PORTS AND

HARBORS
Transportation and Traffic Engineering

Group 2
 Ports and Harbor
01 06 Docks and other
Engineering terminologies
02 Ports

03 Classification of Ports

04 Harbors

05 Classification
Harbors
of
 01
Port and Harbor
Engineering
 Port and Harbor Engineering

Handles the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors,

canals, and other maritime facilities. This includes facilities like ports,
harbors, canals, and other structures used for accommodating and
supporting maritime activities.

Common projects undertaken by port and harbor engineering are

• Port expansion
• Dredging
• Breakwater Construction
• Coastal Protection
• Marine Terminal Design
 02

Ports
Ports

Location on coast,
shore or lake which
may contain one or
more harbors.

A terminal where
ships can dock and
transfer people &
cargo.
Requirements of a good port

Safety – people involved and surrounding society.

Port should be safeguard against heavy winds
and high tides.

Security – interests of transporting goods and the p

urpose of passenger travel be protected during
functioning of port.

Environmental Protection – Construction of ports &

man-made changes in locality should not cause
imbalance in natural ecology.
Discharge of waste pollution (oil, chemicals et
c.)
Requirements of a good port
Commercial Operations – port should be an economic asset
in region providing necessary facilities related to
commercial activities.

Cost of Construction and Maintenance – Minimum cost of

construction and maintenance activities.

International Maritime – Port should satisfy criteria of rules

and regulations of neighboring ports & harbors.
Also abide by International maritime conventions,
agreements & laws.
 03

Classification
of Ports
Classification of Ports

Based on type of Location

and Function
River port
Inland Port
Fishing port
Dry Port
Seaport
Cruise port
Cruise home port
Port of call
Cargo port
River Port

*Situated on sides of a
river with shallow
depth of water.

*Used for transferring

river traffic such as
barges & shallow
vessels.
Inland Port

*Locations along the line of river or canal or

navigable lake which are accessible to
seaport.
Fishing Port

*Commercial activities related to fish business are predominant

in this kind of port.

*Cold storage installations.

Dry Port

*Facilitates the transportation of sea cargo

to inland destinations by networking with
road and or railways.
Sea Port

Handles sea or ocean

*
going deep vessels.

*Influences the
economic
growth in a region.
Cruise Port

Locations along coastal line where ships on

recreational or vocational trips stop.
Cruise Home Port

Cruise ship passengers may transfer from

land to waterway and vice versa as
commuters.
Port of Call

Few intermediate
stopping or halting
locations along a sea
coast on a
sailing itinerary.

Loading and unloadi

ng of goods and p
assengers also tak
e place here.
Cargo Port

Loading and unloadin

g of huge vessels by
using mechanical cr
ane systems and rel
ated activities are p
redominant.

Industrial goods in a
large scale are
transferred and
unloaded as the
port’s main function.
 04

Harbors
Harbors

• Place on coast where

vessels i.e. ships, large bo
ats & barges find shelter
against stormy weather
and against wind and
high tides

Artificial structure
includes:
Piers
Jetties or Sea Walls
Breakwaters
Harbor Planning Principles

a. Selected site should be safe from strong winds, strong waves.

Shore must be strong to accommodate required equipment installatio
ns at low principle and maintenance costs.
b. Master plan should accommodate all possible future needs of forec
asted demand.
c. Harbor be protected and preserved for use of economic and social p
urposes that enhance the living standards of people.
d. It should group tourism attractions while balancing other needs.
e. Harbor accessibility to waterfront must be integrated with road, rail
way and airlines network nearby.
 05

Classification
of Harbors
Classification of Harbors

* Based on Type of Occurrence and Functions

I. Natural Harbor

II. Semi-natural harbor

III. Artificial Harbor

IV. Commercial Harbor

V. Military Harbor

VI. Harbor of refuge

VII. Fishing harbor

Natural Harbor

When surrounding land area on shore or coast is convenient and there is an

elevated part of land which protects the body of water.

Water deep for anchorage of ships.

No need for constructing breakwaters.

Semi-Natural Harbor

*Naturally formed harbor modified, dredg

ed and improved to accommodate large s
hips.
*By providing Breakwaters, jettys etc
Artificial Harbor

*Built as seaports/ ri
ver-ports based on
the need and at an
y favorable water
body location.
*Artificially construc
ting large structur
es
*Suitable anchorage
and deep water
Commercial Harbor

*Provides large
storage capacity
*Large space for
exchange of cargo
*Adequate
docking space
*Sufficient fuel ca
pacity tankers
Military Harbor

*Situated near
NAVAL base.
*Used for Military
vessels.
*With Armory –
receiving, storing &
dispatching
Harbor of Refuge

Provides shelter to shi

ps during bad weat
her.
Good anchorage with
adequate depth of
water.
Protected by natural
or artificial wharves
.
Appropriate repair fa
cilities.
Readily accessible.
Fishing Harbor

Provides:
*large storage
capacity to store
caught fish.

*Refrigeration/ cold
storage capacity.

*Able to receive and

dispatch fish all times.

*Adequate connectivity
by road/ rail transpo
rtation systems.
 06
Dock and other
Terminologies
Dock and other terminologies

Layout of PORT / Harbor

Dock and other terminologies

Berth
Place in the dock which is specifically constructed to maneuver ships.
This place can also be used for a ship to dock or anchor during exchange of cargo.
Dock and other terminologies

Quay
Platform constructed with concrete, stone or metal.
Platform lies alongside or projecting into a body of water and is used for
loading or unloading of ships.
Dock and other terminologies

Wharf
Place at which ships are tied up for docking.
Artificial platform where ships could be loaded / unloaded.
Synonymous with Quay.
Dock and other terminologies

Mole or Breakwater
Stone or concrete made barrier which is built into a body of water t
o protect a shore or coast of harbor against the force of tides.
Dock and other terminologies

Jetty
A structure such as small pier or a landing stage that projects into a
body of water to safeguard against tides or erosion of a shore or to
protect a harbor.
Dock and other terminologies

Pier
A large platform extending from a coast or shore over water which
is supported by pillars or piles, used to secure, protect and provide
multipurpose activities associated with ships or boats.
Dock

• An artificial
basin for the use
of vessels.
• Area of water
between two piers
or alongside a pier
that is used for
loading, unloading
and repair of ships
.
Classification of Docks

Dry Dock:
Provided with dock gates so that the water in it can be emptied and
allowed investigation, repair and maintenance of the underwater
parts of the ship.
Classification of Docks

Wet or Impounding Dock:

Type of dock in which water is impounded either by dock gates or by
lock gates so that ship remains afloat at low tide and exchange of car
go takes place.
THANK YOU