r. lui .

o u
uth tor
a au
e l
f th is a
nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
en
r itt fara
w
t a ate ,
hou talit
t
w hi n to
i
ly, au
t ire al s
r en arti
o p
lly s ,
a
rti odu
Discipline: Animal Biology d,
a
p pr
re
fi ie au
od at s
m c
ed, difi
pi o
Course – PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
t
co t, m
by pia
no fi c
o
can te
l a
ria po
e u
at l n
m ia
is ter
h
T ma Professor Mariana IONITA
est
Ac
 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
r. lui .
o u
th tor
- platyhelminthes, or flatworms, are the simplestaanimals u
au to
e
h a l
have primary bilateral of t ris symmetry.
nt l sc
-they belong to the protostome division ns orduof the Bilateria
e
o
c ac
en
r itt fara
w
t a ate ,
hou talit
t
w hi n to
i
ly, au
- they lack a coelom or a pseudocoelom t ire al -s acoelomate animals,
- they have three well-defined r en arti germ layers = triploblastic.
o p
y
ll s ,
- mesoderm developed into a well-defined tr ia du embryonic germ layer, making
available ad, great pa pro source of tissues, organs, and systems.
e re
- acoelomates show moreodispecialization f i u and division among their organs –
t sa
d, m ifica -the organ-system level of organization;
ie od
- along with bilateral symmetry, p
co t, m cephalization was established - definite
y a
pi
t banterior
polarity of
n
o
n fi c
o and posterior ends; with nervous system
-along with the subepidermal l ca ate musculature, there is also a mesenchymal system
ria po
e u
at l n of muscle fibers.
m ria
his te - they are the simplest animals with an excretory system.
T ma
- unique and specialized
st structures occur; the parasitic habit of many flatworms has
e
Ac
led to many specialized adaptations, such as organs of adhesion.
 r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
f th is a
nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
en
Body elongate, flattened dorso-ventrally; writt fara oral and genital
a ate ,
apertures omostly t
u lit on ventral surface
t h t a
Epidermis may be cellular or wsyncytial hi n to
i (ciliated in some);
,
ly a u
- rhabdites in epidermis of most tTurbellaria; ire al s
en arti
- epidermis a syncytial tegument or p in Monogenea, Trematoda,
lly s ,
rti odu Cestoda, and some Turbellaria
a
a
p pr
Muscular system primarily d,
fi ie au
rof
e a sheath form and of mesodermal
origin; layers of circular, longitudinal, od at s and sometimes oblique fibers
, m ic
d if
p ie od beneath the epidermis
co t, m
no internal body t by pspace
ia other than digestive tube (acoelomate);
o o
n fi c
n spaces between organs filled with parenchyma
ca
ate
l o
The frontteriaor u
panterior portion of the body bears most of the sense
a n
s
m rial
i te
organs.
h
T ma
est
Ac
 r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
f th is a
nt o scr
Ø Nervous system consisting of a pair of anterior ganglia n ul
se rdwith
co aco
longitudinal nerve cords connected by transverse inerves n
tte ara and located in
r
w e, f
the mesenchyme a
t itat
in most forms;
u
o tal some.
• Simple sense organs; eyespots ith toin
h n
w i
ly, au
t ire al s
Ø Digestive system incomplete (gastrovascular r en arti type); flatworms have
o p
a single opening to the digestive ally s , tract;
rti odu
absent in some (Cestoda);
a
p pr
d, re
fi ie au
Ø Excretory systemmoof d two
ats lateral chanals with branches bearing
, f ic
ied odi
flameco t, mcells (protonephridia); lacking in some forms.
p
t by pia
o
no fi c
Ø they have no respiratory can te or circulatory systems; respiratory, circulatory,
al oa
i p
t er nu and skeletal systems lacking;
a l
m ia
his ter
T ma
Ølymph channels with free cells in some trematodes
est
Ac
 r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
f th is a
nt o scr
se rdul
Reproduction: - most forms monoecious; n
co aco
n
- reproductive system complex, usually with well-developed r
e
itt fara gonads,
w e,
ducts, and ut a itataccessory organs;
l
ho ota
- internal fertilization; w
it
h nt
i
,
- development: direct in free- swimmingtireforms ly
l sa
u and those with single
en artia
or p
hosts;
y
ll s ,
- complicated life cycle often involving tr ia duseveral hosts in many internal
pa pro
d,
fi ie au
re parasites .
od at s
m c
ed, difi
pi o
co t, m
t by pia
- Turbellarian no fi cflatworms are mostly free living
o
can te
a
al po
- classes teTrematoda,
ri
u and Cestoda entirely parasitic.
a ln
m ia
his ter
T ma
est
Ac
 Classification of Phylum Platyhelminthes u
r. lui .
o u
th tor
a au
e l
f th is a
nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
en
r itt fara
Clasa TURBELLARIA t
w
a ate ,
ou talit
- planarians - w
t h
hi n to
i
ly, au
t ire al s
r en arti
o p
lly s ,
a
arti odu
p pr
Clasa TREMATODAd,
fi ie au
re
od at s
m c
ed, difi
pi o
co t, m
t by pia
o
no fi c
can te
l a
ria po
e u
at l n
m ia
his ter
T ma Clasa CESTODA
est
Ac
 r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
th is a
Class Turbellaria
f
t o scr
(turbellarians) n
se rdul
n
co aco
en
r itt fara
w
t a ate ,
ou talit
l usually free-living forms with soft, flattened bodies; t h
hi n to
w i
y, au
l covered with ciliated epidermis containing secreting t
l
ire al s
en arti
cells and rodlike bodies (rhabdites);
l
or
ly s ,
p
a
rti odu
l mouth usually on ventral surface sometimes neard,
a
p pr
re
fi ie au
center of body; m
od at s
c
ed, difi
no body cavity except intercellular lacunae in
l pi
co t, m
o
by pia
t
no fi c
o parenchyma;
can te
l mostly hermaphroditic, but some have asexual
r
e u
l
ia po
a
at l n
h
m ia
is ter fission.
T ma
est
Ac
 Examples: Dugesia (planaria),
Microstomum, Planocera.

Dugesia spp.

Prostheceraeus,
a flatworm of the class Turbellaria

Maritigrella fuscapunctata
 . lui .
Class TREMATODA-
r
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
th is a
Subcls. Monogenea
f
t o scr
(monogenetic se rflukes)
n
ul
n d
co aco
en
r itt fara
w
t a ate ,
ou talit
l body of adults covered with a syncytial tegument t h
hi n to
w i
without cilia; t
ly, au
ire al s
en arti
l body usually leaf like to cylindrical in shape; or p
lly s ,
l posterior attachment organ with hooks, suckers,
a
arti odu
p pr
or clamps, usually in combination;
d,
fi ie au
re
od at s
l monoecious; m
d, difi
c
e
pi o
l development direct; co t, m
t by pia
l with single host and usually with free-swimming,
no fi c
o
an te
r
l c
ia po
a ciliated larva;
e u
at l n
l all parasitic, mostly on skin or gills of fish.
m ia
his ter
T ma
est
Ac
Examples: Dactylogyrus, Polystoma, Gyrodactylus

Gyrodactylus
elegans
 Diplozoon
paradoxum

Diplozoon paradoxum - hermaphroditic flatworm that live on gills of freshwater fishes.

Males and females meet each other during their juvenile stage, and their bodies completely fuse together,
whereupon they remain until death. Once the two worms have fused together cross-fertilization can be
permitted. – has a complety monogamy.
This parasite is commonly found on the gills of European cyprinid fishes.
It is usually around 0.7 centimeters long (approximately the size of a fingernail) and has bilateral symmetry
 r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
th is a
Class Trematoda (Digenetic flukes)
f
nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
en
r itt fara
w
t a ate ,
l Body of adults covered with a syncytial tegument; t hou talit
hi n to
l leaflike or cylindrical in shape; l
w
y, au
i
t ire al s
l usually with oral and ventral suckers, no hooks; or en arti
p
ly s ,
l alimentary canal usually with two main branches; a
al
rti odu
p pr
l mostly monoecious; d,
fi ie au
re
od at s
l development indirect, with first hosts a mollusk,
e
m
d, difi
c
final hosts usually a vertebrate;
pi
co t, m
o
by pia
l Development: from egg – several larval stages:
t
no fi c
o
an te
– miracidium l c >a sporocysts > rediae > cercaria >> metacercaria
ria po
(the infective
e u
at l n stage) >> adult
m ia
l parasitic in all classes of vertebrates.
his ter
T ma
est
Ac
 Table 1. Examples of Flukes Infecting Humans
Common and Scientific Names Means of Infections Distribution and Prevalence in
Humans

1. Blood flukes - Schistosoma spp. Cercariae in water 200 million people infected with
penetrate skin one or more species Africa,
three widely prevalent species,
South and Central America,
S. mansoni; S. haematobium Africa, Eastern Asia
S. japonicum
2. Chinese liver flukes – Eating metacercariae about 30 million cases in eastern
in raw fish Asia
Clonorchis sinensis
3. Lung flukes - Paragonimus spp., Eating metacercariae Asia and Ocenia, sub-Saharan
in raw freshwater Africa, South and Central
most prevalent is
crabs crayfish; America ; several million
P. westermani cases in Asia

4. Intestinal fluke – Eating metacercariae 10 million cases in eastern Asia

on aquatic
Fasciolopsis buski
vegetation

5. Sheep liver fluke – Eating metacercariae Widely prevalent in sheep and

on aquatic cattle, occasional in humans
Fasciola hepatica
vegetation
 TREMATODA
Fasciola hepatica

The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica

 r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
th is a
Class Cestoda - tapeworms
f
nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
en
ritt fara
w
t a ate , scolex
u
o a lit
hith tot
l Body of adults covered with nonciliated, w syncytial
in tegument;
ly, au
l general form of body tapelike; The t ire allength
s of the body varies up
en r t i
y
or pa to 2 - 4 meters.
ll s,
l “the head”- scolex with suckers arti odu or hooks, sometimes both, for
a
, p pr
d
fi ie au
re attachment;
l body usually divided into od series
ats of proglottids; The sum of the
, m ic
f
proglottids is called paiedstrobila, od
i which is thin, and resembles a strip
of tape. From thisy is c derived
o , m the common name "tapeworm".
b iat
t o p
l no digestive organs; no fi c
can te
l usually monoecious; l
ia po
a
r
e u
at l n with hooks;
l Larva,usually,
m ia
is ter
T main digestive tract of all classes of vertebrates;
l parasitich
st
l development
e indirect with two or more hosts; first host may be
Ac
vertebrate or invertebrate
 The body of the tapeworm is divided into three regions namely,
. lui .
SCOLEX , NECK and STROBILA r
o u
th tor
u
a au
e l
ü SCOLEX: f th is a
nt o scr
- the pear shaped structure present at the anterior end of the body se rdulis known as the
n
co aco scolex.
e n a
t
- At the anterior end of the scolex - a conical, muscular wstructure rit far called rostellum.
a e ,
t
Just below the rostellum, there are about 22 to 32 ohooks, ut lita arranged in two rows.
ta
ith larger,
The hooks are made up of chitin. The hooks in the upper row are h to while the those in the lower
w in
e ly, sau row are smaller.
t r
i al
- Four round suckers (in Cyclophyllidea) are r enpresent,
arti one on each side of the scolex,
o p
ia lly us , below the hooks.
tr d
- Or 2 bothria , pa pr(groove
o -like) (in Pseudophylldea) in some
d r e
- With the help of movable hooks, ifierostellum
au and suckers, the scolex of tapeworm is
od at s
, m ific attached to the wall of the intestine in host.
ed d
pi mo
ü NECK: co
y iat,
b
- the narrow short and op
t unsegmented region behind the scolex is known as the neck.
no fi c
n
-l cNew
a te segments are formed in this region and are pushed backwards.
a
ria po -This process is known as strobilation.
e u
at l n
- The growth ofisthe m rparasite
ia occurs in this region. Hence, the neck is called as the zone of
h t e
T m a
t segmentation or growth zone or zone of proliferation.
es
Ac
 . i.
ü STROBILA : r
o u
th tor
lu
u
a au
- The entire, elongated and divided part behind the neck is called strobila. e l
th is a
- Each segment present in this region is called proglottid. f
t o scr
n
- The number of proglottids in tapeworm is an average of about 800 n–se900. d ul
r
co aco
- In the strobila, old segments are present at the posterior end, t e rawhile the new
n
it
segments are added at the anterior end. wr e , fa
ut a itat
o l
ith tota
- The proglottids are attached with one another by, the wh ilongitudinal
n excretory canals
ly au
and tnerve
ire al s cords that pass through them.
r en arti
o p
lly s ,
The division of body into segments a in cestodes is not similar to the metameric
rti odu
a
p pr which is a true segmentation. In animals
segmentation seen in annelids and arthropods, d, re
f ie u
that exhibit true segmentation, i new
od at s
a segments are added from the anal segment.
m
The segmentation e ific tapeworms is referred to as pseudometamerism.
d, din
pi o
co t, m
t by pia
o
no fi c
can te
l a
ria po
e u
at l n
m ia
his ter
T ma
The body is composed estof successive segments called proglottids. The sum of the proglottids is called a
Ac and resembles a strip of tape. From this is derived the common name "tapeworm".
strobila, which is thin,
Based on the degree of development of the reproductive organs,
the proglottids are categorized in to: r. lui .
o u
uth tor
immature, mature and gravid proglottids.
e
a au
h al
of t ris
ent l sc
ons ordu
c ac
Ø in the first (aprox. 200) en
ritt fara
proglottides behind the neck, - the next proglottides possess a w te, - proglottides in the
t a
the reproductive organs the reproductive organs. iSuch hou talit posterior end of the body
t
h n to
are not developed. proglottides are called lymature , w
u
i are called gravid
a
ØSuch proglottides are ire al s proglottides.
proglottides. r en rti t

called immature -
y
o pa - they are longer than
They are squaretiain s ,
ll shape. Each
r odu wide and are rectangular
proglottides. mature proglottid pa
p r
has a genital
ed, re in shape. These are the
papilla inifthe i amiddle
u of the lateral
d ts
oThe oldest proglottides.
margin. m
, if ic a common genital pore is
ed odat
situated
i the tip of the genital - uterus is highly
op m
c t,
ypapilla.
ia
branched and filled
b
t o p
no fi These
c genital papillae are present with many eggs in the
n
l ca ate irregularly alternate between right gravid proglottides.
ria po and left margins.
e u
at l n
m ia This arrangement facilitates the
his ter
T ma exchange of gametes among
t
ces different proglottides .
A
 scolex

Segments =
proglottids
Table 2. Common Cestodes of Humans

Common and Scientific Names Means of Infections Prevalence in Humans

Beef tapeworm – Eating rare beef; most common of all tapeworms
Taenia saginata in humans
Pork tapeworm – Eating rare pork less common than T. saginata
Taenia solium
Fish tapeworm – Eating rare or poorly fairly common in Great Lakes
Diphyllobothrium latum cooked fish region of United States, and
other areas or world where raw
fish is eaten
Dog tapeworm – Unhygienic habits of moderate frequency
Dipylidium caninum children (juveniles in flea)
Dwarf tapeworm – Juveniles in flour beetles; common
Hymenolepis nana common
Unilocular hydatid – Cysts of juveniles in common wherever humans are
Echinococcus granulosus h u m a n s ; i n f e c t i o n b y in close relationship with dogs
contact with dogs; and ruminants
Multilocular hydatid – Cysts of juveniles in less common than unilocular
Echinococcus multiocularis h u m a n s ; i n f e c t i o n b y hydatid
contact with foxes;
Taxonomy:
a. Ord. Pseudophyllidea

Diphyllobothrium
latum
 b. Ord. Cyclophyllidea r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
e l
Taenia solium : f th is a
nt o scr
se rdul
scolex with its four suckers and n
co aco
two rows of hooks en
r itt fara
w
- Gravid proglottids t a ate ,
hou talit
t
w hi n to
i
ly, au
t ire al s
r en arti
o p
lly s ,
a
arti odu
, p pr
d re
fi ie au
od at s
m c
ed, difi
pi o
co t, m
t by pia
o
no fi c
can te
l a
ria po
e u
at l n
m ia
his ter
T ma
est
Ac strobila
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Life Cycle
Echinococcus granulosus
LABORATORY – Platyhelminthes

l Class Turbellaria: examples

l Class Trematoda:Monogenea: examples
l Class Trematoda -Digenea: examples
l Class Cestoda: examples
 Class Turbellaria u
r. lui .
o u
th tor
a au
e l
th is a
Example: Dugesia spp. n
f
t o scr
se rdul
n
co aco
en
r itt fara
w
t a ate ,
ou talit
Scientific classification t h
hi n to
, w i
u
Domain: Eukaryota Dugessia spp.
t
ly
ire al s
a
en arti
Kingdom: ANIMALIA a) biotope:or p freshwater habitats
lly s ,
Phylum: Platyhelminthes b)rtianutrition:
odu predator on small oranisms
a r
d, pc. rMorphology
ep : Dugesia species have an
Class: Turbellaria e
fi i au
od at s elongated body with a slightly triangle-
Order: Tricladida m c
ed, difi shaped head. Usually they have grey,
p i o
Family: Dugesiidae co t, m
y ia
brown or black colors on the dorsal
b p
Genus:
t
Dugessiano fi co body surface, the ventral surface uses to
can te be paler.They are hermaphrodites.
al oa
i p d. importance: in the food chain of the
t er nu
a l
Dugessia mgonocephala
is ter
ia habitat
h
T m a
est
Ac
 Class Turbellaria
Example: Dugesia spp. i.
or. ulu
uth tor
a au
e l
f th is a
nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
en
ritt fara
w e,
a t
out lita
a
hith tot
, w in
ly au
it re al s
r en arti
o p
lly s ,
a
arti odu
r
d, p rep
d ifie sau
o
, m icat
d if
p ie od
co t, m
y ia
ot b op
n fi c
n
a te
al c oa
i p
t er nu
a
m rial
is te
Th ma
t
ces
A
 Cls. Trematoda –
Gyrodactylus elegans r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a au
Scientific classification f
e
th is a
l
l a) biotope: t o scr
n
– species parasitic on the skinseofdfreshwater
n ul fish (eg
Cyprinidae: carp); o r
c aco
en
l b) feeding: r itt fara
feeds on the mucus w e,
–
t a secreted
a t by fish skin following
irritation produced u by
t their parasitism;
ho tali
c) morphology: it
Domain: Eukaryota l
w h n to
i
– has small ly, dimensions
a u (0.5 - 1 mm);
Kingdom: ANIMALIA ire s
– the anterior
ent rtial extremity, without suckers, is split
Phylum: Platyhelminthes into or 2 psharp
a lobes between which the buco-
y
lanals ,aperture;
l
a
Class: TREMATODA arti odu
, p– On pr the anterior part: two adhesive cephalic
d r e
Subclass: Monogenea ifie au glands
od at s – On the posterior part: a disc provided with
m c
Family: Gyrodactylidae ed, difi hooks – for attachment on the host skin -;
pi o causes irritation at sites of attachment -
Genus: Gyrodactylus y co iat, m mucus secretion (with which the parasite
t b p
o feeds on);
Binomial name n no fi c
ca ate – specific - is the phenomenon of
l
Gyrodactylus elegans ia po polyembryonie (the egg develops in the
t er nu uterus, before the embryo is fully developed;
a
m rial more embryos begin to develop within it
his te
T m a resulting in the host's rapid invasion)
s t
e l d) importance: causes gyrodactylosis
Ac
 Cls. Trematoda –
liver fluke - Fasciola hepatica a) Parasite in the liver of sheep. cattle, . lui .
goats,
r
o u
horse, humans, u th tor
a au
Scientific classification b) Description: a large fluke, th ireaching
e al a
f s
r 13 mm. It is
length of 30 mm and a width nt o scof
e l
Domain: Eukaryota leaf-shape, pointed posteriorly, ons ordu and wide
c ac
Kingdom: ANIMALIA anteriorly, en
ritt fara
- with 2 suckers: w e , and ventral; the oral
Phylum: Platyhelminthes t a oral
at
u lit
sucker is small ith tot but powerful and is located at
o a
Class: TREMATODA h n
the endly,ofw au icone-shape projection at the
Subclass: Digenea e a
anterior
n ls
tir iaend; the ventral sucker is bigger
e ar t
Family: Fasciolidae r
- otegument
p is covered with large spines.
lly s ,
a du
Genus: Fasciola arti -intestinal
o ceca are highly dendritic and
p p r
ed, re extend to near the posterior end of the body.
ifi au
od at s -testis are large and greatly branched,
m c
Fasciola hepatica i
,
ed odi
f i
arranged in tandem behind the ovary
op m
c
y iat, -the ovary - smaller, dendritic;
b
t o p
no fi c - uterus short, sinuous;
n
l ca ate - vitelline follicles are extensive, filling most
ria po
e u
at l n of the lateral body and becoming confluent
m ia
h is ter behind the testes.
T ma
st - causes fasciolosis
e
Ac
l The life cycle is complex, with several larval stages and two types of hosts
(dixenous cycle):
– definitive host (DH): ruminants, herbivores (in which the adult stage develops);
– intermediate host (IH) - aquatic snails - Galba truncatula (in which the larval
stages from sarcocyst to cercariae develop;
l larval stages:
– miracidium - sprocyst - redia - cercaria - metacercaria (on grass);

miracidium

sporocys
t

redia
cercaria
metacercaria
 Dicrocelium lanceolatum r. lui .
o u
uth tor
a) biotope: parasites in liver (bile ducts and bladder) a auof
Scientific classification f
e
th is a
l
ruminants; t o scr
n
Domain: Eukaryota b) feeding: bile; n se rdul
c) morphology: unsegmented flatn body, co aco lancet appearance,
Kingdom: ANIMALIA e
itt fara
dimensions 9 - 15 mm; r
w e,
Phylum: Platyhelminthes - has 2 suckers: anterior and t aventral;
at
u lit
o ta non-branched ceca;
Class: TREMATODA - digestive tube: with two ith long,
to
wh n
- the reproductive apparatus, i hermaphrodite, with:
ely, sau
Subclass: Digenea - two globular testes tir (located
l under the ventral suction cup),
en rtia
Family: Dicroceliidae - a globular small or ovarypa located behind the last testis,
lly ,
- the uterustiawith
r dusmany branches, in the posterior;
Genus / pa glands o
Dicrocelium lanceolatum - the vitelin , epr lying laterally in the middle 1/3rd of the body.
species: d r
The ifielifecycle:
au is trixenous:
od ts
-, mDH: afor adults
d ific
e od terrestrial snails, eg Zebrina detrita, Helicella candicans
opi - mIH1:
c ,
by iatetc.), for miracidium – to cercariare larval stages
t o p
no fi c - IH2: ants (Formica rufa) for metacercariae larval stage
n
l ca ate d) importance: causes the disease called dicroceliosis.
ia p o
t er nu
a
m rial
s
i te
Th ma
est
Ac
Life cycle: Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Class CESTODA
Fig. Mature segment illustrating the reproductive organs
Examples: Class CESTODA

l tapeworms of medical and veterinary importance:

– Order Pseudophyllidea
– Order Cyclophyllidea
 r. lui .
o u
Order Pseudophyllidea f
e
uth tor
a au
th is a
l

nt o scr
nse rdul
co aco
l Characteristics: en
r itt fara
– large worms consisting of a long chain of w
t a ate ,
segments ou talit
t h
– Scolex has two slit-like sucking grooves whi n to
i
called bothria (instead of suckers ly, au
t ire al s
– Genital pores are on the ventral surfaceeof n the rti
or a
segment and are not marginal lly s ,
p
a du
– Uterus opens to the exterior through rti which
p pro
a
eggs come out d, re
fi ie au
– Eggs are operculated od at s
m c
l and can develop only in ewater; d, difi
l immature when oviposited
pi o
co t, mand oncosphere
y ia stages - coracidium
gives rise to ciliatedt blarvalp
no co
l Next Larval development
n e fi proceeds in two
intermediate hosts: a t
lc a
ria po
e u stage called procercoid
– IH-1 : tlarval
a ln
– IH-2: m larval
ia stage called plerocercoid
his ter
T ma
st
– Ex. Diphyllobothrium
e latum
Ac
 Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia r. lui .
o u
CESTODA: Pseudophyllidea Phylum: Platyhelminthesuth tor
a au
e l
f th is a
l Diphyllobothrium latum Class: Cestoda
t o scr
n
– DH: fish-eating mammals Order: se rdul
Pseudophyllidea
n
– IH-1: crustacean co aco
n
e a
– IH-2: freshwater fish Family:
ritt farDiphyllobothriidae
w ,
Genus: ut a itate Diphyllobothrium
l Morphology: o l
ith tota
Species: h n Diphyllobothrium latum
– Scolex elongated with 2 bothria , w i
ly a u
– long (5-6 m-12 m t ire al s Binomial name
n
e r t i
– mature proglottids: are wider or pa
than they are long ally us ,
t i
– the genital pores open par rod
p
midventrally. ed, re
uterus with uterine pore ifi au
–
od at s
(tocostom) appears in the middle , m ic
f
ied odi
p
co t, m
t by pia
o
no fi c
can te
l a
ria po
e u
at l n
m ia
his ter
T ma
est
Ac
 . lui .
Order Cyclophyllidea u
r
o u
th tor
a au
e l
l Characteristics: f th is a
– Large or small worms consisting of chains of nt o scr
segments nse rdul
co aco
– Scolex is quadrate with four cup-like round en
r itt fara
suckers w
t a ate ,
– An apical rostellum with hooklets may be ou talit
present t h
w hi n to
i
– Vitelline glands concentrated in a single ly, au
mass t ire al s
r en arti
– Common genital pore is marginal (onylateral o p
ll s,
side of segment) a
rti odu
a
– No uterine opening for the exit of, peggs epr from
d r
the gravid uterus ifie au
od at s
m c
ed, difi
– Eggs only escape from pthe i rupture
o or
c o ,m
disintegration of ripebsegments y iat
l Eggs are fully embryonatedt op
no fi c
l not operculated can and
te
l a
l can develop po in the intermediate host,
ia only
t er nu
l Oncosphere a
m rial is never a ciliated embryo
s
i te
Th ma
st
– Larval development
e proceeds in one
Ac
intermediate host
 Scientific
classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Ord. Cyclophyllidea - ex. Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda
1. Taenia solium; 2. Taenia saginata Order: Cyclophyllidea
Family: Taeniidae
Genus: Taenia
Species: Taenia solium
Ø Scolices (tapeworm heads) with attached segments Binomial name
("proglottids").
a: pork tapeworm, Taenia solium (note hooks
allowing gut wall attachment);
b: beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, which lacks
hooks ("unarmed scolex").
l Taenia sollium
– DH: humans
– IH: pig
l Taenia saginata
– DH: humans
– IH: cattle

l Morphology:
– 2-3 m long
– Scolex with 4 suckers and
rostellum with hooks – T.
solium
– Scolex – rostellum without
hooks - T. saginata
– Mature proglottid:
1. Taenia solium; 2. Taenia saginata
Ø matture progllotid
Øgravid progllotid: