Introduction to

Biostatistics

Md. Shahjahan PhD

Steps in Statistics

Concluding
Summarizing
Interpreting
Analyzing
Organizing

Classifying

Tabulating

Collecting
Flavor of Statistics
STATISTICS

Use in Public Use in Industrial Sector

Health Issues Industrial Statistics
Biostatistics

Use in Agricultural Use in Insurance

Sector Agri-statistics Actuarial Statistics

Use in Business Admin Use in Economic Sector

Business Statistics Economic Statistics
 Classification of Statistics

STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics Theory of Estimation Inferential Statistics

 Measures of  Point Estimation  z test

Central
 Interval  t test
Tendency
Estimation   2 test etc
 Measures of
Dispersion
Purpose of statistics:
To find facts from figures

Requirement:
Valid and Reliable data
Statistics

 Data
 Summary measure based on sample
 The subject
Statistics-the subject:
Deals with collection, analysis and interpretation of
data.
Statistics - Data: The term statistics of often
interchangeable used as data e.g. health manpower
statistics.
Statistics – Sample-based summary measure:
Any summary measure worked out using sample data.
for example: sample mean
Biostatistics: Statistics about life; covers such fields
as Public health, Medicine, Nutrition, genetics etc.
Population Sample

Parameter Statistic
Definitions:
 A descriptive measure computed
from the data of a sample is
called a statistic.
 A descriptive measure computed
from the data of a population is
called a parameter.
1.7. Common statistical symbols
Title Symbol
Sample Mean x
Population mean 
Sample standard deviation s
Population standard deviation 
Sample variance s2
Population variance 2
Summation 
Correlation coefficient r
Coefficient of determination r2
Degree of freedom df
 1.7. Common statistical symbols (Contd.)
Title Symbol
Chi-square value 2
Sample proportion p
Population proportion ∏
Null hypothesis Ho
Alternative hypothesis H1 or HA
Sample Size n
Type I error  error
Type II error  error
Power of the test 1- 
Descriptive Statistics
The statistical procedures used in
describing the important characteristics
or properties of a set of data derived
from sample are referred to as
descriptive statistics. It is a procedure
or technique used to organize and
summarize numerical data into
frequency distribution, computing of
measures of central tendency and
measures of dispersion etc.
Inferential Statistics
The procedures used and applied to
samples in drawing of inferences
about the properties of population
from sample data are called
inferential statistics. The most
commonly used inferential statistics
are t-test, z-test, 2 test, F-test and
ANOVA test.
Data:
Outcome of variables in respect of group of individuals
Variable:
Vary Able : Able to vary
Any characteristics or measurements that can vary.
Qualitative Variable:
Outcome stated in narrative form e.g.
Sex: Male/Female
Quantitative Variable:
Outcome stated in number or quantity e.g.
Height, Weight etc.
Nature of variable:
Discrete ( e.g. Parity- 0, 1,2….. )
Continuous: Age (e.g. 25.234509…yrs)
 Variable Types & Nature

Variable

Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete Discrete Continuo

(whole (whole
us (any
number) number)
value)
 Variable Types and scales of
measurement

Variable

Qualitative Quantitative

Nominal Ordinal
(can not be (can be Interval Ratio
put arranged in
In any order order)

Scales of Measurements
Practical Exercise
Fill up the blanks with variable type and Scale. You add two
variables in the list and fill up the blanks:
Variable name Type Scale
 Occupation
 Religion
 Hours of study
 Parity
 Shirt collar size
 Sample size
 Blood group
 RBC
 Serum creatinine level
 Duration of hospital stay
 Eye color
 Eye Vision
 Liver size
 Solution
Variable name Var type Var nature Scale(N/O/I/R)
(Qn/Ql) (D/C)
Occupation Qualitative Discrete Nominal
Religion Qualitative Discrete Nominal
Hours of study Quantitative Continuous Ratio
Parity Quantitative Discrete Ratio
Shirt collar size Quantitative Continuous Interval
Sample size Quantitative Discrete Ratio
Blood group Qualitative Discrete Nominal
RBC Quantitative Continuous Nominal
Serum creatinine level Quantitative Continuous Ratio
Duration of hospital stay Quantitative Continuous Ratio
Eye colour Qualitative Discrete Nominal
Eye Vision Quantitative Discrete Nominal
Liver size Quantitative Continuous Ratio
 Reference Book:
Hand out on Biostatistics :Prof M A Hafez
Biostatistics : Prof Shahidullah