khz;l;Nghu;l; gs;sp> Re;juelg;G> rptfq;if.

tFg;G: 10;
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,ay;-5 nkhopngau;g;Gf; fy;tp

1. nkhopngah;g;Gf; fy;tpapd; ,d;wpaikahikf; Fwpj;J vOJf.

 midj;Jyf mwpit ngw KbfpwJ.
 mwpTj; JiwfSf;Fk; njhopy; JiwfSf;Fk; ntspehl;ltiu vjpu;ghu;f;fhky; ehNk
cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
 kdpj tsj;ij KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j KbfpwJ.
 Ntiy tha;g;Gj; jsj;ij tpupthf;f KbfpwJ.
 ehL> ,d> nkhop vy;iyfs; fle;J XUyfj; jd;ikiag; ngw KbfpwJ.
,jd;%yk;>
 gy ehl;L J}juq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
 ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL> njhopy; tsh;r;rp> fiy Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wd.
 gpw nkhopfisf; fw;Wj;jUk; jdpahh; epwtdq;fs; cUthfpAs;sd.
 gs;sp> fy;Y}up> gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gpwnkhopfisf; fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 vOj;jhsu;fs;> rpe;jidahsu;;fs;> gw;wpa E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 jpUf;Fws; cyf nkhopfSf;Fs; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 gilg;ghspfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ldu;.
2. nkhopngau;g;gpd; gad;fs; ahit?
 njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> jpiug;glk;> ,jo;fs; Nghd;w Clfq;fs; tsh;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
 tpsk;guq;fs; nkhopngah;g;gpdhy; ngUfpAs;sd.
 jpiug;glq;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rpj;njhlh;fs; nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;L midj;J kf;fsplKk;
nrd;wilfpd;wd.
 njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fhZk;> Nfl;Fk; nra;jpfs;> ehspjo;fs; Nghd;wit nghopngah;g;G %yk;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
 mwptpaiy cUthf;f> murpaiy cUthf;f> nghUspaiy cUthf;f> r%ftpaiy cUthf;f>
,yf;fpaj;ij cUthf;f cjTfpwJ.
 ehLfisAk;> kdpjh;fisAk; ,izf;fpwJ.
 fhyj;jhy;> nkhopahy;> ,lj;jhy; gphpf;fg;gl;l khDlj;ij ,izf;fpwJ.
 fle;j fhyj;ij vjph;fhyj;Jld; ,izf;Fk; gFjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
 Gjpa nrhw;fs; cUthfp nkhoptsk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 gz;ghL> ehfhpfk;> gof;ftof;fq;fis mwpa KbfpwJ.
 nkhopngah;g;gpd; %yk;> xU ehl;bd; tuyhW> ,yf;fpak; gz;ghl;by; typikahd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
3. nkhopngah;g;gpd; NghJ nra;a Ntz;Ltd ahit?
 GJg;GJ E}y;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 nkhopngah;g;G epWtdq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nkhopngah;g;igf; fy;tpahf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nkhopngah;g;Gf;F Ntz;ba nrhw;fsQ;rpaq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 xU nkhopapd; rpwg;Gf; $WfSf;F ,izahd rkd;ghLfis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gl;liwfs; elj;Jjy;> E}y; ntspapLjy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
  ntt;NtW Jiw rhh;e;j E}y; nkhopngah;g;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 jkpopy; gy E}y;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 nrg;Gnkhopfs; gythf ,Ug;gpDk; rpe;jid xd;Wilajhf;f nkhopngah;g;Gf; fy;tpiag; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
4. nkhopngah;g;gpd; Njit – RUf;fp vOJf.
 nkhopngah;g;G vy;yhf; fhyfl;lq;fspYk; Njitahd xd;W.
 Njrpa czu;T Cl;Ltjw;Fk; xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;jpa muR nkhopngah;g;ig
xU fUtpahff; nfhz;lJ:
 xUnkhopapy; ,Uf;Fk; E}y;fisg; gpw nkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;jJ:
 gy;NtW khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;j ,Uf;fpd;w vOj;jhsh;fs;> rpe;jidahsh;fs; MfpNahiug; gw;wpa
E}y;fisAk; ntspapl;lJ.
5. nkhopngau;g;Gf; fy;tp – tpsf;Ff.
nkhopngau;g;G – fy;tp
 nkhopngah;g;igf; fy;tpahf Mf;Ftjd; %yk; midj;Jyf mwpitAk; ehk; vspjhfg;
ngwKbAk;.
 gy mwpTj;JiwfSf;Fk; njhopy; JiwfSf;Fk; ntspehl;lhiu vjph;ghh;f;fhky; ehNk ekf;F
Ntz;ba midj;ijAk; cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 kdpj tsj;ij KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Ntiytha;g;Gj; jsj;ij tpupthf;f KbAk;.
ehL> ,d> nkhop vy;iyfs; fle;J XUyfj;jd;ikiag; ngwKbAk;.
 ehL tpLjiy ngw;w gpwF gy ehl;Lj; J}juq;fs; ek; ehl;by; epWtg;gl;ld.
 mit jq;fSila ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL> njhopy;tsh;r;rp> fiy Nghd;wtw;iw
mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; jj;jk; nkhopfisf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fpd;w Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wd.
 ,jidr; rhh;e;J gpw nkhopfisf; fw;Wj;jUk; jdpahh; epWtdq;fSk; cUthfpAs;sd.
 gs;spfspYk;> fy;Y}hpfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; gpwnkhopfisf; fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. nkhopngau;g;Gr; nrk;ik gw;wp tptupj;J vOJf.
 Hundred railsleepers were washed away vd;gij njhlu;tz;bapy; cwq;fpf;
nfhz;bUe;j E}WNgu;> nts;sj;jpy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lhu;fs; vd;W xU
nra;jpj;jhs; ntspapl;lJ. Railsleeper vd;gJ njhlu;tz;bapd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg;
ghijahd jz;lthsj;jpy; cs;s FWf;Ff; fl;ilfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjid
cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;Njhu; vd nkhopngau;j;jJ ngUk;gpioNa.
 Camel vd;gjw;F tlk;(fapW)>xl;lfk; vd ,UnghUs; cz;L. Crp fhjpy;
xl;lfk; EioahJ. vd;W nkhopngau;j;Jg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,j;njhlupy; tlk;
vd;gNj nghUj;jkhd nrhy;yhf mikAk;.(mjhtJ Crp fhjpy; E}y; EioANk
md;wpf; fapW EioahJ vd;gNj). nkhopngau;g;Gfs; foptpd;wp> rpjwypd;wp
%ynkhopapd; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
 Underground drainage vd;w njhliu nkhopngau;g;gjpy; jLkhw;wk; te;jJ.
ghjhsr; rhf;fil vd;gJ Nghd;nwy;yhk; nkhopngau;j;jdu;. jkpNohL
njhlu;Gila kiyahs nkhopapy; gad;gLj;jpa Gijrhf;fil vd;w nrhy;
nghUj;jkhf ,Ug;gijf; fz;ldu;. mijNa gad;gLj;jTk; njhlq;fpdu;.
 Tele vd;gJ njhiy vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. MfNt Telegraph> Television>
Telephone> Telecope> Telemetry Kjypa nrhw;fs; nkhopngau;ff ; g;gLfpwNghJ
 njhiytup> njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp> njhiyNehf;fp> njhiymstpay;
vd;wthW Kd;xl;LfSld; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;F khwhf> Transcribe>
Transfer> Transform> Transact Mfpatw;iw nkhopngau;f;Fk;NghJ
gbnaLj;jy;> khWjy;> cUkhw;Wjy;> nray;gLj;Jjy; vd;wthW
nkhopngau;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Trans vd;w Kd;xl;il itj;J
nkhopngau;f;ftpy;iy. ,t;thw ,lk;ghu;j;J nkhopngau;g;G> Kiwahfr; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

ePjp ntz;gh
fh.g.nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu;;
1. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyhpd; fy;tp gw;wpa fUj;jpid vOJf.
fy;tpahdJ>
 mUspidg; ngUf;FfpwJ.
 mwpitr; rPuhf;FfpwJ.
 kaf;fk; mfw;WfpwJ.
 mwpTf;Fj; njspT jUfpwJ.
 capUf;F mupa Jizaha; ,d;gk; Nrh;f;fpwJ.
 vdNt> fy;tpiag; Nghw;wpf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyu; - Mrphpah; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
ngah; - fh.g. nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyh;
fhyk; - 1874- 1950
fiy - rjhtjhdk;
Ch; - ,lyhf;Fb(fd;dpahFkhp)
rpwg;G - 15 tajpNyNa nra;As; ,aw;Wk; jpwd; ngw;whh;. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;.
 1907 khh;r; 10 Mk; ehspy; nrd;id tpf;Nlhhpah muq;fj;jpy; mwpQh; gyh;
Kd;dpiyapy; E}W nraiy xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;J fhl;b „rjhtjhdp’ vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;whu;.
 ,tu; epidthf ,lyhf;Fbapy; kzpkz;lgKk;> gs;spAk; cs;sd.
 ,tuJ E}y;fs; midj;Jk; ehl;Lilik Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nrhw;nghUs;:
1. Mtp - caph; 3. mUs; - ,uf;fk;
2. kUs; - kaf;fk; 4. njUs; - njspT
 rjh. rjk;> rjfk; vd;gJ - E}W

5. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;
guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu;
1. guQ;Nrhjp Kdptu; - Mrpupau; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.
 ngau; - guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;
 Cu; - jpUkiwf;fhL (Ntjhuz;ak;)
 gf;jp - rptgf;jp kpf;fth;
 fhyk; - 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
 ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; - Ntjhuz;ag; Guhzk;> jpUtpisahly; Nghw;wpf; fypntz;gh>
kJiu gjpw;Wg; gj;je;jhjp
 guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ,aw;wpa jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; tphpTk; rpwg;Gk; nfhz;lJ.

  fhz;lq;fs; -3
kJiuf; fhz;lk; -18
$lw; fhz;lk; -30
jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk; -16
 glyq;fs;- 64
 ek; ghlg;gFjp- jpUthytha;f; fhz;lk;(3)
 glyk; - ,ilf;fhld; gpzf;Fj; jPh;j;j glyk;(56)
 ghly;fs; - 3360 tpUj;jg;ghf;fs;
2. ghz;ba kd;dd; ,ilf;fhldhUf;F> rpwg;Gr; nra;j tpjj;ijf; $Wf.
 kd;ddJ khspif> thioAk; fKFk; rhkiuAk; ntz;zpw Nky;tpjhdKk; tpsf;Fk; cilaJ.
 md;wyh;e;j kyh;fshy; njhLjj khiy G+uz Fk;gk; nfhb Mfpatw;why; xg;gid
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 Nghw;wj;jf;f xspAila kzpfs; gjpf;fg; ngw;wJ.
 mq;Fs;s Gyth;fs; #o mwpit mzpfydhfg; G+z;l ,ilf;fhldhiu kq;fykhf xg;gid
nra;J nghd; ,Uf;ifapy; tpjpg;gb mkh;j;jpdhd;.
3. ghz;ba kd;dd; jd; Gyikia kjpf;fhik Fwpj;J ,ilf;fhldhh; ,iwtdplk;
Kiwapl;l tpjj;ijf; $Wf.
 ,ilf;fhldhh;> ,iwtd; jpUKd; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhh;.
 “jkpowpAk; ngUkhNd! mbahh;f;F ey;epjp Nghd;wtNd!
 jpUMythapypy; ciwAk; ,iwtNd!
 mofpa Ntg;gkyh; khiyia mzpe;jtd; ghz;bad;.
 nghUl;nry;tj;NjhL fy;tpr; nry;tKk; kpf cilatd; vd;gjhy; mtd; Kd; nrhw;Rit
epuk;gpa ftpij ghbNdd;.
 mtNdh rpwpNjDk; jiy mirf;fhky; Gyikia mtkjpj;jhd;.
 ghz;ba kd;dd; vd;id kl;Lk; ,fotpy;iy
 nrhy;ypd; tbthf cd; ,lg;Gwk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ghh;tjp NjtpiaAk;
 nrhy;ypd; nghUshf tpsq;Fk; cd;idANk mtkjpj;jhd; vd;whh;.
 mtuJ nrhy; Ntw;gilNghy; ,iwtdpd; jpUr;nrtpapy; nrd;W ijj;jJ.
4. Nfhtpiy tpl;L ePq;fpa fhuzk; mwpahJ kd;dd; ,iwtdplk; Ntz;baJ ahJ?
 ,iwtd; Nfhtpiytpl;L ntspNawpaij mwpe;j ghz;ba kd;dd;>
 “,iwtNd! vd;dhy;> vd; gilfshy;> vd; giftuhy;> fs;tuhy;> fhl;by; cs;s tpyq;Ffshy;
jq;fSf;F ,ilA+W Vw;gl;ljh?
 ,y;iy> kiwath; ey;xOf;fj;jpy; Fiwe;jdNuh?
 jtKk; jUkKk; RUq;fpaNjh?
 ,y;ywKk; JwtwKk; jtwpdNth?
 vkJ je;ijNa ahd; mwpNad;”
vd;W ,iwtdplk; Ntz;bdhd;.
5. ,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtd; jpUKd; tpOe;J tzq;fp ciuj;jit ahit?
,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtd; jpUKd; tpOe;J tzq;fp ciuj;jit:

 ,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtd; jpUKd; tpOe;J tzq;fp vOe;J>

 “jkpowpAk; ngUkhNd!
 mbahu;f;F ey;epjp Nghd;wtNd!
 jpUMythapypy; ciwAk; ,iwtNd!
  mofpa Ntg;g khiyia mzpe;j ghz;bad;> nghUl;nry;tj;NjhL fy;tpr;nry;tKk; cilatd;
vdf; $wf;Nfl;L>
 mtd;Kd; nrhw;Rit epuk;gpa ftpij ghbNdd;.
 mtNdh rpwpNjDk; Ritj;Jj; jiy mirf;fhky; Gyikia mtkjpj;jhd;” vd;whu;.
nghUs; jUf
re;epjp -jpUtb ,ikag;ghit - ckhNjtp (ghh;tjpNjtp)
tpjhdk; -rpWFil jhu; - khiy
Ntk;gd;> kPdtd; -ghz;bad; KdpT - rpdk;
jku; - cwtpdu; ePgtdk - flk;gtdk;
jPk;Njd; - ,dpikahd Njd; tpjhdk; - rpWFil