hen.");
a. The quick brown fox jumped over the \nslow moving hen.
b. The quick brown fox jumped over the
slow moving hen.
c. The quick brown fox
jumped over the
slow moving hen.
d. Nothing. This is an error.

ANS: D

11. Which of the following is not a rule that must be followed when naming identifiers?
a. The first character must be one of the letters a-z, A-Z, and underscore or a dollar sign.
b. Identifiers can contain spaces.
c. Uppercase and lowercase characters are distinct.
d. After the first character, you may use the letters a-z, A-Z, the underscore, a dollar sign, or digits 0-
9.

ANS: B

12. Which of the following cannot be used as identifiers in Java?

a. Variable names
b. Class names
c. Key words
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

ANS: C

13. In Java, it is standard practice to capitalize the first letter of:

a. Class names
b. Variable names
c. Key words
d. Literals

ANS: A

14. Which of the following is not a primitive data type?

a. short
b. long
c. float
d. String

ANS: D

15. Which of the following is valid?

a. float y;
y = 54.9;
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

b. float y;
double z;
z = 934.21;
y = z;

c. float w;
w = 1.0f;

d. float v;
v = 1.0;

ANS: C

16. The boolean data type may contain values in the following range of values
a. true or false
b. -128 to + 127
c. - 2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
d. - 32,768 to +32,767

ANS: A

17. Character literals are enclosed in ; string literals are enclosed in .

a. single quotes; single quotes
b. double quotes; double quotes
c. single quotes; double quotes
d. double quotes; single quotes

ANS: C

18. What is the result of the following expression?

10 + 5 * 3 - 20

a. -5
b. 5
c. 25
d. -50

ANS: B

19. What is the result of the following expression?

25 / 4 + 4 * 10 % 3

a. 19
b. 5.25
c. 3
d. 7

ANS: D
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

20. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 20;
x += 32;
y /= 4;
System.out.println("x = " + x + ", y = " + y);

a. x = 32, y = 4
b. x = 9, y = 52
c. x = 37, y = 5
d. x = 160, y = 80

ANS: C

21. What will be the value of z as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 28;
float z;
z = (float) (y / x);

a. 5.60
b. 5.6
c. 3.0
d. 5.0

ANS: D

22. What will be the displayed when the following code is executed?

final int x = 22, y = 4;

y += x;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y);

a. x = 22, y = 4
b. x = 22, y = 26
c. x = 22, y = 88
d. Nothing, this is an error

ANS: D

23. In the following Java statement what value is stored in the variable name?

String name = "John Doe";

a. John Doe
b. The memory address where "John Doe" is located
c. name
d. The memory address where name is located

ANS: B

24. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

int x = 6;
String msg = "I am enjoying this class.";
String msg1 = msg.toUpperCase();
String msg2 = msg.toLowerCase();
char ltr = msg.charAt(x);
int strSize = msg.length();
System.out.println(msg);
System.out.println(msg1);
System.out.println(msg2);
System.out.println("Character at index x = " +
ltr);
System.out.println("msg has " + strSize +
"characters.");

a. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = e
msg has 24 characters.

b. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = e
msg has 25 characters.

c. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = n
msg has 24 characters.

d. I am enjoying this class.

I AM ENJOYING THIS CLASS.
i am enjoying this class.
Character at index x = n
msg has 25characters.

ANS: D

25. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

public class test

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int value1 = 9;
System.out.println(value1);
int value2 = 45;
System.out.println(value2);
System.out.println(value3);
value = 16;
}
}
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

a. 9
45
16
b. 94516
c. 9 45 16
d. Nothing, this is an error

ANS: D

26. Which of the following is not a valid comment statement?

a. // comment 1
b. /* comment 2 */
c. */ comment 3 /*
d. /** comment 4 */

ANS: C

27. When saving a Java source file, save it with an extension of

a. .javac
b. .class
c. .src
d. .java

ANS: D

28. Every Java application program must have

a. a class named MAIN
b. a method named main
c. comments
d. integer variables

ANS: B

29. To print "Hello, world" on the monitor, use the following Java statement
a. SystemOutPrintln("Hello, world");
b. System.out.println{"Hello, world"}
c. System.out.println("Hello, world");
d. Print "Hello, world";

ANS: C

30. To display the output on the next line, you can use the println method or use this escape sequence in the
print method.

a. \n
b. \r
c. \t
d. \b

ANS: A
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 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

31. This is a named storage location in the computer's memory.

a. Literal
b. Constant
c. Variable
d. Operator

ANS: C

32. What would be displayed as a result of the following code?

int x = 578;
System.out.print("There are " +
x + 5 + "\n" +
"hens in the hen house.");

a. There are 583 hens in the hen house.

b. There are 5785 hens in the hen house.
c. There are x5\nhens in the hen house.
d. There are 5785
hens in the hen house.

ANS: D

33. Variables are classified according to their

a. value
b. data type
c. names
d. location in the program

ANS: B

34. The primitive data types only allow a(n) to hold a single value.
a. variable
b. object
c. class
d. literal

ANS: A

35. If x has been declared an int, which of the following statements is invalid?
a. x = 0;
b. x = -58932;
c. x = 1,000;
d. x = 592;

ANS: C

36. Given the declaration double r;, which of the following statements is invalid?
a. r = 326.75;
b. r = 9.4632e15;
c. r = 9.4632E15;
d. r = 2.9X106;
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: D

37. Variables of the boolean data type are useful for

a. working with small integers
b. evaluating true/false conditions
c. working with very large integers
d. evaluating scientific notation

ANS: B

38. What is the result of the following expression?

25 - 7 * 3 + 12 / 3

a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 12

ANS: B

39. What is the result of the following expression?

17 % 3 * 2 - 12 + 15

a. 7
b. 8
c. 12
d. 105

ANS: A

40. What will be displayed after the following statements have been executed?

int x = 15, y = 20, z = 32;

x += 12;
y /= 6;
z -= 14;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y +
", z = " +z);

a. x = 27, y = 3.333, z = 18
b. x = 27, y = 2, z = 18
c. x = 27, y = 3, z = 18
d. x = 37, y = 14, z = 4

ANS: C

41. What will be the value of z after the following statements have been executed?
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

int x = 4, y = 33;
double z;
z = (double) (y / x);

a. 8.25
b. 4
c. 8
d. 8.0

ANS: D

42. This is a variable whose content is read only and cannot be changed during the program's execution.

a. operator
b. literal
c. named constant
d. reserved word

ANS: C

43. What will be displayed after the following statements have been executed?

final double x;
x = 54.3;
System.out.println("x = " + x );

a. x = 54.3
b. x
c. x = 108.6
d. Nothing, this is an error.

ANS: D

44. Which of the following is a valid Java statement?

a. String str = 'John Doe';
b. string str = "John Doe";
c. string str = 'John Doe';
d. String str = "John Doe";

ANS: D

45. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 8;
String msg = "I am enjoying java.";
String msg1 = msg.toUpperCase();
String msg2 = msg.toLowerCase();
char ltr = msg.charAt(x);
int strSize = msg.length();
System.out.println(msg);
System.out.println(msg1);
System.out.println(msg2);
System.out.println("Character at index x = " +
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ltr);
System.out.println("msg has " + strSize +
" characters.");

a. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = j
msg has 20 characters.

b. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = o
msg has 20 characters.

c. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = o
msg has 19 characters.

d. I am enjoying java.
I AM ENJOYING JAVA.
i am enjoying java.
Character at index x = y
msg has 19 characters.

ANS: C

46. Which of the following does not describe a valid comment in Java?
a. Single line comments, two forward slashes - //
b. Multi-line comments, start with /* and end with */
c. Multi-line comments, start with */ and end with /*
d. Documentation comments, any comments starting with /** and ending with */

ANS: C

47. Which of the following statements correctly creates a Scanner object for keyboard input?

a. Scanner kbd = new Scanner(System.keyboard);

b. Scanner keyboard(System.in);

c. Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);

d. Keyboard scanner = new Keyboard(System.in);

ANS: C

48. Which Scanner class method reads an int?

a. readInt() c. getInt()
b. nextInt() d. read_int()
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: B

49. Which Scanner class method reads a String?

a. readString() c. getString()
b. nextString() d. nextLine()

ANS: D

50. Which one of the following methods would you use to convert a string to a double?

a. Byte.ParseByte c. Integer.ParseInt
b. Long.ParseLong d. Double.ParseDouble

ANS: D

TRUE/FALSE

1. A Java program will not compile unless it contains the correct line numbers.

ANS: F

2. All Java statements end with semicolons.

ANS: F

3. Java is a case-insensitive language.

ANS: F

4. Although the dollar sign is a legal identifier character, you should not use it because it is normally used for
special purposes.

ANS: T

5. Assuming that pay has been declared a double, the following statement is valid.
pay = 2,583.44;

ANS: F

6. Named constants are initialized with a value, that value cannot be changed during the execution of the program.

ANS: T

7. A variable's scope is the part of the program that has access to the variable.

ANS: T

8. In Java the variable named total is the same as the variable named Total.

ANS: F

9. Class names and key words are examples of variables.

 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

ANS: F

10. Both character literals and string literals can be assigned to a char variable.

ANS: F

11. If the compiler encounters a statement that uses a variable before the variable is declared, an error will result.

ANS: T

12. Programming style includes techniques for consistently putting spaces and indentation in a program so visual
cues are created.

ANS: T
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 (Alethopteris decurrens, of Göppert.
Pecopteris heterophylla, Lindley and Hutton, tab. 38.
Filicites decurrens, of Artis.)
The drawing represents but a small portion of the specimen, which indicated a
plant of gigantic size.
"The leaf or frond of this fern is very large, tripinnate or quadripinnate; the
stipes is broad and undulated; the leaflets are sessile, linear-lanceolate; the ribs
pinnate, the secondary ribs perpendicular to the main rib; the first leaflet on the
superior side of the pinnule adheres by its side to the rachis."—Artis.
This fern, which closely resembles some recent species, (Pteris aurita,) occurs
in great abundance in the shale at Alverthorpe near Wakefield. Notwithstanding
the profusion with which the foliage of many kinds of ferns is distributed
throughout the coal formation, the undoubted stems of tree-ferns are so rare,
that it may admit of question whether some of the leaves which from the analogy
of their structure to recent forms have been referred to the ferns, may not have
belonged to the stems of unknown trees with which they are associated in the
strata; for as, in the animal kingdom, distinct types of living organisms are often
found blended in the extinct races, so in the vegetable, it is possible, that foliage
and stems, of apparently discordant types, may have belonged to the same
extinct species or genus of trees. This problem can only be solved by diligent and
continued research in the richest localities of coal-plants.
M. Brongniart remarks that every bed of coal is the product of a special
vegetation, often different from that which preceded, and that which followed it.
Each bed thus resulting from a distinct vegetation, is characterized by the
predominance of certain impressions of plants, and the experienced miners
distinguish in many cases the beds they are working, by their practical knowledge
of the plants that prevail.
The same beds of coal, and the deposits which cover it, ought therefore to
contain the different parts of the plants that were living at the period of its
formation; and by carefully studying the association of these different fossils,
forming thus little special floras, generally of but few species, we may hope to
acquire data by which we may advance the means of reconstructing the
anomalous vegetable forms of the ancient world. M. Brongniart strongly urges
attention to this circumstance in the examination of the coal strata, with the view
of determining the identity of the scattered leaves, stems, and fruits, in any
particular stratum. By such a procedure, much addition would be made to our
knowledge of the entire structures of many of the fossil plants of which we now
only know the fragments. Thus we may hope to ascertain the foliage of the
Sigillariæ, the roots of which, by a similar method, have but recently been
determined to be the fossils called Stigmariæ.

Plate XXXIII.

PLATE XXXIII.

"Carpolithe, or Fossil Seed-vessel."

(Carpolithus marginatus, of Artis.)
 The carbonized husks or shells of nuts, and other carpolithes, or seed-vessels,
are not unfrequently met with in the coal and coal-shale. In the slab of shale
figured, there are three specimens of an oval nut, B, C, which is striated
longitudinally. These are associated with other vegetable remains, among which
part of a Lepidostrobus, the supposed cone or strobilus of a species of
Lepidodendron (see description of Plate IX.), is conspicuous at a.

PART II.
 FOSSIL FAUNA.
Plates XXXIV. to LXXIV. inclusive.

Plate XXXIV.

PLATE XXXIV.
(Plates XXXIV. to LXXIV. inclusive, are from Parkinson's Organic
Remains.)

Fossil Tubipore, from Derbyshire.

(Syringopora geniculata, of Phillips, from the Mountain Limestone, Derbyshire.)
The specimen figured is a mass of limestone, on the surface of which is spread
out in high relief a delicate tubiporite, or fossil coral, allied to the Tubipora, or
"Organ-pipe coral," so generally preserved in cabinets of natural curiosities, from
the beauty and elegance of its crimson tubes. The fossil, however, though
somewhat resembling the recent coral in its general form, belongs to an extinct
genus.
This Syringopora appears to have been very abundant in the sea in which the
strata of mountain or carboniferous limestone were deposited, for it forms entire
beds of great extent. A beautifully figured marble results from this coral, when the
interstices of its tubes have been filled up with compact calcareous matter. A
small polished slab is represented in fig. 2. At Matlock, vases, and other
ornamental articles, are made of it; and the sections of the coral tubes impart
considerable variety of figures.[25]
[25] Articles of this kind may be obtained of Mr. Tennant, 149, Strand.

Some slabs of this fossil coral are of a dull red hue, which there is every
reason to conclude is due to the colour of the original; and not only are traces of
the natural tints of the living zoophyte preserved, but even the animal membrane
of the coral; and this may be exposed by immersing a fragment of the marble in
dilute muriatic (hydrochloric) acid. Mr. Parkinson thus describes the result of his
first experiment:—
"A fragment of the marble (Plate XXXIV. fig. 2) was exposed to the action of
muriatic acid in a very dilute state. As the calcareous earth was dissolved, and the
carbonic acid escaped, I was delighted to observe the membranaceous substance
appear, depending from the stone in light, flocculent, elastic flakes. Many of these
retained a deep red colour, and appeared in a beautiful and distinct manner,
although not absolutely retaining the form of the tubipore. A faithful
representation of this appearance is given in fig. 3."
This experiment of Mr. Parkinson was highly important, as proving the
previously almost incredible fact, that animal membrane, when hermetically
sealed, as it were, in the solid stone, was as indestructible as the rock itself. It
suggested, too, the probability that vestiges of other animal tissues might be
traced in organic remains, and encouraged subsequent observers to seek for
evidence of the soft parts of animal bodies entombed in the strata. It was the first
step in the right direction, and led to the detection of many highly interesting
phenomena. In Dr. Buckland's Bridgewater Essay will be found figures and
descriptions of the eyes of crustacea: of the wings, elytra or wing-covers, and the
integuments of the body of insects; of the skin of reptiles; and, in the "Wonders
of Geology," and "Medals of Creation," of the membranes of the air-bladder, and
of the capsule of the eye of fishes; of the soft parts of the animalcules called
foraminifera, &c. The bodies of mollusca, or shell-fish, converted into a dark
brown mass (mollushite), occur in such abundance in some deposits, as to yield a
rich manure from the quantity of phosphate of lime. The excrementitious
substances termed by Dr. Buckland "Coprolites," are also used for agricultural
purposes.

Plate XXXV.
 PLATE XXXV.

The subjects here figured are Fossil Corals.

Fig. 1. (Syringopora ramulosa.) A fragment of another species of the
coral previously described; from the mountain limestone.
Fig. 2, represents four connected tubes of the recent organ-pipe coral
(Sarcinula musica) of New Holland, to show the structure of this
type of Zoophytes. Coloured figures of the live polypes of this coral
are given in Wonders of Geology, sixth edition, vol. ii. plate vi.
 Fig. 3. A polished slab of marble, the white markings in which are
produced by sections of the tubes of the same species of coral as
that represented in fig. 1.
Fig. 4. (Catenipora escharoides.) The fossil here delineated is well known
to collectors by the name of "chain-coral" derived from the elegant
cateniform markings produced by transverse sections of the parallel
tubes, which being of an oval form, and in close apposition, give rise
to chain-like figures, as shown in figs. 5 and 6. From Dudley.
This fossil coral abounds in that division of the Silurian formation termed the
Wenlock or Dudley limestones, wherever these deposits occur. The most exquisite
specimens are obtained from the Falls of the Ohio, at Louisville, in the United
States of America. A coral reef of the Silurian epoch here exists in the bed of the
mighty stream of fresh water, almost as perfect as when growing in its native sea!
The river dashes over the entire mass in the season of high water; but in those
periods when the stream is low, the ridge of coral is exposed, and its surface then
presents the most extraordinary display of Silurian corals, of numerous species
and genera, standing in relief on the more compact masses of the rock. The
substance of the corals, being siliceous, resists the action of the cataract, while
the softer calcareous matter which filled up the interstices of the tubes, lamellæ,
&c. of the zoophytes, is washed away atom by atom; and natural dissections are
formed, which art would in vain attempt to imitate. Dr. Yandell, of the Medical
College, Louisville, and Dr. Clapp, of New Albany, have splendid collections from
the Falls, which every geologist and intelligent traveller who visits Kentucky should
not fail to examine: the masses of Astreæ, Madrepores, &c. are so fresh in their
aspect, as not to be readily distinguished from the recent specimens of the same
genera which are placed beside them.[26]
[26] See Sir Charles Lyell's Travels in the United States; and Drs. Yandell
and Shumard's "Contributions to the Geology of Kentucky." Louisville, 1847.

Fig. 5, is a transverse section of a mass of chain-coral from Dudley.

Fig. 6. The same, as seen by transmitted light.

Plate XXXVI.
 PLATE XXXVI.

Various Fossil Corals from different Formations.

Figs. 1, 2, 3. (Cyathophyllum turbinatum, of Goldfuss.) These three
turbinated or top-shaped corals are referable to a genus of which
many species are exceedingly abundant in the Wenlock or Dudley
limestone of the Silurian System. They belong to the Anthozoa, or
flower-like corals. The living animal, of which the coral is but the
durable earthy fabric or skeleton, bore a close analogy to the sea-
anemone, or animal flower (Actinia), of our coasts. Each of these
 specimens belonged but to a single animal: the Cyathophylla are
not, like the tubipores previously described, an aggregation of
numerous individual polypes.[27]
[27] For a popular account of the nature of Corals and the animals which
form them, see Wonders of Geology, vol. ii. Lect. vi. p. 589.

Fig. 4. A small coral (Fungia) from Dudley.

Fig. 5. On this block of mountain limestone there are the remains of two
different kinds of corals. The upper cylindrical part is a fragment of
Cyathophyllum, to the lower part of which is attached a species of
another genus (Michelinia).
Fig. 6, is a small coral (Fungia numismalis, of Goldfuss), common in the
Oolite.
Fig. 7. A piece of encrinital limestone, from Derbyshire, having a conical
cast—that is, the stone has been moulded in the interior or cavity—
of a turbinated coral (Turbinolia).
Fig. 8. A longitudinal section, showing the transverse cells and lamellæ
of the same kind of coral (Cyathophyllum) as figs. 1, 2, 3.
Fig. 9. A species of Turbinolia (Turbinolia complanata, of Goldfuss).
Fig. 10. A small turbinated coral (Turbinolia mitrata, of Hesinger), from
the Silurian strata of Gothland.
Fig. 11. a Turbinolia from the Silurian deposits of Sweden.
Fig. 12. A remarkable coral (Petraia, of Munster), from the Devonian
strata.
Figs. 13 & 14, are sections of Cyathophylla, like figs. 1, 2, 3, to exhibit
the internal structure.
Figs. 15 & 16. Two elegant simple corals (Caryophyllia centralis, of
Mantell), from the chalk of Kent. The form and disposition of the
lamellæ of the cavity, as seen at the upper part of the specimens,
are shown at a and b.
Fig. 17. A transverse and polished section of a species of Cyathophyllum,
from the Devonian strata, at Blackenberg on the Rhine.

Plate XXXVII.
 PLATE XXXVII.

Various Fossil Compound Corals.

Fig. 1. A beautiful specimen of Star-coral (Astrea ananas, of Goldfuss),
from the Silurian strata of Sweden. At a, is shown "the mode in
which, as in proliferous flowers, new polypes bud from the centre of
the parent disk. At b, is represented the growth in the recent
Madrepora stellaris of Linnæus."—Mr. Parkinson.
Fig. 2. An elegant Cyathophyllum (C. dianthus, of Goldfuss), from the
Silurian formation of Sweden. At c, (the lower part of the plate,) is
shown its probable mode of increase.
Figs. 3 & 6. A columnar compound coral (Lithostrotion striatum, of
Lhwyd), from the mountain limestone of Derbyshire; fig. 3, is a
transverse section of fig. 6, showing the basaltiform arrangement of
the columns.
Fig. 4. "A fossil madrepore, from Lincolnshire."—Mr. Parkinson.
Fig. 5. A very elegant and abundant coral (Caryophyllia annularis, of
Parkinson), in the bed termed "Coral Rag," of the oolite of Wiltshire,
Berkshire, &c. Large conglomerated masses of this branched species
form a considerable proportion of the fossil coral-reef which
traverses some parts of the oolite: and when this bed is worked for
road materials, blocks of this coral, more or less changed into
calcareous spar, may be seen lying on the way-side. Near Faringdon,
in Berkshire, a quarry in the Coral-rag has yielded many beautiful
examples.
Fig. 7. Called "Spider-stone," by Mr. Parkinson. It is a species of Astrea:
d, is an enlarged view of one of the polype-cells.
Fig. 8. A beautiful fossil coral, from Transylvania (apparently a species of
Lithostrotion?).
Fig. 9. The specimen figured is from the mountain limestone of the
Mendip Hills. (It is the Michelinia tenuisepta, of Phillips; Manon
favosum, of Goldfuss?) It is described by Mr. Parkinson as "bearing
somewhat of a honeycomb appearance."

Plate XXXVIII.
 PLATE XXXVIII.

Fossil Corals, and Coral Marbles.

Fig. 1, is a polished slab of the carboniferous limestone, well known as
the Kilkenny marble, and much used for chimney-pieces. The figures
exposed on the surface are produced by sections of enclosed corals
(some species of Cyathophyllum), which are transmuted into white
calcareous spar.
Fig. 2. A coral of the same kind (Cyathophyllum turbinatum), from the
mountain limestone of Derbyshire.
Fig. 3. A polished slice of Derbyshire marble, the markings on which are
derived from sections of enclosed branches of corals (Syringopora),
resembling that figured in Pl. XXXIV.
Fig. 4. An elegant compound coral, called "Spider-stone" by collectors
(Astrea arachnoides, of Dr. Fleming); from Wiltshire: the geological
habitat uncertain; probably the Oolite.
Fig. 5. This specimen appears to be a cluster of corals belonging to the
genus Cyathophyllum.
Fig. 6. A magnified sketch of one of the cells of fig. 4.
Fig. 7. A polished transverse section of a coral; the precise relation of this
species is not certain.
Fig. 8. This is a very abundant coral in some of the beds of mountain
limestone, (Lithodendron fasciculatum, of Phillips.) The specimen
figured is from Clifton, near Bristol. The marble cups, and other
ornaments, manufactured from the rocks near that place, often
exhibit sections of this species.
Fig. 9. A mass of coral from Ingleborough, (Cyathophyllum fungites.)
Fig. 10. A polished slice of a beautiful marble richly marked by the
sections of the enclosed corals (Astrea undulata, of Dr. Fleming);
from Switzerland: probably from the Oolitic or Jurassic formation.
Fig. 11. Vertical section of a fossil coral, showing the transverse
arrangement of the internal cells.
Figs. 12 & 13. These specimens are polished sections of a very beautiful
compound coral (Astrea Tisburiensis, of Miss Benett), which occurs
in a silicified state in the Portland beds that are quarried at Tisbury,
in Wiltshire. Masses of chert (a kind of coarse silex or flint), wholly
made up of this coral, are often met with, and when sliced and
polished are extremely beautiful and interesting; the originally
calcareous fabric of the zoophytes being perfectly transmuted into
silex, and the interstices filled up with a similar substance, but of a
different colour.[28]
[28] Specimens of the Tisbury Astrea, and of most if not all of the coralline
marbles figured and described, may be obtained of Professor Tennant; and
also vases, &c. of the various marbles of Derbyshire.
 Plate XXXIX.

PLATE XXXIX.

Various Fossil Corals and Sponges, or Amorphozoa.

Fig. 1. A coral from the Dudley limestone. (Favosites?)
Fig. 2, is a vertical section of figs. 4 and 5, to show the internal
arrangement of the cells.
 Fig. 3. The under surface of a very common species (Favosites
Gothlandica, of Goldfuss); from the Wenlock limestone of Dudley. A
magnified view of part of the surface, to show the honeycomb
structure, is given in fig. 7.
Fig. 4, the under, and fig. 5, the upper surface, of a small coral
(Cyclolites ?) from the Oolite.
Fig. 6. A silicified branched sponge, (Spongites lobatus, of Dr. Fleming,)
from the chalk of Berkshire.
Fig. 9, is a beautiful silicified, lobate, spongoid body, (Siphonia,) probably
from the greensand. Siliceous cruciform spicula obtained from this
fossil are represented in fig. 8.
Zoophytes of this kind, like many of the sponges, have their tissues
strengthened by, and largely composed of spicula, which vary in form and size in
the different species and genera. Many sponges and Siphoniæ in flint, and in the
chert of the greensand, consist almost entirely of spicula, which may be easily
detected by a slightly magnifying power.
Fig. 10. Another common Dudley Coral. (Porites pyriformis, of Mr.
Lonsdale.)
Fig. 11. A beautiful coral (Explanaria flexuosa, of Dr. Fleming), from the
Coral Rag of Steeple Ashton, Wilts. The outline indicates the mode
of increase, according to Mr. Parkinson, of this form of zoophyte.
Fig. 12. This is a portion of a delicate ramose sponge (Spongites
ramosus, of Mantell), whose remains are abundant in the chalk-
flints, and have given rise to the irregularly branched siliceous
nodules. A specimen nine inches long, with seven branches, is
figured in Fossils of the South Downs, Pl. XV. fig. 11. Siliceous
spicula are thickly interspersed throughout the mass.

Plate XL.
 PLATE XL.

Fossil Corals, &c.

Fig. 1. The shells of Oysters, and other mollusca, are subjected to the
ravages of a parasitical sponge, (Cliona, of Dr. Grant,) which is beset
with minute siliceous spines or spicula, and inhabits hollows formed
in the substance of the shell. Shells thus honeycombed, as it were,
may often be found on the sea-shore with the excavated parts filled
up by sponge. I have shells collected by my eldest son on the
shores of New Zealand, that are hollowed out in a similar manner,
 and occupied by sponge. Whether these cavities are produced by
mechanical means, or are the result of the decay and absorption of
the shell induced by the growth of the parasite, are questions still
undetermined. There are several kinds of shells found fossil, which
were infested with a similar parasitical sponge; and when the
cavities thus produced have been filled up by flint, and the shell has
subsequently decomposed, or been worn away, the surface of the
flint is studded with the casts of the cells, in the form of small
irregular globular bodies, connected by filaments or strings of flint.
The fossil, fig. 1, is a fossil of this kind, described by Mr. Parkinson
as being "covered with minute round bodies, the nature of which is
unknown;" fig. 12, is an enlarged view of five of these globular casts
connected by filaments.

The origin of these fossils was first pointed out by the Rev. W. Conybeare.[29]
The fibrous shells of a fossil genus of bivalves named Inoceramus, of which
several species abound in the Chalk, appear to have been particularly subjected to
depredations of this kind. Hence among partially water-worn flints, specimens of
the siliceous casts are common; figs. 8, and 10, are examples from the Hackney
gravel-pits.
[29] See Medals of Creation, vol. i. p. 396, fig. 94.

Mr. Morris has named these fossils, Clionites; fig. 1, is C. Parkinsoni.

Figs. 2, 4, 7, are portions of a recent species of jointed zoophyte (Isis),
from a modern concretionary deposit on the shores of the
Mediterranean, Sicily.
Fig. 3. A branched fossil coral (Millepora ramosa, of Dr. Fleming),
imbedded in compact oolitic limestone from Wiltshire. A portion of
the surface magnified is represented in fig. 11.
Fig. 5, appears to be a fungiform Spongite; its locality is not mentioned.
Fig. 6. Portion of a fossil coral (Ceriopora), from Switzerland.
Figs. 8, & 10. These pebbles have the surface covered with casts of
Clionites (Clionites Conybeari, of Mr. Morris.[30])
[30] Mr. Morris thus defines the generic character of these fossil bodies:
—"Reticular masses of a more or less compressed globular, elliptical, or
polygonal form; rugose and sometimes papillose; connected by minute tubuli
or fibrillæ. Dendritical, dichotomous, or irregularly aggregated." Clionites
Conybeari is characterized by "Cells irregular, somewhat polygonal, with one or
more papillæ; surface finely tuberculated, connecting threads numerous." Note
from Mr. Morris, April, 1850.
 The fossils, however, do not appear to be the silicified sponge (Cliona) by
which the ravages in the shell have been effected; they are merely casts of the
cavities produced.

Fig. 9. Fragments of the radicle processes of attachment of some

Apiocrinite or Lily-shaped animal in chalk; see description of Plate
LI.
Fig. 14. A section of a siliceous nodule; probably the cellular appearance
is inorganic: fig. 13, is a magnified section of the cells.

Plate XLI.
 PLATE XLI.

A Silicified cup-shaped Sponge, from Touraine.

(Chenendopora Parkinsoni, of Michelin.
Spongites Townsendi, of Mantell.)
This beautiful plate of a petrified zoophyte allied to the Spongia, formed the
frontispiece to Mr. Parkinson's second volume. The fossil delineated is from
Touraine in France, and is one of the most perfect examples of this kind hitherto
observed. It belongs to a group of cup-shaped Amorphozoa, (as these organisms
are now named by naturalists, from the great irregularity of shape which they
assume,) termed Chenendopora. The original organic substance is transmuted
into silex, and the interstices are filled up with carbonate of lime. The same
species occurs in the greensand in the Vale of Pewsey in Wiltshire, and, I believe,
also in the white-chalk; for many cyathiform flints from the South Downs appear
to have the same internal structure.
In the so-called "gravel-pits," near Faringdon, in Berkshire,—which are
quarries of a loosely-aggregated grit of the greensand, almost wholly made up of
the relics of shells, corals, amorphozoa, &c.—numerous sponges of this genus are
met with. One beautiful species (Chenendopora fungiformis) has acquired, from
its cup-like form, the local name of "petrified salt-cellar."[31]
[31] Wonders of Geology, vol. ii. p. 637; and Medals of Creation, "Excursion
to Faringdon," vol. ii. p. 923.

Plate XLII.
 PLATE XLII.

The Fossils represented in this Plate are chiefly Zoophytes in Flint.

Fig. 1. A flint from the gravel-pits at Hackney. Its form is derived from
the enclosed zoophyte, part of whose structure is exposed in the
upper portion of the figure. This fossil zoophyte (Choanites Königi,
of Mantell) is very abundant in some of the chalk strata, and many
of the most beautifully marked pebbles cut and polished for
brooches by the lapidaries of Brighton, Bognor, and the Isle of
Wight, are the silicified soft parts of this animal. The original was of
 a subglobular form, and probably of a soft fleshy consistence; it had
a deep central cavity, whence numerous tubes diverged, and
ramified throughout the mass; it was fixed at the base by radicle or
root-like processes.[32]
[32] See Medals of Creation, p. 264. "Thoughts on a Pebble," (eighth
edition,) contains coloured figures and a full description of these fossils.

Fig. 2. This is another characteristic and abundant fossil zoophyte of the

chalk and flint. The specimen figured is a water-worn pebble, and
therefore gives but obscure indications of the form and structure of
the original. The fungiform flints—called in Sussex petrified
mushrooms—belong to the same genus (Ventriculites, of Mantell):
and highly interesting specimens occur in which some part of the
zoophyte is invested with flint, and the other part expanded in the
chalk. The original was probably a polyparium—that is, the skeleton
or support of an aggregation of coral-polypes—of a funnel shape,
the polype-shells being situated on the inner surface: the base was
attached by root-like fibres.[33] The polype-cells are cylindrical and
regular, and clusters of beautiful casts of them often occur on flints.
[33] Consult Medals of Creation, pp. 270-279: and Wonders of Geology,
sixth edition, p. 638.

Fig. 3. This specimen is described by Mr. Parkinson as "a pear-shaped

alcyonite from Switzerland." It is probably one of those fossil
zoophytes allied to the sponges (called Siphonia), in which the
upper part is of a bulbous or pear-like form, and is supported by a
stem with root-like processes at the base. The bulb has a central
cavity studded with irregular pores, that communicates with the
parallel longitudinal tubes of which the stem is composed: a
structure admitting of that ready ingress and egress of the sea-
water, which this class of organisms requires. There are numerous
species in the greensand of the chalk formation.[34]
[34] Medals of Creation, p. 258, Lign. 56.

Fig. 4. A variety of Siphonia (Jerea excavata, of Michelin), from the

greensand of Wiltshire.
Fig. 5. A silicified Siphonia from Saumur.
Fig. 6. A Ventriculite from a gravel-pit; the markings are produced by the
exposed and partially abraded outer integument, which in perfect
examples consists of a regular net-work of sub-cylindrical fibres.
Fig. 7, is a transverse section of a Siphonia (Siphonia pyriformis of
Goldfuss).
Fig. 8. A nearly perfect specimen of a similar fossil. In fig. 7, are shown
sections of tubes passing from the periphery to the centre; in fig. 8,
the central aperture of the cavity of the bulb, and part of the stem,
are displayed.
Figs. 9, & 10, are imperfect specimens of Choanites: fig. 10, is a vertical
section showing the central cavity and the connected tubes.
Fig. 11, is another example of Siphonia pyriformis.
Fig. 12, a vertical, and fig. 13, a transverse section, of the same species
of Siphonia.
Fig. 14. A small turbinated calcareous spongite from Switzerland.
Fig. 15. The appearance of the animal membrane exposed by immersion
of the fossil (fig. 14), in diluted hydrochloric acid.

Plate XLIII.
 PLATE XLIII.

Fossil Corals, and other Zoophytes.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, & 4, are representations of different aspects of a simple
coral (Fungia polymorpha, of Goldfuss); the locality is uncertain. Fig.
1, the base; fig. 2, a magnified representation of part of the same;
fig. 3, magnified view of part of the lamellated surface of fig. 4.
Fig. 5. The nature of this fossil is not obvious; it may be a rolled
Siphonia.
Fig. 6, is a fine specimen of a Siphonia (Jerea pyriformis, of Lamouroux).
At both extremities the apertures of the numerous tubuli are seen.
Figs. 7, 8, & 9, are varieties of the same species of fossil sponge (Scyphia
articulata, of Goldfuss), from Switzerland.
Fig. 10. A spongite of a very peculiar form.
Fig. 11. A spongite investing a fossil shell (Nerita), from Faringdon.
Fig. 12, is an imperfect specimen of a Ventriculite (Ventriculites
alcyonoides, of Mantell), from the chalk of Wiltshire.
Fig. 13. A calcareous spongite which has been immersed in dilute
hydrochloric acid to show its structure.
Fig. 14. A pebble deriving its shape from a zoophyte apparently related
to the Ventriculites (Spongites labyrinthicus, of Mantell). The
aperture at the base has arisen from the decomposition of the
process of attachment.
Fig. 15. A pebble enclosing part of the base of a Ventriculite; the circular
spots on the large end are sections of the ramifications of the stirps
or base of the zoophyte; for this figure and the following are drawn
in an inverted position.
Fig. 16, is a similar fossil, split vertically, and showing the enclosed stem
of the Ventriculite.

Plate XLIV.
 PLATE XLIV.

Fossil Zoophytes.
Fig. 1. A spongite (Scyphia costata, of Goldfuss), from Switzerland. The
fossil spongeous bodies named Scyphia, are characterized by the
"mass or body being either cylindrical, simple or branched; fistulous,
and terminating in a rounded pit; entirely composed of a firm
reticulated tissue."[35] Like the other bodies comprised in the group
of Amorphozoa, the form in this genus is exceedingly diversified,
and as the structure is often but obscurely shown, the determination
 of these fossils is oftentimes impossible. It is however convenient, in
the present state of our knowledge, to distinguish the principal kinds
by names which may be modified or abandoned, when the structure
and natural affinities of the original organisms are more accurately
determined.
[35] Medals of Creation, p. 237.

Fig. 2. Another species of Scyphia from Switzerland; a small portion of

the surface magnified is seen at a.
Fig. 3. The peculiar form and tissue of another genus of Amorphozoa
(Cnemidium rimulosum, of Goldfuss), are shown in this beautiful
specimen.
Fig. 4, is a section of a chalk flint, from Wycombe Heath; the purple
body, partially invested by a white border, is evidently a mass of the
soft parts of some zoophyte, which served as a nucleus to the
siliceous nodule. A purple or pink hue often prevails in the sections
of zoophytes immersed in flint, and doubtless depends on the
original colour of the living animal.
Fig. 5. A very fine spongite (Chenendopora fungiformis, of Michelin),
from France.
Fig. 6. This is evidently a fossil zoophyte, but the structure exposed is
not sufficiently characteristic to determine the genus.
Fig. 7. A beautiful fungiform Scyphia.
Fig. 8. This elegant specimen, which Mr. Parkinson highly valued, is
evidently a Choanite imbedded in flint. The body retains a pink
colour, and is surrounded by a white band, which is probably the
remains of the cortical or external tissue of the original zoophyte. I
have seen many transverse sections in which the central mass was
either of a pink or purple colour, and encircled by a white zone, in
the squared flints of the walls of churches and other ancient edifices
in Sussex.[36]
[36] Polished specimens of the pebbles of the Isle of Wight, exhibiting
sections of the Choanites, Ventriculites, &c., may be obtained of Mr.
Fowlestone, Lapidary, 4, Victoria Arcade, Ryde; who also has generally on sale
a good series of the fossils of the Island. The minute organisms that occur in
flints, many of which are highly interesting objects when seen by transmitted
light under a good microscope, can be procured of Mr. Topping, that well-
known preparer of microscopic objects, New Winchester Street, Pentonville