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Tall Buildings - Note 4

The document discusses the design considerations for horizontal and vertical circulation in buildings, including minimum width requirements for passages and staircases, as well as lift system design parameters. It outlines how to determine the number of lifts needed based on population and service intervals, and provides examples for calculating lift arrangements in various building scenarios. Additionally, it briefly mentions escalators and travelators as efficient means of moving large numbers of people in high-traffic areas.

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8 views

Tall Buildings - Note 4

The document discusses the design considerations for horizontal and vertical circulation in buildings, including minimum width requirements for passages and staircases, as well as lift system design parameters. It outlines how to determine the number of lifts needed based on population and service intervals, and provides examples for calculating lift arrangements in various building scenarios. Additionally, it briefly mentions escalators and travelators as efficient means of moving large numbers of people in high-traffic areas.

Uploaded by

lgtds316
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL


CIRCULATION
Horizontal circulation in a building
• This is usually achieved with the aid of
passages
• The minimum width of a passage is 1.2 m
• A width of 1.5 m is more comfortable
• When baggage is moved, it can be increased
to 1.8 m
Vertical circulation in a building
• Staircases
• A staircase can have a minimum width of 0.9 m in a house
• A width of 1.2 m is generally used in buildings
• In buildings, 1.5 m width also can be provided
• If the width is more than 1.8 m, it is necessary to provide a
handrail in the middle
• In staircases, the proportion of tread to riser has to be
comfortable for climbing. If the tread is T and the rise is R,
then T + 2R = 630 mm
• In public buildings, R is 150 mm and it could go up to 180 in
houses
Details of ramps, staircases and ladders – Figure 5.1
Vertical circulation: lifts – Figure 5.2

The above can be used to find the arrangements suitable for lift lobby since the
width of the lobby depends on the depth of the lift internally, D
Main criteria for the design of a group of lifts

• Capacity – ability to handle the passengers as they arrive. This is


expressed as a percentage of the total population of the building
arriving at a five minute period.
• Frequency – ability to provide a lift car for arriving passengers
without excessive waiting (is a function of the interval).
• Car size – ability to handle the largest item required to be carried
(furniture)
• Speed of the total trip – (Round Trip Time) this is to assure that the
passengers do not perceive that the service is excessively slow
Components of a lift and rope arrangements – Figure 5.3
Lift design parameters – Table 5.1
Determination of population to be served in 5 minutes
• First determine the number of people per floor
• Determine the total number of people expected in the floors
served by the lift system
• Then, select the percentage to be served in five minutes
• Determine the actual number of people to be served in five
minutes
• Find the car size and the interval
• Find the round trip time by selecting a suitable speed for the
selected car size (the charts are for 3.6 m floor to floor height)
• Determine the number of lifts by dividing the Round Trip time
by the interval obtained earlier
Determination of car size and interval – Figure 5.4
Round trip time for speeds of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 m/s – Figure 5.5
Example
• An office building in a city center is having 10 floors and a
total floor area of 1200 m2 of which 75% could be considered
as usable. Design a suitable lift system for this building.
• The rentable floor area per floor = 1200 *.75 = 900 m2
• The area allocated per person = 9 m2/person (From Table 5.1)
Data from Table 5.1
• The population per floor = 900/9 = 100
• Total population in upper 9 floors = 900
• Population served in five minutes = 12% = 900 *0.12=108
• Preferred interval = 30-35 seconds (a building constructed for
renting located close to the city center)
The interval and car size
• For a five minute capacity of 108, it is possible to use a car size
of 16 with an interval of 35 seconds
Round trip time and number of lifts

• For nine upper floors, the round trip time is about 110 seconds with 2 m/s lift speed
• No of lifts = round trip time/interval = 110/35 = 3.14 lifts
• A total of 3 lifts can be provided; every additional lift can cost Rs 5-6 million for the
lift alone and also additional cost for the lift shaft
• More lifts means more space lost for the service shafts and less space available for
renting
Arrangement of the lifts
• The inside size of the lift (from Figure 5.3) = 2100 mm x 1300 mm
• The shaft size required = 2550 mm x 2100 mm
• The width of the lobby = 1.5 x 1300 = 1950 mm
• The thickness of the wall = 200 – 225 mm (can go up to 250 mm)
Lift design with a floor to floor height of 4.0 m

• In the previous calculation, the floor to floor height was 3.6 m


for the charts given in Figure 5.5
• When the floor to floor height is 4.0 m, the total extra travel
involved is 0.4 x 10 x 2 = 8.0 m for a complete cycle
• It is assumed that this will be travelled at the design speed of
the lift (2 m/s in this particular case)
• The extra time needed 8.0m/2 = 4 seconds
• The new round trip time will be 110 + 4 = 114 seconds
• Still, it may be possible to manage with 3 lifts
Lift arrangements for tall buildings
• In taller buildings, it is possible to have zones as in (b) which is
called soft zoning or as in (c ) having hard zones
• In soft zoning, lift system is controlled with software
• In hard zoning, the lift shaft is terminated where the lifts
terminate
Example with hard zoning
• A twenty five storey building in a city center intended for renting is
having a floor area of 1200 m2 and about 75% of rentable area. It
can be provided with a lift system having two zones. The first zone
has been selected from ground floor to 13th floor and the other zone
to be from 13th to 25th. Design the lift system.

• As in the previous example, the population to be served in the first


zone per floor = 1200 * 0.75/9 = 100
• For 12 upper floors, the total population = 1200
• The population handled in 5 minutes as 12% = 144 people
• Interval can be 34 seconds with capacity of lifts as 20
• The corresponding round trip time with 4 m/s lifts = 110 seconds
• No of lifts = 110/34 =3.23 lifts
• It may be possible to use 3 lifts
• If 4 lifts are selected, it could provide a better service though
additional capital expenditure would be involved
Lift design for the upper part

• No of upper floors = 13 (lift has to stop at 13th floor as well)


• For 13 upper floors, the total population = 1300
• The population handled in 5 minutes as 12% = 156 people
• Interval can be 37 seconds with capacity of lifts as 24
• The corresponding round trip time with 4 m/s lifts = 135 seconds
• Extra time needed for express travel = 2 *12 * 3.6/4.0 =21.6 seconds
• No of lifts = (135 + 21.6)/37 =4.23 lifts
• 4 lifts of 24 capacity with a maximum speed of 4.0 m second could be used

• Even if 6.0 m/s maximum speed lifts have been used, still this maximum
speed of 6.0 m/s cannot be achieved when the lift is operated as a slow lift
• Therefore, the use of the round trip time corresponding to 4.0 m/s can still
give a reasonable answer for the round trip time when the lifts are
operated as a slow lift serving the upper 13 floors in this problem
• Once the number of lifts and the capacity is selected, the width of the lift
lobby and the arrangement of the lifts can be selected
Escalators and travelators
• Escalators are meant to move a large number
of people without a waiting time
• Hence, popular in shopping malls, busy
railway stations, airports, etc.
• More details of the escalators and travelators
can be found in the note given

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