First Year Maths - IA

1. FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE: 9) Domain calculations:
Function Method for finding domain of f
1) Function: Let A and B be non empty sets and
f be a relation from A to B. If for each element f(x)
a A, there exists a unique b B such that 1. Delete the values of g(x) = 0 from
g(x)
(a, b) f, then f is called a function from A to
B. It is denoted by f : A B. R.
The set A is called ‘domain of f’ and B is called 2. f(x) Solve f(x) > 0
‘codomain of f’and the set of all f images of
the elements of A is called the range of f which 1
is denoted by f(A). 3. Solve f(x) > 0
f(x)
4. log f(x) Solve f(x) > 0
2) One - one function or Injection :-
If f : A B is such that distinct elements of A
have distinct f - images in B, then f is said to 1
be a one - one function. 5. log f(x) Solve f(x) > 0 and f(x)  1
f : A B is one- one if a 1 , a 2 A and
f(a 1 ) = f(a 2 ), then a 1 = a 2 .
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
3) Onto function or Surjection :- A function
f : A  B is said to be onto if f(A) = B i.e.range 1. Define one - one function. Give an example.
of f = codomain of f. A: If f: A  B is such that distinct elements of A have
distinct f - images in B, then f is said to be a one -
f : A B is onto given b B, there exists one function.
a A such that f(a) = b. Eg: f : R R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 is one -
one.
4) Bijection :- If f : A B is both one - one and
onto, then f is said to be a bijection from A to 2. Define onto function. Give an example.
B. f(a) = b  a = f -1 (b). A: Let f : A  B. If every element of B occurs as the
image of atleast one element of A, then f is said to
5) Constant function :- A function f : A B is be an onto function.
said to be a constant function, if the range of f
contains only one element. f(x) = c (a constant) Eg: f : R  R defined by f(x) = 3x + 2 is onto.
for all x domain.
3. f : N  N is defined as f(x) = 2x + 3. Is f onto ?
Explain with reason.
6) Identity function :- If A is a non - empty set,
A: Here codomain of f = N.
f : A A defined by f(x) = x for all x A is
Range of f = { f(1), f(2), f(3),..........}
called the identity function on A and is denoted
= { 5, 7, 9,..........}
by IA.
N
Hence f : N  N is not a surjection (onto)
7) Composite function :- If f : A B, g : B C
are two f unc tions , then gof : A  C is 4. If f : R - {0}  R is defined by f(x) = x3 - 1/x3, then
defined by (gof) (x) = g[f(x)]  x A. show that f(x) + f(1/x) = 0.
A: f (x) = x3 - 1/x3
8) Equality of two functions:- Two functions f
and g are said to be equal if Now f (x) + f(1/x) = x3 - 1/x3 + 1/x3 - x3 = 0.
i) they are defined on the same domain A and
codomain B
ii) f(x) = g(x) for every x A.

Functions 1
 First Year Maths - IA
2 4
 3x - 2, x 1 cos x + sin x
 8. If f(x) = 2 4 x  R then show that
2 sin x + cos x
 x -2, - 2  x  2
5. If f(x) =  then find f(4), f(2.5),
2x + 1, x<-3 f(2012) = 1
2 4
f(- 2), f(- 4), f(0), f(-7). cos x + sin x
A: i) f(4) = 3(4) - 2 = 10 A: Given that f(x) = 2 4
sin x + cos x
ii) f(2.5) is not defined
2 4
iii) f(- 2) = (- 2)2 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 1- sin x + sin x
iv) f(- 4) = 2 (- 4) + 1 = - 8 + 1 = - 7 f(x) = 2 4
1- cos x + cos x
v) f(0) = 02 - 2 = - 2 2 2
1- sin x (1  sin x)
vi) f(- 7) = 2 (- 7) + 1 = - 14 + 1 = - 13. = 2 2
1- cos x (1- cos x)
6. If a function is defined as 2 2
1- sin x cos x
= 2 2 = 1
 x + 2, x > 1 1- cos x sin x
 ≤ ≤
f(x ) = 2,-1 x 1
 x - 1,-3 < x < -1  f(2012) = 1 .

Find the values of (i) f(0) (ii) f(2) + f(-2).
1- x 2
A: (i) f (0) = 2 9. If f : R R is defined by f(x) = , then find
1+ x 2
f (tan ).
(ii) f(2) + f(-2) = {2 + 2} + {-2 -1] 1- x 2
A: Given that f : R R, f (x) =
=4-3 1+ x 2
1 - tan2 
= 1.  f (tan ) = = cos 2.
1+ tan 2 
7. If A = { -2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A B is a surjection
defined by f (x) = x2 + x + 1, then find B. 2x  1
10. f : R  R is defined as f(x) = , then this
A: f (-2) = (-2)2 + (-2) + 1 = 3 3
f (-1) = (-1)2 + (-1) + 1 = 1 function is injection or not? Justify.
f (0) = 02 + 0 + 1 = 1 A: Let x1, x2  domain R such that f(x1) = f(x2)
f (1) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
f (2) = 22 + 2 + 1 = 7 2x1  1 2x 2  1
 
Since f : A B is a surjection, 3 3
B = f (A) = {3, 1, 7}.  2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1
 2x1 = 2x2
7(a).If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A  R is a function  x1 = x2
x2 - x + 1 Hence f : R  R is an injection.
defined by f(x) = , then find the
x +1
11. If f : R  R, g : R R are defined by f (x) = 4x -1
1 7 13  and g (x) = x2 + 2, then find
range of f. Ans :  , 1, , .  a + 1
2 4 5 (i) (gof)   (ii) go[fof (0)].
 4 
 π π π π
7(b).If A = 0, , , ,  and f : A  B is a A: f : R R , g : R R are given by f (x) = 4x - 1,
 6 4 3 2 g(x) = x2 + 2
surjection defined by f(x) = cos x then find B.  a +1    a + 1
(i) (gof)   = g f  
 3 1 1   4    4 
Ans : 1, 2 , ,
, 0 .  4(a  1) 
 2 2  = g  1
 4 

Functions 2
 First Year Maths - IA
= g [ a + 1 - 1] = g[f(21)] = g[2(21)2 + 3]
= g (a) = g[885] = 3(885) - 2 = 2653.
2
=a +2
(ii) g [(fof) (0)] = g [f{f(0)}] 15.If f : R  R, g : f : R  R are defined by
f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find
= g [f(-1)] (i) fog (2) (ii) (gof) (2a - 3).
= g( -4 - 1) A. Given that f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1.
= g(-5) (i) (fog)(2) = f [g(2)] = f(22 + 1) = f(5) = 3(5) - 1 = 14
= (-5)2 + 2 (ii) (gof) (2a - 3) = g[f(2a - 3)] = g[3(2a - 3)-1]
= 27. = g(6a - 10)
= (6a-10)2 + 1
x 1 = 36a2 - 120a + 101.
12.If f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = for x  R are two
2 y
y
functions, then find 16.If f(y)  , g(y) = then show that
(i) (gof) (x) (ii) (fog)(x). 1  y2 1  y2

x 1 (fog)(y) = y.
A. Given that f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) =
2 y y
A. Given that f(y)  , g(y) =
(i) (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = g(2x - 1) 1  y2
1  y2
 2x  1  1 2x  (fog) (y) = f [g(y)]
=  x
2 2
 y 
 x  1  x  1 = f 
(ii) (fog)(x) = f[g(x)] = f   = 2  1  1  y 2 
 2   2 
=x+1-1=x  y 
 (gof) (x) = x and (fog)(x) = x.  
 1 y2 
 
13.If f : R  R, g : R  R, are defined by = y2
f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find (fog) (2). 1
1  y2
A. Given that f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1.
 (fog) (2) = f g(2)]
y 1  y2
= f(2 + 1) 2
= .
1  y2 1  y2  y 2
= f(5)
= 3(5) - 1 y
=
= 14. 1
 (f o g) (y) = y.
14.If f: R  R is defined by f(x) = 2x2 + 3 and
g(x) = 3x - 2 then find i) fog(x) ii) gof (x), 17.If f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x, then find
iii) fof (0), iv) [go(fof)](3). fo(goh) (x).
A: Given f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x
2
A: Given that f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x - 2
fo(goh)(x) = f[g(h(x)] = f[g(2x)]
i) fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f[3x - 2] = 2(3x - 2)2 + 3
= f[(2x)2] = f[4x2]
= 2(9x2 + 4 -12x) + 3 = 18x2 - 24x + 11
ii) gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[2x2 + 3] = 3(2x2 + 3) - 2 = 2.
2 2
= 6x + 9 - 2 = 6x + 7
iii) fof(0) = f[f(0)] = f[3] = 2(3)2 + 3 = 21
iv) [go(fof)](3) = g[fof(3)] = g[f{f(3)}]

Functions 3
 First Year Maths - IA
18.If f(x) = x2, g(x) = 2x then solve the equation  x = 2y = f -1 (y)  f is bijection
fog(x) = gof(x).  f -1 (x) = 2x.
2
A: fog(x) = f[g(x)] = f(2x) = 2x   = 22x
2
(iv) f : Q  Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
let x  domain Q and y  codomain Q such that
x
and gof(x) = g[f(x)] = g[x2] = 2 f(x) = y
2
x
Since, fog(x) = gof(x)  22x = 2  5x + 4 = y
 2x = x2  x2 - 2x = 0  x(x - 2) = 0  5x = y - 4
y-4
 x = 0 or 2.   x = = f -1(y)
5
x-4
x 1  f -1 (x) = .
5
19. If f(x) = , then find (fofof) (x).
x 1
 x  1 21.If f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ........ for |x| < 1 then show
A: (fof) (x) = f   x-1
 x  1 that f-1 (x) = .
x 1 x
1 1
A: Given that f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ....... =
 x 1 1- x
x 1
1 2 a
x 1 ( a + ar + ar + ................. = , r < 1)
1- r
x 1  x 1 Let f(x) = y  x = f-1 (y)

x  1 x  1 1 1 1
2x   y  1- x =  x = 1- .
 1- x y y
2
y -1 -1 y -1 -1 x -1
(f o f o f) (x) = f [ f o f (x)] = f(x). x=  f (y)   f (x) = .
y y x

20.Find the inverse of the following functions 22.Determine whether the following functions are
(i) If a, b  R, f : R R defined by f (x) = ax + b (a  0) even or odd.
(ii) f : R ( 0 ,  ) defined by f (x) = 5x (i) f (x) = ax - a-x + sinx
(iii) f : (0,  ) R defined by f (x ) = log2x
(iv) f : Q  Q defined by f(x) = 5x + 4.  ex - 1 
A: (i) If a, b  R, f : R R defined by f(x) = ax + b (ii) f (x) = x  x  .
 e + 1
( a  0)
A: (i) f(x) = ax - a -x + sinx
Let x  domain R and Y  codomain R such that
Now f (-x) = a-x - a-(-x) + sin(-x)
f (x) = y = a-x - ax - sinx
 ax + b = y = -{ax - a-x + sinx]
 ax = y - b = - f (x)
y -b So f (x) is an odd function.
 x = a = f -1 (y)  f is bijection
x -b  ex - 1 
 f -1 (x) = a (ii) f (x) = x  x 
 e +1 
(ii) f : R  (0,  ) defined by f(x) = 5x
Let x  R and y  (0,  ) such that f(x) = y  e-x - 1 
 5x = y f (-x) = (-x)  -x 
 x = log5 y = f -1 (y)  f is bijection  e +1 
-1
 f (x) = log 5
x  1 
 - 1 
(iii) f : (0,  ) R defined by f (x) = log2x  e x

let x  (0,  ) and y  R such that f (x) = y = (-x)  1 + 1 
 x 
 e 
 log2 x = y

Functions 4
 First Year Maths - IA
 1- ex  A: (i) f (x) =x 2  25  R
= (-x)  x 
 1+ e  2
 x - 25  0
 ex - 1   (x + 5) (x - 5)  0
= x  x   x (-  , -5] U [5,  )
 e  1  Domain of f = (-  , -5] U [5,  )
So f (x) is an even function.
(ii) f (x) =4x  x 2  R
23. Find the domain of the real valued function
 4x - x2  0
2x 2 - 5x + 7  x(4 - x)  0
f(x) =
 x - 1 x - 2  x - 3  .  x(x - 4)  0
A: To get the domain of f, (x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3)  0.  x  [0, 4]
 x  1, 2, 3  Domain of f = [0 4].
 Domain of f = R - {1, 2, 3}
2 + x + 2 -x
28.Find the domain of .
24.Find the domain of the function x
1 2 + x + 2 -x
f (x) = 2 . A: Let f(x) =
(x - 1)(x + 3) x
The function f(x) is defined for
1 2 + x > 0  x > - 2  (1) and
A: f (x) = 2
R
(x - 1)(x + 3) 2 - x > 0  x < 2  (2) and
x  0  (3)
 (x2 - 1) ( x + 3)  0
from (1) and (2) and (3)
 (x + 1) ( x - 1) ( x + 3)  0
 x -3, -1, 1 x  [-2,2] - {0} (or) x  [-2,0)  (0,2] .
 Domain of f = R - {-3, -1, 1}.
28(a). Find the domain of the following real
25. Find the domain of the real valued function valued functions :
1 (i) f(x)  (x  2)(x  3) Ans : R - (-2, 3)
f(x) = .
6x  x 2  5
A. To get the domain, 6x - x2 - 5  0 (ii) f(x)  2  x  1 x Ans : [-1, 2].
x2 - 6x + 5  0
x2 - x - 5x + 5  0 (iii) f(x)  x 2  3x  2 Ans : R - (1, 2).
x(x - 1) - 5 (x - 1)  0
(x - 1) (x - 5)  0
 x  1, 5 29. Find the domain of f (x) = lo g 0 .3 (x - x 2 ) .
 Domain of f(x) = R - {1, 5}
f (x) = log0.3 (x - x 2 )  R
26. Find the domain of the real valued function  x - x2 > 0
f(x)   x  α  x  β   0  α  β  .  x (1 - x) > 0
 x (x - 1) < 0
A: To get the domain (x - ) (x - )  0.
x   or x  .  x  (0, 1)
x (-  , ]  [ ) Domain of f = (0, 1).
 Domain of f = (-  , ]  [ )
30. Find the domain of the real valued function
27. Find the domain of the function 1 1
(i) f(x) = a > 0 (ii) f (x) =
1- x 2
.
(i) f (x) = x 2 - 25 (ii) f (x) = 4x - x 2 . x2 - a2
A: To get the domain of f, x2 - a2 > 0.

Functions 5
 First Year Maths - IA
 (x + a) (x - a) > 0. 34. Find the range of
 x < - a or x > a. x2 - 4
 x (- , - a)  (a, ) (i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = 9 + x 2 .
x-2
 Domain of f = (- , - a)  (a, ).
x2 - 4
1 A: (i) f(x) = R
(ii) f (x) = R x-2
1  x2
x-2 0
 1 - x2 > 0 x 2
 x2 - 1 < 0  Domain of f = R - {2}
 (x + 1) ( x - 1) < 0 Then y = x + 2 x  2 y 4
 x  (-1, 1) Range of f = R - {4}.
 Domain of f = (-1, 1)
(ii) f(x) = 9 + x 2
31. Find the domain of the function
f (x) = log (x2 - 4x + 3). Let y = f(x) =9 + x2  R
 Domain of f = R
A: f (x) = log (x2 - 4x + 3)  R When x = 0, f (0) = 9 = 3
 x2 - 4x + 3 > 0 When x  R - {0}, f(x) > 3
 (x - 1) (x - 3) > 0  Range of f = [3,  ).
 x  (-  , 1) U (3,  )
Domain of f = (-  , 1) U (3,  ). 35. Find the domain and range of
2+x x
32. Find the domain of the function (i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) =
2- x 1+ x 2
1 x
f (x) = log(2 - x ) . (iii) f(x) = 9- x2 (iv) f(x) = .
2- 3x
2 +∈
x
1 A: (i) f(x)
= R
f (x) = log(2 - x) 2-x
2-x  0
 2 - x > 0 and 2 - x  1  x 2
 x - 2 < 0 and x  1. Domain of f = R - {2}.
 x < 2 and x  1. Let f (x) = y
 x  (-  , 2) and x  1 2x
Domain of f = (-  , 1)  (1, 2).  2x  y
33. Find the range of the function  2 + x = 2y - xy
(i) f (x) = log |4 - x2|  x(1+y) = 2(y-1)
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x . 2(y  1)
x = y 1
A: (i) f (x) = log |4 -x2|  R
Clearly x is not defined for y + 1  0
Let f (x) = y
 Range of f = R - {-1}
 log |4 - x2| = y .
 |4 - x2| = ey > 0  y  R x
(ii) f(x) =
 Range of f is R. 1+ x 2
(ii) f (x) =
[x]  x  R x∈
f(x) = R
 [x] - x  0 1+ x 2
 1 + x2  0
 x  [x]
x  Z  Domain of f = R
Let f(x) = y
 Domain of f = Z
x
 Range of f = {0}.  =y
1+ x 2
Functions 6
 First Year Maths - IA
 x = y + yx2 36. If f and g are real valued functions defined by
f (x) = 2x - 1 and g (x) = x2, then find
 yx2 - x + y = 0 (i) (fg) (x) (ii) (f + g + 2) (x).
1± 1  4y2
∈ R
x = 2y A: f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = x2
 1 - 4y2  0 and y  0 (i) (fg)(x) = f(x) g(x)
 ( 1 + 2y) (1-2y)  0 and y  0
= (2x -1) (x2)
 ( y + ½) (y - ½)  0 and y  0
 y  [-½, ½] and y  0 = 2x3 - x2
Also x = 0  y = 0 (ii) (f + g + 2) (x) = f(x) + g(x) + 2
 Range of f = [-½, ½] = 2x - 1 + x2 + 2
= x2 + 2x + 1
(iii) f(x ) = 9- x∈ 2
R
= (x + 1)2...
2
 9 - x  0
 x2 - 9  0 37. If f = {(1,2) (2,-3) (3,-1)} then
 (x + 3) (x - 3)  0 find (i) 2f (ii) f2 (iii) 2 +f (iv) f.
 Domain of f = [-3, 3]
Let f (x) = y A: Given f = {(1, 2)(2, -3)(3, -1)}
i) Now 2f(1) = 2[f(1)] = 2(2) = 4
9 - x2 = y
2f(2) = 2[f(2)] = 2(-3) = - 6
9 - x2 = y2 2f(3) = 2[f(3)] = 2(-1) = -2
x= 2  2f = {(1, 4)(2, -6) (3, -2)}
9-y
9 - y  0 2 ii) Also f2(1) = [f(1)]2 = (2)2 = 4
 y2 - 9  0 f2(2) = [f(2)]2 = (-3)2 = 9
 (y-3) (y+3) < 0 f2(3) = [f(3)]2 = (-1)2 = 1
y  [-3, 3]  f2 = {(1, 4)(2, 9) (3, 1)}
Since y takes only non negative values iii) Also (2 + f) (1) = 2 + f(1) = 2 + 2 = 4
 Range of f = [0, 3]. (2 + f) (2) = 2 + f(2) = 2 - 3 = - 1
x
(iv) f(x) = ∈ R (2 + f) (3) = 2 + f(3) = 2 - 1 = 1
2- 3x  2 + f = {(1, 4)(2, -1) (3, 1)}
 2 - 3x  0
iv) take f (1)  f(1)  2
 x  2/3
Domain of f is R - {2/3} f (2)  f(2)  3 (not valid)
Let f (x) = y
x
f (3)  f(3)  1 (not valid)
 2 - 3x = y
 x = 2y - 3xy
 f  1, 2 
 x( 1+3y) = 2y
2y
 x = 1  3y
 1 + 3y  0
 y  -1/3
 Range of f = R - {1/3}.

Functions 7
 First Year Maths - IA
LEVEL - I (LAQ) Let c be any element in C.
Since g : B  C is onto, there exists atleast one
1. If f : A  B, g : B  C are two bijections, then element b  B such that g(b) = c
prove that gof: A  C is also a bijection.  b = g -1 (c)  g is a bijection)
A: Given : f : A  B, g : B C are bijections.
Part 1 :- To prove that gof : A  C is one-one. Since f : A  B is onto, there exists atleast one
Now f : A  B, g : B C are one-one functions. element a  A such that f(a) = b.
 gof: AC is a function.  a = f -1(b)  f is a bijection)
Let a1, a2  A  f(a1), f(a2)  B and (gof) (a1), Consider (gof) (a) = g[f(a)]
(gof)(a2) C. = g(b)
Suppose that (gof)(a1) = (gof)(a2) (gof) (a) = c.
 g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]  a = (gof) -1 (c)  gof is a bijection)
 f(a1) = f(a2) ( g is one-one) Also (f og ) (c) = f- 1 [g -1(c)]
-1 -1

= f- 1 (b)
 a1 = a2 ( f is one-one)
=a
 gof : A  C is one-one.  (gof) (c) = (f- 1og -1) (c)  c C.
-1

Part 2:- To prove that gof: A C is onto. Hence (gof) -1 = f -1og -1.
Now f : A B, g : B  C are onto functions.
3. If f : A  B is a bijection, then show that
 gof : A C is a function.
fof-1 = IB and f-1of = IA.
Let c  C. A: Given that f : A  B is a bijection
Since g : B C is onto, there exists atleast one  f -1 : B  A.
element b  B such that g(b) = c.
Part 1:- To show that fof-1 = IB
Since f : A  B is also onto, there exists atleast Now f -1 : B  A, f : A  B  fof -1 : B  B.
one element a  A such that f(a) = b Also IB : B  B
Now (gof) (a) = g[f(a)] Thus fof-1 and IB have the same domain B and the
= g(b) same codomain B.
= c Let a be any element in A.
For c  C, there is an element a  A such that Since f : A  B, there is a unique element b B.
(gof) (a) = c. such that f(a) = b
so gof : A C is onto.  a = f- 1 (b)  f is a bijection)
since gof : A  C is both one-one and onto, Consider (fof -1) (b) = f[f -1(b)]
hence = f (a)
gof : A  C is a bijection. =b
= IB (b)  IB : B B  IB(b) = b
2. If f: A  B, g : B C are bijections, then (fof- 1) (b) = IB(b)  b  B
prove that (gof) -1 = f -1og -1. Thus fof -1 = IB
A: Given that f : A  B, g : B  C are bijections.
 f -1 : B  A, g -1 : C B Part 2:- To prove that f -1of = IA
Now gof : A  C is also a bijection. Now f : A  B, f -1 : B  A  f -1of : A  A
 (gof) -1 : C  A Also IA : A  A
Also g -1 : C  B, f -1 B  A  f -1og -1 : C  A. -1
Thus f of and IA have the same domain A and the
Thus (gof) -1 and f- 1og -1 both the functions exist same codomain A.
and have the same domain C and the same
codomain A.
Functions 8
 First Year Maths - IA
5. If f : A  B, g : B  A are two functions such
Now (f -1of)(a) = f -1 [f(a)] that gof = IA and fog = IB then prove that g = f-1.
= f -1 (b) A: Given that f : A  B, g : B  A are two functions
=a
such that gof = IA and fog = IB.
= IA(a)  IA : A  A  IA(a) = a
Part 1:- To prove that f is one-one.
(f- 1of) (a) = IA(a)  a A
-1
 f of = IA Let a1, a2 A  f(a1), f(a2)  B
Consider f(a1) = f(a2)
Hence fof -1 = IB and f -1of = IA.  g[f(a1)] = g[f(a2)]
 (gof) (a1) = (gof) (a2)
4. If f : A  B, IA and IB are identity functions on A and  IA (a1) = IA(a2)  gof = IA)
B respectively, then prove that foIA = IB of = f.  a 1
= a 2
A: Given that f : A  B Thus f : A  B is one-one.
IA : A  A is defined by IA (a) = a  a  A. Part 2:- To prove that f is onto.
IB : B  B is defined by IB (b) = b  b  B. Let b  B.
Part 1:- To prove that foIA = f  g : B  A, there exists a unique element a 
Now IA : A  A, f : A  B  foIA : A  B A
Also f : A  B such that g(b) = a.
Now f(a) = f[g(b)]
Thus foIA and f both the functions exist and have = (fog) (b)
the same domain A and the same codomain B. = IB (b)  fog = IB)
=b
Let a  A
So f : A  B is onto.
Since f : A  B, there exists a unique element
Since f is both one-one and onto, so f is a bijection.
b  B such that f(a) = b
 f -1 : B  A
Consider (foIA) (a) = f[IA(a)] Also g : B  A
= f(a) Thus both the functions f -1 and g have the same
 (foIA) (a) = f(a) for all a  A domain B and same codomain A.
Hence foIA = f .............(1) Part 3:- To show that g = f -1
Part 2:- To show that IB of = f From previous part, f(a) = b
Now f : A  B, IB : B B  IBof : A  B  a = f -1 (b)
Also f : A  B Also g(b) = a
Thus IBof and f both the functions exist and have  g(b) = f -1(b)  b  B.
the same domain A and codomain B.
Hence g = f -1.
Consider (IBof)(a) = IB[f(a)]
= IB(b) 6. If f: AB, g: B  C, h: C D are functions,
=b then prove that ho(gof) = (hog)of.
= f(a) A: Given that f : A  B, g : B C, h : C D
 (IB of) (a) = f(a) for all a  A Now f : A  B, g : B  C  gof : A  C
 IB of = f ...............(2) Also gof : A  C, h: C  D  ho(gof) : A  D
From (1) & (2) foIA = f = IB of.
Now g : B  C, h: C  D hog : B  D
Also f : A  B, hog : B  D  (hog)of : A D

Functions 9
 First Year Maths - IA
Thus ho(gof) and (hog)of both the functions exist (gof)(2) = g(c) = 1
and have the same domain and the same codomain. (gof)(3) = g(b) = 4
Let a be any element in A. (gof)(4) = g(d) = 3
[ho(gof)] (a) = h[(gof) (a)]  g o f = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
= h[g{f(a)}] (g o f)-1 = {(2, 1), (1, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4)}
Also [(hog)of] (a) = (hog)[f(a)] = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3)} ......(1)
= h[g{f(a)] Also (f-1 o g-1)(2) = f-1(a) = 1.
(f-1 o g-1) (4) = f-1 (b) = 3
Thus [ho(gof)](a) = [hog)of] (a) for all a  A
(f-1 o g-1) (1) = f-1 (c) = 2
Hence ho(gof) = (hog)of. (f-1 o g-1) (3) = f-1 (d) = 4
 f-1 o g-1 = {(2, 1), (4, 3), (1, 2), (3, 4)}
7. If f : A  B is a bijection, then prove that = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3) .........(2)
f -1 : B A is a bijection From (1) & (2) (g o f)-1 = f-1 o g-1 .
A: Given that f : A  B is a bijection
 f -1 : B  A is a function 9. If f : Q  Q defined by f(x) = 5x+4 for all x  Q,
Part 1: To prove that f -1 : B  A is one-one. show that f is a bijection and find f - 1.
Let b1, b2  B. Given : f : Q  Q is defined by f(x) = 5x + 4
 f : A  B is onto, there exist a1, a2 A such that
Part 1:- To prove that f is one-one
f(a1) = b1, f(a2) = b2
 a1 = f -1 (b1), a2 = f -1 (b2)  f: A  B is a Let x1, x2 Q (domain) and
bijection f(x1) = f(x2)
 5x1 + 4 = 5x2 + 4
Now, suppose that f -1(b1) = f - 1(b2)  5x1 = 5x2
 a1 = a2  x1 = x2
f(a1) = f(a2)  f : A  B is a funciton
 b1 = b2  f : Q  Q is one-one.
So f -1: B  A is a one-one function. Part 2:- To prove that f is onto
Part 2: To prove that f -1 : B  A is onto. Let y  the codomain Q and x  domain Q such
Let a  A. that
Since f : A  B, there exists a unique element b f(x) = y
B such that f(a) = b  5x + 4 = y
 f -1(b) = a  f is a bijection y-4
 x=
5
So, for every a  A, there is an element bB So for every y  codomain Q, there is a preimage
such that f -1 (b) = a
y-4
So f -1 : B A is onto  domain Q such that
5
Since f -1: B  A is both one-one and onto,
hence f -1 : B  A is a bijection.
 
y-4
f 5 =y

Thus f : Q  Q is onto.
8. Let f = {(1, a), (2, c), (4, d), (3, b)} and
g-1 = {(2, a), (4, b), (1, c), (3, d)}, then show that
(gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1.
Part 3:- To find f -1(x)
Since f is both one-one, onto, so it is a bijection.
A. Given that f = {(1, a), (2, c), (4, d), (3, b)}
f(x) = y  x = f -1 (y)
f - 1 = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2), (d, 4)}
Also g - 1 = {(2, a), (4, b), (1, c), (3, d)} y - 4 -1
5x + 4 = y  x = =f (y)
5
g = {(a, 2), (b, 4), (c, 1), (d, 3)}
(gof)(1) = g[f(1)] = g(a) = 2.  f -1(x) = x 5- 4 .
Functions 10
 First Year Maths - IA
10.If f = {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6,- 4)} g = {(4, -4), (6, 5), (8, 5) 1+ x2 + 2x
then find (i) f + 4 (ii) fg (iii) f/g 1+ x 2
2
(1+ x)2
(iv) f + g (v) 2f + 4g (vi) |f| (vii) f (viii) f . = log 1+ x 2 - 2x = log
(1- x)2
2
A: Given f = {(4,5), (5, 6), (6, -4)}, g = {(4, -4), (6, 5), 1+ x
(8, 5) 2
1+ x 1+ x
Here Domain of f  g = {4, 6} = log = 2log 1- x = 2f(x).
1- x
i) Take (f + 4) (4) = f(4) + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9
(f + 4) (5) = f(5) + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10 2. If f(x + y) = f(xy)  x,y  R then prove that ‘f’
is a constant function.
(f + 4) (6) = f(6) + 4 = - 4 + 4 = 10
A: Let f(0) = k
 f + 4 = {(4, 9), (5, 10), (6, 0)} Given that f(x + y) = f(xy)
ii) Now (fg) (4) = [f(4)] [g(4)] = (5) (-4) = - 20 Now, f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x.0) = f(0) = k.
(fg) (6) = [f(6)] [g(6)] = (- 4) (5) = - 20 which is a constant,  x  R
Hence, f(x) is a constant function.
 fg = {(4, - 20), (6, - 20)}

f f(4) 5  5 3. If the function f : {-1, 1}  {0, 2} is defined by

iii) Also   (4) = = = and f(x) = ax + b is a surjection, then find a, b.
g g(4)  4 4
A: Here f is a surjection, so two cases arise.
f f(6)  4 case i) f (-1) = 0, f(1) = 2
  (6) = =
 g g(6) 5
- a + b = 0, a + b = 2  a = 1, b = 1
f   5    4   case ii) f(1) = 0, f(-1) = 2
   4, 6, 
g  4   5    a + b = 0, - a + b = 2  a = - 1, b = 1

(iv) {(4, 1), (6, 1) (v) {4, - 6), (6, 12)} Hence, a   1, b  1 .

(vi) {(4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4)} (vii)  4, 5 5, 6  0, if x  Q
4. If f, g: R  R are defined by f(x) =  1, if x  Q
(viii) {(4, 25), (5, 36), (6, 16)}. 

  1, if x  Q
LEVEL - II (VSAQ) and g (x) =  0, if x  Q
= then find

(fog) () + (gof) (e).
A: (fog) () = f[g()] = f(0) = 0
1. If f : R - {+1}  R is defined by
(gof) (e) = g[f(e)] = g(1) = - 1 [  Q]

1+ x 2x 
f(x) = log 1- x , then show that f = 2f(x).  (fog) () + (gof) (e) = 0 - 1 = - 1.
 1 + x2 
 

1+ x 1
A: Given f(x) = log 1- x 5. Find the domain of x+2 +
log10 (1-x) .
2x
1+ A: The function is defined for

2x  1+ x 2

Now, f  = log 2x x + 2 > 0  x > - 2  (1) and
2 1-
 1+ x  1 - x > 0 and 1 - x  1
1+ x 2 x - 1 < 0 and x  0.
x  [-2,1) - {0}
or) x  [-2, 0)  (0,1).

Functions 11
 First Year Maths - IA
6. Find the domain of the function x x
9. Determine the function f(x) = x
+ + 1 is
1 e -1 2
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = |x |- x . even or odd.
|x|-x
x x
1 A: Take f(-x)  x
 1
A: (i) f (x) = e 1 2
| x | -x  R
x x
 |x| - x > 0.   1
1
 |x| > x x
1 2
e
 x  (-  , 0)
 xex x
 Domain of f = (-  , 0)   1
1  ex 2
(ii) f (x) = | x | -x
 xex  x  x x
 |x| - x  0   1
 |x|  x
1  ex 2
x
 x R x(1  e )  x x
  1
 Domain of f = R or (-  ,  ) 1  ex 2
x x
7. Find the domain of the function x   1
(i) f (x) = x - [x] 1  ex 2
x x
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x .  x   1 f(x)
e 1 2
A: (i) f (x) = x - [x]  R Hence, f(x) is an even function.
 x - [x]  0
 x  [x] LEVEL - II (LAQ)
 x R
 Domain of f = R or ( -  ,  ) 1. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}.
If f : A  B, g : B C are defined by
(ii) f (x) = [x] - x  R f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}, g = {(a, q), (b, r),
 [x] - x  0 (c, p)}, then show that f -1og -1 = (gof) -1.
 [x]  x
 x  [x] A: Given that A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {p, q, r}
x  Z f : A  B, g : B  C are given by
 Domain of f = Z.
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b)}
sin [x] f -1 = {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 2)} and
8. Find the range of . g = {(a, q), (b, r), (c, p)}
1+ [x]2
g -1 = {(q, a), (r, b), (p, c)}
A: The function is defined for 1 + [x]2  0
Which is true  x  R Hence, Domain = R Now (f -1og -1)(p)= f -1[g -1(p)]
If x  R then [x]  Z  sin [x] = 0 = f -1 (c)
sin [x] =2
 =0  xR
1+ [x]2
Hence, Range = {0}.
Similarly (f -1og -1) (q) =1, (f -1og -1) (r) = 3
 f -1og -1 = {(p, 2), (q, 1), (r, 3)} ............(1)
Also (gof)(1) = g[f(1)]
= g(a)
=q
Functions 12
 First Year Maths - IA

Similarly (gof) (2) = p, (gof) (3) = r 4x

Also 1  f(x)  1 
gof = {(1, q), (2, p), (3, r)} 4x  2
(gof) -1 = {(q, 1), (p, 2), (r, 3)} ....... (2) 4x  2  4x

4x  2
From (1) and (2) f -1og -1 = (gof) -1.
2
 x
2. I f t h e f u n c t i o n f : R  R d e f i n e d b y 4 2
3x + 3-x
f(x) = , then show that  f (1 - x) = 1 - f(x).
2
f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 2f(x) f(y).
4. If f(x) = cos(log x), then show that
3 x + 3-x
A: Given that f : R  R and f (x ) =
2  1  1 1 x 
f  f   - f   + f(xy) = 0 .
x+y -(x+y) x-y -(x-y) x y 2  y
3 +3 3 +3 
 f(x  y)  , f(x  y) 
2 2
 1 1
 3x + 3-x  3y  3 y  A: f   = cos (log )
2f(x)f(y)  2    x
  x
 2  2
   = cos (log1 - logx)
3 x  y  3 x  y  3 x  y  3 x  y = cos (0 - log x)
=
2 = cos (logx)  log 1 = 0
xy (x  y) xy (x  y)
3 3 3 3  1
=  Similarly f   = cos (logy)
2 2 y
= f (x + y) + f(x - y)
x  x
 f (x + y) + f(x - y) = 2f (x ) f (y). f   = cos  log y 
y  
3. I f t h e f u n c t i o n f : R  R d e f i n e d b y = cos (logx - logy)
4x = cos(logx)cos(logy)+sin(logx)sin(logy)
f (x) = x , then show that f(1 - x) = 1 - f(x).
4 +2 f(xy) = cos(logxy)
4x
A: Given that f : R  R and f (x) = x = cos(logx + logy)
4 +2
4 1- x = cos(logx)cos(logy)-sin(logx)sin(logy)
then f(1 - x) = 1- x
4 +2 x
4 f   + f(xy) = 2 cos(logx) cos(logy)
4 x y
=
4
+2 1  x   1  1
4x f    f(xy) = cos (logx) cos(logy) = f   f  
2 y  x y
4
=
4 + 2.4x  1  1 1   x  
f   f   - f   + f(xy) = 0 .
=
2 x y 2 y 
2 + 4x

*******

Functions 13
First Year Maths - IA

2. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
LEVEL - I (LAQ)
1) Principle of finite Mathematical Induction :
Let P(n) be a statement for each n  N. If
1. Using induction, prove that
i) P(1) is true
12 + 22 + 32 + ............. + n2 = n(n+1) (2n+1) n  N .
ii) P(k) is true  P(k + 1) is true, P(n) is true 6
for all n N. A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
If P is a subset of N such that (i) 1P and 12 + 22 + 32 + ..........+n2 = n(n+1) (2n+1) n  N
6
(ii) k  P k+ 1 P then P = N. It is called If n = 1, LHS = 12
principle of finite mathematical induction. =1
n(n + 1) (1)(1+1)(2+1)
2) 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + n = 2
. RHS =
6
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
3) 12 + 22 + 32 + ...... + n2 = 6
. = 6
6 = 1.
2 2  LHS = RHS.
4) 13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 = n (n + 1) . Thus P(1) is TRUE.
4
th
5) The n term of A.P tn =[a+(n-1)d]. Assume that P(k) is true
k(k+1)(2k+1)
6) The nth term of G.P tn = arn-1.  12 + 22 + 32 + ...............+k2 =
6
Adding (k+1)2 on both sides, we get
7) Sum of the first ‘n’ odd natural numbers 12 + 22 + 32 + .............+k2 + (k+1)2
1+ 3 +5 +........+(2n-1)=n2
k(k+1)(2k+1)
= + (k+1)2
6

k(k+1)(2k+1)+6(k+1)2
=
6
(k+1)[k(2k+1)+6(k+1)]
=
6
(k+1)(2k2 +7k+6)
= 2k2 + 7k + 6
6
(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
= = 2k2 + 4k + 3k + 6
6
(k+1)[( k+1+1][2(k+1)+1]
= = 2k(k+2)+3(k+2)
6
= (k+2) (2k+3)
 P(k+1) is TRUE.
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
induction P(n) is true for all n N.

1(a). Using induction, prove that

13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 =
n 2 (n + 1 ) 2 .
4

Mathematical Induction 14
First Year Maths - IA
2. By induction, prove that k
n = a(r -1) +ark
a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+........upto nterms = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]. r-1
k k
A: Let P(n) be the statement in A.P tn =[a+(n-1)d] = a[r - 1 + r (r-1)]
n r -1
a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+.........+[a+(n-1)d]= 2 [2a+(n-1)d]. k k+1 k
If n=1, LHS = a = a[ r - 1 + r - r ]
r -1
1 [2a+0.d] = a k+1
RHS = 2 = a[r -1)
r -1
 LHS = RHS.
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
Thus P(1) is TRUE.
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
Assume that P(k) is true.
induction, the given statement is true for all n  N.
 a+(a+d) + (a+2d)+.........+[a+(k-1)d]

= k2 [2a+(k-1)d] 4. Prove that 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+..........upto

n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
Adding a+kd on bothsides, we get n terms = n  N .
4
a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+.............+[a+(k-1)d]+(a+kd) A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
= k2 [2a+(k-1)d]+(a+kd) 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5+............+n(n+1)(n+2)
n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
k[2a+(k-1)d]+2(a+kd) =
= 4
2 If n=1, LHS = 1.2.3 = 6
2ak+k(k-1)d+2a+2kd
=
2 RHS = 1.2.3.4
4 =6

2ak + k2d - kd + 2a + 2kd  LHS = RHS.

= Thus P(1) is TRUE.
2
2a(k+1)+kd(k-1+2)
= Assume that P(k) is true.
2
 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5+...........+k(k+1)(k+2)=
(k+1)
= (2a + kd) k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
2
4
(k+1) Adding (k+1) (k+2) (k+3) on both sides, we get
= [2a+ (k+1 - 1) d]
2 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+..........+k(k+1)(k+2)+(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical = +(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4
induction, the given statement is true for all n N.
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)+4(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
=
3. Using Induction, for all n  N, prove that 4
a(rn -1) (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)[k+4]
a+ar+ar2+...........upto nterms = ; r 1. =
r-1 4
A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
a +ar+ar2+.............+arn-1 =
a(rn -1) = (k+1)(k+1+1)(k+1+2) (k+1+3)
r-1 4
If n=1, LHS = a Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
a( r-1 ) Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
RHS = =a
r-1 induction the given statement is true for all n  N.
 LHS = RHS.
Thus P(1) is TRUE. 5. Using the principle of mathematical induction,
Assume that P(k) is true. prove that 2.3+3.4+4.5+....... upto n terms =
k
 a + ar + ar2 + ...........+ ark-1 = a(r -1) n(n2 +6n+11)
r-1 for all nN.
Adding ark on bothsides, we get 3
a + ar + ar2 + ........+ark-1 + ark A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
Mathematical Induction 15
First Year Maths - IA

n(n2 +6n+11) = (k+k+2)2k

2.3+3.4+4.5+..............+(n+1)(n+2) =
3 = 2(k+1). 2k
2, 3, 4 ..... (n+1) = (k+1). 2k+1
3, 4, 5,...... (n+2) Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
If n = 1, LHS = 2.3 = 6
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
1(1+6+11) induction the given statement is true for all n  N.
RHS = =6
3
 LHS = RHS. 1 1 1
Thus P(1) is TRUE. 7. Show that 1.4 + 4.7 + 7.10 +...... upto n terms =
Assume that P(k) is true. n
 2.3 + 3.4+4.5+.............+(k+1) (k+2) 3n + 1 for all n  N.
Let P(n) be the statement:
k(k2 +6k+11)
= 1 1 1 1 n
3 A: 1.4  4.7  7.10  ...........  (3n-2)(3n+1)  3n+1
Adding (k+2)(k+3) on both sides, we get
2.3+3.4+4.5+.........+(k+1)(k+2)+(k+2)(k+3) 1 = 1
If n =1, LHS = 1.4 4
k(k2 +6k+11)
= +(k+2) (k+3) 1 =1
3 RHS = 3+1 4
k3 +6k2 +11k+3(k 2 +5k+6)  LHS = RHS.
=
3 Thus P(1) is TRUE.
By Synthetic division
3 2
Assume that P(k) is true.
= k +9k +26k+18 1 9 26 18
3 1 1 1 1 k
 1.4  4.7  7.10  ...........  (3k-2)(3k+1)  3k+1
-1 0 -1 -8 -18
(k+1)(k 2 +8k+18)
= 1 8 18 0 1
3 Adding (3k+1)(3k+4) on bothsides, we get
(k+1)[k 2 +2k+1+6k+6+11]
= 1  1  1  ...........  1  1
3 1.4 4.7 7.10 (3k-2)(3k+1) (3k+1)(3k+4)
(k+1)[(k+1)2 +6(k+1)+11]
= k 1
3 = 3k+1  (3k+1)(3k+4)
Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
1 1 
= k + 3k+4
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical 3k+1  
induction given statement is true for all n N.
3k2 +4k+1
2
= (3k+1)(3k+4) 3k2 + 4k+1
6. Prove that 2+3.2 + 4.2 + ........upto n terms
= n.2n for all n N. = 3k2+3k+k+1
A: 2, 3, 4, ........... n+1 = 3k(k+1)+1(k+1)
1, 2, 22, ......... 2n-1 = (3k+1) (k+1)
Let P(n) be the given statement :
2.1 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ............+(n+1).2n-1 = n.2n (3k+1) (k +1)
If n =1, LHS = 2.1 = 2
=
RHS = 2.21-1= 2 (3k+1) (3k +4)
 LHS = RHS
Thus P(1) is TRUE. k+1
=
Assume that P(k) is true. 3(k+1)+1
 2.1 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ...........+(k+1)2k-1 = k.2k
Adding (k+2)2k on both sides, we get Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
2.1 + 3.2 + 4.22 + ...........+(k+1)2k-1 + (k+2) 2k Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
= k.2k + (k+2)2k induction the given statement is true for all n  N.

Mathematical Induction 16
First Year Maths - IA
7(a).Show that
(k+1)[k+1+1]2 [k+1+2]
=
1 + 1 + 1 1 12
1 .3 3 .5 5 .7 +...... + (2n-1)(2n+1) Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
= 2nn+ 1 for all n  N.
induction, the given statement is true for all n  N.

8. Show that 1 2+(1 2+2 2)+(1 2+2 2+3 2)+.........upto

n
2 n(2n - 1)  2n + 1
n terms =
n(n+1)2 (n+2)
12
for all nN.
8(a).  (2k - 1)
i=1
=
3
.

A: Let P(n) be the given statement: Hint: 12 + 32 + 52 +.........(2n-1)2

12+(12+22) + (12+22+32)+ ...........+(12+22+32+......+n2)
n(2n- 1)  2n +1
n(n+1)2 (n+2) = .
= 3
12
n(n+1)(2n+1)
i.e.12+(12+22)+(12+22+32)+.............+
6
9. Using the principle of mathematical
n(n+1)2 (n+2) induction, prove that
=
12
If n = 1, LHS = 12 = 1 13 + 13 +23 + 13 +23 +33 +..........+upto n terms
1 1+3 1+3+5
RHS = 1.2.3
6 =1 n
= 24 [2n2+9n+13].
 LHS = RHS
A: nth term =
Thus P(1) is TRUE.  n2 (n+1)2 
 
Assume that P(k) is true.  
4 (n+1)2
13 +23 +33 +..........+n3   

k(k+1)(2k+1) 1+3+5+........+(2n-1) n2 4
 12 + (12+22) + (12+22+32) + ...........+
6 Let P(n) be the given statement.
k(k+1)2 (k+2) 2
13  13+23  13 +23+33  ..........  (n+1)  n [2n2 + 9n +13]
=
12 1 1+3 1+3+5 4 24
3
Adding
(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)
on both sides, we get If n =1, LHS = 1 = 1.
6 1
RHS = 24 1 [2+9+13] = 24 = 1.
k(k+1)(2k+1) (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3) 24
12+(12+22)+..............+ 6
+ 6
 LHS = RHS.
k(k+1)2 (k+2) (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3) Thus P(1) is TRUE.
=  Assume that P(k) is true.
12 6

k(k+1)2 (k+2)+2(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)  13  13 +23  13 +23 +33  ..........  (k+1)2  k [2k 2 + 9k + 13]

= 1 1+3 1+3+5 4 24
12
2
(k+1)(k+2)[k(k+1)+2(2k+3)] Adding (k+2) on both sides, we get
= 4
12
2 2
(k+1)(k+2)(k 2 +5k+6) 13  13 +23  13 +23 +33  ..........  (k+1)  (k+2)
= 1 1+3 1+3+5 4 4
12
k2 + 5k + 6 k [2k2+9k+13] + (k+2)2
= 24
= k2 + 2k + 3k + 6 4
= k(k+ 2) +3(k + 2) 2 2
k(2k +9k+13)+6(k +4k+4)
=
= (k + 2) (k + 3) 24
(k+1)(k+2)(k+2)(k+3) 3 2 2
= = 2k +9k +13k+6k +24k+24
12 24
(k+1)(k+2)2 (k+3) 3 2
= = 2k +15k +37k+24
12 24

Mathematical Induction 17
First Year Maths - IA

By Synthetic division Thus the statement is true for n =1.

Assume that P(k) is true.
-1 2 15 37 24
 2.42k+1 + 33k+1 is divisible by 11.
0 -2 -13 -24  2.42k+1 + 33k+1 = 11t for some t  N
2 13 24 0  2.42k+1 = 11t - 33k+1 ............(1)
Consider 2.42(k+1)+1 + 33(k+1)+1
(k+1) (2k2 +13k+24)
= = 2.42k+2+1 + 33k+3+1
24
= 2.42k+1 . 42 + 33k+1 . 33
(k+1)[2k2 +4k+2+9k+9+13]
=
24 = 16[11t - 33k+1] + 27 . 33k+1
(k+1)[2(k+1)2 +9(k+1)+13] = 16(11t ) - 16 x 33k+1 + 27.33k+1
=
24
= 11(16t) + 33k+1 (27 - 16)
 P(k+1) is TRUE. = 11[16t + 33k+1]
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
induction, the given statement is true for all n N. Thus the statement P(n) is true for n = k+1.
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
10.Show that 49n + 16n - 1 is divisible by 64 for all
positive integers n. induction 2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11 for all n  N.
A: Let P(n) be the statement:
49n + 16n-1 is divisible by 64. 12.Show that 3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17 for
If n =1, 49n + 16n-1 = 49+16 -1 = 64 = 64(1) all nN.
Thus the statement is true for n =1. A: Let P(n) be the statement:
Assume that P(k) is true
3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17.
 49k + 16k -1 is divisible by 64
 49k + 16k -1 = 64t, for some t  N If n=1, 3.52n+1 + 23n+1 = 3.53 + 24
 49k = 64t - 16k +1 ...............(1) = 3(125) + 16
Consider 49k+1 + 16(k+1)-1 = 375 + 16
= 49.49k + 16k +15 = 391 = 17(23)
= 49[64t - 16k +1] + 16k + 15 Thus the statement is TRUE for n =1.
= 64 (49t) - 16k(49)+16k+ 49 +15
Assume that the statement is true for n = k.
= 64 (49t) - 16k (49-1) + 64
 3.52k+1 + 23k+1 is divisible by 17.
= 64 (49t) - 16k (48) + 64
= 64 (49t) -16k(4)(12) + 64  3.52k+1 + 23k|1 = 17t for some t  N.
= 64[49t - 12k +1]  3.52k+1 = 17t - 23k+1 .............(1)
 The statement is true for n = k + 1.
Consider 3.52(k+1)+1 + 23(k+1)+1
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
induction 49n + 16n -1 is divisible by 64  n  N. = 3.52k+2+1 + 23k+3+1
= 3.52k+1 . 52 + 23k+1 . 23
11. Using mathematical induction, prove that = 25(17t - 23k+1 ) + 8.23k+1
2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11,  n  N. = 17(25t) - 17 . 23k+1 + 8 . 23k+1
A: Let P(n) be the statement: = 17(25t) - 23k+1 (25 - 8)
2.42n+1 + 33n+1 is divisible by 11 = 17(25t) - 23k+1 (17)
= 17 (25t - 23k+1)
If n =1, 2.42n+1 + 33n+1 = 2.42+1 + 33+1
 The statement is true for n = k+1.
= 2(64) + 81
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
= 209 = 11(19)
induction 3.52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17.
Mathematical Induction 18
First Year Maths - IA

13. Show that xn - yn is divisible by x-y for all  3  5  7   2k  1  2k  3 

1 1 1
=  1  4  9  ....... 1 2  1 2
k  
  k  1 
nN by using mathematical induction.     
A: Let P(n) be the statement:
 2k  3 
xn - yn is divisible by x-y for nN. = (k+1)2  1  2

 k  1 
If n =1, xn - yn = x1 - y1 
= 1(x-y)  2 
 The statement is TRUE for n=1. k  1
2   k  1  2k  3 
=  
Assume that the statement is true for n = k.
  k  12 
 xk - yk is divisible by x-y
= k2 + 4k + 4
 x - y = (x-y) f(x, y) 
k k
 (1) where f is some = (k + 2)2
function in x, y. 2

k+1 k+1 k+1 k k k+1

= k  1  1
Consider x -y =x -x .y+x .y-y = R.H.S.
= x (x - y) + y (xk - yk)
k
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
= xk (x - y) + y. (x-y) f(x, y)  S(n) is true for n = k + 1.
from (1) Hence by the principle of finite mathematical
= (x-y) [xk + y. f(x, y)] induction given statement is true for all n  N.
The statement is true for n = k+1.
Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical LEVEL - II (LAQ)
induction xn - yn is divisible by x - y for all n  N.
1. By induction, prove that 43 + 83 + 123 + ........
14.Using mathematical induction prove that upto n terms = 16n2 (n+1)2.
 3  5  7  2n + 1  2 A: Let P(n) be the given statement:
 1 + 1   1+ 4   1+ 9  ........  1+  = n + 1 .
     n2  43 + 83 + 123 + .............+ (4n)3 = 16n2 (n+1)2
A: Let the given statement be S(n). If n = 1, LHS = 43 = 64
 3  5  7  2n  1 2 RHS = 16(12) (22) = 64
2  
S(n) : 1 1 1 ........1  n  1
 1  4  9  n   LHS = RHS.
Let n = 1 Thus P(1) is TRUE.
 3 Assume that P(k) is true.
L.H.S =  1   1 3  4
 1   43 + 83 + 123 + .............+(4k)3 = 16k2 (k+1)2
R.H.S = (1+1)2 = 22 = 4
Adding [4(k+1)]3 on both sides, we get
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 S(n) is true for n = 1 43 + 83 + 123 + ...............+(4k)3 + [4(k+1)]3
Assume that the given statement is true for n = k = 16k2 (k+1)2 + 64(k+1)3
i.e., S(k) : = 16(k+1)2 [k2 + 4(k+1)]
 3  5  7  2k  1  2
= 16(k+1)2 (k2 + 4k + 4)
 1  1   1  4   1  9  ........  1  2    k  1 = 16 (k+1)2 (k+2)2
     k 
Now we have to prove that the given statement is = 16 (k+1)2 (k+1 +1)2
true of n = k + 1. Thus P(k+1) is TRUE.
L.H.S. : Put n = k + 1 in S(n) Hence, by the principle of finite mathematical
S(k+1) : induction the given statement is true for all n  N.
 3  5  7   2k  1  1
1 1 1
 1  4  9  ....... 1 2

      k  1 
 
Mathematical Induction 19
First Year Maths - IA

2. Use mathematical induction to prove that

(1 + x)n > 1 + nx for n  2, x > -1, x  0. 4. Prove the inequality :

n3
A: Let P(n) be the statement that (1 + x)n > 1 + nx, n  2. 12 + 22 + 32 + ..... + n2 > using induction.
If n = 2, (1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x + x2. 3
> 1 + 2x ( x  0, x > -1) A: Let the given statement be
Thus P(1) is true. 2 2 2 2 n3
P(n) = 1  2  3  .....  n 
Assume that P(k) is true, k  2 3
 (1 + x)k > 1 + kx for k  2 . 2
Now (1 + x)k + 1 = (1 + x)k (1 + x) If n = 1, LHS  1  1
> (1+kx) (1 + x) 13 1
RHS  
> 1 + (k + 1)x + kx2  kx2 > 0 3 3
> 1+(k+1)x 1
Clearly 1 
Thus the statemet is true for n = k + 1. 3
Hence by the principle of finite mathematical
Thus S(1) is true
induction, P(n) is true for all n  2, n  N.
Assume that S(k) is true
3. Using mathematical induction prove that 2 2 2 2 k3
(2n + 7) < (n + 3)2 if  n  N.  1  2  3  .....  k 
3
A: Let the given statement be S(n). Adding (k + 1)2 on both sides, we get
i.e., P(n) : (2n + 7) < (n + 3)2  n  N. 2
Let n = 1 then (2 + 7) < (1 + 3)2. 12  22  32  .....  k 2   k  1
 9 < 16
k3 2
Which is true   k  1
3
 P(n) is true for n = 1
Assume that the given statement is true for n = k k3

3

 k 2  2k  1 
i.e, (2k + 7) < (k + 3)2   (1)
Now we have to prove that the given statement is k 3  3k 2  6k  3
true for n = k + 1. 
3
i.e., To prove that 2(k + 1) + 7 < ((k+1)+3)2
Consider 2(k + 1) + 7 = 2k + 2 + 7

k 3
 3k 2  3k  1   3k  2
= (2k + 7) + 2 3 3
< (k + 3)2 + 2 from (1)
< k2 + 6k + 11

k  13 
3k  2
0
[add and substract (2k + 5) term] 3 3
< (k 2 + 8k + 16) - (2k + 5) so P(k +1) is also true.
2
< (k + 4) - (2k + 5) Hence by the principle of finite mathematical
2
< (k + 4) (∵ 2k + 5 > 0) induction, S(n) is true for all n  N.
< [(k + 1) + 3]2
2(k + 1) + 7 < [(k + 1) + 3]2
 P(n) is true for n = k + 1.
Hence by the principle of finite mathematical *******
induction the given statement is true for all n  N.

Mathematical Induction 20
Second Year Maths - IA

3. MATRICES
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

1. An ordered rectangular array of elements is called 12.Triangular Matrices: A square matrix A = [aij] is
a ‘matrix’. The horizontal lines of elements are said to be ‘upper triangular’ if aij = 0 for all i > j. A is
called the rows and the vertical lines of elements said to be ‘lower triangular’ if aij = 0 for all i < j.
are called columns.
13.Equality of Matrices: Matrices A and B are said
2. Order of Matrix : A matrix having m rows and n to be equal if
columns is said to be of order mxn, read as m cross i) A and B are of the same order and
n or m by n. ii) The corresponding elements of A and B are the
In compact form an mxn matrix is denoted by same.
A = [aij]mxn where | < i < m and | < j < n.
14.Sum of two Matrices: Let A and B be matrices of
3. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of the same order. Then the sum A+B is defined as a
rows is equal to the number of columns, is called matrix of the same order in which each element is
a ‘square matrix’. the sum of the corresponding elements of A and B.

4. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, the elements 15. If A = [aij]mxn , B = [bij] mxn then
a11, a22, ............anm are said to constitute its A + B = [cij]mxn where cij = aij + bij
‘principal diagonal’ or simply the ‘diagonal’. aij is
an element of the diagonal or not according as i = 16. Unit matrix In = [xij]mxn where xij = 1 if i = j
j or i ¹ j.
xij = 0 if i  j
5. Trace of a square Matrix: The sum of the
17.Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix: Let A be a
elements of the diagonal of a square matrix A is
matrix of order mxn and k be a scalar. Then the
called the ‘trace of A’ and is denoted by Tr(A).
mxn matrix obtained by multiplying each element
of A by k is called a scalar multiple of A and is
6. Diagonal Matrix: If each non diagonal element
denoted by kA.
of a square matrix is equal to zero, then the matrix
If A = [aij]mxn, then kA = [k aij]mxn
is called a ‘diagonal matrix’.
18.Multiplication of Matrices: We say that matrices
7. Scalar Matrix: If each non diagonal element of a
A and B are ‘conformable for multiplication’ in that
square matrix is zero and all diagonal elements
order if the number of columns of A is equal to the
are equal to each other, then it is called a ‘Scalar
number of rows of B.
Matrix’.
19.Let A = [aij]mxn, B = [bjk]nxp be two matrices which
8. Identity Matrix or unit Matrix: If each non-
are conformable for multiplication. Then the matrix
diagonal element of a square matrix is equal to
n
zero and each diagonal element is equal to 1, then
that matrix is called an ‘identity matrix’.
C = [c ik]mxp where Cik =  aij b jk is called the
j=1
product of A and B and is denoted by AB.
9. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix: If each element of a
matrix is zero, then it is called a ‘null matrix or 20.Transpose of a matrix: If A = [aij] is an mxn
zero matrix’. It is denoted by Omxn. matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
the rows and columns of A is called the transpose
10.Row Matrix: A matrix with only one row is called of A. It is denoted by A  or AT.
a ‘row matrix’.

11. Column Matrix: A matrix with only one column is

called a ‘column matrix’.

Matrices 21
Second Year Maths - IA
21. Transpose of a matrix: vii) The sum of the products of the elements of
any row (or column) with the cofactors of the
i) (AT)T = A
corresponding elements of any other row
ii) (A + B)T = AT + BT (or column) is zero.
viii) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and k is a
iii) (AB)T = BTAT
scalar, then |kA| = k3 |A|.
iv) (KA)T = K . AT ix) For any square matrix A, detA = det  A   .
22. A square matrix is said to be symmetric if AT=A x) Det (AB) = (detA) (detB).
23. A square matrix is said to be skew-symmetric xi) For any positive integer n, det (An) = (det A)n.
if A T = -A xii) If A is a triangular matrix (lower or upper) then
determinant of A is the product of the diagonal
24. Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix : The sum of the elements.
products of elements of the first row with their
corresponding cofactors is called the determinant 33.Minor of an element: The minor of an element of
of A. a 3x3 matrix is defined as the determinant of the
2x2 matrix, obtained after deleting the row and the
25. |A| = 0  A is singular column in which the element is present.
26. |A|  0  A is non-singular 34.Cofactor of an element: The cofactor of an
3
27. |kA | = k |A| if A is a 3 x 3 matrix element in the ith row and jth column of a 3x3 matrix
= k4 |A| if A is a 4 x 4 matrix is defined as its minor multiplied by (-1)i+j.

28. |A| = |AT| 35.Singular Matrix: A square matrix is said to be

‘singular’ if its determinant is zero. Otherwise it is
29. |AB| = |A| . |B| said to be ‘non-singular’.
30. Determinant of a skew symmetrix matrix of
odd order is 0. 36 Adjoint of a Matrix: The transpose of the matrix
formed by replacing the elements of a square
31. Determinant of a skew symmetrix matrix of even matrix A with the corresponding cofactors is called
order is a perfect square. the adjoint of A and is denoted by adjA.
32. Properties of determinants: 37. Adj.(AB)=(adjB)(adjA)
i) If each element of a row (or column) of a square 38.Invertible Matrix: Let A be a square matrix. we
matrix is zero, than the determinant of that matrix say that A is invertible if a matrix B exists such
is zero. that AB = BA = I.
ii) The sign of the determinant changes sign, when
any two rows (or columns) are interchanged. 39. Inverse of a matrix:

iii) Two rows (or columns) are identical or i) (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
proportional, the value of the determinant is zero. 1
ii) A-1 = adjA
iv) If all the elements of a row (or columns) are det A
multiplied by a number k, then the determinant is 1
equal to k times the determinant of the original iii) |A-1| =
|A|
matrix.
v) If each element of a row (or column) is the sum iv) |adjA|=|A|n-1 where order of A is nxn
of two terms, then its determinant can be A
expressed as the sum of two determinants of the v) (adjA)-1=
|A|
same order.
vi) If the elements of a row (or column) are added vi) adj(adjA)=|A|n-2.A
with k times the corresponding elements of any
other row (or column), then the value of the vii) (AT)-1=(A-1)T
determinant is unaltered.

Matrices 22
Second Year Maths - IA
40. Matrix inversion method: AX=D  X=A-1D LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
41. Cramer’s rule: Unique solution of AX=D is
   1. Define “Triangular matrix”.
x  1 ,y  2 ,z  3
  
A square matrix A  ai j  is said to be
nxn
42. G a u s s J o r d a n m e t h o d : B y u s i n g
elementary row operations try to (i) upper triangular if aij = 0 for all i > j.
transf orm augm ented m atrix [ A D ] = (ii) lower triangular if aij = 0 for all i < j.
 a1 b1 c1 d1  1 0 0   A square matrix which is either upper triangular or
a b c d  0 1 0  
 2 2 2 2
into the form   then lower triangular is called a triangular matrix.
 a3 b3 c3 d 3  0 0 1  

x=, y= , z=  x - 3 2y - 8   5 2 

2. If   than find the
z + 2 6  -2 a - 4 

43. Elementary row operations are:
values of x, y, z and a.
i) R1  R2
 x - 3 2y - 8   5 2 
A: Given that  =
ii) R1  kR1 z + 2 6  -2 a - 4 


iii) R2  R2 + R1 Equating the corresponding elements, we get

44.Sub Matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting some x-3=5  x=8
rows or columns or both of a matrix is called a 2y - 8 = 2  y = 5
submatrix of the given matrix.
z + 2 = -2  z = - 4
45.Rank of a Matrix: Let A be a non-zero matrix. a - 4 = 6  a = 10
The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the
orders of the non-singular square submatrices of  x = 8, y = 5, z = - 4, a = 10.
A. It is denoted by rank (A).
46.If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, then the rank of 1 2 3 8
3. If A =  , B =   and 2x + A = B, then
A is 3 4 7 2
i) 1 if every 2x2 submatrix is singular. find X.
ii) 2 if A is singular and atleast one of its 2x2 A: Given that 2x + A = B
submatrices is non-singular.
 2x = B - A
iii) 3 if A is non singular.
3 8  1 2
47. The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form =   -  
of the matrix A is called rank of a matrix A. 7 2 3 4
48. The system of equations AX=D has  3 1 8  2
2X =  
i) a unique solution if rank(A)=rank[A D]=3 7  3 2  4
ii) infinitely many solutions if rank (A)=rank[A D]=2 2 6 
2X =  
iii) no solution if rank (A)  rank [A D]  4 2 
In particular, the system is consistent if and only 1 3
if rank (A) = rank [A D]  X =  2 1
 
49. The system of equations AX=O has
i) the trivial solution or unique solution or zero
solution, if rank (A) = the no. of unknowns (3).
ii) an infinite number of solutions or non trivial
solution or nonzero solution if rank (A) is less than
the number of unknowns.
Matrices 23
Second Year Maths - IA

 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 a b c 
4. If A =   ,B=   find 3B - 2A. 2 4 5   
3 2 1  1 2 3 Eg: A =   , B = b c a 
3 5 6  c a b 
 3 2 1 1 2 3
A: 3B - 2A = 3    2 
1 2 3  3 2 1 (ii) Skew - symmetric matrix :- The square matrix
A is said to be ‘skew symmetric’ if AT = -A
9 6 3   2 4 6   7 2 3 
=      0 1 2  0 a b
3 6 9   6 4 2   3 2 7   1 0 3   
Eg: A =   , B =  a 0 c 
 2 3 0   b c 0 
5. Define (i) Transpose of a matrix (ii) Trace of
square matrix.
A: Transpose of Matrix:- The matrix obtained by 8. For any square matrix A, show that AA is
interchanging the rows into columns of a matrix, symmetric.
A : Let A be a square matrix
is called ‘transpose of the matrix’.
If A is a matrix, its transpose is denoted by AT or A1. take (AA ) = (A ) A  = AA 

1 4  (AA )  AA 
1 2 3  2 5 
Eg: If A =   , then AT =   3x2  AA  is a symmetric matrix.
4 5 6 2 x 3 3 6 
Trace of matrix:- In a square matrix, the sum of  2 -4 
the principal diagonal elements is called the trace 9. If A =   , then find A + AT and AAT.
 -5 3 
of the matrix. It is denoted by Tr (A).
 2 -4   2 -5 
 1 2 3 A: A + AT =  +  
4 5 6  -5 3   -4 3 
Eg: If A =   , then Tr (A) = 1 + 5 + 9 = 15.
7 8 9   2 + 2 -4 - 5 
=  
 -5 - 4 3 + 3 
6. Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of  4 9 
=  .
 1 2 -1 / 2   9 6 
 0 -1 2   2 -4   2 -5 
  . AAT =    
 -1 / 2 2 1   -5 3   -4 3 
A: Trace of a Matrix : The sum of the elements in the  4 + 16 -10 - 12 
principal diagonal of a square matrix is called trace =  
 -10 - 12 25 + 9 
of a matrix.
 20 22 
 1 2 -1 / 2  =  .
  22 34 
2 
Let A =  0 -1
 then
 -1 / 2 2 1   cos sin 
10.If A =   , show that AAT = ATA.
Tr(A) = 1 + (- 1) + 1 = 1.  -sin cos 
α
 cos α   cos
sin α α 
-sin
7. Define (i) Symmetric matrix A: AA  =  α
 -sin α   sin
cos
  α α 
cos
(ii) Skew symmetric matrix.
A: (i) Symmetric matrix:- The square matrix A is
said to be symmetric is AT = A.  cos2  + sin2  -cossin + sincos 

=  
sin2   cos2  
 -sincos + cossin 

Matrices 24
Second Year Maths - IA

 1 0  1 2 
=    2 1 2 
 0 1 13.If A =  1 3 4 
, B   3 0 
   5
 cos -sin   cos sin 
4 
ATA =   
 sin cos   -sin cos 
then verify  AB   BA 
 cos2   sin2  cossin - sincos 

=    1 2 
sin2   cos2  
 sincos - cossin   2 1 2   3 0 
A: AB =    
 1 0  1 3 4   5 4 
=  
 0 1
 = AAT = ATA  2  3  10 4  0  8 
=  
 1  9  20 2  0  16 
-2 1
 5 0 -2 3 1
11.If A =   and B =   , then find  15 4 
 -1 4 4 0 2  = 
-18 
 -28
2A + BT and 3BT - A.
 -4 2 - 2 4  15 28 
10 0    AB  =  
 4 18 
A: 2A + BT =   +  3 0
 -2 8  1 2 
2 1 
1 -3 5 
 -4 - 2 2 + 4 
10 + 3 0 + 0  Now B  A  =  -2   -1 3 
 0 4
=    2 -4 
 -2 +1 8 + 2 
 -6 6   2 + 3 + 10 1 - 9 - 20 
= 
13 0 
 -4 + 0 + 8 -2 + 0 - 16 
=  
 -1 10 
15 -28 
=  ∴  AB  = BA 
- 6 12  -2 1
 9 0   5 0
-4 11
4 0 4 -18 
3BT - A =  -   =  .
 3 6   -1 4   4 2 
 2 0 1  -1 1 0 
14.If A =   and B =   then
1 4 7  -3 4 0   -1 1 5   0 1 -2 
12.If A =   ,B=   then
2 5 8   4 -2 -1
find  AB  .
show that ( A + B)T = AT + BT.
1 4 7  -3 4 0  -2 8 7 
 2 0 1  1 1 0 
A: A + B =   +  =   A: Given A =   and B =  
2 5 8   4 -2 -1 6 3 7   1 1 5   0 1 2
 1 0 
 -2 6   2 0 1  1 1 
 8 3 AB =  1 1 5   
(A + B)T =    (1)    0 2 
 7 7 
 2  0  0 0  0  2   2 2 
   
 1 2 -3 4   -2 6   1  1  0 0  1  10   2 9 
 4 5   4 -2  
AT + BT =  +   =  8 3   (2)  2 2 
 7 8   0 -1  0 7   (AB)   
 2 9
From (1) & (2) , (A + B)T = AT + BT
Matrices 25
Second Year Maths - IA

-1 2 3   4-4 8 + 4k  0 0
 2 5 6   -2 - k -4 + k 2  =  0 0 
15. If A =   is symmetric, find the value    
 3 x 7 
of x. Equating 1st row 2nd column elements, we get
A: Given that A is symmetric.  4k + 8 = 0
 A = AT  4k = -8
-1 2 3  -1 2 3   k = -2.
 2 5 6  2 5 x
 =  
a b c
 3 x 7   3 6 7 
b c a
Equating 3rd row 2nd column elements, we get x = 6 19. Find the value of the determinant
c a b
 0 4 -2 
-4 0 8  a b c
16. If A =   is a skew symmetric matrix,
 2 -8 x  b c a
A: = a(bc - a2) - b(b2 - ca) + c(ab - c2)
find the value of x. c a b
A: Given that A is skew symmetric = abc - a3 - b3 + abc + abc - c3
 AT = -A = 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3
 0 4 -2  0 -4 2  20. Find the value of the determinant
-4 0 8   4 0 -8 
 =   a-b b-c c- a
 2 -8 x  -2 8 -x 
b-c c- a a-b
Equating 3rd row 3rd column elements, we get x = -x .
c-a a-b b-c
 2x = 0  x = 0
R1  R 1 + R 2 + R 3
i 0 a-b b-c c-a 0 0 0
17.If A =  then show that A2 = - I.
0 - i  b-c c -a a-b b-c c -a a-b
A: = =0
c -a a-b b-c c -a a-b b-c
i 0
A : Given that A =   since R1 contains all zeros, determinant value is 0.
0  i 
2
 i 0   i 0  i  0 0  0   12 22 32 
A2       2
  2 
0  i 0  i  0  0 0  i  2 32 42 
21. Find the determinant of  .
2
3 42 52 
i2 0   1 0  1 0
         1 4 9
2
 0 i   0 1 0 1 
4 9 16
A: Now
9 16 25
 2 4 0 0
18. If A =   and A2 =  , = 1(225 - 256) -4(100 -144) + 9(64- 81)
 -1 k  0 0 = -31 + 176 - 153
find the value of k. = -8.
0 0
A: A.A =  
0 0

2 4  2 4 0 0
  -1 k   -1 k  =  0 0 
     
Matrices 26
Second Year Maths - IA
22.Find the determinant of the matrix 1 0 -1
-2 x 1
 a h g 25. If is a singular matrix, find the
2 0 -2
h b f 
 . value of x.
 g f c   1 0 -1
-2 x 1 
A:   is a singular matrix
a h g  2 0 -2
h b f 1 0 -1
A: = a (bc - f2) - h(ch - fg) + g(gh- bg)
g f c -2 x 1
 =0
2 0 -2
= abc - af2 - ch2 + fgh + fgh - bg2
 by expanding the determinant along C2
= abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 .
- 0 + x (-2 + 2) + 0 = 0
23. If  is a complex cube root of 1, then show  x(0) = 0
This is true for all real values of x.
  
26. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix
  
that = 0. α
 cos α 
-sin
   A=  α
 sin α
cos 
.
C1  C 1 + C 2 + C 3
α
cos α
-sin
   
    
   A: |A| = α
sin α
cos
  
         = cos 2  + sin2  = 1
A: =
          α
 cos α 
sin
Adj A =  α α  .
 -sin cos
  
1 α
 cos α 
sin
   A-1 = | A | Adj A =  α α  .
= ( 1 +  +  2 = 0 )  -sin cos
  
= 0. 1 2 
27. Find the inverse of the matrix  .
 3 -5 
1 0 0
2 3 4 a b 1 d -b 
24. If = 45, find x. A: If A =   , then A-1 =
5 -6 x  c d  ad - bc  -c a 

1 0 0 1 2 
Here A =  
2 3 4  3 -5 
A: Given that = 45
5 -6 x 1 -5 -2  1
A-1 = A-1 = | A | Adj A
 1(3x + 24) - 0 + 0 = 45 1(-5) - 3(2) -3 1 
 3x = 45 - 24 = 21
 x = 7. 1  5 2 
=
11  3 1 

1 5 2 
= .
11 3 -1

Matrices 27
Second Year Maths - IA
28.Find the minors of -1 and 3 in the matrix
 2 
 0 c -b   a ab ac 
 2 -1 4  -c 0 a  ab b bc 
2
 0 -2 5  31.Simplify   .
 .  b -a 0   ac bc c 2 
 -3 1 3   
 2 
0 5  0 c -b a ab ac 
A. Minor of -1 = = 15 -c 0 a  ab b2 bc 
3 3 A.  
 b -a 0  ac bc c 2 
 
2 1
Minor of 3 = = -4
0 2  0+abc-abc 0+b2c-b2c 0+bc 2 -bc 2 
 
 
= -a2c+0+a2c -abc+0+abc -a2c+0+ac 2 
29. Find the cofactors of the elements of 2, -5 in
 2 2 
 -1 0 5   a b-a b+0 ab2 -ab2 +0 abc-abc+0 
 1 2 -2 
the matrix  .
-4 -5 3  0 0 0
 0 0 0 O
3x3.
-1 5 0 0 0
A: Cofoctor of ‘2’ = (-1) 2+2
-4 3
 
= - 3 + 20 = 17.
1 1 1
-1 5 1 1 1
Cofactors of ‘-5’ = (-1)3+2 32.Find the rank of the matrix A = 
1 -2 .
1 1 1
= - ( 2 - 5) = 3.
1 1 1
30.Constract a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements are 1 1 1
A: A=  
1 1 1 1
given by aij  i  3j .
2 R 2  R 2 - R 1, R 3  R 3 - R 1

1 1 1 1
A : Given that aij i  3j .
2 0 0 0
  
a11 a12  0 0 0
a a22 
Take a 3 x 2 Matrix A =  21 This is in the echelon form.
a31 a32  No. of non zero rows = 1
 Rank of the given matrix = 1.
1 1 5
a11  1  3(1)  1, a12  1  3(2) 
2 2 2
1 1 1  1 2 1
a21  2  3(1)  , a22  2  3(2)  2
2 2 2 -1 0 2 
Now, 33.Find the rank of the matrix A = 
1 1 3 0 1 -1
.
a31  3  3(1)  0, a32  3  3(2)   
2 2 2
 5  1 2 1
1 2 A: A = -1 0 2 
   0 1 -1
1 2  
2 
 
Required Matrix is  3.
0
 2 
Matrices 28
Second Year Maths - IA

R2  R2 +R1 R2  R2  R1, R3  R3  2R1

1 2 1   1 1 1
 
~ 0 2 3  ~ 0 3 2
  0 3 1 
0 1 -1
R3  2R3 R3  R3  R2

1 2 1   1 1 1 
~ 0 2 3  ~ 0 3 2
0 2 -2 0 0 3 
 
R3  R3 - R 2 No. of non-zero rows in A = 3.
 Rank of A = 3.
1 2 1 So given homogeneous system has a unique
~ 0 2 3 solution which is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
0 0 -5
  36.Solve the following system of homogeneous
This is in the echelon form. equations x + y - 2z = 0, 2x + y - 3z = 0,
No. of non zero rows = 3 5x + 4y - 9z = 0.
 Rank of the given matrix = 3. A: The coefficient matrix A =
1 1 2 
3 0 0   2 1 3 
34. If A = 0 3 0  then find A .
4
5 4 9 
0 0 3

 R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  5R1
3 0 0   1 1 2 
A = 0 3 0 
0 0 3  ~ 0 1 1 
  0 1 1 
1 0 0
R3  R 3  R 2
= 3 0 1 0 
 0 0 1  1 1 2 
 
~ 0 1 1 
A = 3
0 0 0 
4 4 4
 A =3 
No. of non-zero rows in A = 2
= 81   Rank of A = 2.
81 0 0  So given homogeneous system has infinite number
=  0 81 0  of solutions (non trivial solution).
 0 0 81 Now we write the equivalent system of equations
 
x + y - 2z = 0  (1)
35.Solve the following system of homogeneous - y + z = 0  (2)
equations x - y + z = 0, x + 2y - z = 0, (1) + (2)  x - z = 0  (3)
2x + y + 3z = 0. Letr x = k where k  R.
 1 1 1  From (3) k - z = 0
   z = k.
A: A   1 2 1
From (2) -y + k = 0.
2 1 3 
 y = k.
 Required infinitely many solutions are
x = k, y = k, z = k where k  R.
Matrices 29
Second Year Maths - IA
LEVEL - I (SAQ)  1 2 2  1 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
1 0 0 1 =    
1. If I = 
0 1
,E= 0 0 then show that 2 2 1 2 2 1
(aI + bE)3 = a3I + 3a2bE. 1 + 4 + 4 2 + 2 + 4 2 + 4 + 2
 2 + 2 + 4 4 + 1 + 4 4 + 2 + 2
1 0  0 1 =  
A: aI + bE = a   + b  2 + 4 + 2 4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1
0 1 0 0
9 8 8
a 0 0 b  8 9 8
=  
0 a 0 0  =  
8 8 9
a b  A2 - 4A - 5I
= 
0 a 9 8 8  1 2 2 1 0 0
8 9 8 2 1 2 0 1 0
a b  a b =   - 4  - 5 
(aI + bE)2 = 
a   0 a  8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
0
9 - 4 - 5 8 - 8 - 0 8 - 8 - 0 
a2 + 0 ab + ba  8 - 8 - 0 9 - 4 - 5 8 - 8 - 0 
=  = 
2  
 0+0 0+a  8 - 8 - 0 8 - 8 - 0 9 - 4 - 5 
a2 2ab  0 0 0
= 
0 0 0
2  = 
0 a   = O3 x 3.
0 0 0
a 2 2ab  a b
(aI + bE) = 
3
2     1 -2 1 
 0 a  0 a  
3. If A = 0 1 -1 then find A3 - 3A2 - A - 3I.
a3 + 0 a2b + 2a2b  
3 -1 1 
=  3 
 0+0 0+a   1 -2 1   1 -2 1 
   
a3 3a2b A: A2 = A . A 0 1 -1 0 1 -1
   
=  3 
3 -1 1  3 -1 1 
0 a 
1 - 0 + 3 -2 - 2 - 1 1 + 2 + 1
3  
a 0 0 3a b 2
= 0 + 0 - 3 0 + 1+ 1 0 - 1- 1 
=  
3  
a  0 0  3 - 0 + 3 -6 - 1 - 1 3 + 1 + 1
0
4 -5 4 
1 0 
3
0 1  
=a  + 3a2b = -3 2 -2
0 1 0 0 

6 -8 5 
= a3I + 3a2bE.
4 -5 4   1 -2 1 
   
1 2 2 A3 = A2 . A = -3 2 -2 0 1 -1

  6 -8 5  3 -1 1 
2. If A = 2 1 2  then show that A2 - 4A - 5I = O.
2 2 1
A: A2 = A . A

Matrices 30
Second Year Maths - IA
3 + 2k -4 - 4k 
 4 +0 +12 -8 - 5 - 4 4 + 5 + 4  =  
   k + 1 -2k - 1
=  -3 + 0 - 6 6+2+2 3-2-2 

6 - 0 + 15 -12 - 8 - 5 6 + 8 + 5  1 + 2(k + 1) -4(k + 1) 
=  
 k + 1 1 - 2(k + 1)
16 -17 13   S(k + 1) is also true.
 
=  -9 10 -7  Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction,
 
 21 -25 19  the given statement is true for all positive integers n.
Now A3 - 3A2 - A - 3I
16 -17 13  4 -5 4  1 -2 1   1 0 0 1 a a2
       
=  -9 10 -7 - 3 -3 2 -2 - 0 1 -1 - 3 0 1 0
      1 b b2
21 -25 19  6 -8 5  3 -1 1  0 0 1 5. Show that = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
1 c c2
16 -17 13 12 -15 12 1 -2 1  3 0 0
        R2 R2 R3, R3  R3 - R1
= -9 10 -7 -  -9 6 -6  - 0 1 -1 - 0 3 0
2
  
21 -25 19 18 -24 15
   
3 -1 1  0 0 3
 1 a a 1 a a2
1 b b2 0 b - c b2 - c 2
16 - 12 - 1 - 3 -17 + 15 + 2 + 0 13 - 12 - 1 - 0  A: Now =
  1 c c2 0 c - a c 2 - a2
=  -9 + 9 - 0 + 0 10 - 6 - 1 - 3 -7 + 6 + 1 - 0 

21 - 18 - 3 - 0 -25 + 24 + 1 - 0 19 - 15 - 1 - 3  1 a a2
0 1 b+c
0 0 0 = (b - c) (c - a)
  0 1 c +a
= 0 0 0

0 0 0  expanding the determinant along C1.
= O 3 x 3. = (b - c) (c - a) [c + a - b - c]
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
3 -4 
4. If A =   , then show that
 1 -1 b +c c + a a +b
1 + 2n -4n  a +b b +c c+a
An =   for all positive integers n. 6. Show that = a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc.
 n 1 - 2n  a b c
A: Suppose S(n) be the statement that A:
1 + 2n -4n  b+c c +a a+b b+c c +a a+b
An =   a+b b+c c +a b c a
 n 1 - 2n Now =
a b c a b c
1 + 2 -4  3 -4
If n = 1, A  =  =  R2 R2 - R3 R1 R1 - R2
 1 1 - 2  1 -1 c a b
S(1) is true b c a
Assume that S(k) is true =
a b c
1 + 2k -4k 
= c(c2 - ab) - a(bc - a2) + b(b2 - ca)
Ak =  
 k 1 - 2k  = c3 - abc - abc + a3 + b3 - abc
Now Ak + 1 = Ak . A = a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc.
1 + 2k -4k  3 -4
=    
 k 1 - 2k   1 -1
3 + 6k - 4k -4 - 8k + 4k 
=  
 3k + 1 - 2k -4k - 1 + 2k 

Matrices 31
Second Year Maths - IA
9. Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix
a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
2a + 1 a + 2 1 2 1 2
7. Show that = (a - 1)3. 1 0 1
3 3 1
2 2 1 .
 
a2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
2a + 1 a + 2 1 2 1 2
A: Now 1 0 1
3 3 1 A: Given matrix A =  
R1  R1 - R2, R2  R2 - R3 2 2 1
a2 - 1 a - 1 0 2 1 2

=
2(a - 1) a - 1 0 |A| = 1 0 1
3 3 1 2 2 1

a +1 1 0 = 2(0 - 2) -1 (1 - 2) + 2(2 - 0)
= -4 + 1 + 4
= (a - 1) (a - 1) 2 1 0
3 3 1 =1
expanding the determinant along C3 The cofactors of elements of 1st row
= (a - 1)2 [1(a + 1 - 2)] = (0 - 2), -(1 - 2), (2 - 0)
3
= (a - 1) . = -2, 1, 2
The cofactors of elements of 2nd row are
bc b  c 1 = -(1 - 4), (2 - 4), - (4 - 2)
ca c  a 1
8. Show that = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a). = 3, -2, -2
ab a  b 1
The cofactors of elements of 3rd row are

bc b  c 1 = (1 - 0), - (2 - 2), (0 - 1)
ca c  a 1 = 1, 0, -1.
A. LHS = R 2  R 2 . R 1 , R3  R 3 - R 1
ab a  b 1 -2 1 2 
 3 -2 -2
Cofactor matrix of A =  
bc bc 1  1 0 -1
c(a  b) a  b 0
= -2 3 1 
b(a  c) a  c 0  1 -2 0 
 Adj A =  
 2 -2 -1
bc b  c 1
c 1 0 1
= ( a - b) (a - c) Now A-1 = |A| adj A
b 1 0

expanding the determinant along C3

-2 3 1 
1  1 -2 0 
= (a - b) (a - c) (c - b) =  2 -2 -1
1
 
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
-2 3 1 
 1 -2 0 
=  .
 2 -2 -1
Matrices 32
Second Year Maths - IA

10.Find the inverse matrix of diag [a b c].  1 2 3 

A: Given matrix = diag [a b c]  0 1 4  1
10(b). If A =   then find  A .
a 0 0  2 2 1
0 b 0
=  
0 0 c   9 8 2
8 7 2
a 0 0 Ans.  
 5 4 1
|A| = 0 b 0
0 0 c
= a(bc - 0) - 0 + 0 3 -3 4 
= abc
2 -3 4  -1 3
11. If A =   , then show that A = A .
The cofactors of elements of 1st row are 0 -1 1 
= (bc - 0), - (0 - 0), (0 - 0)
A: Now A2 = A . A
= bc, 0, 0
The cofactors of elements of 2nd row are 3 -3 4 3 -3 4
= -(0 - 0), (ac - 0), - (0 - 0) 2 -3 4 2 -3 4
= 0, ca, 0 =    
The cofactors of elements of 3rd row are 0 -1 1 0 -1 1
= (0 - 0), -(0 - 0), (ab - 0)
= 0, 0, ab
9 - 6 + 0 -9 + 9 - 4 12 - 12 + 4
bc 0 0 6 - 6 + 0 -6 + 9 - 4 8 - 12 + 4 
=  
0 ca 0 
Cofactor matrix of A = 0  0 - 2 + 0 -0 + 3 - 1 0 - 4 + 1 
 0 ab 

bc 0 0   3 -4 4 
 0 ca 0   0 -1 0 
Adj A =  =  
 -2 2 -3
 0 0 ab
1 A4 = A2 . A2
Now A-1 = |A| adj A

bc 0 0   9 - 0 - 8 -12 + 4 + 8 12 - 0 - 12

1  0 ca 0 
 0 - 0 - 0 -0 + 1 + 0 0 - 0 - 0 
=  
=
abc  0 0 ab  -6 + 0 + 6 8 - 2 - 6 -8 + 0 + 9 
 
1 / a 0 0 
 1 0 0
 0 1/ b 0  0 1 0
=  . A4 = 
 0 0 1 / c 
0 0 1
10(a). Find adjoint and inverse of the matrix A =  A . A3 = I
A-1 = A3
1 3 3   7 -3 -3 
1 4 3   -1 1 by the definition of invertible matrix.
 . 0 
Ans. 
1 3 4  -1 0 1 

Matrices 33
Second Year Maths - IA

π cos2θ cos θ sin θ  cos2 cos  sin 
12.If  = then show that  =O.
2   
cos θ sin θ sin2θ  cos  sin  sin2 


 cos θ
2
cos θ sin θ  cos2 cos sin 
A: Now   
cos θ sin θ sin2θ  cos sin  sin2 
cos θ cos  (cos θ cos sin θ sin  cos θ sin cos θ cos  sin θ sin 
  
 sin θ cos  (cos θ cos  + sin θ sin  sin θ sin (cos θ cos sin θ sin  

cos θ cos  cos (θ -  cos θ sin cos(θ -  

=  
 sin θ cos  cos (θ -  sin θ sin cos (θ - 
  = /2
π
cos () = cos =0
2
cos θ cos  (0) cos θ sin (0)
=  
 sin θ cos  (0) sin θ sin (0) 

0 0
=  
0 0
= O 2 x 2.

 cos θ sin θ 
13. If A =   then show that
- sin θ cos θ 
 cos nθ sin nθ 
An =   for all positive integers.
- sin nθ cos nθ 
A: Let S(n) be the statement that
 cos nθ sin nθ 
An =  
- sin nθ cos nθ 

1  cos 1θ sin 1θ 
If n = 1, A =  
- sin 1θ cos 1θ
 cos θ
sin θ 
=  
- sin θ cos θ
 S(1) is true.
Assume that S(k) is true
 cos kθ sin kθ 
Ak =  
- sin kθ cos kθ 
Now Ak + 1 = Ak . A
 co s k θ sin k θ   co s θ sin θ 
   
=  - sin k θ co s k θ   - sin θ cos θ 

 cos kθ cos θ - sin kθ sin θ cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ 

  
- sin kθ cos θ - cos kθ sin θ -sin kθ sin θ + cos kθ cos θ 

Matrices 34
Second Year Maths - IA
 cos (kθ + θ) sin (kθ + θ)  det A 0 0 
=  
- sin (kθ + θ) cos(kθ + θ)  0 det A 0 
=  
 0 0 det A 
=  cos (k + 1)θ sin (k + 1)θ 
- sin (k + 1) θ cos(k + 1)θ   1 0 0
 S(k + 1) is also true. 0 1 0
= det A  
Hence by the principle of finite mathematical 0 0 1
induction, the given - statement is true for all
positive integers n.  A . adj A = (det A) I ------------ (1)

Similarly, we can show that

 a1 b1 c1 
a b c 
14. If A =  2 2 2  is a non - singular matrix, (Adj A) A = (det A) I ------------ (2)
 3 3 3 
a b c
Combining (1) & (2)
then prove that (i) A is invertible and (ii) A-1
adj A A(Adj A) = (Adj A)A = (det A) I
= .
det A

 a1 b1 c1  A  Adj A
det A  
=
Adj A

det A A = I
a b c 
A: Given that A =  2 2 2  is a non singular
a3 b3 c 3  Adj A
So, the matrix A is invertible and A-1 = .
det A
matrix.
|A| 0

 A1 B1 C1 
A B C 
Cofactor matrix of A =  2 2 2
A 3 B3 C3 

 A1 A 2 A 3 
B B B 
Adj A =  1 2 3
C1 C2 C3 
Now A . adj A

 a1 b1 c1  A1 A 2 A 3 
a b c  B B B 
=  2 2 2  1 2 3
a3 b3 c 3  C1 C2 C3 

 a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1 a1A2 + b1B2 + c1C2 a1A3 + b1B3 + c1C3 

a A + b B + c C a A + b B + c C a A + b B + c C 
 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
a3 A1 + b3B1 + c3C1 a3 A2 + b3B2 + c3C2 a3A3 + b3B3 + c3C3 

Matrices 35
Second Year Maths - IA

LEVEL - I (LAQ) a b c
A: Now b c a
b +c c +a a +b a b c c a b

1. Show that c + a a + b b + c = 2 b c a . = a(bc - a2) - b(b2 - ca) + c(ab - c2)

a +b b +c c + a c a b = abc - a3 - b3 + abc + abc - c3
= 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3
b+c c +a a+b = -(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)
A: Now c + a a + b b + c 2
a+b b+c c +a a b c
b c a = {- (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)}2
R1 R1 + R2 + R3
c a b
2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c) 2(a + b + c) = (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2 -------- (1)

= c+a a+b b+c 2

a b c a b c a b c
a+b b+c c +a
Also b c a = b c a . b c a
c a b c a b c a b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
R 2  R3
= 2 c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c +a a b c a b c
R2  R2 - R1, R3  R3 - R1 = b c a (-1) c a b
c a b b c a
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
-b -c -a a b c -a -b -c
=2
-c -a -b = b c a c a b
c a b b c a
R1  R1 + R2 + R3

a b c 2 2 2
-a + bc + bc -ab + ab + c -ac + b + ac
= 2 -b -c -a
2 2 2
-ab + c + ab -b + ac + ac a - bc + bc
-c -a -b =
2 2 2
-ac + ac + b -bc + a + bc -c + ab + ab
a b c
= 2(-1) (-1) b c a 2bc - a
2
c
2
b
2
c a b 2 2 2
c 2ca - b a
= ------- (2)
a b c 2 2 2
b a 2ab - c
=2 b c a .
c a b Combining (1) & (2), we get
2 2 2
2 2bc - a c b
2. Show that a b c
2 2 2
b c a = c 2ca - b a
2 2 2
a b c
2 2bc - a c b c a b b
2
a
2
2ab - c
2

b c a = c2 2ca - b2 a2
= (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2.
c a b b2 a2
2ab - c 2

= (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2.

Matrices 36
Second Year Maths - IA
2 3
1 a a 1 a b
2 3 1 b + c + 2a b
1 b b = 2(a + b + c)
3. Show that
2 3 1 a c + a + 2b
1 c c
R 2  R 2 - R 1, R 3  R 3 - R 1
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a)(ab + bc + ca).
1 a b
A: R2 R2 - R3, R3  R3 - R1
0 b+c+a 0
= 2(a + b + c)
2 3 2 3
1 a a 1 a a 0 0 c +a+b
2 3 2 2 3 3
1 b b 0 b -c b -c expanding the determinant along C1
Now =
2 3 2 2 3 3
1 c c 0 c -a c -a = 2(a + b + c) [1(a + b + c)2]
2 3 = 2(a + b + c)3.
1 a a
2 2
0 b + c b + bc + c
= (b- c) (c - a) a-b-c 2a 2a
2 2
0 c + a c + ca + a
5. Show that 2b b-c-a 2b
=(a + b + c)3.
R3  R3 - R2 2c 2c c- a-b
2 3
1 a a a-b-c 2a 2a
2 2
0 b+c b + bc + c 2b b-c -a 2b
= (b - c) (c - a) A: Now
2 2 2c 2c c -a-b
0 a-b a - b + c(a - b)
R1  R 1 + R 2 + R 3
2 3
1 a a
2 2
a+b+c a +b +c a +b +c
0 b + c b + bc + c  2b b-c -a 2b
= (b - c) (c - a) (a - b)
0 1 a+b+c 2c 2c c -a-b

expanding the determinant along C1 1 1 1

=(a-b) (b-c) (c-a) [(b+c) (a+b+c) - (b2+bc+c2)] 2b b - c - a 2b
= (a + b + c)
(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) ab + b2 + bc +ca +bc + c2 - b2 - bc - c2  2c 2c c -a-b
  C 2  C 2 - C 1, C 3  C 3 - C 1
= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (ab + bc + ca).
1 0 0
2b -(a + b + c) 0
a + b + 2c a b = (a + b + c)
2c 0 -(a + b + c)
c b + c + 2a b
4. Show that
c a c + a + 2b = (a + b + c) [1 {-(a + b + c)}2]
= (a + b + c)3.
= 2(a + b + c)3.
a b c
a + b + 2c a b 2 2 2
a b c
c b + c + 2a b 6. Show that = abc(a - b) (b - c) (c - a).
A: Now 3 3 3
c a c + a + 2b a b c
C1  C1 + C2 + C3
a b c
2(a + b + c) a b a
2
b
2
c
2
A: Now
2(a + b + c) b + c + 2a b 3 3 3
= a b c
2(a + b + c) a c + a + 2b

Matrices 37
Second Year Maths - IA
Taking a, b, c common along C1, C2, C3 C1 C2

1 1 1 2 2
a a 1 a 1 a
a b c 2 2
= abc b b 1 b 1 b
2 2 2  - abc = 0.
a b c 2 2
c c 1 c 1 c
C1 C1 - C2, C2  C2 - C3
C2  C 3
0 0 1 a a
2
1 a a
2
1
a-b b-c c 2 2
= abc b b 1 b b 1
a -b
2 2
b -c
2 2
c
2  + abc = 0.
2 2
c c 1 c c 1

0 0 1 a a
2
1
1 1 c 2
= abc (a - b) (b - c) b b 1
2  (1 + abc) = 0.
a+b b+c c 2
c c 1
= abc(a - b) (b - c) [0 - 0 + 1 (b + c - a - b)]
= abc (a - b) (b - c) (c - a). 1 + abc = 0 from (1)
abc = -1.

2 3 2
a a 1+ a a a 1 x-2 2x - 3 3x - 4
2 3 2 x-4 2x - 9 3x - 16
b b 1+ b b b 1 8. Find the value of x, if = 0.
7. If = 0 and 0, then x - 8 2x - 27 3x - 64
2 3 2
c c 1+ c c c 1
show that abc = -1. x - 2 2x - 3 3x - 4
x - 4 2x - 9 3x - 16
2 A: Given = 0.
a a 1 x - 8 2x - 27 3x - 64
2
b b 1 R2  R2 - R1, R3  R3 - R2
A: Given that 0 ------ (1)
2
c c 1
x-2 2x - 3 3x - 4
2 3 -2 -6 -12
a a 1+ a  =0
2 3 -4 -18 - 48
b b 1+ b
Also =0
2 3
c c 1+ c x - 2 2x - 3 3x - 4
2 2 3 1 3 6
a a 1 a a a (-2) (-2) = 0.
2 2 3 2 9 24
b b 1 b b b
 + =0 R3  R3 - 2R2
2 2 3
c c 1 c c c
x - 2 2x - 3 3x - 4
a a
2
1 1 a a
2 1 3 6
 = 0.
2 2 0 3 12
b b 1 1 b b
 + abc =0 (x - 2) (36 - 18) - (2x - 3) (12)
2 2
c c 1 1 c c + (3x - 4) (3) = 0  3
 6(x - 2) -4 (2x - 3) + 3x - 4 = 0
2 2
a a 1 a 1 a 6x - 12 - 8x + 12 + 3x - 4 = 0
2 2 x - 4 = 0
b b 1 b 1 b
 - abc = 0. x = 4.
2 2
c c 1 c 1 c
Matrices 38
Second Year Maths - IA
1 2 2 The Cofactors of elements of 2nd row are
  = -(-2 - 4), (-1 + 4), -(2 + 4)
9. If 3A = 2 1 -2  then show that A-1 = A .
 = 6, 3, -6.
-2 2 -1
The Cofactors of elements of 3rd row are
1 2 2
  = (4 + 2), -(2 + 4), (-1 + 4)
A: Given 3A =  2 1 -2  = 6, -6, 3.

-2 2 -1
Applying transpose on both sides, -3 -6 -6 
 
 1 2 -2 Cofactor matrix of A =  6 3 -6 
   
 
(3A) = 3A = 2 1 2  6 -6 3 
 
 2 -2 -1 -3 6 6
 
 1 2 2   1 2 -2   Adj A = -6 3 -6 
 
(3A) (3A ) =
    -6 -6 3 
Now  2 1 -2   2 1 2 
   
 -2 2 -1  2 -2 -1  -1 2 2 
 1+ 4 + 4 2 + 2 - 4 -2 + 4 - 2   
  = 3 -2 1 -2
 9AA  =  2 + 2 - 4 4 + 1 + 4 -4 + 2 + 2  
-2 -2 1 

-2 + 4 - 2 -4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1 
= 3A  .
9 0 0
  1
 9AA  = 0 9 0 Also A-1 = adj A
det A

0 0 9 
-3 6 6
 9AA  = 9  1  
= -6 3 -6 
 AA  =  27  
-6 -6 3 
Similarly AA  = 
 AA  = A A =   -1 2 2 
By the definition of invertible matrix, 1 -2 1 -2
A-1 = A1. = .
9 -2 -2 1 
 

-1 -2 -2 
  11.Solve the following equations by Cramer’s
10. If A =  2 1 -2  then show that Adj A = 3A , rule: 3x + 4y + 5z = 18, 2x - y + 8z = 13,

 2 -2 1  5x - 2y + 7z = 20.
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix
find A-1.
form as AX = D
-1 -2 -2 3 4 5 x  18 
     
2 1 -2
A: |A| = i.e. 2 -1 8   y  = 13 
2 -2 1      
5 -2 7   z   20 
= -1(1 - 4) + 2(2 + 4) -2 (-4 - 2) 3 4 5
= 3 + 12 + 12
= 27. Now  = 2 -1 8
5 -2 7
The Cofactors of elements of 1st row are = 3(-7 + 16) -4(14 - 40) + 5(-4 + 5)
= (1 - 4), -(2 + 4), (-4 - 2)
= 27 + 104 + 5
= -3, -6, -6.
= 136.

Matrices 39
Second Year Maths - IA
Cramer’s method is applicable.
18 4 5
5 1 3
1 = 13 -1 8
20 -2 7 Now 1  0 2 1
= 18(-7 + 16) -4(91 - 160) + 5(-26 + 20) 5 3 1
= 162 + 276 - 30
= 5 (2 + 3) + 1 (0 + 5) + 3(0 - 10)
= 408.
= 25 + 5 - 30 = 0
3 18 5 1 5 3
2 = 2 13 8 2  4 0 1
5 20 7
1 5 1
= 3(91 - 160) - 18(14 - 40) + 5(40 - 65)
= 1(0 + 5) - 5(4 - 1) + 3(20 - 0)
= -207 + 468 - 125
= 5 - 15 + 60 = 50
= 136.
1 1 5
3 4 18
3  4 2 0
3 = 2 -1 13
5 -2 20 1 3 5
= 3(-20 + 26) -4(40 - 65) + 18(-4 + 5) = 1(10 - 0) + 1 (20 - 0) + 5(12 + 2)
= 18 + 100 + 18 = 10 + 20 + 70 = 100
= 136. 1 0
By Cramer’s rule, the unique solution of AX = D is Now x =  0
 50
given by
2 50
1 2 3 y=  1
x= , y= , z=  50
  
408 136 136 3 100
x=
136
,y=
136
, z=
136 z=  2
 50
=3 =1 =1  Solution set is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
Hence, the required unique solution is
x = 3, y = 1, z = 1. 12(a).Solve the system of equation by Cramer’s
Method.
12.Solve the system of equations by Cramer’s x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 3z = 6, x + 4y + 9z = 3.
method. Ans. x = 7, y = -10, z = 4
x - y + 3z = 5, 4x + 2y - z = 0, -x + 3y + z = 5.
A: Given system of equations : x - y + 3z = 5
4x + 2y - z = 0 12(b).2x - y + 3z = 8, -x + 2y + z = 4, 3x+y+4z=0.
- x + 3y + z = 5 Ans. x = y = z = 2

 1 1 3  x 5  13.Solve the system of equations by matrix

A   4 2 1 X   y  , D  0 
    inversion method.
2x - y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x - y + z = 2.
 1 3 1   z  5 
A: Given system of equations : 2x - y + 3z = 9
x+y+z=6
1 1 3 x-y+z=2
A  4 2 1
2 1 3 x 9 
1 3 1
A  1 1 1 X   y  D  6 
 
= 1 (2 + 3) + 1 (4 - 1) + 3(12 + 2) 1 1 1  z  2 
= 5 + 3 + 42 = 50  0

Matrices 40
Second Year Maths - IA
|A| = 2(1 + 1) + 1 (1-1) + 3 (-1 -1) we know that system of equations are represented
= 4 - 6 = - 2  0. by AX = D
Matrix inversion method is applicable cofactors of premultiply with A-1
matrix A are (A-1A) X = A-1D
JX = A-1D
1 1
Cofactor of 2 = =2  X = A-1D
1 1
 2 2 4  9 
1 
1 1
0 0 1 1  6 
Cofactor of -1 =  = X =  2 
1 1  2 1 3  2 
1 1  18 12 8 
Cofactor of 3 = 2 1 
1 1 0 6 2 
= 2 
 18 6 6 
1 3
Cofactor of 1 =   2
1 1 x   2   1
 y   1  4   2 
2 3 =   2    
Cofactor of 1 =  1  z   6  3 
1 1
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
2 1
Cofactor of 1 =  1
1 1 14.Solve the equations by matrix inversion
method x + y + z = 9, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52,
1 3 2x + y - z = 0.
Cofactor of 1 =  4 A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form
1 1
as AX = D
2 3 1 1 1  x  9
Cofactor of -1 =  1      
1 1 i.e. 2 5 7   y  = 52
     
2 1 -1 z  0
2 1
Cofactor of 1 = 3 |A| = 1(-5 - 7) -1(-2 -14) + 1(2 - 10)
1 1 = -12 + 16 - 8
= -4.
 2 0 2  The Cofactors of elements of 1st row are
 2 1 1  = (-5 - 7), -(-2, -14), (2 - 10)
Cofactor matrix =   = -12, 16, -8.
 4 1 3 
The Cofactors of elements of 2 nd row are
 2 2 4  = -(-1 - 1), (-1 - 2), - (1 - 2)
 0 1 1  = 2, -3, 1.
adj A = (cofactor matrix)T =  
 2 1 3 
The Cofactors of elements of 3rd row are
adjA = (8 - 5), -(7 - 2), (5 - 2)
A 1  = 2, -5, 3.
det A
-12 16 -8 
 2 2 4   
1 
0 1 1  Cofactor matrix of A =  2 -3 1
 
= 2   2 -5 3
 2 1 3 

Matrices 41
Second Year Maths - IA
Augmented matrix
-12 2 2
 
2 -1 3 9 
Adj A =  16 -3 -5 
 
 
 -8 1 3 [A D] =  1 1 1 6 
 
 1 -1 1 2 
1
A-1 = Adj A R1 R1 - R2
det A

-12 1 -2 2 3 
2 2  9  
    ~ 1 1 1 6 
-1  16 -3 -5  52 
=  
4     1 -1 1 2 
 -8 1 3  0
R 2  R 2 - R 1, R 3  R 3 - R 1
 -108 + 104 + 0 
 1 -2 2 3 
-1  144 - 156 - 0   
= ~ 0 3 -1 3 
4  -72 + 52 +0 
   
0 1 -1 -1
x  -4   1 R2  R 3
 
-1  -12   
 y = = 3   1 -2 2 3 
  4 -20     
z   5  ~ 0 1 -1 -1
 
Equating the corresponding elements, 0 3 -1 3 
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5. R1  R1 + 2R2, R3  R3 - 3R2
1 0 0 1 
 The required unique solution is  
~ 0 1 -1 -1
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.  
0 0 2 6 
14.Solve the system of equation by Matrix 1
Inversion Method. R3  R
2 3
a)x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 3z = 6, x + 4y + 9z = 3.
1 0 0 1 
Ans. x = 7, y = -10, z = 4  
~ 0 1 -1 -1
 
b) 2x - y + 3z = 8, -x + 2y + z = 4, 3x+y+4z=0. 0 0 1 3 
Ans. x = y = z = 2 R2  R 2 + R 3
 1 0 0 1
c)3x+4y+5z = 18, 2x-y+8z = 13, 5x-2y+7z = 20.  
~ 0 1 0 2 
Ans. x = 3, y = 1, z = 1  
0 0 1 3 
15.Solve the following equations by
Gauss - Jordan method: By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution, of
2x - y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x - y + z = 2. the given system of equations is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix
form as AX = D.
2 -1 3   x  9 
     
i.e.  1 1 1  y  = 6 
     
1 -1 1  z  2

Matrices 42
Second Year Maths - IA
16.Solve the equations by Gauss - Jordan 17.Solve the system of equations x + y + z = 9,
method: x + y + z = 1, 2x + 2y + 3z = 6, 2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x + y - z = 0 by Gauss
x + 4y + 9z = 3. Jordan method.
A: Given system of equations can be written in the A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form
matrix form as AX = D as AX = D.

1 1 1 x  1 1 1 1  x  9 
      2 5 7   y   52 
2 2 3  y  = 6 
 i.e.     
1 4 9   
z
 
3  2 1 1  z   0 
Augmented matrix Augmented matrix
 1 1 1 1
  1 1 1 9 
[A D] = 2 2 3 6   AD  2 5 7 52
 
1 4 9 3
2 1 1 0 
R2  R2 - 2R1, R3  R3 - R1
 1 1 1 1 R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  2R1
 
~ 0 0 1 4  1 1 1 9 
 
0 3 8 2  
~ 0 3 5 34 

R1  R1 - R2, R3  R3 - 8R2 0 1 3 18 
 1 1 0 -3 
 
~ 0 0 1 4  R 2  R 2  2R 3
 
0 3 0 -30  1 1 1 9 

~ 0 1 1 2

1  
R3  R
3 3 0 1 3 18 
 1 1 0 -3  R1  R1  2R 2 , R3  R3  R2
 
~ 0 0 1 4  1 0 2 11 
 
0 1 0 -10  
~ 0 1 1  2

 
R2  R3 0 0  4  20 
 1 1 0 -3 
 
~ 0 1 0 -10  1
  R3   R3
0 0 1 4  4
R1  R 1 - R 2  1 0 2 11 
1 0 0 7  ~ 0 1 1  2
  0 0 1 5 
~ 0 1 0 -10 
 
0 0 1 4 
R1  R1  2R3 , R 2  R2  R1
By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution of
the given system is x = 7, y = -10, z = 4.  1 0 0 1
~ 0 1 0 3 
0 0 1 5 

By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution of

the given system of equations is
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.

Matrices 43
Second Year Maths - IA
18.Solve the system of equations 2x - y + 3z = 8,
R1  R1  15R 3 , R 2  R 2  11R3
- x + 2y + z = 4, 3x + y - 4z = 0 by Gauss -
Jordan method.  1 0 0 2
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form 
~ 0 1 0 2

as AX = D.  
0 0 1 2
 2 1 3   x  8 
 1 2 1   y    4  By Gauss - Jordan method, the unique solution of
i.e.      the given system of equations is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.
 3 1 4   z  0 
18(a). Solve the system of equations by Guass -
Augmented matrix Jordan Method
 2 1 3 8  x - y + 3z = 5, 4x + 2y - z = 0, - x + 3y + z = 5
Ans.x = 0, y = 1, z = 2.
 AD   1 2 1 4 19.Examine whether the following system of
 3 1 4 0  equations is consistent or incosistent and if
consistient find the complete soltuion
R1  R1  R2 x+y+z=6, x-y +z=2, 2x-y+3z = 9.
 1 1 4 12  A: Given equations can be written in the matrix form

~ 1 2 1 4 
 as AX = D.
 3 1 4 0   1 1 1 x 6 
     
 1 -1 1  y  = 2
R1  R 2  R1, R3  R3  3R1      
2 -1 3  z 9 
1 1 4 12  Augmented matrix

~ 0 3 5 16 
 1 1 1 6
0 2 16 36   
R2  R2  R3 [A D] =  1 -1 1 2
 
2 -1 3 9 
1 1 4 12 

~ 0 1 11 20
 R2  R2 - R1, R3  R3 - 2R1
 
0 2 16 36  1 1 1 6 
 
~ 0 -2 0 -4 
 
0 -3 1 -3 
R1  R1  R 2 , R3  R3  2R 2 R3 (-2) R3
 1 0 15 32  1 1 1 6 
   
~ 0 1 11 20 ~ 0 -2 0 -4 
   
0 0 38 76  0 6 -2 6 
R3  R3 + 3R2
1
R3  R3 1 1 1 6 
38  
~ 0 -2 0 -4 
 1 0 15 32   
0 0 -2 -6 

~ 0 1 11 20

  Which is in the echelon form.
0 0 1 2 
Number of non zero rows in [AD] = 3
 Rank of [AD] = 3.
Also number of non zero rows in A = 3
 Rank of A = 3.

Matrices 44
Second Year Maths - IA
Here Rank of [AD] = Rank of A = 3.  Rank of [A D] = Rank of A = 2
Thus, the given system is consistent and it has a Thus the given system is consistent and it has
unique solution. infinitely many solutions.
Now, we write the equivalent system of equations
Now, we write the equivalnet system of equations
as follows:
as follows:
x + y + z = 6 --------- (1) x + y + z = 3 -------- (1)
-2y = -4 ------- (2) z = 1 -------- (2)
-2z = -6 ------- (3)
(1) becomes x + y + 1 = 3
From (3), z = 3 x+y=2
From (2), y = 2
Put x = k where k  R
From (1), x + 2 + 3 = 6
k+y=2
x = 1.
y = 2 - k.
Hence, the required unique solution of the given
Hence, the required infinitely many solutions are
system is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
given by x = k, y = 2 - k, z = 1 where k R.
20.Apply the test of rank to examine whether the
equations x + y + z = 3, 2x + 2y - z = 3, x + y - z=1 21.By using Guass - Jordan method, show that
are consistent. Solve it completely. the following system has no solution
A: Given equations can be written in the matrix 2x + 4y - z = 0, x + 2y + 2z = 5, 3x + 6y - 7z = 2.
form as AX = D A. The augumented matrix is
1 1 1  x 3 
       2 4 1 0 
i.e. 2 2 -1 y
  = 3 
 A D   1 2 2 5
     
 1 1 -1 z  1 3 6 7 2 
Augmented matrix
1 1 1 3 R1  R 2
 
[A D] = 2 2 -1 3  1 2 2 5
 
 1 1 -1 1 
~ 2 4 1 0

R2  R2 - 2R1, R3  R3 - R1  
3 6 7 2 
1 1 1 3 
  R2 R2 - 2R1, R3  R3 - 3R1
~ 0 0 -3 -3 
  1 2 2 5 
0 0 -2 -2 

~ 0 0 5 10

-1 -1  
R2  R,R  R 0 0 13 13 
3 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 3 R2 R2  (-5), R3  R3 (-13)
 
~ 0 0 1 1
  1 2 2 5
0 0 1 1  
~ 0 0 1 2
R3  R 3 - R 2  
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 3
  R3 R3 - R2
~ 0 0 1 1
  1 2 2 5 
0 0 0 0 

~ 0 0 1 2

Which is in the echelon form.  .
Number of non zero rows in [A D] = 2 0 0 0 1
 Rank of [A D] = 2
Also number of non zero rows in A = 2

Matrices 45
Second Year Maths - IA
Hence the given system of equation is equivalent 4. A certain book shop has 10 dozen chemistry
to the following system of equations books, 8 dozen physics books, 10 dozen
x + 2y + 2z = 5, z = 2, 0 (x) + 0(y) + 0(z) = -1. economics books. Their selling prices are
Clearly no x, y, z satisfy the last equation in the Rs.80, Rs.60 and Rs.40 each respectively.
above system. Using matrix algebra, find the total value of
Hence the given system has no solution. the books in the shop.
A: Number of books
LEVEL - II (VSAQ)  chemistry  physics  economics 
1. Find the additive inverse of the matrix A  10 x 12 8 x 12 10 x 12
 i 0 1  120 96 120
 0 - i 2
 .
-1 1 5   80  chemistry
Selling price (in rupees) B   60  physics
A: Additive inverse of the given matrix is
 40  economics
 i 0 1   i 0  1
Total value of the books in the shop
  0  i 2    0
  i  2 
.
 1 1 5   1  1  5  80 
 60
AB = [120 96 120]  
3 2 -1  -3 -1 0   40
2 -2 0  2 1 3  = [9600 + 5700 + 4800] = [20160] in rupees.
2. If A =  ,B=  and
 1 3 1   4 -1 2 
X = A + B then find X. 2 
0 
0 1 1 5. If A = [4 - 2 5] and B =   then compute
  3 
A: X = A + B =  4 1 3  .
AB and BA.
5 2 3 
2 
0 
0 1 2   1 -2 0 A : (i) AB = [4 - 2 5]   = [8 - 0 + 15 ] = [23].
0 1 3 
3. If A =  2 3 4  , B =
 -1 then
 
 4 5 6   -1 0 3  2   8  4 10 
0  0
find A - B and 4B - 3A. (ii) BA =   [4 - 2 5] =
 0 0 
3  12  6 15 
 1 3 2
 2 2 5
A: A - B =  .
 5 5 3   -1 2 
6. If A =   then find AA . Do A and A 
 0 1
 4 8 0   0 3 6 
commute with respect to multiplication of
4B  3A   0 4 4    6 9 12  matrices.
 4 0 12  12 15 18 
5 2   1 2 
A. AA     , A A   
 4 11 6   2 1  2 5 
 6 5 16  Clearly, AA   AA 
= 
 16 15 6 
Matrices 46
Second Year Maths - IA
 A and A  do not commute with respect to 1 2 0 -1
multiplication of matrices. 3 4 1 2 
11. Find the rank of A =  using
7. Give examples of two non-zero square  -2 3 2 5 
matrices A and B of the same order for which
AB = O, but BA  O. elementary transformations.
 1 2 0 1
0 0   1 1 3 4 1 2
A: Let A    ,B 
 0 1 0 0  A : Given A =  
 2 3 2 5 
0 0   1 1   0 0 
AB       O but
0 1  0 0   0 0  R2  R 2  3R1 , R3  R3  2R1
 1 1  0 0  0 1  1 2 0 1
BA     O  
0 0   0 1  0 0  ~ 0 2 1 5
 
0 7 2 3 
8. If A is a square matrix then show that
R3  2R3
(i) A  A  is a symmetric and
(ii) A  A  is a skew - symmetric. 1 2 0 1

~ 0 2 1 5 
A : (i) (A  A)  A  (A)  A  A  A  A 
0 14 4 6 
 A  A  is a symmetric matrix R3  R3  7R 2
Hint :  A  A   A is symmetric  1 2 0 1

~ 0 2 1 5

(ii) (A  A )  A   (A )  A   A  (A  A )  
0 0 11 41
 A  A  is a skew - symmetric matrix. Rank of A = no. of non-zero rows in A = 3.

Hint : A    A  A is skew symmetric

LEVEL - II (SAQ)
9. Show that the determinant of skew - symmetric
y+z x x
matrix of order three is zero.
A : Let us consider the skew - symmetric matrix 1. Show that y z + x y = 4xyz.
z z x+y
0 c b 
A  c 0 a  y+z x x
b a 0  A: Now y z+x y
z z x+y
 0(0  a2 )  c(0  ab)  b(ac  0)
R1 R1 - R2 - R3
 0  abc  abc  0
Hence the determinant of skew symmetric matrix 0 -2z -2y
of order 3 is zero. = y z+x y
z z x+y
 a + ib c + id 2 Take 2 common from R1,
10.If A =   , a + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1
-c + id a - ib  0 -z -y
then find the inverse of A.
= 2 y z+x y
a  ib c  id z z x+y
A: A 1   
 c  id a  ib  R 2  R 2 + R 1, R 3  R 3 + R 1
Matrices 47
Second Year Maths - IA
4. If AB = I or BA = I then prove that A is invertible
0 -z -y
and B = A-1.
=2 y x 0
A : AB = I  |AB| = |I|  |A||B| = 1
z 0 x
 |A|  0  A is invertible  A-1 exists.
= 2[0 + z(xy - 0) - y(0 - zx)]
Now, AB = I or BA = I
= 2(2xyz) = 4xyz.
 A 1 (AB)  A 1   (BA)A 1  A 1
x a a
2. Prove that a x a = (x + 2a) (x - a)2.
 
 A 1A B  A 1  B(AA 1 )  A 1
a a x   B  A 1  BI  A 1
C1  C1 + C2 + C3
 B  A 1  B  A 1
x a a x + 2a a a
A: Now a x a = x + 2a x a
LEVEL - II (LAQ)
a a x x + 2a a x
1. Solve the system of equations 3x + 4y + 5z = 18,
x + 2a common from C1
2x - y + 8z = 13, 5x - 2y + 7z = 20.
1 a a A : Given equations can be written in the matrix form
as AX = D.
= (x + 2a) 1 x a
1 a x 3 4 5   x  18 
2 1 8   y   13 
R2  R 2 - R 1 , R 3  R 3 - R 1 i.e.     
1 a a
5 2 7   z  20 

= (x + 2a) 0 x - a 0 3 4 5 18 
0 0 x-a 2 1 8 13 
Augmented Matrix [AD] =  
expanding the determinant along C1 5 2 7 20 
= (x + 2a) [1(x - a)2]
= (x + 2a) (x - a)2. R1  R1  R2 , R3  R3  2R 2

3. If A and B be invertible matrices then show  1 5 3 5 


~ 2 1 8 13

that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.  
A:  A and B are invertible, we have  1 0 9 6 
AA -1 = A -1A = Ι and BB -1 = B -1B = Ι R2  R2  2R1, R3  R3  R1
Now (AB) (B-1 A-1) = A (BB-1)A-1 (by associative  1 5 3 5 
law) 
= A (I A-1) ~ 0 11 14
 3 
= (AI) A-1 0 5 6 11
= AA-1
=I R1  R1  R3 , R2  R2  2R3
(B-1 A-1) (AB) = B-1 (A-1 A)B  1 0 9 6 
= B-1 I B  
~ 0 1 26 25
= B-1 (I B)  
= B-1 B 0 5 6 11
=I
R2  ( 1)R2
 We have (AB) (B-1 A-1) = (B-1 A-1) (AB) = I.
(AB)-1 = B-1 A-1 1 0 9 6 

~ 0 1 26 25

 
0 5 6 11
Matrices 48
Second Year Maths - IA

R3  R3  5R2 1 1 -1
 1 0 9 6  0 2a c - a
= (c - a) (c + a)

~ 0 1 26 25  1 1 -1

0 0 136 136 
= (c - a) (c + a) (0) ( R1, R3 are identical)
1 = 0.
R3  R3
136
So, a + b is a factor for the given determinant.
 1 0 9 6 
  Similarly b + c and c + a are also factors of it.
~ 0 1 26 25
  Clearly the given determinant is a third degree
0 0 1 1 
expression.

R1  R1  9R3 , R 2  R2  26R3 Suppose that

1 0 0 3 -2a a + b c + a

~ 0 1 0 1
 a + b -2b b + c
  = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a).
0 0 1 1 c + a c + b -2c
Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 1.
By Gauss Jordan method, the unique solution of
the given system is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1. -2 2 2
2 -2 2
 = k(2) (2) (2)
2 2 -2
-2a a + b c + a
a + b -2b b + c 8k = -2(4 - 4) -2(-4 - 4) + 2(4 + 4)
2.Show that 8k = 32
c + a c + b -2c
k = 4
= 4(a+b) (b+c) (c+a).
-2a a + b c + a
-2a a+b c +a
a + b -2b b + c
 = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c + a).
A: Now + b -2b b + c
a
c + a c + b -2c
c + a c + b -2c
Put a + b = 0
 b = -a 0 1 1  b + c c- a b- a
   
1
Eliminate b. 3. If A =  1 0 1 , B = c - b c +a a -b
  2 
a - c a + b 
1 1 0 b - c
-2a 0 c+a
then show that ABA-1 is a diagonal matrix.
0 2a c - a
=  0 1 1
c + a c - a -2c  
A: Given A =  1 0 1
 
R1  R1 + R3, R3  R3 + R2 1 1 0
|A| = 0 - 1 (0 - 1) + 1(1 - 0)
c - a c - a -(c - a) = 2.
0 2a c -a The Cofactors of elements of 1st row are
= = (0 - 1), - (0 - 1), (1 - 0)
c + a c + a -(c + a)
= -1, 1, 1.
The Cofactors of elements of 2nd row are
= -(0 - 1), (0 - 1), - (0 - 1)
= 1, -1, 1.
Matrices 49
Second Year Maths - IA
The Cofactors of elements of 3rd row are 4. Without expanding the determinant, prove
= (1 - 0), - (0 - 1), (0 - 1)
ax by cz a b c
= 1, 1, -1.
2 2 2
-1 1 1 
x y z = x y z
that
  1 1 1 yz yz xy
Cofactor matrix of A =  1 -1 1 
  A: Consider L.H.S.
 1 1 -1
ax by cz
-1 1 1 
  x2 y2 z2
Adj A =  1 -1 1  multiply and divide with xyz.
  1 1 1
 1 1 -1
ax by cz
1
A-1 = adj A xyz 2
det A x y 2 z2
= xyz
 -1 1 1  1 1 1
 
1  1 -1 1  ax by cz
=
2   1
 1 1 -1 x2 y2 z2
= xyz
0 1 0  b + c c - a b - a xyz xyz xyz
   
1 Take common x from c1, y from c2 & z from c3.
Now AB =  1 0 1 c - b c +a a -b
  2 
1 1 0 b - c a - c a + b  a b c
xyz
x y z
0 + c - b + b - c 0 + c + a + a - c 0 + a - b + a + b = xyz
1  yz xz xy
 b + c + 0 + b - c c - a + 0 + a - c b - a + 0 + a + b
2 b + c + c - b + 0 c - a + c + a + 0 b - a + a - b + 0 
  a b c
x y z
0 2a 2a  = = R.H.S.
1 2b  yz xz xy
= 0 2b 
2 2c Hence proved.
 2c 0 
5. Without expanding the determinant, prove
0 2a 2a  -1 1 1  2
1 2b   
0 2b  1  1 -1 1  1 bc b + c 1 a a
Now AB . A-1 =
2 2c 2c 0  2  1 1 -1
  that 1 ca c + a = 1 b b2 .

1 ab a + b 1 c c2
-0 + 2a + 2a 0 - 2a + 2a 0 + 2a - 2a 
  1 bc b  c
1 -2b + 0 + 2b 2b - 0 + 2b 2b + 0 - 2b 
=
4 
2c - 2c + 0 2c + 2c - 0  A. L.H.S. = 1 ca c  a
 -2c + 2c + 0
1 ab a  b
4a 0 0
1  0 4b 0 
 apply c3 c3 - (a + b + c) c1.
=
4 0 0 4c  1 bc  a

1 ca  b
a 0 0 =
  1 ab  c
= 0 b 0

0 0 c  1 bc a
= diag [a b c]. 1 ca b
= (-1)
1 ab c
Matrices 50
Second Year Maths - IA
multiply R1 with a, R2 with b and R3 with c . Take a1 common from R1
a abc a2
(  1) a1 a2 a3
b abc b2  a1b2c 3 b1 b2 b3
= abc
c abc c 2 c1 c 2 c3
a 1 a2
abc a1 b1 c1
( ) b 1 b2 c1  c 2  a1b2c 3 a2 b2 c2
= abc .  A  A T 
c 1 c2 a3 b3 c3
 
1 a a2 1 = (a1 b2 c3) 2
1 b b2 1
= = R.H.S.   a1 b2c 3
2
1 c c2
Hence proved.
1 α
cos β
cos
α
cos 1 γ
cos
a12 +b1 +c1 a1a2 +b2 +c2 a1a3 +b3 +c3 7. If 1 = ,
β
cos γ
cos 1
6. If 1 = b1b2 +c1 b22 +c2 b2b3 +c3
0 α
cos β
cos
c3c1 c3c2 c32
a1 b1 c1 α
cos 0 γ
cos
 2 = and 1 = 2
1 β
cos γ
cos 0
a2 b2 c2
and 2 = then find the value of
a3 b 3 c3 2 . then show thatcos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1.

A: Consider 1 = 1 cos  cos 

a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3 A: Consider 1 =
cos  1 cos 
b1b2  c1 b22  c2 b2b3  c3 cos  cos  1

c3c1 c3c2 c32 = 1 (1 - cos2) - cos(cos - coscos)

Take c3 common from R3. + cos (coscoscos)
= 1 - cos2 - cos2 + coscoscos
a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3 + coscoscos- cos2
 c3 b1b2  c1 b22  c2 b2b3  c3 = 1 - cos2 - cos2 - cos2 + 2coscoscos
c1 c2 c3 0 cos  cos 
R2  R 2  R 3 cos  0 cos 
a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3 2 =
cos  cos  0
 c3 b1b2 b22 b2b3
= 0 - cos(0 - coscos) + cos (cos cos - 0)
c1 c2 c3
= coscoscos + coscoscos
Take b2 common from R2
= 2coscoscos
a12  b1  c1 a1a2  b2  c2 a1a3  b3  c3
But 1 = 2
 b2c 3 b1 b2 b3  1 - cos2 - cos2 - cos2 + 2coscoscos =
c1 c2 c3 2coscoscos
Apply R1  R1 - (R2 + R3)  cos2 + cos2cos2 = 1
a12 a1a2 a1a3 Hence proved.

= b2c3 b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
*******
Matrices 51
First Year Maths - IA

4. ADDITION OF VECTORS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:

1. Vector: A quantity having magnitude and direction 12.Position vector of the midpoint of the line segment
is called a vector. Eg: Force, Velocity etc. a+b
joining the points A( a ) and B( b ) is .
2
2. (i) An ordered triad of real numbers is a vector.
(ii) A directed line segment is a vector. 13.If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices of a
triangle ABC, then position vector of its centroid is
3. Null vector : A vector of length zero and having any a+b+c
direction is called a null vector or zero vector. It is .
3
denoted by 0 .
14.If a, b, c, d are the position vectors of the vertices
4. Unit vector : A vector of length one unit is called a of a tetrahedron, then the position vector of its
unit vector.
a a+ b+c +d
centroid is .
5. Unit vector along a = |a| . 4

a 15.Let OA = a and OB = b be non-zero vectors then

6. Unit vector parallel to a =  |a| . the measure of angle AOB which lies between 00
and 1800 is called the angle between a and b and
7. Co-initial vectors : Vectors having same initial point
is denoted by (a, b) .
are called coinitial vectors. Eg: AB, AC, AD .

16.Coplanar vectors : Vectors are said to be “Coplanar”

8. Parallel or Collinear vectors : Vectors are said to
if they lie in a plane or in parallel planes. Otherwise
be “Parallel or Collinear vectors” if they lie on a line
they are said to be noncoplanar.
or on parallel lines.

17.If a, b, c are coplanar vectors then c = xa + yb for

9. Two parallel vectors a, b are said to be
some scalars x, y.
i) “like vectors” if they have same direction.
ii) “unlike vectors” if they have opposite direction. 18.In any triangle ABC, by addition of vectors
AB + BC = AC .
10.If a, b are collinear or parallel vectors then
a = t b where t is any scalar.. 19.In a parallelogram ABCD, AD = a , AB = b , then
Vectors a = a 1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k , the diagonals are AC = a + b and BD = a - b .
b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
a a a 20.If r = x i + y j + z k then | r | = x 2 + y 2 + z2 ,
1 2 3
are collinear  b = b = b
1 2 3  y 
direction cosines of r are  |rx|, |r |, |rz|  .
 
11. The position vector of the point P which divides the
line segment joining the points A( a ) and B( b ) in
mb + na
the ratio m : n is .
m+n

Addition of Vectors 52
First Year Maths - IA
21.The vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k c = c1 i +c2 j + c3 k are
1. Define coplanar vectors, non-coplanar
a1 a2 a3 vectors.
b b b3 A: Vectors whose line of supports are in the same
i) coplanar iff 1 2 = 0. plane or parallel to the same plane are called
c1 c 2 c
3 coplanar vectors. Vectors which are not coplanar
are called non coplanar vectors.
a1 a2 a3
2. Define linear combination of vectors?
ii) non coplanar iff 1 b2
b b3 0.
c1 c 2 c A: Let a1, a2 , a3 .........,an be vectors and x1, x2,
3
x 3 ........x n be scalars. Then the vector

22.If A( x ), B( y ), C( z ) are the vertices of a x1 a1  x 2 a2  x 3 a3  ..........  xn an is called

triangle ABC, then the position vector of its linear combination of vectors
ax + by + cz
incentre is where BC = a, CA = a1, a2 , a3 .........,an .
a+b+c
b, AB = c.
3. I f OA = i + j + k, AB = 3 i - 2j + k, BC = i + 2j - 2k a n d
Vector equations of STRAIGHT LINES :
23.The vector equation of the straight line parallel to CD = 2 i + j + 3k , then find the vector OD .

vector b and passing through the point a is A: Now OD = OA + AB + BC + CD

r = a+ t b, t R . = i + j + k + 3 i - 2 j + k + i + 2 j - 2k + 2 i + j + 3k

24.Vector equation of the line passing through two = 7 i + 2 j + 3k .

distinct points A (a), B (b) is r = (1- t) a + t b, t R . 4. Let a = i+2j+3k and b = 3i+j. Find the unit
vector in the direction of a+b.
Vector equations of PLANES :
A. a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j
25.The vector equation of the plane passing through a
point A (a) and parallel to two non collinear vectors = 4 i  3 j  3k

a  b  16  9  9  34
b and c is r = a + t b + sc , w h e re t, s  R .
 Unit vector in the direction of a  b
26.The vector equation of the plane passing through
ab
three non-collinear points A (a), B (b), C (c ) is
= ab
r = (1- t - s)a + t b + s c, where t, s  R .

27. The vector equation of the plane passing through 4 i  3 j  3k

= .
the points A( a ), B( b ) and parallel to the vector 34

c is r = (1 - t) a + tb + sc where t, s  R.
5. Let a = 2 i + 4 j - 5k, b = i + j + k, c = j + 2k .
Find the unit vector in the opposite direction
of a + b + c .
A: a + b + c = 2 i + 4 j - 5k + i + j + k + j + 2k

= 3 i + 6 j - 2k

| a + b + c | = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7 .

Addition of Vectors 53
First Year Maths - IA
 Unit vector in the opposite direction of a + b + c 9. If , ,  are the angles made by the vector

(a + b + c) 3 i - 6 j + 2k with the positive directions of

= - a+b+c the coordinate axes then find cos, cos, cos.
A : Given that a = 3 i  6 j  2k
-(3 i + 6 j - 2k)
= .
7 a 3 i  6 j  2k
â  
a 7
6. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector
3 6 2
a = 2 i +3j +k . cos   , cos    cos   .
7 7 7
A: Given that a  2 i  3 j  k
a 10.If - 3 i + 4 j + λk and μ i + 8 j + 6k are collinear
The unit vector in the direction of a is a .
vectors, then find  and .
Here a  22  32  12  14 A: Vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

2i  3 j  k a1 a2 a3
 Required unit vector  are collinear then b = b = b
14 1 2 3

7. Find a vector in the direction of vector Here - 3 i + 4 j + λk , μ i + 8 j + 6k are collinear

a = i - 2 j that has magnitude 7 units. vectors.
A : The unit vector in the direction of a is -3 4 λ
 = =
μ 8 6
a i 2j i 2j
  λ 1 -3 1
a = =
12  ( 2)2 5 
6 2 μ 2
 The vector having magnitude 7 and in the
 =3 = - 6.

7 i 2j   7 i  14 j
direction of a is  .
5 5 11. If a = 2 i + 5 j + k and b = 4 i + m j + nk are
collinear vectors, then find m and n.
8. Write direction ratios of a = i + j - 2k and
A: Given a  2 i  5 j  k b  4 i  m j  nk
hence calculate its direction cosines.
2 5 1 1 5 1
A : The direction ratios of a  i  j  2k are (1, 1, -2) a,b are collinear      
4 m n 2 m n
a
The unit vector in the direction of a is a . 1 5 1 1
  ; 
2 m 2 n
Here a  12  12  ( 2)2  6  m  10, n  2 .
i  j  2k
The unit vector in the direction of a is 12. If the position v ectors of A, B and C
6
are - 2 i + j - k , - 4 i + 2 j + 2 k and 6 i - 3 j - 13 k
 1 1 2 
Hence, direction cosines are  , , . r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d AB = λAC , then find
 6 6 6
the v alue of  .
A: Let O be any origin.
OA = - 2 i + j - k , OB = - 4 i + 2 j + 2k ,

OC = 6 i - 3 j - 13k

Addition of Vectors 54
First Year Maths - IA

AB = OB - OA = - 2 i + j + 3k
15.Is the triangle formed by the vectors
AC = OC - OA = 8 i - 4 j - 12k 3 i + 5 j + 2k , 2 i - 3 j - 5k and - 5 i - 2 j + 3k
Given that AB = λAC equilateral?
A: Let ABC be the given triangle.
 - 2 i + j + 3k = λ(8 i - 4 j - 12k)
AB = 3 i + 5 j + 2k
 - 2 i + j + 3k = - 4λ(-2 i + j + 3k)
 -4 = 1  | AB | = 9 + 25 + 4 = 38 units
 = -1/4. BC = 2 i - 3 j - 5 k

13. ABCDE is a pentagon. If the sum of the  | BC | = 4 + 9 + 25 = 38 units

vectors AB, AE, BC, DC, ED and AC is λAC , CA = - 5 i - 2 j + 3k

then find the value of . D

 | CA | = 25 + 4 + 9 = 38 units
A: ABCDE is a pentagon. E C  | AB | = | BC | = | CA | , thus ABC is
Given that equilateral.

A B VECTOR EQUATIONS OF
AB + AE + BC + DC + ED + AC = λAC LINE AND PLANE
 (AB + BC) + AC + (AE + ED + DC) = λAC
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
 AC + AC + AC = λAC
1. Find the vector equation of the line passing
 3AC = λAC
through the point 2 i + 3j + k and parallel to
 = 3.
the vector 4 i - 2 j + 3k .

14.Show that the points A: Vector equation of the line passing through the
- 2a + 3b + 5c,
point 2 i + 3 j + k and parallel to the vector
a + 2b + 3c, 7a - c are collinear, where a, b, c
are three non coplanar vectors. 4 i - 2 j + 3k is r = a + tb .
A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C be the given three
points.  r  2 i + 3 j + k + t(4 i - 2 j + 3k) where t is any
 OA = - 2a + 3b + 5c , scalar.

OB = a + 2b + 3c , 2. Find the vector equation of the line joining

OC = 7a - c the points 2 i + j + 3k and - 4 i + 3 j - k .

A: Vector equation of the line joining the points
Now AB = OB - OA = 3a - b - 2c 2 i + j + 3k and -4 i + 3 j - k is
AC = OC - OA = 9a - 3b - 6c r = (1- t) a + t b
= 3(3a - b - 2c)
 r  (1- t) (2 i + j + 3k) + t(-4 i + 3 j - k) where
 AC = 3 AB t is any scalar.

 AB, AC are collinear vectors.

A, B, C are collinear points.

Addition of Vectors 55
First Year Maths - IA
3. OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a, OC = c , A(a), B(b), C(c ) is
find the vector equation of the side BC.
r  (1  s  t)a  sb  tc ; s, t  R
A: C B
     
 r  (1  s  t) 0  s 5 j  t 2 i  k ; s, t  R
c
 r  s  5 j   t  2 i  k  ; s, t  R
O A
a
Given that OABC is a parallelogram with 7. Find the vector equation of the plane through
OA = a, OC = c . Vector equation of the side BC the points 2 i + 4j + 2 k , 2 i + 3j + 5k and
is vector equation of the line through the point C
parallel to the vector 3 i - 2j + k .
and parallel to the vector OA .
A: Vector equation of the plane through the points
r  OC + t OA 2 i + 4 j + 2 k , 2 i + 3 j + 5k and parallel to the
r  c + t a where t is any scalar..
vector 3 i - 2 j + k is

4. If a, b, c are the position vectors of the r  (1- t) a + t b + s c

vertices A, B, C respectively of ABC, then
find the vector equation of the median through  r =(1- t) (2i +4j +2 k)+t(2i +3j +5k)+s(3i - 2j + k)
the vertex A. where t, s are any scalars.
Let O be the origin.
8. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c .
through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the
Let D be the midpoint of BC. vectors (-2, 3, 1), (2, -3, 4).
b+c A: Vector equation of the plane passing through the
 OD  point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the vectors (-2, 3, 1),
2
(2, -3, 4) is
Now, vector equation of the median AD is
r a+tb+sc
r  (1- t) a + t b
 r = i + 2 j + 3 k + t(-2 i + 3 j + k) + s(2 i - 3 j + 4 k)
 b+c 
 r  (1- t) a + t  where t, s are any scalars.
 where t is any scalar..
 2 
LEVEL - I (SAQ)
5. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
through the points i - 2j + 5 k , - 5j - k and 1. If O is centre of a regular hexagon ABCDEF,
show that AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3 AD = 6AO .
-3 i + 5 j . A: E D
A: Vector equation of the plane passing through the
points i - 2 j + 5 k , - 5 j - k and -3 i + 5 j is F C

r  (1- t - s) a  t b  s c
A B
⇒ r =(1- t - s)
(i - 2 j + 5 k)+ t(
-5 j - k)+ s(
3 i + 5 j) In the regular hexagon ABCDEF, with centre O
where t, s are any scalars. AB = 2AO .....................(1)
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
6. Find the vector equation of the plane passing
through the points (0, 0, 0) (0, 5, 0) and (2, 0, 1) = (AB + AE) + ( AD) + (AC + AF)
A : Let the position vectors are = (AB + BD) + AD + (AC + CD)
a  0, b  5 j, c  2 i  k = AD + AD + AD
Equation of the plane passing through the points = 3 AD

Addition of Vectors 56
First Year Maths - IA
= 3(2 AO ) from (1)
CA  1  9  25  35
= 6 AO
2 2 2
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3AD = 6AO Here BC  CA  6  35  41  AB

2. In ABC, if O is the circumcentre and H is the ABC is a right angled triangle.

orthocentre, then show that 4. Show that the points whose position vectors
i) OA + OB + OC = OH ii) HA + HB + HC = 2HO .
are 4 i + 5j +k, - j - k,3 i + 9j + 4k and -4 i + 4 j + 4k
A: In ABC, if O is the circumcentre and H is the
are coplanar.
orthocentre, then
A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C, D be the given four
AH = 2OD from plane geometry
points.
AH = 2OD .............(1)
 OA = 4 i + 5 j + k , OB = - j - k

i) Now OA + OB + OC OC = 3 i + 9 j + 4k OD = -4 i + 4 j + 4k
= OA + ( OD + DB) + (OD + DC ) AB = OB - OA = -4 i - 6 j - 2k
A
= OA + 2OD + (DB + DC) AC = OC - OA = - i + 4 j + 3k
= OA + AH + O AD = OD - OA = -8 i - j + 3k
H
= OH O Consider [ AB AC AD]
ii) HA  HB + HC B
D C -4 -6 -3
= HA  (HD + DB) + (HD + DC) = -1 4 3 [ i j k ] ( [ i j k] = 1)
-8 -1 3
= HA  2HD + (DB + DC) = -4(12+3)+6(-3+24)-2(1+32)
= HA  2(HO + OD) +0 A = -4(15) +6(21) -2(33)
= -60 +126 - 66
= HA  2HO + 2OD H =0
= 2HO  HA + AH  AB, AC, AD are coplanar vectors.
O
= 2HO  O B C Hence the given four points A, B, C, D are
D
coplanar.
= 2HO
5. Show that the four points

3. Show that the points A 2 i - j + k ,  -a + 4b - 3c, 3a+2b- 5c, -3a + 8b - 5c and

  
B i - 3 j - 5k , C 3 i - 4 j - 4k  are the - 3a + 2b + c are coplanar, where a, b, c are
vertices of a right angled triangle. non-coplanar vectors.
A : Let O be the origin A: Let A, B, C, D be the given four points.
Let O be any origin.
OA  2 i  j  k, OB  i  3 j  5k,
 OA = -a + 4b - 3c,OB = 3a + 2b - 5c
OC  3 i  4 j  4k OC = -3a + 8b - 5c,OD = -3a + 2b + c
Now AB  OB  OA   i  2 j  6k  AB  OB  OA = 4a - 2b - 2c

 AB  1  4  36  41 AC  OC  OA = -2a + 4b - 2c
AD  OD  OA = -2a - 2b + 4c
BC  OC  OB  2 i  j  k
4 -2 -2
 BC  4  1  1  6
Now [ AB AC AD] = -2 4 -2 [a b c ]
CA  OA  OC   i  3 j  5k -2 -2 4

Addition of Vectors 57
First Year Maths - IA

= {4(16-4)+2(-8-4)-2(4+8)} [a b c ] Let O be any origin.

Let i, j be the unit vectors along OX, OY axes
= (48 - 24 - 24) [a b c ]
respectively.
= 0 [a b c ]  Position vector of A = a i
=0
Position vector of B = b j
So the vectors AB , AC , AD are coplanar..
Now vector equation of the line AB is
Hence the given four points are coplanar.
r = (1- t) a + tb
6. If the points whose position vectors are
 r = (1- t) ai +t b j
3 i - 2j - k , 2 i + 3j - 4k, - i + j + 2k and
If r = x i + yj , then
4 i + 5 j + k are coplanar, then show that
x
 = -146
17 .
x = (1 - t) a 
a
= 1 - t and

A: Let O be the origin

y
Let A, B, C, D be the given four points. y = tb  = t
b
 OA = 3 i - 2 j - k , OB = 2 i + 3 j - 4k
y
OC = - i + j + 2k OD = 4 i + 5 j +  k  x  = 1- t + t = 1
a b
AB = OB - OA = - i + 5 j - 3k y
 x  = 1 .
a b
AC = OC - OA = -4 i + 3j + 3k
AD = OD - OA = i +7j +( +1)k
8. If a, b, c are noncoplanar find the point of
Since, the given four points are coplanar, so the
intersection of the line passing through the
vectors AB, AC, AD are also coplanar..
points 2a + 3 b - c , 3a + 4b - 2c with the line
 [ AB AC AD] = 0
joining the points a - 2b + 3c , a - 6b + 6c .
-1 5 -3
A. Vector equation of the striaght line passing through
 -4 3 3 [ i j k ] = 0 ( [ i j k ] = 1 )
1 7 +1 the points 2a  3b  c , 3a  4b  2c is

 (-1) (3+ 3 - 21) -5(-4 - 4 - 3) -3(-28 - 3) = 0

r =a+t b-a  
 -3 +18 + 20 + 35 + 93 = 0
 17 + 146 = 0

r  2a  3b  c  t 3a  4b  2c  2a  3b  c 
 17 = -146
 
r  2a  3b  c  t a  b  c ...........(1)
   -146 . Vector equation of the line passing through the
17
points
7. In the two dimensional plane, prove by using a  2b  3 c , a  6b  6 c is
vector methods, the equation of the line whose
intercepts on the axes are ‘a’ and ‘b’ is 
r  a  2b  3 c  s a  6b  6 c  a  2b  3 c 
x + y = 1.
a b  
r  a  2b  3c  s  4b  3c ..........(2)
At the point of intersection of lines (1) and (2)


2a  3b  c  t a  b  c 
A:

= a  2b  3 c  s  4b  3 c 
Addition of Vectors 58
First Year Maths - IA
10.Find the vector equation of the plane passing
Equating the coefficients of a, b and c , 2 + t = 1
 t = -1 .........(3) through the points 4 i - 3 j - k , 3 i + 7j - 10k
 Position vector of point of intersection of (1) and (2)
and 2 i + 5 j - 7k , show that the point

= 2a  3b  c  1 a  b  c 
i + 2 j - 3k , lies in the plane.
= 2a  3b  c  a  b  c A : Vector equation of the plane passing through
= a  2b . A( 4 i - 3 j - k ), B( 3 i + 7j - 10k ),

9. Show that the line joining the pair of points C( 2 i + 5 j - 7k ) is

6a - 4b + 4c, - 4c and the line joining the pair r = (1- s - t)  4 i 3 j  k  + s  3i  7 j 10 k   t  2i  5 j  7 k 
of points -a - 2b - 3c, a + 2b - 5c intersect at the
Suppose D( i + 2 j - 3k ) lies on the plane, then
point - 4c .
A: Vector equation of the line passing through the i  2 j  3k = (1- s - t)  4i3 j k 
points 6a - 4b + 4c, - 4c is + s  3i 7 j 10k   t  2i 5 j 7 k 
r = a + t (b - a)
i, j, k are non coplanar
r = 6a - 4b + 4c  t ( -6a + 4b - 8c) where t  R
Equating the coeffients of i , j , k
Also vector equation of the line passing through
4(1-s-t)+3s+2t=1
-a - 2b - 3c, a + 2b - 5c is  4 - 4s - 4t + 3s + 2t=1
r = -a - 2b - 3c + s(2 a + 4b - 2c) where s  R s + 2t =3-----------(1)
Suppose these two lines intersect at P.
-3(1-s-t)+7s+5t=1
At P, 6a - 4b + 4c + t (-6a + 4b - 8c)  -3+3s+3t+7s+5t=2
= - a - 2b - 3c + s(2a + 4b - 2c)  10s + 8t = 5----------(2)
Equating the coefficients of like vectors, we get
(1-s-t)- 10s-7t=-3
6 - 6t = 2s-1 4t-4 = 4s -2 4 - 8t =-3-2s
6t+2s = 7 4t-4s = 2 8t - 2s = 7  -1+s+t-10s-7t=-3
....(1) 2t-2s = 1.....(2) ......(3) 9s + 6t =2-----------(3)
Solving (1) , (2) and (3)
Solving (1) & (2)
6t + 2s = 7 7 25
2t - 2s = 1 s ,t  satisfy (1) , (2) and (3)
6 12
8t = 8  t = 1. Thus D lies on the plane passing through A, B, C.
From (1), 6(1) +2s =7  2s=1  s= 21 11. Find the point of intersection of the line
Substituting the values of s, t in the LHS of (3),

8t - 2s = 8(1) - 2 21 = 7 = RHS
r = 2a + b + t b - c   and the plane
Thus the given two lines intersect each other at P.  
r = a + x b + c + y a + 2b - c   where
Position vector of the point of intersection of the
lines a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors.
= 6a - 4b + 4c +1(-6a + 4b - 8c) =  4 c .
A. Given line is r  2a  b  t b  c , t  R  

Given plane is r  a  x b  c  y a  2b  c   ;
x, y  R

Addition of Vectors 59
First Year Maths - IA
At the point of intersection of line and plane,
3. Let a, b be non - collinear vectors.
    
2a  b  t b  c  a  x b  c  y a  2b  c .  If α = (x + 4y) a + (2x + y + 1) b and
Equating the coefficients of like vectors,
2 = 1 + y  y = 1.
β = (y - 2x + 2) a + (2x - 3y - 1) b
1 + t = x + 2y  t - x = 1 ........... (1) are such that 3α = 2β , then find x and y..
- t = x - y  t + x = 1 .............(2)
(1) + (2)  2t = 2  t = 1 A: Given that 3α = 2β
Position vector of point of intersection of line and
 3(x+4y) a + 3(2x+y+1) b
plane
= 2(y - 2x + 2) a +(2x-3y-1) b
= 2a  b  1 b  c 
Equating the coefficients of a and b ,
= 2a  2b  c .
3x + 12y = 2y - 4x + 4 7x + 10y = 4 ------(1)
6x + 3y + 3 = 4x - 6y - 2 2x + 9y = -5 ----(2)
LEVEL - II (VSAQ) Solving (1) & (2), x = 2, y = -1.

1. Let OP = 3a - 2b and OQ = a + b . Find the LEVEL - II (SAQ)

position vector of a point R which divides the
line joining P and Q in the ratio 2 : 1. 1. If a, b are the position vectors of A and B with
(i) internally (ii) externally. respect to the origin and P divides AB in the
A : i) The position vector of a point R, which divides ratio m :n, prove that the position vector of P
the line join of P and Q internally in the ratio 2 : 1 is
2OQ  OP 2 a  b  3a  2b  5a    is mb + na .
m+n
OR   
2 1 3 3 A: Let O be any origin.
ii) The position vector of a point R, which divides the  OA = a ,
line join of P and Q externally in the ratio 2 : 1 is
OB = b .
OR  

2OQ  OP 2 a  b  3a  2b  
 a  4b
 P divides AB in the ratio m:n.
2 1 1
 AP
PB
m
n
2. If a, b, c are non-coplanar, then test the  nAP = mPB
collinearity of the points whose position  n AP = mPB
vectors are 2a + 5b - 4c, a + 4b - 3c,  n(OP - OA ) = m(OB - OP)

4a + 7b - 6c .  (m+n) OP = m OB + n OA
A : Let A, B, C be the points such that = mb  na
OA  2a  5b  4c , OB  a  4b  3c and mb  na
 OP 
m+n
OC  4a  7b  6c
2. ABCD is a parallelogram. If L and M are the
Now, AB  OB  OA
middle points of BC and CD respectively, then
find

AC  OC  OA  4a  7b  6c  2a  5b  4 c 
(i) AL and AM in terms of AB and AD .
 2a  2b  2 c  2   a  b  c 
(ii) , if AM λ
= AD - LM .
Clearly, AC   2AB  A, B, C are collinear
A. (i) Given that ABCD is a parallelogram
 AB  DC and AD  BC

Addition of Vectors 60
First Year Maths - IA

DA  DB
A : (i) Let D be any origin  DP 
2
DB  DC
DQ 
2
DC  DA
Now in ABL, DR 
AL  AB  BL 2
1 On addition, we get
 AB  BC
2 DA  DB DB  DC DC  DA
DP  DQ  DR   
1 2 2 2
 AB  AD
2


2 DA  DB  DC 
In ADM, AM  AD  DM 2
 DA  DB  DC
1
 AD  DC  DA  DB  DC  DP  DQ  DR
2
(ii)
1 α  PA  QB  RC
 AD  AB
2  DA  DP  DB  DQ  DC  DR
(ii) Given that

AM  λAD  LM
  
 DA  DB  DC  DP  DQ  DR 
 AM  LM  λAD  DA  DB  DC   DA  DB  DC 

 AD  DM  LC  CM  λAD 0
1 1 1
 AD  AB  AD  AB  λAD 4. In ABC, if a, b, c are position vectors of the
2 2 2
vertices A, B, C respectively, then prove that
3
 AD  λAD the position vector of the centroid G is
2
1 (a + b + c) .
3 3
equating the coefficients, we get λ 
2
3. In ABC, P, Q and R are the midpoints of the
sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If D is any
point
(i) then express DA + DB + DC in terms of

DP, DQ and DR .
(ii) If PA + QB + RC α
= , then find α .

A: LetO be any origin.

Let G be the centroid of ABC and AD is the median
through the vertex A.
then AG : GD = 2 : 1
Here OA = a, OB = b, OC = c .

Position vector of D = OB+OC = b+c

2
2

Addition of Vectors 61
First Year Maths - IA
Position vector of the centroid G is
 a , b , c are non coplanar vectors,
OG = 1. OA + 2. OD
1+ 2
1 -  = 0, 1 +  = 0, 1+=0
 
1(a)+ 2  b+c 
 = -1
=  2  1 - (-1)= 0
3  = -1.

= a + b3 + c . Now a + b + c = αd becomes
a + b + c = (-1)d
5 If a , b , c , d are the position vectors of the a+b+c +d =0 .
vertices of a tetrahedron ABCD, then prove
that the lines joining the vertices to the
centroids of opposite faces are concurrent.
A: Let O be the origin.
Let G1, G2, G3 and G4 be the centroids of BCD, ********
CAD, ABD and ABC respectively.

Then OG1 = b + c + d
3
Consider the point P which divides AG1 in the ratio
3:1
3 OG1 +1 OA
OP =
3 +1

 
3  b + c + d +1a
=  3 
4

= a+ b+ c+d
4
Similarly, we can show that the position vectors of
the points dividing BG2, CG3 and DG4 in the ratio

3 : 1 are equal to a+ b+ c+d

4
 P lies on each of AG1, BG2, CG3, DG4
Hence they are concurrent.

6. If a + b + c = αd, b + c + d = βa and a, b, c are

non coplanar vectors, then show that
a +b +c +d =0 .
A: Given that a + b + c = αd, b + c + d = βa

 d = βa - b - c
Now a + b + c = αd becomes
 a + b + c = α (βa - b - c)

 (1 - α β)a + (1 + α) b + (1 + α) c = 0

Addition of Vectors 62
First Year Maths - IA

5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE: 9. The angle between two intersecting planes

SCALAR PRODUCT  n1 . n2 
r . n1 = p1 and r . n2 = p 2 is cos-1  .
|n1| |n2 | 
1. a . b = | a | | b | cos (a, b) . 10.Vector equation of the plane passing through the
point A whose position vector is a and perpendicular
a.b
2. cos θ = . to a non zero vector n is ( r - a ). n = 0.
| a ||b |

3. Dot product is commutative a . b = b . a . 11. Work done by the force F is W  F.d where d is
displacement AB .
4. a.b = 0  a is perpendicular to b or a = 0 or
VECTOR PRODUCT
b = 0.
1. Right handed and left handed triads:
5. If a = a1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k, , b = b1 i + b 2 j + b3 k Let OA  a, OB  b, OC  c be three noncoplanar
then a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3 b3 vectors. Viewing from the point C, if the rotation
from OA to OB does not exceed 1800 is in anti-
| a |= a12 a22 a32
clockwise sense, then a, b, c are said to form a
2
a. a = | a | right handed system; otherwise a, b, c are said to
form a left handed system.
6. ( a + b) 2 =| a |2 + | b |2 + 2a . b
2 2 2
2. a x b = | a | | b | sin (a, b ) n̂ . where n̂ is the unit
( a - b) =| a | + | b | - 2a.b
vector perpendicular to both a and b such that
2 2
(a + b) . (a - b) =| a | - | b |
a, b, n form R.H.S.
2 2 2 2
(a + b + c) =| a | + | b | + | c | + 2(a.b + b.c. + c.a)
3. a x b   b x a .
|a.b|
7. Projection of a on b = 4. For any vector a , a x a = 0 .
|b|
a.b
Component of a on b = |b| 5. i x i  j x j = k x k = O
i x j  k, j x k = i, k xi = j
(a . b ) b
Orthogonal projection of a on b =
| b |2
6. a  b  0  a  0 or b  0 or a || b .
(a . b)b
Component vector of a  to b = a -
|b|2
7. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k ,
8. Normal form of the equation of the plane is r . nˆ = p
where n̂ is unit normal drawn from the origin and p i j k
is the perpendicular distance of the plane from the a a a
then a x b = 1 2 3 .
origin. b1 b2 b3

Product of Vectors 63
First Year Maths - IA
[a b c] = a.( b x c) = (a x b) . c
8. If  is the angle between the vectors a and b ,
then 2. In a STP, dot and cross are interchangeable.
|a x b|
sin  = a b . 3. If a = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k , b = b1 i +b2 j +b3 k ,
c = c1 i +c2 j +c3 k , then
9. U n i t v e c t o r s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o b o t h t h e
axb a1 a2 a3
vectors a and b = +
|a x b| b1 b2 b3  i j k 
[ ab c ]=  
c1 c 2 c 3
10.For any vectors a , b
a . a a .b 4. If a, b, c are three non coplanar vectors and
2 2 2
| axb| = a b -( a . b )2 = b . a b. b
, m, n a r e a n y t h r e e v e c t o r s s u c h t h a t

11. For the triangle ABC, its  =x a+y b+z c, m =x a+y b+z c,
1 1 1 2 2 2

i) Vector area = 21 AB x AC = 21 BC x BA = 21 CA x CB n =x a+y b+z c

3 3 3

ii)Area = 21 | AB x AC| = 21 | BC x BA | = 21 | CA x CB| sq.units. x1 y1 z1

then [  m n] = x 2 y2 z2
[a b c] .
x3 y3 z3
12.If a, b represent the adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then its 5. [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b] .
i) Vector area = a x b
6. [a b c] = -[a c b] .
ii) Area = | a x b | sq.units
s
7. [a a b] = 0 .
13.If a, b represent the diagonals of a parallelogram,
then its 8. [ i j k ] = [ j k i ] = [ k i j ] = 1.

i) vector area = 21 ( a x b ). 9. Three vectors a, b, c are coplanar (or L.D)

 [a b c] = 0 .
ii) area = 21 | a x b | sq.units.
10.Four points A, B, C, D are coplanar [AB AC AD] = 0.
14.For the quadrilateral ABCD,
11. Volume of the parallelopiped having a, b, c as
i) Vector area = 21 AC x BD
coterminous edges is [ a b c ] cubic units.
ii) Area = 21 | AC x BD | squnits
s
12.Volume of the tetrahedron having a, b, c as
|BC x BA| 1
15.Perpendicular distance from A to BC is |BC|
. coterminous edges is [ a b c ] cubic units.
6
16.Torque or vector moment of a force F is r x F 13.Vector equation of the plane passing through three
non-collinear points having position vectors
where r  PA .
a, b, c is
TRIPLE PRODUCTS [ AP AB AC ] = 0 or
Scalar triple product : STP:  r - a b-a c - a  = 0 or
1. For any vectors a, b, c scalar triple product is r . (a x b + b x c + c x a) = [a b c] .
a.(b x c) or (a x b). c . It is denoted by [a b c] .

Product of Vectors 64
First Year Maths - IA
14.Vector equation of the plane passing through a given
2. If a = 6 i + 2j + 3k and b = 2 i - 9j + 6k , then
point with position vector a and parallel two non-
collinear vectors b and c is [ r b c ] = [ a b c ] . find the angle between a and b .
A: Let  be the angle between a and b .
15. Length of the perpendicular drawn from origin to
a. b
the plane containing the points a, b, c is cosθ =
|a| |b|
|[a b c]|
(b x c + c x a + a x b) . 6(2) + 2(-9) + 3(6)
=
36 + 4 + 9 4 + 81+ 36
16. The shortest distance between the skew lines
 a . b = a1 b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 
|[a - c b d]|
r = a + tb and r = c + sd is (b x d) .
cosθ =
12
7(11)

17.Vector product of three vectors :

a x (b x c) = (a . c) b - (a . b) c
 θ = Cos-1  1277 .
a x b  x c = (a.c ) b - (b .c) a 3. If a = i - j - k, and b = 2 i - 3 j + k , then find

the projection vector of b on a and its

18.Scalar product of four vectors :
magnitude.
(a x b) . (c x d) = (a . c) (b . d) - (a . d) (b . c)
A: Given that a = i - j - k , b = 2 i - 3 j + k
a . c a .d Projection vector of b on a .
= .
b . c b. d
(b. a) a

|a|2
19.Vector product of four vectors :
[1(2)-1(-3)-1(1)] ( i - j -k)
(a x b) x (c x d) = [a c d] b - [b c d] a 
12 + (-1)2 + (-1)2
= [a b d] c - [a b c] d .
4
 ( i - j - k)
3
4 4
LEVEL - I (VSAQ) Its magnitude =  3 1+1+1 =
3
.

1. If a and b are non-zero, non collinear vectors and 4. If the vectors  i - 3 j + 5k and 2 i -  j - k are
perpendicular to each other, find .
| a + b |=| a - b | , then find the angle between a and b .
A: Given that  i - 3 j + 5k and 2 i -  j - k are
A: Given that | a + b |=| a - b |
perpendicular vectors.
Squaring on both sides,
2 2  i - 3 j + 5k )
. (2 i -  j - k )= 0
  a |  |b |  2a.b =  a |  |b |  2a.b
   2    3     5  1  0
4 a.b = 0
 a . b = 0 2 2 + 3 - 5 = 0
0 2 2 + 5  2  5 = 0
 Angle between a and b = 90
 2 + 5)-1(
2  5)= 0
 - 1)
(2   5)= 0
-5
 = 1 or .
2
Product of Vectors 65
First Year Maths - IA
8. Find the distance of a point (2, 5, -3) from the
5. If a = i + 2 j - 3k and b = 3 i - j + 2k , then

plane r. 6 i - 3 j + 2k = 4 . 
show that a + b , a - b  are mutually

A: Given plane equation is r . 6 i  3 j  2k  4 . 
perpendicular .
Its cartesian equation is
A: Given that a  i  2 j  3k , b  3 i  j  2k
Now  x i  y j  zk  .  6 i  3 j  2k   4 .
 6x - 3y + 2z - 4 = 0.
a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k  4 i  j  k  The distance of the point (2, 5, -3) from the given
a  b  i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k  2 i  3 j  5k 6(2)  3(5)  2( 3)  4
plane is
Take a  b  . a  b 62  ( 3)2  22

  4 i  j  k  2 i  3 j  5k  12  15  6  4 13
 units
36  9  4 7
 4( 2)  1(3)  1( 5)  8  3  5  0
9. If a = 2 i - j + k and b = i - 3 j - 5k then find
  
Hence a  b , a  b are mutually perpendicular..
axb.
6. Find the vector equation of the plane through
the point (3, -2, 1) and perpendicular to the i j k
vector (4, 7, -4). axb 2 1 1
A: Vector equation of the plane through the point A:
1 3 5
a = (3, -2,1) and perpendicular to the vector
 i (5  3)  j ( 10  1)  k (  6  1)
n = (4,7, -4) is ( r - a).n = 0
 8 i  11j  5k
 r.n = a.n
 r.(4 i + 7 j - 4 k) = 3(4) - 2(7) + 1(-4)
axb 64  121  25  210 .
 r.(4 i + 7 j - 4 k) + 6 = 0
10.If a = 2 i - 3 j + k and b = i + 4 j - 2k then
7. Find the angle between the planes
  
find a + b x a - b . 
r.( 2 i - j + 2 k) = 3 and r.( 3 i + 6 j + k) = 4 .
A: Given a  2 i  3 j  k , b  i  4 j  2k
A: Let  be the angle between the planes
r.( 2 i - j + 2 k) = 3 and r.( 3 i + 6 j + k) = 4 . a  b  x a  b  a x a  a x b  b x a  b x b
n1 . n2  0  b x a  b x a  0  2 b x a 
Now cos =
|n1|. |n2 |
2(3)-1(6)+2(1) i j k

2 2 2 2 2 2 b x a 1 4 2
2 +(-1) +2 3 +6 +1
6-6+2 2 3 1

9 46
2  i (4  6)  j(1  4)  k( 3  8)   2 i  5 j  11k

3 46
  
 ab x ab  2 b x a   
  = Cos
-1
 2
3 46
.  
= 2 2 i  5 j  11k 
= 4 i  10 j  22k .

Product of Vectors 66
First Year Maths - IA
11. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the
14. The vectors AB = 3 i - 2 j + 2k and
vectors i + j + k and 2 i + j + 3k .
AD = i - 2k represent the adjacent sides of
i j k
parallelogram ABCD. Find the angle
A: a x b = 1 1 1 between the diagonals.
2 1 3
A. AB  3 i  2 j  2k , AD  i  2k
= i(3 - 1) - j(3 - 2) + k(1- 2)
Diagonals are AC and BD
=2i - j -k
AC = AB  BC
a x b = 4 + 1+ 1 = 6
= AB  AD
Unit vectors perpendicular to both a and b is
(a x b) = 4i 2j
=±
axb
BD = BC  AD
(2 i - j - k)

6 = AD  AB

12.If  is the angle between the vectors i + j = 2 i  2 j  4k

and j + k then find sin . Let  be the acute angle between the diagonals
i j k AC . BD
A: a x b = 1 1 0  cos =
AC BD
0 1 1
 i (1  0)  j(1  0)  k(1  0)  4 i  2 j  .  2 i  2 j  4k 
=
 i  j k 16  4 4  4  16
|axb| 8  4  0
sin =
| a || b | = 2 5 2 6
  
1+ 1+1
=
1+ 1 1+ 1 12
=
3 4 5 6
 sin = .
2
3
=
13. Find the area of the parallelogram having 10
2 j - k and - i + k as adjacent sides.  3
 = Cos-1  10  .
A: Let a and b be the adjacent sides of the  
parallelogram.
15.Find the area of the parallelogram whose
i j k
axb= 0 2 -1 diagonals are 3 i + j - 2k and i - 3 j + 4k .
-1 0 1 A: Diagonals of the parallelogram are
a = 3 i + j - 2k and b = i - 3 j + 4k .
= i(2 + 0) - j(0 - 1) + k(0 + 2)

= 2 i + j + 2k i j k
Area of the parellelogram a x b = 3 1 -2
1 3 4
=| a x b |

 4 +1+ 4 = i(4 - 6) - j(12 + 2) + k(-9 - 1)

= 3 square units.
Product of Vectors 67
First Year Maths - IA

= -2 i - 14 j - 10k 1 1 0
| a x b | = 4  196  100  a b c   3 1 0
0 3 
= 300 = 10 3
= 1 (-  - 0) - 1 (3 - 0) = -  - 3 = - 4
 Area of the given parallelogram  Volume of the parallelopiped
1   4  16     4
= |axb|
2
19. Find the volume of the tetrahedron having
1
= (10 3 ) = 5 3 square units. the edges i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k .
2
A. Given edges of tetrahedron are
16. If | a |= 13,| b |= 5 and a.b = 60 , then find a  i  j k, b  i  j, c  i 2j k

| a x b |. 1 1 1
A: We know that a b c   1 1 0
| a x b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 - (a.b)2 1 2 1

| a x b |2 = (132 ) (52 ) - (60)2 = 1(-1 - 0) - 1(1 - 0) + 1(2 + 1)

=-1-1+3
= (132) (52) - (122)(52)
= 1.
= 52 (169 - 144)
 Volume of the tetrahedron
= (52)(52)
1
| a x b | = (5) 5 = 25 . = a b c 
6 
17.Find  in order that four points A(3, 2, 1), 1
B(4, , 5), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 5, -1) be coplanar. = 1
6
A: Given points A, B, C, D are coplanar, so 1
= cubic units.
 AB AC AD  0 6

43   2 5 1 1 2 4
20.If a = (1, -1, -6), b = (1, -3, 4), c = (2, - 5, 3),
 43 2  2 2  1  0  1 0 3  0
63 5  2 1  1 3 3 2 then compute a x b x c .  
 1(0  9)  (  2)  ( 2  9)  4(3  0)  0 
A. a x b x c 
 9  (  2)7  12  0
 9  7  14  12  0  7  35  0    5

= a . c  b  a . b c 
= 1(2)  1( 5)  6(3)  i  3 j  4k 
18.Determine  if the volume of the
paralleopiped whose edges are

 1(1)  1( 3)  6(4) 2 i  5 j  3k 
i + j, 3 i - j and 3 j λ
+ k is 16 cubic units.

= 2  5  18 i  3 j  4k 
A: a  i  j , b  3 i  j , c  3 j   k
The volume of the tetrahedron having edges

 1  3  24 2 i  5 j  3k 
a b c is a b c  .  
=  11 i  3 j  4k  20 2 i  5 j  3k 
=  11 i  33 j  44k  40 i  100 j  60k

= 29 i  67 j  16k .
Product of Vectors 68
First Year Maths - IA
LEVEL - I (SAQ) In OFG, OG = OF + FG

1. By using vector method, prove that the angle = k+ i + j

in a semicircle is a right angle. = i + j +k
In BOF, BF = BO + OF
= - j +k + i
A:
= i - j +k
Let AB be a diameter of a circle with centre O.
|OG . BF|
Let P be any point on the semicircle with OP = r . Now cos =
|OG| |BF|
Let OA = a
|( i + j+k).( i - j+k)|
 OB = -a = |i + j+k| |i - j+k
|
Consider PA . PB = ( OA - OP).(OB - OP) | 1 - 1 + 1|
=
= ( a - r). (- a - r) 3 3

= 31.
= - | a |2 + | r |2
3. Find the area of the triangle with vertices
= | r |2 - | a |2 A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1), C(3, 1, 2).
= | a |2 - | a |2 A : Let O be any origin.

∵ 1
( | r | = | a | = radius) Area of the triangle ABC  AB x AC
2
=0
0 where AB  i  j  2k and AC  2 i  j  k
 APB = 90
Hence the angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
i j k
2. Prove that the smaller angle  between any AB x AC  1 1 2
1 2 1 1
two diagonals of a cube is cos = 3 .
A: Y  i ( 1  2)  j ( 1  4)  k( 1  2)
  3 i  3 j  3k
B
D

 3 i  j k 
E
G
j 3 3
i  Required area = sq. units .
k X 2
O A

C F 4. Let a and b be vectors, satisfying a  b 5

Z and (a,b) = 450. Find the area of the triangle
Without loss of generality we may assume that having
the cube is a unit cube.
a  2b and 3a  2b as two of its
sides.
Let OA = i, OB = j , OC = k
A: Given that a = b = 5 and (a,b) = 450.
Let  be the acute angle between the diagonals
OG and BF.  a - 2b  x  3a + 2b  = o + 2a x b - 6b x a - o
In OCF, OF = OC + CF = 2a x b  6a x b
= k+ i = 8a x b .
Product of Vectors 69
First Year Maths - IA
Area of the triangle having a  2b and 3a  2b A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
as adjacent sides tetrahedron.
1
=
2
 a - 2b  x  3a + 2b  a = i + j + k, b = i - j, c  i + 2 j + k
1 1 1 1
= 8a x b
2 [a b c ] = 1 -1 0 [ i j k]
1 2 1
=4 axb
 [ i j k] = 1
= 4 a b sin (a,b) = 1(-1-0)-1(1-0)+1(2+1)
= 4 (5) (5) sin 45 0 = -1-1+3
= 1.
 1  Volume of the tetrahedron
= 4 (5) (5)   1
 2 = | [a b c ] |
6
= 50 2 sq. units. 1
= |1|
6
5. Find the unit vectors perpendicular to the 1
plane getremined by the points P(1, -1, 2), = cubic unit.
6
Q(2, 0, -1) and R(0, 2, 1).
A: Given pointsP(1, -1, 2),Q(2, 0, -1) and R(0, 2, 1). 7.Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices
are (1, 2,1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -1, 0) and (-1, 0, 1).
PQ  OQ  OP  i  j  3k
A: Given OA  (1, 2, 1)  (i  2j  k)
PR  OR  OP  i  3 j  k
OB  (3, 2 ,5)  (3i  2j  5k)
i j k OC  (2,  1,0)  (2i  j  0)
PQPR  1 1 3
OD  ( 1 0,1)  ( i  0  k)
1 3 1
Now AB  OB  OA  (2i  4k)
 i  1  9  j  1 3  k  3  1 AC  OC  OA  (i  3j  k)
 8 i  4 j  4k AD  OD  OA  ( 2i  2j  0)
Volume of tetrahedron
PQ  PR
 1
Unit vector along PQ  PR = PQ  PR = [ AB AC AD ]
6

8i  4j  4k 2 0 4
= 1
64  16  16  1 3 1
6
2 2 0
4(2i  j  k) (2i  j  k)
= 
4 6 6 1
 2(0  2)  0  4( 2  6)
6
6. Find the volume of the tetrahedron having the
1 1
coterminous edges i + j + k, i - j and  4  32  36  6
6 6
i + 2j +k .  Volume of tetrahedron = 6 cubic units.

Product of Vectors 70
First Year Maths - IA
8. Find the volume of the parallelopiped with 10. If a, b, c are non zero vectors and a is
coterminous edges 2 i - 3j + k , i - j + 2k and
perpendicular to both b and c . If
2i + j -k . 2
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 and (b, c )  3 , then
A: Let a, b, c be the coterminous edges of the
find | [a b c ] | .
parallelopiped.
A: Given
a  2 i - 3j +k
| a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4
b  i - j + 2k ab&c
c  2i + j -k  a || ( b x c)
0
2 -3 1 (
a , b x c) = 0

[a b c ] = 1 -1 2 [ i j k ] Now | [ a b c ] | = | a .( b x c) |
2 1 -1 = | a | | bxc | cos (a , b x c)
0
= 2(1-2)+3(-1-4)+1(1+2) = | a | | b | | c | sin ( b, c) cos 0
∵ [ i j k ] =1 = 2 x3 x 4 x sin 120
0

= -2 - 15 + 3
= 24 x 23
= -14
Volume of the parallelopiped = 12 3.
= |[a b c ]|
= |-14| = 14 cubic units.
11.For any vectors a, b, c, d prove that

9. If | a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 and each of a, b, c is (axb). (cxd) = (a.c) (b.d) - (a.d) (b.c) .

perpendicular to the sum of other two vectors, A: Now (axb). (cxd)
then find the magnitude of a + b + c .  ( a x b). x where c x d = x
A: Given that | a |= 2, | b |= 3, | c |= 4 = a. ( b x x)  In STP, dot and cross

Here a  (b  c )  a.(b  c )  0  a. b + a.c = 0 are interchangeable

b  (c + a)  b.(c + a)  0  b.c + b.a = 0 = a.{ b x( cxd)}

c  (a + b)  c.(a + b)  0  c .a c. b = 0 = a . { ( b.d)c - (b.c )d}

= ( a.c) (b. d)  (a.d) (b.c).
on addition 2(a.b + b.c + c.a)  0
12.For any vectors a, b, c, d prove that
Now | a + b  c |2
(axb)x (cxd) = [ a c d ]b - [ b c d ] a .
2 2 2
= | a | + | b | + | c | +2(a. b  b.c + c.a)
= 22 + 32 + 42 + 0 A: Now (axb) x (cxd)
= 29 = ( a x b) x x where c x d = x
 | a + b  c | = 29 units . =(
a. x) b - (b. x)a
= {a.(c x d)} b - {b.( c x d)}a
= [ a c d ] b - [ b c d] a.

Product of Vectors 71
First Year Maths - IA

13. For any vectors a, b, c, d, prove that = { -2 +2 + 4} {-1+ 2 - 4} - {2 +1 -1 }{1+ 4 + 16}

= 4(-3) - 2(21)
 a x b  x  c x d = a b d  c -  a b c  d .
= - 12 - 42
= - 54.

A. Now a x b x c x d  
16. In ABC, if B C = a, C A = b , AB = c , then
= xx  c x d where a x b  x
show that a x b = b x c = c x a .
=  x .d  c   x .c  d A: In ABC, B C = a , C A = b , A B = c
a+b+c=0
=  a x b  .d c   a x b  .c d a x (a + b + c) = a x 0
axa+axb+axc=0
=  a b d  c   a b c  d . 0+axb-cxa=0
a x b = c x a ............... (1)
a+b+c=0
14. Let b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k . If a is a unit b x (a + b + c) = 0
vector, then find the maximum value of bxa+bxb+bxc=0
-axb+0+bxc=0
[ a b c ]. a x b = b x c .............(2)
A: Given : a is a unit vector From (1) and (2) = a x b = b x c = c x a.

b = 2 i + j - k, c = i + 3k 17.For any two vectors a and b show that

i j k (1 | a |)2 (1 |b |)2 | 1  a.b |2  | a  b  a x b |2 .
bxc = 2 1 -1
A.Let (a.b) = 
1 0 3
R.H.S | 1  a.b |2  | a  b  a x b |2
= i(3 - 0) - j(6 +1) + k(0 - 1)
= 1+ (a.b)2 -2 (a.b) + | a |2 + |b |2 + | a x b |2
= 3 i - 7j - k

| b x c |= 9+49+1
  
+ 2 (a.b) + 2 b. a x b  + 2 a . a x b 
  
2
2
= 1+ (a.b) - 2 (a.b) + | a |2 + |b |2 + a x b
= 59 .
+ 2 (a.b) + 0 + 0.
Maximum value of [ a b c ] 2
But a x b  | a |2 |b |2  (a.b)2
= maximum value of a.(bxc) 2
 a x b  (a.b)2 | a |2 |b |2
= Max. of | a || b x c | cos(a,b x c) 2
= 1 | a |2 + |b |2  (a.b)2  a x b
= 1 x 59 x 1
 Max. of cos =1 = 1  | a |2 + |b |2  | a |2 |b |2
= 59 . = 11  | a |   |b | 1  | a | 
2 2 2

15. If a = 2 i + j - k, b = - i + 2 j - 4k and  2 2
= 1|a| 1 b| .  
c = i + j + k , then find (axb). (bxc) .
A: (axb). (bxc) = (a.b) (b.c) - (a.c) (b.b)

= {(2 i + j - k).(- i + 2 j - 4k)} - {(- i + 2 j - 4k).( i + j + k)}

2
-{(2 i + j - k).( i + j + k)} {| b | }
Product of Vectors 72
First Year Maths - IA
LEVEL - I (LAQ) Now AD  to BC and A, O, D are collinear.
 OA  BC
1. Show that the points (5,-1,1), (7, -4, 7), (1,- 6,10)  OA . BC = 0
and (- 1,- 3,4) are the vertices of a rhombus by  OA . ( OC  OB ) = 0
vectors.
A: Let O be the origin and ABCD be the given figure.  a .(c - b) = 0

 OA = 5 i - j + k, OB = 7 i - 4 j + 7k  a . c - a . b = 0 .........(1)
Also BE  CA and B, O, E are collinear.
OC = i - 6 j + 10k, OD = - i - 3 j + 4k  OB  CA
NowAB = OB - OA = 2 i - 3 j + 6k  OB . CA = 0

| AB |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7  OB . (OA - OC) = 0

BC = OC - OB = - 6 i - 2 j + 3k  b .(a - c) = 0

| BC |= 36 + 4 + 9 = 7  b .a - b. c = 0 .............(2)
(1) and (2) a . c - a . b + a . b - b.c = 0
CD  OD - OC = -2 i + 3 j - 6k
 (a - b). c = 0
| CD |= 4 + 9 + 36 = 7
 ( OA - OB ).OC = 0

DA = OA - OD = 6 i + 2j - 3k  BA. OC = 0
BA  OC
DA = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7  AB CF
 AB = BC = CD = DA Hence the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

AC = OC - OA = - 4 i - 5 j + 9k 3.Using scalar product, prove that the

perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
| AC | = 16 + 25 + 81 = 122 triangle are concurrent.
A: A
BD == OD - OB = - 8 i + j - 3k
BD = 64 + 1+ 9 = 74 F E
 AC  BD O
Hence the given points are the vertices of a rhombus. B C
D
2. Using scalar product, prove that the altitudes Let ABC be the triangle with D, E, F be the
of a triangle are concurrent. midpoints on the sides BC, CA, AB respectively.
A Let the perpendicular bisectors of the side BC and
A: CA intersect at O. Join O to F.
To prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides
E are concurrent, it is enough to prove that OF AB.
F
O Let O be the origin and a,b,c be the position
B C vectors of A, B, C respectively.
D
Let ABC be the triangle Now OD  BC
Let the altitudes AD and BE intersect at 0.
 OD. BC = 0
Join C to O and extend it to CF.
To prove that altitudes are concurrent, it is enough  OD . (OC - OB ) = 0
to prove that CF  to AB.
Let O be the origin and a,b,c be the position  
 b 2 c .(c - b) = 0
vectors of A, B, C respectively.
 (c +b).(c - b) = 0
Product of Vectors 73
First Year Maths - IA
 c 2 - b 2 = 0 ...............(1) = i (4 + 4) - j (-2 - 6) + k (-2 + 6)
Also OE  CA = 8 i + 8 j + 4k
 OE.CA = 0
= 4(2 i + 2 j + k)
 OE . (OA - OC ) = 0
b x d = 4 4+4+1 = 4(3) = 12
  c +2 a  .(a - c) = 0  Shortest distance between the skew lines
|108|
 (a +c).(a -c) = 0 =
12
= 9 units.
 a2  c 2 = 0 ..........(2)
5.If A = (1, -2, -1), B = (4, 0, -3), C = (1, 2, -1) and
(1) + (2)  c 2  b 2 + a 2  c 2 = 0 D = (2, -4, -5), find the shortest distance
between the lines AB and CD.
 a2  b 2 = 0 A: Given points are A (1, -2, -1) B (4, 0, -3)
 (a + b).(a - b ) = 0 C(1, 2, -1) D (2, -4, -5).
Equation of the line passing through the
  a+b2  .(OA - OB) = 0 points A (1, -2, -1) and B (4, 0, -3) is

 OF.BA = 0  OF  BA r = i - 2 j - k + t[4 i + 0 j - 3k - ( i - 2 j - k)]

Hence, the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of = i - 2 j - k + t(3 i + 2 j - 2k)
a triangle are concurrent.
comparing this with r = a + tb
4. Find the shortest distance between the skew
a  i  2 j  k, b  3 i  2 j  2k
lines r = 6 i + 2 j + 2k + t( i - 2 j + 2k) and
Equation of the line passing through the points
r = - 4i - k + s(3i - 2j - 2k) . C(1, 2, -1) and D (2, -4, -5) is

Given two skew lines are r = i + 2 j - k + s[(2 i - 4 j - 5k) - ( i + 2 j - k)]

r = 6 i + 2 j + 2k + t( i - 2 j + 2k) , = i  2 j  k  s( i  6 j  4k)
r = - 4 i - k + s(3 i - 2 j - 2k) Comparing with r = c + sd
We know that the shortest distance between the
c = i + 2j - k d = i - 6 j - 4k
skew lines r = a + tb and r = c + sd is
Shortest distance between the given skew lines is
|[ac b d]| | [a  c b d] |
|b x d| |b x d|
Here a = 6 i + 2 j + 2k , b = i - 2 j + 2k , a  c  4 j
0 4 0
c =-4i -k d = 3 i - 2 j - 2k . 3 2 2
[ a c b d] =
a - c = 10 i + 2 j + 3k 1 6 4
= 0 + 4(-12 + 2) + 0 = 40
10 2 3
 |[ac b d]| = |40| = 40
1 -2 2
[a  c b d] =
3 -2 -2 i j k
= 10(4+4)-2(-2-6)+3(-2+6) b x d  3 2 2
= 80 + 16 + 12 1 6 4
= 108
= i(-8 - 12) - j(-12 + 2) + k(-18 - 2)
i j k
b x d = 1 -2 2 = 20 i  10 j  20k
3 -2 -2
Product of Vectors 74
First Year Maths - IA

= 10(2 i  j  2k) x - 3 y + 2 z +1
2 2 2 1 -2 4 =0
| b x d | 10 2  ( 1)  2 = 10 x 3 = 30
Shortest distance between the skew 3 2 -5
40 4 (x - 3) (10 - 8) - (y + 2) (-5 - 12) + (z + 1) (2 + 6) = 0
lines =  units .
30 3  2(x - 3) + 17 (y + 2) + 8 (z + 1) = 0
2x - 6 + 17y + 34 + 8z + 8 = 0
6.Find the cartesian equation of the plane 2x + 17y + 8z + 36 = 0.

passing through the points A(2, 3, -1),

8. For any vectors a, b, c prove that
B(4, 5, 2) and C(3, 6, 5).
i) (a x b) x c = (a .c) b - (b.c) a
A: Let O be any origin.
ii) a x (b x c) = (a .c) b - (a .b) c.
Let r = x i + yj + zk be the position vector of any
point in the plane of ABC. A: Part 1: To show that (a x b) x c = (a .c) b - (b.c) a
AP = OP - OA Suppose that

= (x - 2) i (y - 3) j + (z +1) k i) a, b, c are non-zero vectors.

AB = OB - OA ii) a is not parallel to b .

= 2 i + 2 j + 3k iii) c is not perpendicular to the plane containing

a, b .
AC = OC - OA
Taking a, b, c satisfying the above, as follows:
= i + 3 j + 6k
The vectors AP, AB, AC are coplanar.. a = a1 i

  AP AB AC  = 0 b = b1 i + b 2 j
c = c1 i + c 2 j + c 3k
x-2 y-3 z+1
2 2 3 =0
 a x b = a1 i x(b1 i + b 2 j )
1 3 6
 (x - 2) (12 - 9) - (y - 3) (12 - 3) + (z + 1) (6 - 2) = 0  a1 b1 i x i + a1 b 2 i x j
 3x - 6 - 9y + 27 + 4z + 4 = 0  0 + a1 b2k
 3x - 9y + 4z + 25 = 0.
= a1 b 2k.
7. Find the equation of the plane passing through
the point A = (3,-2-1) and parallel to the vector Now (a x b) x c = a1b 2k x(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3k )
b = i - 2 j + 4k and c = 3 i + 2 j - 5k . = a1b 2 c1 k x i + a1 b 2c 2k x j + a1b 2c 3 k x k
A: Let P be any point on the plane with position vector
= a1b 2 c1 j  a1 b 2 c 2 i ...........(1)
r = x i + y j + zk .
Vector equation of the plane passing through the k x k = 0
point A = (3,-2,-1) and parallel to the vectors
a . c  a1 i .(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k )
b = i - 2 j + 4k and c = 3 i + 2 j - 5k is = a1c1

[AP b c] = 0 b . c  (b1 i + b 2 j ) .(c1 i + c 2 j + c 3 k )

Its cartesian equation is = b1 c1 + b2 c2

Product of Vectors 75
First Year Maths - IA

Now (a . c) b - (b . c ) a 10. If a = 2 i + 3 j + 4k , b = i + j - k and

= a1c1 (b1 i + b 2 j ) - (b1c 1 + b 2 c 2 )a1 i c = i - j + k then compute a x b x c and  

= a1b1c1 i + a1b2c1 j - a1b1c1 i -a1b2c1 i verify that it is perpendicular to a .
= a1b2c1 j - a1b2c2 i ..............(2) A: Given vectors are a  2 i  3 j  4k
From (1) and (2)
b i  j k
(a x b) xc = (a . c)b  (b. c)a .
c i  j k
Part 2: To prove that a x (b x c) = (a.c)b - (a.b)c

Now a x (b x c) =-(b x c)x a i j k

= - {(b . a ) c - (c.a)b} from part 1. Consider b x c  1 1 1
1 1 1
= (c.a)b  (a. b) c
 i 1  1  j 1  1  k  1  1

9. If a = i - 2 j + k, b = 2 i + j + k , c = i + 2 j - k ,  2 j  2k
i j k

find a x b x c and   a x b x c . 2 3 4
A: Given 
Now a x b x c = 
0 2 2
a = i - 2 j + k, b = 2 i + j + k, c = i + 2 j - k
 i   6  8   j  4  0   k  4  0 

 
a x b x c = (a.c)b - (a.b)c  2 i  4 j  4k
Now consider
  i - 2 j + k  .  i + 2 j - k  b -
  
a x b x c  .a  2 i  4 j  4k . 2 i  3 j  4k
   
 i - 2 j + k  .  2 i + j + k  c = 4 + 12 - 16
= 16 - 16 = 0

= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k  - (2 - 2 + 1)  i + 2 j - k  
 a x b x c  .a  0 
= (-4)  2 i + j + k  - 1  i + 2 j - k 
 
 a x b x c is perpendicular to a .
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - i - 2 j + k Hence proved.

= -9 i - 6 j - 3k
11. I f a = i - 2j - 3k, b = 2i + j - k and c = i +3j - 2k ,
 a x b  x c =  a.c  b - b . c  a verify that a x(b x ≠ xc.
c)(a x b)
A: Given :

= (1 - 4 - 1) 2 i + j + k  - (2 + 2 - 1)  i - 2 j + k  a = i - 2 j - 3k, b = 2 i + j - k and c = i + 3 j - 2k

ax(
b x c)= (
a . c)
b -(
a . b)c
= -8 i - 4 j - 4k - 3 i + 6 j - 3k
= { i - 2 j - 3k).( i + 3 j - 2k)} (2 i + j - k)
= -11 i + 2 j - 7k
- { i - 2 j - 3k).(2 i + j - k)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
 
 axb xc = 121+ 4 + 49
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
 174 -{1(2)-2(1)-3(1)} ( i + 3 j - 2k)
Product of Vectors 76
First Year Maths - IA

= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k) -(2-2+3) ( i + 3 j - 2k) 

 axb x cxd  
= 2 i + j - k - 3 i - 9 j + 6k
= [a c d] b - [b c d] a
= - i - 8 j + 5k ..........(1)
  
= 13 i - 2 j + k - 9 2 i + j - 3k 
(
a x b) x c = (
a . c)
b-(
b.c )
a
= 13 i - 26 j + 13k - 18 i - 9 j + 27k
= {1(1)-2(3)-3(-2)} (2 i + j - k)
=  5 i - 35 j + 40k
= -{2(1) + 1(3) -1(-2)} ( i - 2 j - 3k)

= (1-6+6) (2 i + j - k)

= 5 - i - 7 j + 8k 
-(2+3+2) ( i - 2 j - 3k)  a x b  x  c x d = 5 1+ 49 + 64

= 2 i + j - k - 7 i +14 j + 21k = 5 117

= - 5 i +15j +20k .........(2)
From (1) and (2) 13.Let a = i + j + k, b = 2 i - j + 3k, c = i - j
a x ( b x c)  (a x b) x c . and d = 6 i + 2 j + 3k . Express d in terms of

b x c, c x a and a x b .
12.If a = 2 i + j - 3k , b = i - 2 j + k ,
A: Given a = i + j + k,b = 2 i - j + 3k, c = i  j ,
c = - i + j - 4k and d = i + j +k then
d = 6 i + 2 j + 3k
compute  a x b  x  c x d . 1 1 1
A: We know that  a x b  x  c x d 
a b c   2 -1 3
 
1 -1 0
= [a c d] b  [b c d] a = 1(0 + 3)-1 (0 - 3) + 1 (- 2 + 1)
=3+3-1
2 1 -3 =5
-1 1 -4 d . a = (6 i + 2 j + 3k).( i + j + k)
[a c d] =
1 1 1 =6+2+3
= 11
= 2 (1 + 4) - 1 (- 1 + 4) - 3(- 1 - 1)
= 10 - 3 + 6 = 13 d . b = (6 i + 2 j + 3k).(2 i - j + 3k)
= 12 - 2 + 9
1 -2 1
= 19.
[b c d]  -1 1 -4
d . c = (6 i + 2 j + 3k).( i - j)
1 1 1
=6-2+0
= 1(1 + 4) + 2 (-1 + 4) + 1(-1 - 1) = 4.
=5+6-2
=9 Let d = x (b x c) + y(c x a) + z(a x b) for some
real number x,y,z.
Taking dot product with a , b, c respectively,,

d . a = x (b x c) . a + y(c x a). a +z(a x b).a

Product of Vectors 77
First Year Maths - IA

 d.a = x [b c a] + o + o
LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
 d.a = x [a b c] + o + o  [b c a]  [a b c] 1. For what values of , the vectors 2 i λ
+ j -k
d.a 11 and 4 i - 2 j + 2k are perpendicular..
x= =
[a b c] 5
A: Let a  2 i   j  k , b  4 i  2 j  2k

Given that a  b  a.b  0

d.b 19
Similarly y = =
[a b c] 5
 
 2 i   j  k . 4 i  2 j  2k  0 
d.c 4  2(4)  ( 2)  1(2)  0  8  2  2  0
z =
[a b c] 5  2  6    3
11
d
5
 b x c   195  c x a   54  a x b  2. If a = 2 i + 2 j - 3k , b = 3 i - j + 2k then find
the angle between the vectors 2a + b and
14. If the four points a, b, c, d are coplanar,, a +2b .
prove that
A: Given that a  2 i  2 j  3k , b  3 i  j  2k
[ b c d] + [c a d] + [a b d] = [a b c] .
A: Let O be the origin and A, B, C, D be the given four  
2a  b  2 2 i  2 j  3k  3 i  j  2k
points.  7 i  3 j  4k
 OA  a, OB  b, OC  c , OD  d ,
AB  OB  OA  b - a

a  2b  2 i  2 j  3k  2 3 i  j  2k  8 i  k 
AC  OC  OA  c  a
If  is the angle between 2a  b, a  2 b then
AD  OD  OA  d  a
Now A, B, C, D are coplanar points.
cos  
 2a  b  .  a  2b 
 [AB AC AD] = 0 2a  b a  2b
 [b - a c  a d - a] = 0
 (b - a).{(c  a)x(d - a)} = 0
cos  
 7 i  3 j  4k  .  8 i  k 
 (b - a).{cxd - cxa - axd} = 0 2 2 2 2 2
7   3    4  8  1
 b.(cxd) - b.(cxa) - b.(axd)
7(8)  3(0)  4(1) 56  4 52
- a.(cxd) + a.(cxa) + a.(axd) = 0   
49  9  16 64  1 74 65 4810
 [b c d]  [ b c a]  [ b a d]
 52 
-[a c d]  [ a c a]  [a a d]  0    C os1  
 4810 
 [b c d]  [ a b c ]  [ a b d] 
3. Find the angles made by the straight line passing
[ c a d]  0  0  0
through the points (1, -3, 2) and (3, -5, 1) with
 [b c d]  [c a d]  [ a b d]  [ a b c ] . the coordinate axes.
A: Let O be the origin and A, B be the given two points.
∴ OA = i - 3 j + 2k, OB = 3 i - 5 j + k

AB  OB  OA

 2 i - 2j - k

Product of Vectors 78
First Year Maths - IA
6. Let e1, e2 be unit vectors making angle . If
| AB | 22 +(-2)2 +(-1)2
1 λθ
 4 +4+1 e1 - e 2 = sin then find .
= 3. 2
1 1
Unit vector along AB 
AB A: Given sin  = e1  e2   e1  e2 2
2 2
|AB |
1 2

2 i -2 j -k sin   e1  e22  2e1.e2
3 2
 Angles made by AB with X, Y, Z axes are 1 2
sin   e1  e22  2 e1 e2 cos 
2 2 1 2
Cos-1 , - Cos-1 ,  - Cos
-1
respectively..
3 3 3 1 2 2 1
sin   1  1  2.1.1.cos   2  2cos 
4. If P, Q, R, S are the points with position vectors , 2 2
i - k , - i + 2 j, 2 i - 3k and 3 i - 2 j - k 1 1 
 2 1  cos    4 sin2
respectively, then find the component of RS 2 2 2
on PQ.
A: Let O be the origin 1   1
 sin   . 2 sin  sin   sin   
 OP = i - k , OQ = - i + 2 j 2 2 2 2
OR = 2 i - 3k , OS = 3 i - 2 j - k
7. If a + b + c = 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 then
Now PQ = OQ - OP = -2 i + 2 j + k

RS = OS - OR = i - 2 j + 2k find the angle between a, b .

Component of RS on PQ A: Given that a  b  c  0  a  b   c

RS. PQ 2 2 2 2 2
  ab  c  a  b  2a.b  c
|PQ|
2 2 2
(-2)1+2(-2)+1(2)  a  b  2 a b cos   c
 -4

(-2)2 + 22 + 12 3  32  52  2.3.5 cos   72
 9  25  30 cos   49  30 cos   15
5. Find the angle between the planes 2x - 3y - 6z = 5
and 6x + 2y - 9z = 4 . 15 1
 cos    cos      600
A: Given planes are 2x - 3y - 6z = 5, 6x + 2y - 9z = 4 30 2
Let n1, n2 be the normals to the given planes then
8. Find the unit vector parallel to XOY plane and
n1  2 i  3 j  6k , n2  6 i  2 j  9k
If  is the angle between the planes then perpendicular to the vector 4 i - 3 j + k .

cos  
 2 i  3 j  6k  .  6 i  2 j  9k  A : Take the vector parallel to XOY - plane as x i  y j
The vector parallel to XOY - plane and perpendicular
4  9  36 36  4  81
to the vector 4 i  3 j  k is 3 i  4 j .
2(6)  3(2)  6( 9) 12  6  54
 cos    cos  
49 121 7(11) Now, 3 i  4 j  32  42  5 .

60  60  3i 4j
 cos      Cos1   Hence the required unit vector = 
77  77  5

Product of Vectors 79
First Year Maths - IA

9. If a = 2 i - j + k, b = i - 3 j - 5k , find the a x bb x c  0

 a x b b x c  0 a x b  c x b  0
vector c such that a,b and c form the sides
of a triangle.   a x c  x b  0  a x c is parallel to b
A: Given that a  2 i  j  k, b  i  3 j  5k i.e.,a  c  pb, where p is some scalar.

Since a,b and c are the sides of a triangle,

13.Find the area of the triangle having 3 i + 4 j
 a  b  c 0 c   a  b
and -5 i + 7 j as two of its sides.
 c   2 i  j  k  i  3 j  5k
A: Formula : Area of the triangle having a, b as its
s
 c   3 i  4 j  4k 1
sides is axb
2
10.Find the cartesian equation of the plane Let a  3 i  4 j and b   5 i  7 j
passing through the point (- 2, 1, 3) and
perpendicular to the vector 3 i + j + 5k .
i j k
axb 3 4 0
A: Let OA   2 i  j  3k and
5 7 0
OP  r  x i  y j  zk be any point P in the
= i  0  0   j  0  0   k  21  20   41k
plane,
 Required area =

 AP  OP  OA  x i  y j  zk   2 i  j  3k  1 1 1 41
a x b  41k  41 k  sq.units.
 (x  2) i  (y  1) j  (z  3) k 2 2 2 2
n  3i  j  5k
14.Find the value of  i - j j - k k - i  .

since AP  n AP  3i  j  5k 
  x  2 3   y  1 1  z  3 5  0 1 1 0
i  j j k k  i   0 1 1
3x  6  y  1 5z  15  0  3x  y  5z  10  0 A: 
1 0 1
= (1 + 0) + 1(0 - 1) + 0(0 + 1) = 1 - 1 = 0.
2p
11. If 4 i + j + pk is parallel to the vector
3
15. a = i - 2 j - 3k , b = 2 i + j - k , c = i + 3 j - 2k
i + 2 j + 3k then, find ‘p’.
4 2p / 3 p

Find the value of a . b x c . 
A: Given vectors are parallel so  
1 2 3
1 2 3
4 p
   p  12
1 3
 
A: a. b x c   a b c   2 1 1
1 3 2
= 1(- 2 + 3) + 2(- 4 + 1) - 3 ( 6 - 1)
12.If a x b=b x ≠
c 0, then show that = 1 - 6 - 15 = - 20.

a + c = pb , where p is some scalar..

A: Given that a x b  b x c

Product of Vectors 80
First Year Maths - IA
16.Show that the vectors
2 1 1
a = 2 i - j + k , b = i - 3 j - 5k , c = 3 i - 4 j - 4k  1 1 2 a b c   a b c 
are coplanar. 1 1 3
2 1 1
  2(3  2)  1(3  2)  1(1 1) a b c   a b c 
a b c   1  3  5
A: 
3 4 4  2  1 0      3 a b c   0 
= 2(12 - 20) + 1(- 4 + 15) +1 (- 4 + 9)
= - 16 + 11 + 5 = 0
20.Determine  if the volume of the
parallelopiped whose edges are
a b c   0  Given vectors are coplanar.
i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j - k .
A: The volume of the tetrahedron having edges
17.Find ‘t’ for which the vectors 2 i - 3 j + k ,
a, b, c is a b c  .
i + 2 j - 3k and j - tk are coplanar..
1 1 1
2 3 1
Here,  a b c   1 1 0
1 2 3  0
A: Given vectors are coplanar, so 1 2 1
0 1 t
= 1 (1 - 0) - 1(-1 - 0) + 1 (2 + 1)
 2(- 2t + 3) + 3(- t + 0) + 1 (1 - 0) = 0 =1+1+3
 - 4t + 6 - 3t + 1 = 0  - 7t + 7 = 0  t  1 =5

 Volume of the parallelopiped = 5 cubic units.

18.If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, then find
21.Find the equation of the plane passing through
 a + b b+c c + a  . (a, b, c) and parallel to the plane

A: Given that a, b, c are non-coplanar  

r. i + j + k = 2 .

 a b c   0 
A: Given plane equation if r . i  j  k  2 
  a  b bc c  a   
 x i  y j  zk . i  j  k  2 
1 1 0  xyz2
 0 1 1  a b c  Equation of the plane parallel to x + y + z = 2 is
x+y+z=k
1 0 1
But, this passes through the point (a, b, c)
 [1(1  0)  1(0  1)  0(0  1)] a b c  a+b+c=k
Hence, equation of the required plane is
 2 a b c  x + y + z = a + b + c.

19.Let a, b, c be non-coplanar vectors. If   

22.Prove that a x a x a x b  =  a . a  b x a . 
2 a - b + c, a +b - 2c a + b - 3c  λ
= a b c  A: Take a x a x  a x b  
then find ‘’.  a x  a . b  a   a . a  b 
 
A: a, b, c be non-coplanar   a b c   0  a x a a . b  a x b a . a
2a  b  c, a  b  2c a  b  3c  a b c  0  0  a x b a . a  b x a a . a
Product of Vectors 81
First Year Maths - IA

23.If a, b, c and d are vectors such that 2. Find the vector of magnitude 3 and
perpendicular to both the vectors
a x b = c x d and a x c = b x d , then show
b = 2 i - 2 j + k and c = 2 i + 2 j + 3k .
that the vectors a - d and b - c are parallel.
i j k
A: Given that a x b  c x d and a x c  b x d A: b x c  2 2 1
2 2 3
a x b a x c c x db x d
 i  6  2   j  6  2   k  4  4 
   
a x bc  c  b x d
 8 i  4 j  8k
 a x b  c    b  c  x d Vectors of magnitude 3 and perpendicular to b and c
 a x b  c   d x b  c  
 3 bxc 
= .
 a x b  c   d x b  c   0 bxc

  a  d x  b  c   0 

 3 8 i  4 j  8k 
64  16  64
  a  d  and  b  c  are parallel.


 3 8 i  4 j  8k 
144
LEVEL - II (SAQ) 
 3 8 i  4 j  8k 
1. In a parallelogram, prove that the sum of the 
squares of the lengths of the diagonals is 12
equal to sum of the squares of the lengths of
its sides. 

 4 2 i  j  2k 
4

  2 i  j  2k 
A: 3. Prove that

b x c  .  a x d  +  c x a  . b x d  +  a x b  .  c x d  = 0.
A: L.H.S

Let ABCD be the parallelogram with

  
= b x c . a x d + c x a. b x d + a x b . c x d     
AB = b, AD  a b.a b. d c .b c . d a.c a. d
=  
Now the diagonals are c .a c . d a.b a. d b.c b. d
AC = a  b, BD  a - b
    
 b .a c . d  b . d  c .a   c .b a. d    
 Sum of the squares of lengths of the diagonals
2
= |a b| +|a-b|
2  a.b  c . d    a.c   b. d    a. d  b.c 
2 2 2 2 = 0.
= | a | + | b | + 2 a .b + | a | + | b | - 2 a .b
2 2 2 2
= |a| +|b| +|a| +|b|
= AD2 + AB2 + BC2 + CD2
= sum of the squares of the lengths of its sides.

Product of Vectors 82
First Year Maths - IA
4. In ABC, prove that the length of the median
C3  C3 + C1  [ i j k] = 1
1 1/2
through the vertex A is
2
2b2  2c 2  a2   .
1 0 0
 x 1 1
y x 1+ x
C3  C 3 - C 2

1 0 0
 x 1 0
y x 1
A: Let ABC be the given triangle and D be the
midpoint on BC. Taking A as origin, = 1.
which is independent of both x and y.
AB  AC
AD 
2 6. Find the equation of the plane passing
 2AD  AB  AC squaring on both sides. through the point a = 2 i + 3 j - k and
2 2 2 perpendicular to the vector 3 i - 2 j - 2k
 4 AD  AB  AC  2AB . AC
and the distance of this plane from the

 AB, AC  A  origin.
2 2 A: Let b  3 i  2 j  2k Equation of the plane
 AB  AC  2 AB AC cos A
passing through the point a and
2
 4 AD  c 2  b2  2cb cos A perpendicular to the vector b is

by cosine rule,
 r  a . n  0
2bc cos A  b2  c 2  a2    
 r . 3 i  2 j  2k  2 i  3 j  k . 3 i  2 j  2k 
2 2 2 2
= c b  b c a2
  
 r . 3 i  2 j  2k  6  6  2

 2b2  2c 2  a2 
 r . 3 i  2 j  2k  2 
2 1
 AD 
4

2b2  2c 2  a2  b  3 i  2 j  2k

 9  4  4  17
1
 AD  2b2  2c 2  a2 .
2
r.
 3 i  2 j  2k  =
2
17 17
5. Let a = i - k , b = x i + j + (1 - x) k and
Now, it is in the form r . nˆ  p .
c = y i + x j + 1+ x - y  k . Prove that the  Perpendicular distance from the origin to
scalar triple product [a b c] is independent 2
the plane is p = .
of both x and y. 17

1 0 -1
A: [a b c]  x 1 1- x [ i j k]
y x 1+ x - y

Product of Vectors 83
First Year Maths - IA
7. a, b, c and d are the position vectors of 9. For any four vectors a, b, c and d
four coplanar points such that
a.c a.d
 a - d  . b - c  =  b - d  .  c - a  = 0 . Show a 
x b . cxd =  b.c b.d
and in

that the point d represents the 2

particular a x b   = a2 b2- a .b .  
orthocentre of the triangle with a, b and
c as its vertices. A: a 
x b . cxd 

A: Let A(a), B(b), C(c), D(d)

= a. b x c x d   
 OA  a, OB  b, OC  c OD  d 
= a .  b. d c  b .c d    
Given  a  d .  b  c   0  a . c  b . d  a . d     b . c 
 ad  b  c a.c a.d

b.c b.d
 OA  OD  OB  OC
In the above formula if then c  a, and d  b then
 DA  CB
 DA is the altitude through A of ABC a.a a.b
a 
x b . a x b   b.a b.b
b  d .  c a0

= a . a b . b  a . b    2

 bd c a
2
 OB  OD  OC  OA  a2 b 2  a . b . 
 DB  AC
10.Show that
 DB is the altitude through B of ABC
 
i x a x i + j x a x j + k x k x a = 2a for   
D is the orthocentre of ABC.
any vector a .
8. For any vector a, show that   
A: i x a x i  i . i a  i . a i  a     i.ai
2 2 2 2
a x i + a x j + a xk =2a .

j x a x j  a   j. a  j
A: Let a  x i  y j  z k
 
k x a x k  a  k. a k  
Then a x i   yk  z j
2  
ix a x i  j x a x j  kx a xk    
 a x i  y2  z2
2

 3 a   i . a i    j . a  j   k . a  k 
2 2
Similarly a x j  z  x and
= 3 a  a  2a .
2
a xk  x2  y2  a  x i  y j  z k  x  i . a , y  a . j, z  a . k 
2 2 2 2

 a x i  a x j  a x k  2 x2  y2  z2  2 a  .

Product of Vectors 84
First Year Maths - IA
13. For any three vectors a, b, c
11. Let a, b and c be unit vectors such that b is

1 prove that [ bxc cxa axb ] = [ a b c ]2 .


not parallel to c and a x b x c = b . Find
2

A: [ bxc cxa axb]
the angles made by a with each of b and c .
= ( bxc) .{ (cxa) x (axb) }
1
A:
2
 
b  a x b x c  a . c  b  a . b c   = ( bxc) .{ [ c a b ] a - [ c a a] b }

Since b and c are non collinear vectors, equating  ( axb) x (cxd)  [a b d]c  [a b c ] d
corresponding coefficients on both sides, = ( bxc) .{ [ a b c ] a - 0 }
1
a.c  and a . b  0 .  [c a b ]  [a b c ]
2
 = ( bxc) . [ a b c ] a
 a makes angle with c and is perpendicular
3 = [ a b c ] {( bxc) . a}
to b . = [ a b c ] [b c a]
=[a b c] [a b c]
2
12.Let a = 2 i + j - 2k , b = i - j . If c is a vector =[a b c] .

such that a . c = c , c - a = 2 2 and the

angle between a x b and c is 300, then

LEVEL - II (LAQ)
1. Find the vector equation of the plane
find the value of a x b x c . passing through the intersection of the
A. Given a  2 i  j  2k , b  i  j , a . c  c 
planes r. i + j + k = 6 and 
and c  a  2 2
 
r. 2 i + 3 j + 4k = - 5 and the point (1, 1, 1).
Squaring on both sides,
c
2
 a
2
 2c . a  8 
A: Given planes are r . i  j  k  6 
c
2
+ 9 - 2 c - 8 = 0. 
r . 2 i  3 j  4k   5 
c
2
2 c  1 0 Where n1  i  j  k, n2  2 i  3 j  4k ,
d1 = 6, & d2 = - 5
2
c  1  0 The intersection of these two planes is

c  1 0 r .  n1   n2   d1  d2

 c = 1.    
 r.  i  j  k   2 i  3 j  4k   6  ( 5)

r .  i 1  2   j 1  3   k 1  4    6  5  
i j k
a x b  2 1 2  2 i  2 j  k Let r  x i  y j  zk on substituting
1 1 0
 
 x i  y j  zk .  i 1  2   j 1  3   k 1  4   6  5

Now a x b x c  a x b . c sin 30 0
 x 1  2   y 1  3   z 1  4   6  5
 1
= 4  4  1 (1)     x  y  z  6     2x  3y  4z  5   0  
2
3
= .
2
Product of Vectors 85
First Year Maths - IA
Since this plane passes through the point(1, 1, 1),  The angle between the line and the plane is
it should satisfy equation  8
(1+1+1-6) +  (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 0   sin1   .
(- 3) + 14= 0  21 

3 3. Prove that the vector equation of the plane

  Substituting  value in 
14 containing three noncollinear points having
position vectors a,b, c is
  3  9   6  15
r .  i 1    j 1    k 1    6   r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b  = [a b c] .
  7  14   7  14
A: Let O be any origin and A, B, C be the given three
10 23 13  69 points with position vectors a, b, c respectively..
r.  i j k 
7 14 7  14
 OA = a, OB = b, OC = c

r . 20 i  23 j  26k  69  Let P be any point on the plane with position vector r .
Required vector equation of a plane is


r . 20 i  23 j  26k  69 . 
2. Find the angle between the line
x +1 y z - 3
= = and the plane
2 3 6 Now AP, AB, AC are coplanar vectors.
10x + 2y - 11z = 3.  [ AP AB AC ] = 0

A: Let  be the angle between the given line and the  AP. ( AB  AC) = 0
normal to the plane.  (OP  OA ).{ ( OB  OA) x ( OC  OA)} = 0
x 1 y z  3
   (r - a).{(b - a)x (c - a)} = 0
2 3 6
Convert into vector form  (r - a).{b x c - b x a - a x c + a x a } = 0
 

r   i  3k   2 i  3 j  6k and   (r - a).{b x c + a x b + c x a } = 0

r . 10 i  2 j  11k   3 a x a = 0
 (r - a).{b x c + c x a  a x b } = 0

Let b  2 i  3 j  6k and n  10 i  2 j  11k   r.{b x c + c x a  a x b }
angle between the line and the plane is
 a .( b x c )  a .( c x a )  a .( a x b ) = 0
b.n
sin    r.{b x c + c x a  a x b }  [a b c ] = 0
b.n
 r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b  = [a b c]

 2 i  3 j  6k  . 10 i  2 j  11k  Hence, the required vector equation of the plane
4  9  36 100  4  121
containing three non-collinear points a, b, c is
 r b c  +  r c a  +  r a b  = [a b c] .
20  6  66 8
= 
7 x 15 21

8
   Sin1  
 21
Product of Vectors 86
First Year Maths - IA

4. If a, b, c are three non zero vectors such that no two OG = i + j + k , AE = - i + j + k

of them are collinear, then prove that [a b c] = 0 if BF = i - j + k , CD = i + j - k
and only if a, b and c are coplanar..
Let  i + m j + nk be the unit vector which makes
A: Suppose a, b, c are coplanar vectors.
angles  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 with OG, AE, BF, CD
Since a x b is a vector perpendicular to the respectively.
plane determ ined by a and b , so it is also
perpendicular to c .  cos1 =
  i + m j + nk  . i + j + k  =  + m + n
 2 + m2 + n2 3 3
 (a x b) . c = 0

 [a b c] = 0 -  + m+n  - m+n
Similarly cos2 = , cos3 = ,
Conversely suppose that [a b c] = 0
3 3

 (a x b) . c = 0
 +m- n
cos4 = .
3
 a x b is perpendicular to c
Now cos21 + cos22 + cos23 + cos24.
But a x b is a vector perpendicular to a and b
2 2
 a x b is perpendicular to a, b and c   +m+n  -  +m+n
   
 a, b, c are coplanar vectors.  3   3 
2 2
  -m+n   +m -n
5. A line makes angles 1, 2, 3 and 4 with the    
diagonals of a cube. Show that cos21 + cos22  3   3 

4 1
+ cos23 + cos24 = . = [{( + m) + n}2 + {( + m) - n}2 + (n + ( - m)}2 +
3 3
{n- (l - m)}2]
1
= [2{( + m)2 + n2} + 2{n2 + ( - m)2})
3
2
= [( + m)2 + ( - m)2 + 2n2]
3
2 4
= [2(2 + m 2 + n2)] = (2 + m 2 + n2)
3 3
4 4
= (1) = .
3 3
A: Let OABCDEFG be the unit
cube as shown in the figure
6. If a , b, c are non zero vectors, then prove
OA = i, OB = j, OC = k that

OD = i + j,OE = j + k,  a x b  .c = a b c  a .b =b.c =c .a =0
OF = i + k,OG = i + j + k
The four diagonals are
A: Now  a x b .c = a b c
OG, AE, BF, CD.
 a x b c cos a x b,c = a b c 
Product of Vectors 87
First Year Maths - IA
c1  c2
 
 a b sin a , b c cos a x b,c = a b c  
1 a a2 1 a a2
 
 sin a , b cos a x b,c = 1  
1 b b2 + abc 1 b b2
 (-1)2 =0
 
 sin a , b = 1 and cos a x b,c = 1   1 c c2 1 c c2

 
 a , b  900 and a x b,c = 00   1 a a2
  0
 
 a , b = 90 and a ,c = 90 and b ,c = 90 0
  0


1 b b2
(1+abc) = 0
 a. b  b. c  c. a = 0 . 1 c c2

 1 + abc = 0 from (1)

7. If A =(1, a, a2), B =(1, b, b2), C =(1, c, c2) are  abc = -1.

a a2 1+a3
b b2 1+b3 ********
noncoplanar vectors and =0,
c c2 1+c3
show that abc = -1.
A: Given that A, B, C are non-coplanar vectors
 [ A B C]  0

1 a a2
1 b b2
 0 .............. (1)
1 c c2

a a2 1+a3
b b2 1+b3
Given =0
c c 2 1+c 3

a a2 1 a a2 a3
b b2 1  b b2 b3
 =0
c c2 1 c c2 c3

c2  c 3

a 1 a2 1 a a2
b 1 b2 + abc 1 b b2
 (-1) =0
c 1 c2 1 c c2

Product of Vectors 88
First Year Maths - IA

6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO

TRANSFORMATIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
π
7. 10 = 180 radians = 0.01745 radians.
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
1 radian = 1c = 57.2960 approximately.
1. In a right angled triangle ABC,
opp COMPOUND ANGLES
Opp. side to θ hypo
sin  = hypotenuse
 1. sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
adj sin (A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB
cos  = adjacent side to θ
hypotenuse cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
opp. side cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
sin θ
tan  = adj. side = cos θ
ta n A + ta n B
2. tan(A+B) =
1 = cos θ
cot  = tan 1 - ta n A ta n B
θ sin θ
1 tanA - tanB
sec  = cos θ tan (A- B) =
1 + tanA tanB
cosec  = sin1 θ
cotA cotB - 1
cot (A+B) =
2. Trigonometric identities cotB + cotA
sin2 + cos2 = 1
sec2 - tan2 = 1 cotA cotB + 1
cosec2 - cot2 = 1 cot (A-B) =
cotB - cotA
3. All silver tea cups 3. tan(A+B+C) =
4. For the angles 00 , 1800 + , 3600 + , there is tanA + tanB + tanC - tanA tanB tanC
no change in the tri. ratios. For the angles 900 + ,
2700 + , tri. ratios change as follows : 1- tanA tanB - tanB tanC - tanC tanA
sin becomes cos cot becomes tan
cos becomes sin sec becomes cosec π  1+ tanA cosA + sinA
4. tan  + A = =
tan becomes cot cosec becomes sec 4  1- tanA cosA - sinA
5. Trigonometric ratios for standard angles:
 π  1- tanA cosA - sinA
tan  - A = =
Angle 00
30 0
450
60 0
90 0  4  1+ tanA cosA + sinA

    3 -1
Tri 0
Function
6 4 3 2
5. sin 150 = = cos 750
2 2
3 +1
sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 cos 150 = = sin 750
2 2
cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 tan 150 = 2-3 = cot 750
cot 150 = 2 + 3 = Tan 750
tan 0 1/ 3 1 3 undefined
sec 150 = 6 - 2 = cosec 750
6. If are complementary angles then + = 900 cosec 150 = 6 + 2 = sec 750
If , are supplementary angles then + = 1800
For a quadrilateral ABCD, A + B+ C + D = 3600. 6. sin (A+B) sin (A-B) = sin2A - sin2B = cos2 B - cos2A
For a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, A + C =
180 0 , B + D = 180 0 cos (A+B) cos (A-B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2 A
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 89
First Year Maths - IA

10 - 2 5 0
MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES sin 360 = =cos 54
4
2tanA 5 +1
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2 cos 360 = = sin 540
1+ tan A 4

cos 2 A = Cos2A-sin2A = 2cos2 A -1 10 + 2 5

cos 180 = = sin 720
4
2
1 - ta n A
= 1-2sin2A = 2 TRANSFORMATIONS
1 + tan A

2tanA C+D C-D

tan 2A = 2 1. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
1- tan A 2 2

2 C+D C-D
cot A - 1 sin C - sin D = 2 cos sin
cot 2 A = 2 2
2 cot A
C+D C-D
2. sin 3 A = 3sin A - 4sin3A cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
cos 3 A = 4cos3A - 3 cos A
3 C+D C-D
3 tan A - tan A sin
tan 3 A = cos C - cos D = - 2 sin if C > D
2 2 2
1- 3 tan A
C+D D-C
A = 2 sin sin if D > C
2 Tan 2 2
A A 2
3. sin A = 2 sin cos = 2 A
2 2 1 + Tan 2. 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+B) + sin (A-B)
2 2 cos A sin B = sin (A+B) - sin (A-B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A+B) + cos (A-B)
A A A 2 sin A sin B = cos (A-B) - cos (A+B)
cos A = cos2 - sin2 = 2cos2 -1
2 2 2
3. componendo and dividendo :
2 A
1 - tan a c a+b c +d
A 2 b = d  a-b  c -d
= 1 - 2 sin2 =
2 2 A
1 + tan
2 PERIODICITY AND EXTREME VALUES
A
2 tan
2
tan A = 1. If f(x + p) = f(x)  x domain of f, then f is called
2 A
1 - tan a periodic function. The least positive real
2
number p is called period of f.
4. 1 - cos 2A = 2 sin2 A
2. Period of sin x or cos x or sec x or cosec x is 2.
1 + cos 2A = 2cos2 A
Period of tan x or cot x is .
2π
A 3. Period of sin ax = .
2
5. 1 - cos A = 2sin |a|
2
A π
1 + cos A = 2cos2 Period of tan ax =
2 |a|
5 -1 0
6. sin 180 = =cos72
4
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 90
First Year Maths - IA
4. For the function f(x) = a cos x + b sin x,  -  
A: Table for y = tan x in  ,  .
i) minimum value is - a 2 + b 2  2 2
- -  
ii) maximum value is 2 2 x 0
a +b 2 4 4 2
 2 2 2 2 
iii) range is  - a + b , a + b y = tanx undefined -1 0 1 undefined
 
5. For the function f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c, range
c- 2 2
a +b , c + a +b
2 2 
of f is   .

LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
1. Eliminate ‘’ from x = a cos3, y = b sin3.

A: Given: x = a cos3, y = b sin3.

4. Draw the graph of y = sin 2x in [-, ].
x y
  cos3 θ,  sin3 θ A: Table for y = sin 2x in [-, ]
a b       
2/3 2/3
x - 0 
x y 4 2 4 4 2 4
2
   cos θ,    sin2 θ
a b y = sin2x 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
2/3 2/3
x y
     cos2 θ  sin2 θ  1
a b
2/3 2/3
x y
     1.
a b

2. Eliminate  from
x = a (sec  + tan ) y = b (sec - tan ).
A: Given that
sec  + tan  = x/a, sec  + tan  = y/b 5.Draw the graph of y = cos2x in (0, ).
A:
(sec  + tan ) (sec  - tan ) = (x/a) (y/b)
sec2  - tan2  = xy/ab  1 = xy/ab

 xy  ab .

2(a). Eliminate  from x = a cos4 y = b sin4  .

x y
Ans: + =1
a b

 -  
3. Draw the graph of y = tan x in  ,  .
 2 2

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 91

First Year Maths - IA
1 9. Prove that
6. If sin =  and  does not lie in the
3 π 3π 5π 7π 9π
3rd quadrant, find the value of cos. cot cot cot cos cot =1.
20 20 20 20 20

 1800
A:   90
20 20
π π3 π5 π7 π9
Now cot cot cot cos cot
20 20 20 20 20
1 = cot 90 cot 270 cot 450 cot 630 cot 810
Here sin =  and  3
3 = cot 90 cot 270 (1) cot (900 - 270) cot (900 - 90)
so  4
= cot 90 cot 270 tan 270 tan 90
adjacent side to θ
From the figure, cos θ  . = (tan 90 cot 90) (tan 270 cot 270)
hypotenuse
= (1) (1)
2 2
 . = 1.
3
7. If cos = t (0 < t < 1) and  doesnot lie in the 10.If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic
first quadrant, find the values of sin and quadrilateral, prove that
tan. cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0.
A. Given cos = t, (0 < t < 1) and  Q1 A: Given that A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic
so  Q4 quadrilateral,
A + C = 1800  C = 1800 - A
B + D = 1800 D = 1800 - B
From the figure, Now cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D
= cos A + cos B + cos (1800 - A) + cos (180o - B)
2
 1 t
sin     1  t2  cosA + cosB - cosA - cosB
1
= 0.
 1  t2
tan   .
t 11. If 3sin + 4cos = 5, then find the value of
4sin - 3cos.
4 A: Given 3sin + 4cos = 5  (1)
8. If sin = and  is not in the first quadrant, take 4sin - 3cos = k  (2)
5
Now, (1)2 + (2)2
find the value of cos.
 9 sin2 θ  16 cos2 θ  24 sinθ cos θ  16 sin2 θ
4
A. sin = and  Q1
5 9cos2 θ  24 sinθcos θ  25  k 2
So  Q2
   
 9 sin2 θ  cos2 θ  16 sin2 θ  cos2 θ  25  k2

 9  16  25  k 2  0  k  0
From the figure
12.If cos  + sin  = 2 cos , prove that
cos  - sin  = 2 sin 
3
cos   . A: Now cos + sin = 2 cos 
5
 sin = ( 2 - 1) cos 
multiplying both sides by 2 + 1,
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 92
First Year Maths - IA

( 2 + 1) sin = ( 2 - 1) ( 2 + 1) cos  = sin600 cos250 + cos600 sin250

 2 sin  + sin  = cos  = sin (600+250) = sin 850.
 2 sin  = cos sin  16. What is the value of
 cos - sin = 2 sin . tan200 + tan400 + 3tan200 tan400 .
13. If a cos - b sin c then show that A: Take tan 600 = tan (200 + 400)
a sin + b cos  ± a2 + b2 - c2 . tan 200  tan 400
A : Given a cos - b sin c ------ (1) tan 600 =
1  tan 200 tan 400
Let a sin + b cos k ------- (2)
tan 200  tan 400
Squaring and adding (1) and (2) then we get  3
1  tan 200 tan 400
a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 ab sin cos
a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 ab sin cosc2 +k 2  3(1  tan 200.tan 400 )  tan 200  tan 400
 3  3 tan 200.tan 400  tan200  tan 400
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a (cos + sin b (cos + sin c +k
a2 b2 c2 +k2  tan200  tan 400  3 tan200.tan 400  3
a2 b2 - c2 = k2
2 2 2
 k   a  b  c .
17.What is the value of tan560 - tan 110 - tan560 tan110.

14. Find the value of A: Take tan 450 = tan(560 - 110).

π 4π 6π 9π
sin2 + sin2 + sin2 + sin2 . tan 56 0  tan110
10 10 10 10  1
1  tan 56 0 tan110
2 π 4π 6π 9π
A: sin  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  1  tan 56 0 tan110  tan 56 0  tan110 .
10 10 10 10
π 2  6π  6π  π  tan 56 0  tan110  tan 56 0 tan110  1
= sin  sin2  π    sin2  sin2  π  
10  10  10  10 
18.Find the period of the function
2 π 6π 6π π  4x + 9 
 sin  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2 f(x) = cos 
10 10 10 10 .
 5 
 2 π 2 6π   2 π 2  π π  4 9
 2  sin
10
 sin
10   2  sin 10  sin  2  10   A: f(x) = cos  x + 
     5 5
 π π  2
 2  sin 2  cos 2  Period of f(x) =
10 10   2(1)  2 . (4 / 5)
 
5
 .
14(a)Show that 2
π 2π 3π 4π
cos2 +cos2 +cos2 +cos2 =2 . 19.Find the period of
10 10 10 10 tan (x + 4x + 9x + .............+ n2x).
A: tan (x + 4x + 9x + .............+ n2x)
15.Express 3cos250 + sin250 as a sine angle. = tan (12 + 22 + 32 +.............n2)x
2  n  n  1 2n  1 
3 cos 25  sin 250
0
= tan  6
x
A:  
2

=
3 1
cos 250  sin 250 Period of tan ax is
2 2 a

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 93

First Year Maths - IA

 n  n  1 2n  1  2π 2
 Period of tan 
   a  3π  a  3π
x a 3
 6   The required sine function is sin (3)x.
π 6π = ± sin3x.
is 
n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1 2n  1 .
5sinx + 3cosx
6 25. Find the period of .
4sin2x + 5cosx
20.Find the period of the function A: Period of sinx = 2, Period of cosx = 2.
x x 2π
f(x)= 2sin + 3cos .  π , Period of cosx = 2.
4 3 Period of sin2x =
2
x x Period of the given function
A: Given function is f(x)
= 2sin + 3cos
4 3 = L.C.M. of {2, } = 2.
 
 2π 2π  26.Find the period of cos4x.
Period of f(x) = LCM of  , 
A: Let f(x) = cos4x
π π
 4 3  Now, f( + x) = cos4 ( + x)
= LCM of {8, 6} = (- cos x)4 = cos4 x = f(x).
= 24.
If f(p + x) = f(x) then ‘p’ is the period of
21. Find the period of f(x) = sin(5x + 3).
f(x) where ‘p’ is least.
2π
4
A: Period sin (ax + b) is a Period of cos x is .
2π 27. If sec + tan = 5 find the quadrant in which
 Period of sin(5x + 3) is
5  lies and find the value of sin.
22. Find the period of f(x) = | sin x |. A: Given that sec + tan = 5..............(1)
A: Given f(x) = |sin x| We have sec2  - tan2  = 1
 (sec + tan)(sec - tan) = 1
f( + x) = |sin ( + x)| = | - sin x| = sin x = f(x) 1
Hence, period of |sin x| is . sec - tan = ..................(2)
5
1
23. Find a cosine function whose period is 7. (1)  (2)  sec θ  tan θ  sec θ  tanθ  5 
A: Take a cosine function as ‘cos ax’. 5
Now, period of cos ax is 7 26 13
 2 sec θ   sec θ 
2π 2π 2π 5 5
  7 a   a
a 7 7 1
(1)  (2)  sec θ  tanθ  sec θ  tanθ  5 
 The required cosine function is 5
24 12
 2π   2π   2 tan θ   tan θ 
cos   5 5
7  x  cos  7  x .
   
since, sec > 0, tan  >   lies in I quadrant.
24.Find a sine function whose period is 2/3.
tan θ 12 / 5 12
A: Take a sine function as ‘sin ax’.
Now,   .
sec θ 13 / 5 13
2 12
Now, period of sin ax is  sin = .
3 13

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 94

First Year Maths - IA
28.Find the maximum and minimum values of
f(x) = 3sinx - 4 cosx. Minimum value = c  a2  b2
A: f(x) = 3sinx - 4 cosx
  4  196   4  14   18
Maximum of f(x)  a2  b 2  Range of f(x) = [ -18, 10].
32.Find the extreme values of cos2x + cos2x.
 9  16  5 .
A. We know that extreme values of cos2x are 0, 1.
Minimum of f(x)   a2  b 2 = - 5. Now cos2x + cos2x
= 2cos2x - 1 + cos2x
29.Find the maximum and minimum values of = 3cos2x - 1.
f(x) = 7 cos x - 24 sin x + 5. Extreme values of 3cos2x - 1 are
A: Given f(x) = 7 cos x - 24 sin x + 5. = 3(0) -1, 3(1) - 1.
= -1, 2.
Compare with a cos x  b sin x  c then we get
a = 7, b = - 24, c = 5. 1o 1o
Maximum value = 33.Simplify: sin2 52 - sin2 22 .
2 2
c  a2  b2  5  72  ( 24)2 1
o
1
o
A: sin2 52 - sin2 22
2 2
 5  49  576  5  625  5  25  30
Minimum value =  1o o
1   1
o o
1 
= sin  52 + 22  sin  52 - 22 
 2 2   2 2 
c  a2  b2  5  72  ( 24)2 

 5  49  576  5  625  5  25  20 . (  sin2 A - sin2 B = sin ( A + B) sin(A - B))

= sin 75o. sin 30o
30.Find the maximum and minimum values of
 3 + 1  1 
 π  π =
f(x) = cos  x +  + 2 2sin  x +  - 3.  2 2   2 
 3   3  

A: Maximum value of f(x) = c + a2 + b2 3 +1

= .
4 2
2
= - 3 + 12 + 2 2 o o
1 1
= - 3 + 1+ 8 34. Evaluate cos2 112 - sin2 52 .
2 2
=-3+3
1o 1o
= 0. A: cos 2 112 - sin 2 52
2 2 2 2
Minimum value of f(x) = c - a + b o o
 1 1   1o 1o 
=-3-3 = cos  112 + 52  cos  112 - 52 
 2 2   2 2 
= - 6.  
( cos2A - sin2 B = cos(A + B) cos (A - B))
31. Find the range of 13 cosx + 3 3sinx - 4 .
= cos 165o cos 60o
A: Let f(x) = 13 cos x  3 3 sin x  4
 3 + 1 1 
Compare with a cos x  b sin x  c then we get =- 
 2 2   2  (cos 165 = cos (180 - 15 )
o o o

 
a = 13, b = 3 3 , c = 4. = - cos 15o)
Maximum value = c  a2  b2  3 +1
=- 
 4 2  .
 
  4  (13)2  (3 3 )2   4  169  27

  4  196   4  14  10

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 95

First Year Maths - IA
π A π A
35. Evaluate sin2  +  - sin2  -  . cos 90  sin 90
8 2 8 2 39.Prove that 0 0
 cot 360 .
cos 9  sin 9
2 π A π A
A: Take sin     sin2   
8 2 8 2 cos 90  sin90
A: Now .
π A π A π A π A cos90  sin90
 sin     sin   
8 2 8 2   8 2 8 2 
 cos 90  sin90 
π 1  
 sin sin A  sin A cos90
4 2  
 cos90  sin90 
 
36. If sin + cosec = 2, find the value of  cos90 
sinn + cosecn, n  Z.
A: Given that sin + cosec = 2 1  tan90
1 
 sin α   2  sin2 α  1  2 sin α 1  tan 90
sin α
tan 450  tan90
sin2- 2sin + 1 = 0 
1  tan 450 tan90
(sin2 1)2 = 0 sin = 1 cosec = 1
 sinn x + cosecn = (1)n + (1)n = 2 .

 tan 450  90 
= tan 540.
37. If tan2= (1 - e2), show that = tan (900 - 360)
= cot 360.
sec + tan3 . cosec = (2 - e2)3/2.
A: LHS = sec + tan3 . cosec
cos110 + sin110
40. If tanθ = , and  is not in third

 sec θ 1  tan2 θ  cos110 - sin110
quadrant, find .
 1  tan2 θ 1  tan2 θ   A: Given that tan θ 
cos 110  sin 110
3/2 cos 110  sin 110

 1  tan2 θ  cos110 sin110

0 0 1  tan110
3/2  tan   cos110 cos110 

 1  1  32  cos11

sin11 1  tan110
0 0
3/2
cos11 cos11

 2  e2   RHS .
 tan(450  110 )

38.Prove that tan700 - tan200 = 2tan500.  tan560

tan  tan 560    560   Q1.
A. Clearly 700 - 200 = 500.

 tan 700  200  tan500  41. If sin α = cos α , show that a sin2 + bcos2 = b.
a b
tan700  tan200 α cos α 1
 0 0
 tan500 A: Let sin
 =
1  tan70 tan20 a b k
tan700  tan 200  a = k sin  b = k cos 
  tan500 Now a sin2 + b cos 2
 0
1  tan 90  20 tan 20 0
 0
= (k sin ) sin 2 + (k cos ) cos 2
= k [ cos2 cos + sin 2 sin]
tan700  tan200
  tan500 = k cos (2 - )
1  cot 200 tan200 = k cos
tan700 - tan200 = 2tan500. = b.

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 96

First Year Maths - IA
b 3+ 5
42.If tan = , then prove that acos2 + bsin2 = a. 45.Prove that cos480 cos 120 = .
a 8
sin  b
A. Given :  1
cos  a A. cos480 cos 120 = (2cos480 cos 120)
2
sin  cos 
  1
b a =
2
  
cos 480  120  cos 480  120  
sin  cos  1
Let   . 1
b a k = cos 600  cos360 
 a = kcos, b = ksin 2
Now acos2 + bsin2
= k cos cos2 + ksin sin2 1 1 5  1
= k[cos2 cos + sin2 sin = 2 2  4 
 
= k cos(2 - )
= k cos 1  2  5  1
= a. = 2 
 4 
π
43. If 0θ
< < , show that 3 5
8 = .
8
θ  
θ
2 + 2 + 2 + 2cos4 = 2cos   .
2 46.Prove that sin500 - sin700 + sin100 = 0.

A: Take 2  2  2  2cos 4θ A. sin500 - sin700 + sin100

 500  700   500  700  0
 2  2  2 1  cos 4   2  2  2.2cos 2 2 = 2cos   sin    sin10
 2   2 
= 2cos600 sin (-100) + sin100
 2  2  2cos 2  2  2 1  cos2 
 1
 0
= 2    sin10  sin10
2
0

 2  2.2cos2   2  2cos  2  1  cos 
= - sin 100 + sin100.
  = 0.
 2.2cos2  2cos .
2 2

47.Prove that 4 cos660 + sin84 0 = 3 + 15 . 
0 0
A: LHS = 4[cos 66 + sin 84 ]
44.Prove that cos550 + cos650 + cos 1750 = 0.
A: cos650 + cos550 + cos 1750  4 cos 660  sin(900  60 

 4 cos 660  cos 60 

 650  550   650  550  0
 2cos   cos    cos175
 2   2   660  60   660  6 0 
 4.2 cos   cos  
2 2
 2cos 600 cos50  cos 1800  50      
1  cos C  cosD 
 2. .cos50  cos50  cos50  cos50  0  
2
  2cos  C  D  cos  C  D  
  2   2 
   

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 97

First Year Maths - IA
 640  40   640  40 
 720   600   sin340  2 sin   sin  
 8 cos   cos    2   2 
 2   2  = sin 340 - 2sin340 sin 300
 8 cos 360.cos 300  1
= sin340 - 2sin 340  
2
 5  1 3 = sin340 - sin340 .
 8 . = 0.
 4  2
-4
  5 1  3 51.If 1800 <  < 2700 and sin  =
5
, calculate

θ θ
 15  3  RHS . sin and cos .
2 2
1
48.Show that cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400 = .
2
A: We know that cosA cosB + sinAsinB = cos(A - B).
 cos1000 cos400 + sin1000 sin400
= cos (1000 - 400)
= cos600
1
= . A: 1800 <  < 2700
2
θ
0 0 0  900   1350
49.Show that cos42 + cos78 + cos162 = 0. 2
Now cos cos420 + cos780 + cos1620 θ
  Q2
2
= cos 780 + cos 420 + cos 1620
θ 1  cos θ
 780  420   780  420  sin 
= 2cos   cos   2 2
 2   2 
 3 

 cos 1800  180  
1
5 
8

2
.
5(2) 5
 2 cos 600 cos180  cos180 2
0

( cos 180  θ   cos θ )  cos
θ

1  cos θ
2 2
 1
 2   cos180  cos180
 2
1
 3  2 1
0 0 5   .
= cos18  cos18 = 0.  5(2) 5
2
50. Find the value of sin 340 + cos 640 - cos40. 3 π
52.If sin = , where  α  π evaluate
A: Now sin340 + (cos640 - cos40) 5 2
cos3 and sin2
 cosC - cosD =
CD CD A:
2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
3
sin α  and  Q2.
5
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 98
First Year Maths - IA

4 1 3 
cos= . 4  cos10o  sin10o 
5 2 2
  o

Now cos3 = 4 cos3 - 3cos . sin 20
3
 4   4  4 sin30o cos10o  cos30o sin10o 
 4   3    
5
   5  sin20o
4  64  12 4 sin(30 o  10 o )
  
125 5 sin 20 o
= 4.
256  300

125
44 55.Prove that 3 cosec 200 - sec 200 = 4 .
 .
125 A. 3 cosec 200  sec 200
sin2 = 2sin cos
3 1
 3   4  = 
 2   sin 20 0
cos200
 5  5 
24 3 cos200  sin200
 . =
25 sin200 cos 200

53. If tan 20 o = , prove that  3 1 

4 cos 200  sin 200 
tan 160o - tan 110o 1- λ 2 =  2 2 
= . 2sin 20 cos 200
0
1+ tan 1600 tan 110o 2λ

tan 160 o - tan 110 o 4  sin600 cos 200  cos 600 sin200 
A: =
1+ tan 160 0 tan 110 o sin 400

=

tan 180 o - 20o  - tan  90  20  o o

4 sin 600  200 
=
1+ tan 180  o
- 20  tan  90  20 
o o o
sin 40 0

-tan 20o + cot 20o = 4.

= o o  tan (180o -) = - tan
1+ tan 20 cot 20
tan (90o +) = - cot  θ - cos2
1+ sin2 θ
56. Show that θ .
= tan
1 θ + cos2
1+ sin2 θ
 
  θ - cos2
θ
1+ sin2
1 1 A: θ θ
1+ sin2 + cos2
1  2
 
2 1- cos2 + sin2
=
1+ cos2 + sin2
1 3
54. Show that o
- = 4.
2sin 2 2 sin  cos 
sin10 cos10o =
2cos 2  + 2sin  cos 
1 3
A: -
sin10o cos10o 2sin sin   cos 
=
2cos(cos  sin 
cos10o  3 sin10o
= = tan 
sin10o cos10o

2[cos10o  3 sin10o ]

2 sin10o cos10o

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 99

First Year Maths - IA

LEVEL - I (SAQ) i) applying tan on bothsides,

tan(A+B) = tan 450
1. If A is not an integral multiple of /2, prove tan A + tan B
=1
1 - tan A tan B
that (i) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A
(ii) cot A - tan A = 2 cot 2A.  tanA + tanB = 1-tanA tanB
A: tan A + cot A  tanA + tanB + tanA tanB =1
2 2 adding 1 on bothsides,
sin A cos A sin A  cos A
  
cos A sin A sin A cos A  1+tanA + tanB (1+tanA) = 1+1
1 2 2  (1+ tanA) (1+ tanB) = 2
    2cosec2A
sinA cos A 2sinA cos A sin2A ii) Also A+B = 450
cos A sin A cos2 A  sin2 A  cot(A+B) = cot450
(ii) cotA  tanA   
sin A cos A sin A cos A cotA cotB-1 = 1
cos 2A 2cos 2A 2cos 2A cotB + cotA
    2cot 2A
sin A cos A 2 sin A cos A sin 2A  cotA cotB -1 = cotB + cotA
π 2π 3π 7π  cotA cotB - cotB - cotA =1
2. Prove that cot .cot .cot ....cot = 1.
16 16 16 16
adding 1 on bothsides,
  7   2 6 
Now cot . cot  cot . cot   cotAcotB-cotB - cotA+1 = 1+1
 16 16   16 16 
 cotB(cotA-1) -1(cotA-1) = 2
 3 5  4
cot . cot  cot  (cotA -1) (cotB-1) =2.
 16 16  16

   8      2  8   2   3
= cot . cot    cot . cot   3(a).If A - B = , then prove that
 16  16    16  16   4
(1-tan A) (1+tan B) = 2.
 3  8  3   
cot . cot    cot π
 16  16   4
4. If A + B + C = , then show that
2
cotA + cotB + cotC = cotA cotB CotC.
    2 2  π
= cot . tan  cot . tan  A: Given A + B + C =
 16 16   16 16 
2
 3 3  π 
cot . tan  (1) cot  A  B   cot   C 
 16 16   2 
 cot (900 - ) = tan cot A cot B  1 1
 tan C 
= (1) (1) (1) (1) cot A  cot B cot C
= 1.
 cot A cot B cot C  cot C  cot A  cot B
cotA cotB cotC = cotA + cotB + cotC.

3. If A+B = , then prove that
4 4(a).If A+B +C= 1800, then prove that
i) (1+tan A) (1+tan B) = 2 tanA + tanB + tanC= tanA tanB tanC.
ii) (cot A -1) (cot B -1) = 2. 4(b).If A+B +C= 900, then prove that
A: Given: A+B = 450 cotAcotB + cotBcotC + cotCcotA = 1.
4(c).If A+B +C= 900, then prove that
tantA tanB +tanB tanC + tanC tanA = 1.
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 100
First Year Maths - IA
tanθ + secθ - 1 1+ sinθ 7. If A+B, A are acute angles such that
5. Prove that = . 24 3
tanθ - secθ + 1 cosθ sin(A+B)= , tanA= 4 , find cosB.
25
tan θ  sec θ  1
A: A: Given that A+B, A are acutre angles and
tan θ  sec θ  1
24 3


tan θ  sec θ  sec 2 θ  tan 2 θ  sin(A+B)= 25 , tanA = 4

tan θ  sec θ  1

=
 tan θ  sec θ    sec θ  tan θ  sec θ  tan θ 
tanθ  sec θ  1
7 3 4
cos(A+B)= 25 , sinA = 5 , cosA = 5


 tan θ  sec θ  1  sec θ  tan θ 
tan θ  sec θ  1 Now cosB = cos ( A+B - A)
= sec + tan = cos(A+B) cosA +sin(A+B) sinA
1 sinθ 1  sinθ 7 . 4  24 . 3
   . =
cosθ cosθ cos θ 25 5 25 5
28+72
=
 , sin (A+B) = 24 , cos(A-B)= 4 ,
6. If 0 < A < B < 4 125
25 5
100
find tan2A. =
125
 , sin (A+B) = 24 , 4
A: Given 0 < A < B < 4  cosB = 5
25
-3 7
cos(A-B)= 4
5 7(a). If cosα = and sinβ = where
5 25
π π
< α < π and 0 < β < then find the values of
2 2
tan( α + β ) and sin ( α + β ).

3 3
Ans : - and
tan(A+B) = 24 tan (B-A) = 3 4 5
7 4
Now tan2A = tan ( A+B + A-B ) 8. If m sin B = n sin(2A +B), then prove that
(m + n) tanA = (m - n) tan (A + B).
tan  A  B   B  A   A. Given that m sin B = n sin(2A +B)
m sin  2A  B 
tan  A  B   tan B  A   
 n sinB
1  tan  A  B   tan B  A 
sin  A  B   A 
=
24 3 sin  A  B   A 

 7 4 By componendo and dividendo,
24  3 
1 m  n sin  A  B   A   sin  A  B   A 
7  4  
m  n sin  A  B   A   sin  A  B   A 
96  21
 2sin  A  B  cos A
28  72
= 2cos A  B sin A
 
75 3
  .
100 4
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 101
First Year Maths - IA
 a2 - a2 sin2  = c2 - 2bc sin + b2 sin2
m  n tan  A  B 
 (a2 + b2) sin2  - 2bc sin + (c2 - a2) = 0.
mn tan A
This is a quadratic equation in sin.
 (m + n) tan A = (m - n) tan(A + B).
Roots are sin, sin.
sum of the roots sin + sin.
π
9. If is not an integral multiple of , prove
2 2bc
 .
that tan + 2tan 2 + 4tan4 + 8cot 8 = cot. a  b2
2

A. We know that cot - tan = 2cot2. Product of the roots sin sin.
tan = cot - 2 cot2
 tan + 2tan 2 + 4tan4 + 8cot 8 c 2  a2
= (cot - 2 cot2) + 2 (cot2 - 2 cot4)
= .
a2  b 2
+ 4 (cot4 - 2cot 8) + 8cot 8
= cot - 2cot 2 + 2cot2 - 4cot 4 + 12. If cos( - ), cos, cos( + ) are in H.P, then
4cot4 - 8cot8 + 8cot8 prove that cos2 = 1+cos.
= cot. A: Given:cos( - ), cos, cos( + ) are in H.P
4 2 2  11
10.If cosx + cosy = and cosx - cosy = , find
 b a c if a, b, c are in H.P
5 7
2 1 1
x- y x+y  cos  cos(  -  )  cos(  +  )
the value of 14tan   + 5cot  .
 2   2  2 cos(  +  )+cos(  -  )
4 2  cos  cos(  -  ) cos(  +  )
A: Given cosx + cosy = and cosx - cosy = .
5 7
2 2 coscos

cos x  cos y

 4 / 5   cos  cos2- sin2
cos x  cos y  2 / 7 
 cos2 - sin2 = cos2 cos
x y x y
2 cos   cos    cos2 - cos2 cos = sin2
  2   2   4 x 7  14  cos2 (1-cos) = 1-cos2
x y x y 5 2 5 . cos2 (1-cos) = (1+cos) (1-cos)
 2 sin   sin   
 2   2   cos2 = 1+cos.
xy xy
 5 cot     14 tan   13.Prove that
 2   2 
xy xy  π  3π  7π   9π  1
 14 tan   5cot   1+ cos 10   1+ cos 10  1+ cos 10   1+ cos 10  = 16.
   0.     
 2   2 
 π  3π   7π   9π 
11. If a, b, c are non zero real numbers and ,   1  cos 10   1  cos 10   1  cos 10   1  cos 10 
    
are the solutions of the equation
acos + bsin = c, then show that
 π  3π  10π3π 10π π
2bc  1cos 1cos  1cos 1cos 
(i) sin + sin = 2 and  10 10   10   10 
a + b2
 π  3π   3π  π 
c 2 - a2  1cos 1cos  1cosπ 1cosπ 
(ii) sin sin = 2 .  10 10   10   10
a + b2
(  cos  π  θ    cos θ )
A: Given acos + bsin = c
acos = c - bsin .  π  3π   3π   π
 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos 
squaring on both sides,  10   10   10   10 
a2 cos2 = c2 - 2bc sin + b2 sin2
a2 (1 - sin2 )= c2 - 2bc sin + b2 sin2

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 102

First Year Maths - IA

 π  3π  14(a). Prove that

 1  cos2  1  cos2
 10   10 
cos π + cos 3π + cos 5π + cos 7π = 3 .
4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8 2
π 3π
 sin2 sin2  sin2 180 sin2 540.
10 10  cosA + cosB 
n
 sinA + sinB 
n

15.   +  cosA - cosB  =

 sin2 18 cos2 360.  sinA - sinB   
2 2
 5  1  5  1  n  A-B
 2cot  
 4    =  2  , if n is even.
   4  0, if n is odd

2


 5  1 
16 1 n n
16 16  16 16  = 16 .  cos A  cos B 
A: 
 sin A  sin B 
   cos A  cos B 
 sin A  sin B   
n n
14. Prove that   A B  A B    A B  A B 
 2cos  2  cos  2    2sin  2  cos  2  
          
sin π + sin 3π + sin 5π + sin 7π = 3 .
4 4 4 4
  A B  A B    A  B   A B 
8 8 8 8 2  2cos sin
 2   2   2sin sin
 2   2 
         

A: Now, sin  + sin 3  + sin 5  + sin 7 

4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8  A B n  A B
 cot n     1 cot n  
 2   2 
4
8
4
2 8
4
2 8  4

= sin  +sin    + sin    + sin   
8    
 n A B n  A B
 sin4 8 +cos4 8 +cos4 8 + sin4 8 cot  2   cot  2  if n is even
    
= 
 2 sin  +cos  
4 4
 8 8  cot n  A  B   cot n  A  B  if n is odd
  2   2 
   
 2 2


  

2
 
 2  sin2 8 + cos2 8  a2 +b2 =  a+b - 2ab  
2cot 
n  A B
 , if n is even.
  2 
 2   0, if n is odd
= 2  sin2 π
 8 
+ cos π
2
8  - 2sin π cos π 
2
8
2
8



16. Prove that

= 2 1- 2sin2 π
8
cos π 
2
8 1
 (i) sin A sin (600 + A) sin (600 - A) = sin 3A.
4
= 2 1- 21 2sin π
2

 8
cos π 
8   (ii) Prove that sin200 sin400 sin600 sin800 =
3
16
.

A: (i) sin A sin (600 + A) sin ( 600 - A)

= 2 1- 21 sin2 π   2sinθcosθ = sin2θ = sin A [sin2 600 - sin2 A]
 4
( sin( A + B) sin ( A - B) = sin2 A - sin2 B)
= 2 1- 21 1 
  2  
3
2 

= sinA   - sin2 A 
 2  
= 2 1- 41   
3 2 
= sinA   sin A 
=2  34  4 
 3 - 4sin2 A 
=3. = sinA  
2  4 

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 103

First Year Maths - IA
1 17(a).Show that
= 3 sin A  4 sin3 A 
4 sin3A
sinA = Hence find sin150.
1 1 + 2cos2A
= sin3A . 17(b). Show that
4
(ii) sin200 sin400 sin600 sin800 sin2 
= (sin200 sin400 sin800) (sin600)
tan  = Hence find tan150.
1 + co s2 
1
= sin3(200) . sin 600
4 18. If A is not an integral multiple of , Prove that
2 sin16A
1 3  cos A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A = .
16sinA
=  
4  2 
A: Multiply & Divide LHS by 24 sin A
1 3
= . 24 sinA
4 4 cosA cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A
3 24 sinA
= .
16 2.2.2
= sin 2A cos 2A cos 4A cos 8A
16(a).Prove that 24 sinA
tanA tan(600+A) tan(600-A) = tan3A. 2.2
= sin 4A cos4A cos 8A
24 sinA
cos3A 2 sin 8 A co s 8 A
17.Show that cosA = Hence find =
2cos2A - 1 2 4 sin A
cos150.
sin16A
4 cos3 A  3 cos A =
16 sinA
= RHS.
A: RHS = 2 2cos2 A  1  1
 
π π2 π3 π4 5
19.Prove that sin sin sin sin = .

cos A 4 cos A  3 2
 5 5 5 5 16
= = cosA
 4 cos 2
A  2 1  A: sin
3 
 sin   
2 
  sin
2
5  5  5
Let A = 150
cos 450 4   
cos150 = sin  sin      sin
2 cos 300  1 5  5 5
1  2 2 
LHS sin sin sin sin
2 5 5 5 5
= 3  2
2 x 1
2  sin2 x sin2   1800
5 5
1 3 1 36
x
= 2  3 1  3 1  1800
 sin2 360 x sin2 720 
5 5
3 1 3 1 2 2
=  .  10  2 5   10  2 5 
2  3  1 2 2    x  
 4   4 

10  2 5 10  2 5
 x
16 16
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 104
First Year Maths - IA
100  20 = 1 + cos (760 + 160) cos(760 - 160) -
 1
16 x 16 [cos 920 + cos 600]
2
5 1 1
80 = 1 + cos 920 cos 600 - cos 920 - cos600
 2 2
16 x 16 1 1 1 1
= 1 + cos 920 ( ) - cos 920 - ( ).
5 2 2 2 2
 . 1
16  1-
4
3
5 -1  .
20.Prove that sin 180 = . 4
4
A: Put A = 180 LEVEL - I (LAQ)
0
 5A = 90
1. If A+B+C = 1800, then show that
2A + 3A = 900
sin2A - sin2B + sin2C = 4cosA sinB cosC.
2A = 900 - 3A A: Given: A+B+C = 1800
sin 2A = sin(900 - 3A) sin2A - sin2B + sin2C
sin 2A = cos 3A
2 sin A cos A= 4 cos3 A - 3 cos A

= 2cos 2A+2B
2   
sin 2A-2B +2sinC cosC
2
divide with cos A, since cos 180 0 = 2cos (A+B) sin(A-B) + 2sinC cosC
2
2 sin A = 4 cos A - 3 = 2cos(1800 -C) sin(A-B) + 2sinC cosC
2 sin A = 4(1 - sin2 A) - 3
= -2cosC sin(A-B) +2sinC cosC
4 sin2 A + 2 sin A - 1 = 0.
= 2cosC [-sin(A-B) + sinC]
The is a quadratic in sin A,
= 2cosC [sin{1800 - (A+B)} - sin (A-B)]
2
sin A = -b  b -4ac = 2cosC [sin(A+B) - sin (A-B)]
2a
-2  4 + 16
sin A =  sin C - sinD
2(4)
= 2cosC. 2cosA sinB
=
-2  2 5
2(4)

2 2  
= 2cos C+D sin C-D
= 4cosA sinB cosC.
-1  5
=
4 1(a). If A+B+C = 1800, then show that
5 -1 sin2A +sin2B - sin2C = 4cosA cosB sinC.
since sin 180 > 0, sin 180 = .
4
2. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that
21.Show that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = - 4cosAcosBcosC-1.
3
cos2 760+cos2 160 - cos 760 cos 160 = . A: Given A + B + C = 1800.
4
A: cos2 760 + cos2 160 - cos 760 cos 160
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C.
1
= cos2 760 + 1 - sin2 160 - (2cos 760 cos160)
2 = 2cos(A + B) cos(A - B) + cos2C.
1
= 1 + ( cos2 760 - sin2 160) - [cos(760 + 160) + = 2cos(1800 - C) cos(A - B) + cos2C.
2
cos(760 - 160)] = - 2cosC.cos(A + B) + 2cos2 C - 1.
 cos2 A - sin2 B = cos (A + B) cos( A - B)
2cosA cosB = cos (A + B) cos (A - B) = -1 - 2 cosC[cos(A - B) - cos C].

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 105

First Year Maths - IA

= -1 - 2 cosC[cos(A - B) - cos {1800 - (A + B)}].  1800  C   A B

= 2cos   cos    cosC
 2   2 
= -1 - 2 cos C [cos(A - B) + cos (A + B)]
C  A B  C
= -1 - 2cos C.2cosA cosB. = 2sin cos     1  2sin2 
2  2   2
= - 4 cosA cosB cosC - 1.
C A B  A B 
2(a).If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that = 1  2 sin  cos     cos    
2  2 2  2 2 
cos2A + cos2B - cos2C = 1- 4sinA sinB cosC.  cos( + ) + cos ( - ) = 2 cos cos 

3. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that C A B

= 1  2 sin . 2cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
sinA + sinB - sinC = 4sin sin cos . A B C
2 2 2 =  1  4 cos cos sin .
2 2 2
A: Given A + B + C = 1800.
sinA + sinB - sinC. 5. A + B + C = 1800 Then show that
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin A/2 sin A/2 sin C/2.
 A B  A B C C
= 2 sin   cos  2   2 sin 2 cos 2 A: cos A + cos B + cos C
 2    A +B A -B
= 2 cos cos + cos C
C  A B C C 2 2
 2cos cos    2 sin cos A +B C
2  2  2 2 ( A + B + C = 1800 cos  sin )
2 2
  1800  C  C A -B C
 A B C = 2 sin cos + 1 - 2sin2
  sin  2   sin    cos  2 2 2
    2  2 
C  cos A - B  sin C 
= 1 + 2sin 
2  2 2 
C  A B C
 2 cos  cos    sin  C  cos A - B  cos A  B 
2  2  2 = 1 + 2 sin 
2  2 2 
C  A B  A  B  C A B
 2 cos cos   cos  = 1 + 2 sin .2 sin sin

2   2 2 2
 2   2  A B C
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin
C A B 2 2 2
 2 cos .2 sin sin
2 2 2 6. If A+B+C =, prove that
A B C sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2+2cosA cosB cosC.
= 4 sin sin cos .
2 2 2 A: Given: A+B+C = 
3(a).If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, prove that Now sin2A + sin2B + sin2C
A B C = 1-cos2A + sin2B + sin2C
sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos cos cos .
2 2 2 = 1-(cos2A - sin2B) + sin2C
= 1-cos(A+B) cos(A-B) + 1 - cos2 C
4. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, the prove
that cosA + cosB - cosC = 2 - cos(- C) cos (A-B) - cos2C

A B C = 2 + cosC cos(A-B) - cos2C

= - 1 + 4 cos cos sin .
2 2 2 = 2 + cos C [cos (A-B) - cos C]
A. Given that A + B + C = 1800 = 2 + cosC [cos (A-B) - cos{ - (A+B)}]
Now cosA + cosB - cosC
= 2 + cos C [cos (A-B) + cos(A+B)]
 A B  A B
= 2cos   cos    cosC = 2 + cosC 2cosA cosB
 2   2 
= 2 + 2cosA cosB cosC.
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 106
First Year Maths - IA
7. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then A B C
2
prove that sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = 2sinA sinB cosC. A: sin  sin2  sin2
2 2 2
A. Given A + B + C = 1800.
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C A B C
 1  cos2  sin2  sin
2 2
= (1- cos A) + sin B - sin C. 2 2 2 2
= 1 - (cos2A - sin2B) - sin2C. A B C

= 1 - cos(A + B) cos(A - B) - sin2C  1   cos2  sin2   sin2
 2 2 2
( cos2A - sin2B = cos(A + B) cos(A - B))
= - cos(1800 - C) cos(A - B) + (1- sin2C)  A B  A B C
 1  cos   cos    sin2
= cosC cos(A - B) + cos C 2
 2   2  2
(  cosC (1800 - ) = - cos.)
C  A B C
= cosC [cos(A - B) + cosC].  1  sin cos    sin 2 
2   2  
= cosC [ cos(A - B) + cos{1800 - (A + B)}].
= cosC [cos(A - B) - cos (A + B)] C  A B  A  B 
= cosC . 2sinA sinB.  1  sin  cos    cos  
2  2   2 
( cos(A - B) - cos (A + B) = 2sin A sinB)
= 2 sinA sinB cosC. C A B
 1  sin 2 cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
8. If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, prove that  1  2 cos cos sin .
2 2 2
cos2A + cos2B - cos2C = 1 - 2sinA sinB cosC.
10.If A+B+C = 1800, prove that
A. Given that A + B + C = 1800
cos2A + cos2B - cos2C 2   2  
cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
2  
= cos2A + 1 - sin2B - cos2C
= 2 1+ sin A sin B sin C  .
2 2 2
= 1 + (cos2A - sin2B) - cos2C
A: Given A+B+C = 1800
2
= 1 + cos(A + B) cos(A - B) - cos C
 cos A + cos B + cos C
2 2 2
= 1 + cos(1800 - C) cos(A - B) - cos2C 2 2 2

= cos A + 1- sin B + cos C

= 1 - cosC cos(A - B) - cos2C 2 2 2
2 2 2
= 1 - cosC [cos(A - B) + cosC]

0

= 1  cosC cos  A  B   cos 180   A  B  
 2 A 2 B
2 C
= 1+ cos 2 - sin 2 + cos 2

= 1  cos C cos  A  B   cos  A  B   

= 1+cos A+B   
A-B 2 C
2 cos 2 +1-sin 2
= 1 - cosC. 2sinA sinB
2 cos  2  -sin 2
= 2+sin C A-B C 2
= 1 - 2 sinA sinB cosC.

9. If A+B+C = 1800, prove that =2+sin C cos A-B - sin C ∵ cos  A + B  = sin C
 
2  2 2  2  2
A B C
sin2 + sin2 - sin2
2 2 2 = 2+sin C
2  2  
cos A-B - cos A+B
2  
A B C.
= 1- 2cos cos sin
2 2 2 = 2+sin C A B
2 .2sin 2 sin 2

= 2[1+sin A B C
2 sin 2 sin 2 ].
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 107
First Year Maths - IA
11. If A+B+C = , then show that
 -A    - B   -C 
 2  2 cos   cos  4   cos  4 
sin A + sin B + sin C   4     
2 2 2

4  4  4  
= 1+ 4sin π - A sin π - B sin π - C .  

 - A +  -B 
 2 cos 
 4 

  - A -  + B 
 cos 
 4 


 A +B 
cos 
 4 

A: Given A+B+C =
 2 cosAcosB  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
   A    B   C
 1  4 sin   sin   sin  
 4   4   4      A  B    A  B   A B
 2 cos      cos     cos 
    A     B     C 
 1  2 2sin    2  4    4   4 
 sin   sin  
  4   4   4 
  A B  A  B   A B
    A  B    A    B   A  B   2 sin    cos    cos  
 1 2 cos
4   cos 4  sin 4    4   4   4 
      
 A B  A B   A B  A B
 2 sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B    2cos   cos    2sin   cos  
 4   4   4   4 
   A  B     A  B    A  B  ( 2 sin A cos A  sin 2A )
 1 2 cos      cos     sin  
   4   2  4    4   A B A B  A B A B  A B
 cos      cos      sin2 
  A -B   A + B   A +B   4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4  4 
= 1+ 2  cos   - sin    sin  
  4   4   4 
A B  A B
= cos  cos  sin  
A +B   A -B  2  A + B 
2 2
= 2 s in   c o s  4  + 1 - 2 s in  4   2 
 4     
A B C
= cos  cos  cos .
2 2 2
 2 sin A cos B  sin  A + B   sin  A - B  
1 - 2sin2A = cos2A.
13.In triangle ABC, prove that
 A B A B  A B A B  A +B 
 sin      sin      cos2  A B C
 4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4  4  cos + cos - cos
2 2 2
A B  A +B 
 sin  sin  cos   π+A  π +B  π-C
2 2  2  = 4cos   cos   cos  .
 4   4   4 
  A +B  -C C A : Given that A + B + c = 
 cos  2   cos  2   sin 2  A B C
      4 cos  cos  cos 
  
 4   4   4 
A B C
 sin  sin  sin .  πA  π  B  π C
2 2 2  2 2 cos   cos    cos  
  4   4   4 
12. If A+B+C =, prove that
  π A π B  π A π B   A  B 
 2 cos      cos     cos
cos A + cos B + cos C   4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4   4 

2 2 2

4  4   4  
= 4cos π - A cos π - B cos π - C .   π A B
 2 cos     cos
A B

 A B
cos  
A: Given: A+B+C =   2 4  4   4 
π - A cosπ - B cosπ - C
4cos  4  4  
4   A B
 2   sin 
 A  B 
 cos 
A B
cos 
   
  4   4   4 
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 108
First Year Maths - IA
 cos(-) = cos
 A B  A B  A B  A B
 2cos   cos  4   2sin  4  cos  4 
 4        C  A B  A B C
 2cos cos    2 cos   cos
2  2   2  2
 A B A B  A B A B  A B
 cos      cos     sin2 
 4 4 4 4  4 4 4 4  4   2 cos
C  A B
cos 
 A  B 
2  2   cos  2  
   
A B  A B
 cos  cos  sin  
2 2  2  C A B
 2 cos 2cos cos .
2 2 2
A B C
 c os  cos  cos .
2 2 2 A B C
 4 cos cos cos .
2 2 2
14. If A+B+C = 2S, then prove that
sin(S - A) + sin(S - B) + sin C = 16.If A + B + C = 2S, then prove that
cos (S - A) + cos(S - B) + cos C =
   
4cos S-A
2
cos S-B sin C .
2 2
S- A S-B C
A: Given: A+B+C = 2S - 1 + 4cos   cos  2  cos 2 .
 2   
Now sin(S-A) + sin(S-B) + sinC Given that A + B + C = 2S
Now cos (S - A) + cos(S - B) + cos C

 2   2 
= 2sin S-A+S-B cos S-A-S+B + sinC S  A S B
= 2cos 
2
S  A S B
 cos  2   cosC
   
= 2sin C cos  -A+B  + 2sin C cos C
2 2 2 2 C   A  B  2 C
= 2cos cos      2cos 1
= 2sin C  cos  -A+B  + cos C  2   2   2
2 2 2
C C  A  B 
= 2sin C  cos  2S-A-B  + cos  -A+B  

2 2 2  = 1  2cos cos 2  cos  2  
2   
= 2sin C .2cos  2S-A-B-A+B  cos  2S-A-B+A-B 
2 4 4 C   2S  A  B   A  B 
= 1  2cos  cos    cos  
= 4sin cos  S-A  cos  S-B 
C 2   2   2 
2 2 2
C  2S  A  B  A  B 
2 
 4cos  S-A cos  S-B  sin C . =  1  2cos .2cos  
2 2 2  4 

15.If A + B + C = 2S, then prove that  2S  A  B  A  B 

cos  
cos(S - A) + cos(S - B) + cos(S - C) + cos S  4 
A B C SA S B C
= 4cos cos cos .
2 2 2 = 1  4cos   cos  2  cos 2 .
 2   
A: Given A + B + C = 2S,
{cos (S - A) + cos(S - B)} + {cos (S -C) +cosS}. 17.If A+B+C = 00, prove that
S  A  S B
 2 cos 
S A SB
cos  sinA + sinB - sinC = -4cos A cos B sin C .
2  2  2 2 2
    A: Given A+B+C = 0 0

SCS SCS  sinA + sinB - sinC

2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
   
= 2sin A+B
2
cos A-B - 2sin C cos C
2 2 2
C   A  B   A B C
2
 2 cos cos       2 cos  2  cos 2 = 2sin  -C cos  A-B  - 2sin C cos C
2   2    2 2 2

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 109

First Year Maths - IA
C
 
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B
2
- 2sin C cos C
2 2
 sin (2700 -) = -cos

= 1-2sinC 2sinA sinB

2 
= - 2sin 2 cos  A-B
C + cos C 
2 = 1-4sinA sinB sinC.
C
 2 
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B 
+ cos - A+B
2 
LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
C
 
= - 2sin 2 cos A-B
2 
+ cos A+B 
2   π
1. If A + B + C = , prove that
= - 2sin C
2
.2cos A cos B
2 2 2
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1.
= - 4cos A cos B sin C .
2 2 2 π
A: A + B = -C
2
18.If A+B+C = 900, then prove that
π 
cos 2A + cos2B + cos2C=1 + 4 sinA sinB sinC.  tan(A + B) = tan  - C 
2 
A: Given A+B+C = 900 tan A + tan B 1
 = cot C =
Now cos2A + cos2B + cos2C 1 - tan A tan B tan C
= 2cos(A+B) cos(A-B)+1-2sin2C  tanA tanC + tanB tanC = 1-tanA tanB.

= 2cos(900-C) cos(A-B) +1-2sin2C  tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1.

= 2sinC cos (A-B) +1 - 2 sin2C 2. Expland sin (A + B - C).

A: sin (A + B - C) = sin[(A + B) - C]
= 1 + 2sinC[cos(A-B) - sinC]
= sin (A + B) cos C - cos(A + B) sin C
0
= 1+2sinC [cos(A-B) - sin{90 - (A+B)}] = (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) cos C
- (cos A cos B - sin A sin B) sin C
= 1+2sinC [cos (A-B) - cos (A+B)]
= sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C
= 1 + 2sinC. 2sinA sinB - cos A cos B sin C + sin A sin B sin C.

= 1 + 4 sinA sinB sinC.

3. Expand cos (A - B - C) .

19. If A+B+C = 2700, show that A: cos (A - B - C)

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =1 - 4sinA sinB sinC. = cos[(A - B) - C]
= cos (A - B) cosC + sin(A - B)sinC
Given: A+B+C = 2700
= (cosAcosB+sinA sinB) cosC +
Now cos2A + cos2B + cos2C (sinA cosB-cosA sinB)sinC.
= 2cos(A+B) cos(A-B)+1-2sin2C = cos A cos B cos C + sin A sin B sin C
+ sin A cos B sin C - cos A sin B sin C.
= 2cos(2700 - c) cos (A- B) +1-2sin2C

= -2sinC cos(A-B)+1-2sin2C

= 1-2sinC[cos(A-B)+sinC]

= 1-2sinC[cos(A-B)+sin{2700 - (A+B)}]

= 1-2sinC[cos(A-B)-cos(A+B)]

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 110

First Year Maths - IA

π
π 4

4. If ≤
a cosθ + 3 2sin  θ +  + ≤ 6 b then find 7. If 0 < A < and cosA = then find the
 4 4 5
the largest value of a and smallest value of b. values of sin 2A and cos 2A.

 π
A: Take cos θ  3 2 sin  θ  6
 4  4 3
A:Given cos A   sin A 
5 5
 π π
 cos θ  3 2 sinθ cos  cos θ sin   6
 4 4
 3   4  24
i) sin 2A  2 sin A cos A  2     
  1   1   5   5  25
 cos θ  3 2 sinθ    cos θ    6
  2  2  4
2
ii)cos 2A  2cos2 A  1  2    1
= cos + 3 [sin + cos] + 6 5
= 4 cos + 3 sin + 6  16  32  25 7
Largest value of a = min. value of f(x)  2  1 
 25  25 25
 c  a 2  b2
3 π3
6 4 3 2 2 θ =-
8. If cos π θ
and < < , find the value
5 2
65 θ
1 of tan .
2
Smallest value of b = maximum value of f(x)
3  π θ 3π 
2 2 A: Given that cos θ    2  2  4 
c  a b 5  
65 θ 1  cos θ 1 3 / 5
 tan  
 11. 2 1  cos θ 1 3 / 5
8/5 θ
1
0    4   2  tan  2
5. Find the value of tan22 . 2/5 2
2
1
0 1 LEVEL - II (SAQ)
1 1  cos 450 2
A: tan 22  
2 1  cos 450 1
1
1. If tan - tan = m and cot - cot = n, prove
2 1 1
that cotα β
- = - .
2 1 m n
A: tan - tan = m
2  2 1
  2  1. 1 1
2 1 2 1  m
cot α cot β
2
cot   cot
m cot   cot   n
0
6. Evaluate 6 sin 20 - 8 sin 20 .3 0
cot .cot
A : 6 sin 200 - 8 sin3 200
= 2(3 sin 200 - 4 sin3200) n n
 m  cot .cot  
3 sin A  4 sin3 A  sin 3A  cot  cot m
 
cot  cot   1
3 LHS cot ( -  ) =
cot   cot 
= 2sin 3(200) = 2 sin 600 =  2 .  3.
2

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 111

First Year Maths - IA
n
1  3 1 
= m  cos 200  sin 200 
n 4 2 2 
=
n  m


=  3 2 sin 200 cos 200  

nm  
n m  sin600 cos200  cos 600 sin200 
=  = 4  
 n m n m  3 sin 400 
1 1
=   RHS 4  sin 400 
m n =  
3  sin 400 
 cos(B+C )
2. If A+B+C = 2 , prove that  =2. 4
cosB cosC = .
3

A: Given A+B+C = 2
4. Prove that tan90 - tan 270 - cot 270 + cot90 = 4.
 A: tan90 - tan 270 - cot 270 + cot90
 A+B = 2 - C
= (tan90 + cot90) - (tan 270 - cot 270)

 tan(A+B) = tan ( 2 -C)  sin 90 cos 90   sin 270 cos 270 
 0
   
tan A + tan B 1  cos 9 sin90   cos 270 sin 270 
 = cotC =
1 - tan A tan B tan C
sin2 90  cos2 90 sin2 270  cos2 270
 tanA tanC + tanB tanC = 1-tanA tanB  
sin90 cos 90 sin 270 cos 270
 tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA =1.....(1)
1 1
cos(B+C )  
Now  sin 9 cos 9 00
sin 27 cos 270
0
cosB cosC
2 2
cosB cosC - sin B sin C  
=  cosB cosC 0
2 sin 9 cos 9 0
2 sin 27 cos 270
0

=  (1 - tanB tanC) 2 2
 0

sin18 sin 540
= 1-tanB tanC+1 - tanCtanA + 1-tanA tanB
= 3-(tanAtanB + tanBtanC + tanCtanA)
 5  1 5  1
 8
  
= 3 -1 from (1)  5 1 
 
= 2. = 2(2) = 4.

1 1 4 α β
sin +  = a+b
3. Prove that + =
cos2900 3sin250 0
3 5. If α β
sin -  a-b prove that
1 1 atan = btan.
A. 0

cos 290 3 sin2500
x a
1 1 A: If  u sin g componendo and dividendo
= cos 2700  200  y b
  
3 sin 2700  200 
x y ab

1 1 x  y ab
= 0

sin20 3 cos 200
sin       sin      a b a b
3 cos200  sin200 
= sin       sin      a b a b
3 sin200 cos200

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 112

First Year Maths - IA

2 sin  cos  2a π π2 π3 π4 π5
 8. Prove that cos cos cos cos cos .
2 cos  sin  2b 11 11 11 11 11
 2 3 4 5
tan  a A: Let C = c os cos cos cos cos
  b tan   a tan  . 11 11 11 11 11
tan  b
 2 3 4 5
S = sin sin sin sin sin
π π 11 11 11 11 11
θ2 + sin2θ +  + sin2θ -  = 3 .
6. Prove that sin    3  2
 3    2 2 3 3
C.S.  sin cos sin cos sin cos
2 2  π  π 11 11 11 11 11 11
A: sin θ  sin  θ    sin2  θ  
 3  3 4 4 5 5
sin cos sin cos
2 11 11 11 11
 π π
 sin2 θ   sinθ cos  cos θ sin   1  2 3 4 5
 3 3 C.S. = sin sin sin sin sin
32 11 11 11 11 11
2
 π π 1
 sin θ cos 3  cos θ sin 3  C. S . 
32
S
 
2 2
1

  a  b    a  b   2 a2  b2  C=
32
.

 π π 3 5
 sin2 θ  2 sin2 θ.cos2  cos2 sin2  9. If cos  =
5
, cos  =
13
,   are acute
 3 3 α β-  1
1 3
angles show that sin2  = .

 sin2 θ  2 sin2 θ.  cos2 θ.   2  65
 4 4
 1  1 3

 2 
  
sin2 θ  cos2 θ .
2
 
3
 sin2 θ  cos2 θ 
2 
A: cos () = cos cos + sin sin
3
 1 =
3 5 4 12
x  x
2
5 13 5 13
3
 . 15 48 63
2 =   .
65 65 65
7. Prove that  1  cos 
1 cos 3A. sin2 
0
cosA cos(60 + A) cos(60 - A) = 4 0
2 2
A: Now cosA cos(600 + A) cos(600- A)      1  cos     
= [cos2A - sin2 600] sin2  
 2  2
 cos(A+B) cos(A-B)=cos2B-sin2A
63
= cosA[cos2A - 3 4] ( sin600 = 3 ) 1
2 = 65
 4cos2A-3  2
= cosA  4  65  63
1 [4cos3A - 3cosA]
= 4 =
2 x 65
1 cos 3A.
= 4 2 1
=
2 x 65 = 65 .
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 113
First Year Maths - IA

LEVEL - II (LAQ) 3. If cotA + cotB + cotC = 3 , prove that

ABC is equilateral.
1. If sin(y+z-x), sin(z+x-y), sin(x+y-z) are in A.P, A: Let cotA = a, cotB = b, cotC = c
then show that tanx, tany, tanz are in A.P.
A: Given: sin(y+z-x), sin(z+x-y), sin(x+y-z) are in A.P. then cotA + cotB+ cotC = 3 becomes
If a, b, c are in A.P then b-a = c-b a+b+c= 3 ..............(1)
Here sin(z+x-y)-sin(y+z-x) =sin(x+y-z)-sin(z+x-y)
A+B+C = 1800 A+B = 1800 - C
z+x-y+y+z-x z+x-y-y-z+x
 2 cos
2    sin
2  cot (A+B) = cot (1800 - C)
x+y-z+z+x-y
= 2 cos 
2  sin  x+y-z-z-x+y
2   cotA cotB - 1
cotB + cotA = -cot C
( sinC - sinD = 2cos  C+D
2 
sin  C-D  )
2  cotA cotB-1 = -cotB cotC - cotC cotA

 cos z sin(x-y) = cosx sin (y - z)  cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA =1
 cos z (sinx cosy - cosx siny) = cosx (siny cosz - cosy sin z)
 ab + bc + ca = 1 .............(2)
 cosx cosy cosz
 tanx - tany = tany - tanz Consider (a-b)2 + (b-c)2 + (c-a)2
 tanx + tanz = 2tany = a2 - 2ab + b2 + b2 - 2bc + c2 + c2 -2ca + a2
 tanx, tany, tanz are in A.P.
= 2(a2 + b2 + c2) -2(ab + bc + ca)
sin (α + β ) 1 - m = 2[(a+b+c)2 -2(ab+bc+ca)] -2(ab+bc+ca)
2. If
cos(α - β ) 1 + m then show that
=

= 2[ 3 2 - 2(1)] - 2
tan π
4  
- α = m tan π + β .
4  
= 2(3-2) -2 =0
sinα( β
+ ) 1- m
αβ
A: Given cos( =
- ) 1+ m
 a - b =0, b-c = 0 and c-a = 0
By componendo and dividendo,
sinα( β αβ
+ )+cos( - ) 1-m+1+m  a=b=c
 α β αβ =
sin( + )-cos( - ) 1- m - 1- m
α( β
sin + )+sin  α
- ( β- )  cotA = cotB = cotC
 2  2
 =
α β   α
sin( + )-sin - ( - )β   2 m But cotA + cotB + cotC =
 2  3
α β+ + α- β+  α β
+ - α+ β
- 
2 sin  2  cos  2   cotA + cotA + cotA = 3
 2   2 
   
    -1
 =
α β
+ + α - β
+  α β
+ - α+ β
-  m  3cotA = 3
2 cos  2  sin  2 
 2   2 
    1
     cotA =  A = 600 = B = C
tan   +   3
4  -1
 =m
tan     Hence ABC is equilateral.
 4

tan +   4. If A + B + C = 2, then prove that
4  1
 =m
tan     sinA - sinB + sinC - sin D
4 
A +B A+C A +D
= - 4cos sin cos .
4 
 m tan  +   tan  -  4  . 2 2 2
Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 114
First Year Maths - IA
A : Given that A + B + C + D = 2 5. If A + B + C + D = 2,
L.H.S. : sinA - sinB + sinC - sinD prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C + cos2D
 A B  A B  C D  C D = 4 cos (A + B) cos(A + C) cos(A + D).
 2cos   sin    2cos  2  sin  2 
 2   2     

 A  B  A B   A  B   C  D  A: Given that A + B + C + D = 2

 2cos   sin   2cos       sin 
 2   2    2   2  L.H.S. cos2A + cos2B + cos2C + cos2D

 A B  A B  A B CD

 2cos(A  B)cos(A  B)  2cos(C  D)cos(C  D)
 2cos   sin    2cos   sin  
 2   2   2   2   2cos(A B)cos(A B)  2cos 2(A B) cos(CD)
 A B  A B  C  D   2cos(A  B)cos(A  B)  2cos(A  B)cos(C  D)
 2 cos    sin    sin  
 2   2   2   2 cos(A  B) cos(A  B)  cos(C  D)
  A B C D   A B CD 
 A  B   2  2   2  2    A  C  B  D 
2cos  2cos  sin   2cos A  B 2cos 
  2 
 2   2   2  
      A  D  B  C 
cos 
 2 
 A B  A  C  B  D   A  B  C  D 
 4cos   cos   sin  
 2   4  4 

 A B  2   B  D    B  D  


 2cos  A  B   2cos 

 A  C  3600   A  C   
 4 cos  cos    
  2 
 2   4  
 2   B  C    B  C  
sin  

cos 

 A  D  3600   A  D   

 4   2  

 A  B  C  D  2 
 A B    B  D     B  C     
 2cos  A  B 2cos A  C  1800 cos A  D  1800 
 
 4cos   cos  2   2   sin  2   2 
 2         cos(- ) = cos , cos (180 - ) = - cos 
0

 A B B D B  C    
 2cos  A  B 2cos 1800   A  C cos 1800   A  D 
 
 4 cos   sin   cos  
 2   2   2   2cos  A  B  2  cos  A  C   cos  A  D 

 A  B   2   A  C   2   A  D   4 cos(A  B)cos(A  C)cos(A  D)

 4cos   sin   cos  
 2   2   2   RHS
Hence proved.
A B  A  C   A  D 
 4 cos   sin     cos  
 2   2   2 

 A B A C  A D

  4 cos   sin   cos  
 2   2   2 
R.H.S. Hence proved.

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 115

First Year Maths - IA

6. If A + B + C = 00, then prove that

cos2A + cos2B +cos2C = 1 +
2cosAcosBcosC.
A: Given A + B + C = 00.
cos2 A + cos2B + cos2C.
= cos2A + (1 - sin2B) + cos2C.
= 1 + (cos2A - sin2B) + cos2C
= 1 + cos (A + B) cos(A - B) + cos2C
 cos2A - sin2B = cos (A + B) cos(A - B).
= 1 + cos( - C) cos (A - B) + cos2C.
= 1 + cosC cos(A - B) + cos2C.
(  cos(- ) = cos.)
= 1 + cosC [cos(A - B) + cosC].
= 1 + cos C{cos (A - B) + cos {-(A + B)}].
= 1 + cosC [cos(A - B) + cos(A + B)]
= 1 + cosC [ 2cosA cosB].
= 1 + 2 cosA cosB cosC.

π
3
7. If A + B + C = , then prove that
2
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C = - 4sinA sinB cosC.
3π
A: Given A + B + C = .
2
sin2A + sin2B - sin2C
= 2 sin(A + B) cos(A - B) - 2 sin C cosC.
= 2 sin (2700 - C) cos(A - B) - 2sinC cosC.
= - 2 cosC cos(A - B) - 2 sin C cosC.
(  sin (2700 - ) = - cos.)
= - 2cosC [cos(A - B) + sinC].
= - 2 cosC {cos(A - B) + sin {2700 - (A + B)}].
= - 2cosC[cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)].
= - 2cosC. 2 sinA sinB.
= - 4sinA sinB cosC.

*********

Trigonometric Ratios upto Transformations 116

First Year Maths - IA

7. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
2. Solve the equation 3 sin - cos = 2.
Tri.equation Its General Solution 2
A: Dividing through out by  3 + (-1)2 = 2
1. sin  = 0  = n, n  Z 3 1 2
sin - cos =
π 2 2 2
cos  = 0  = (2n + 1) ,nZ   3
2 sincos - cos sin =
6 6 2
tan  = 0  = n, n  Z  3 
sin ( - )= = sin
 π π 6 2 3
2. sin =sin = n+ (-1)n ,nZ,   - ,
 2 2
  
Principal value is  - =
cos = cos   = 2n+ , n  Z,  [0, ] 6 3
General solution is  = n + (-1)n
 π π   
tan  = tan   = n+ , n  Z,   - ,  - = n + (-1)n
 2 2  6 3
3. sin2  = sin2   
cos2  = cos2   = n+ , n  Z  = n + (-1)n + , n  Z.
tan2  = tan2  3 6

4. Common solution of two trigonometric equations is 3. Solve sinx + 3cosx = 2 .

 = 2n +  if Q1 A. Given sin x  3 cos x  2
= 2n +  if  Q2
= 2n +  if  Q3  3 cos x  sinx  2
= 2n + (2 if  Q4 dividing with 3 1  2
LEVEL - I (SAQ) 3 1 2
 cos x.  sin x. 
2 2 2
1. Solve : 2 (sinx + cosx) = 3.
  1
A: Given trigonometric equation is  cos x cos  sin x.sin 
6 6 2
2 (sinx + cosx) = 3   
 cos  x    cos
3  6 4
 sinx + cosx =
2
 
dividing throughout by a
2
b
2
 2 General solution is x   2n  , n  z
+ 6 4
1 1
 sinx 2 + cosx. 2 = 3  
2 x = 2n  
4 6
  + cosx cos  = 3
sinx sin 4 4 2 5 
 x = 2n  , x  2n  , n  z .
 cos (x - 4 ) = cos  12 12
6

General solution is 4. Solve tan + sec = 3 0 <  < 2.

 = 2n + 
x- 4 6 sin 1
A: + = 3
  , n  Z. cos cos
 x = 2n + 6 + 4
Trigonometric Equations 117
First Year Maths - IA
(2sin -1)(sin - 5) = 0
sin + 1 = 3 cos  2 sin -1= 0 sin - 5 = 0
3 cos - sin = 1 1 
sin =  sin sin = 5
dividing throughout by 2 6
3 1 1 General solution is There is no solution
cos  - sin  =
2 2 2 
  n  ( 1)n , nZ .
  1 6
cos cos - sin sin = π
6 6 2 7. Solve : cot2x - ( 3 + 1)cot x + 3 = 0 in 0 < x < 2 .
cos ( + /6) = cos /3
PV of  + /6 = /3 A: Given trigonometric equation is
GS is  = 2n ± 
cot2x - ( 3 + 1) cot x + 3 =0
 + /6 = 2n ± /3
 = 2n + /3 - /6 cot2 x -
 3 cot x - cot x + 3 =0
n = 0,  = /3 - /6 = /6
n = 1,  = 2 /3 - /6  cot x (cot x - 3 ) -1 (cot x - 3)=0
= 3/2 but tan is not defined at  = 3/2
 (cot x -1) (cot x - 3)=0

 Solution set =  6  . cot x -1 = 0 cot x =
  3
1
cot x = 1 tanx = 3
5. Solve: 2cos2 - 3 sin + 1 = 0.
tanx = 1
A: Given trigonometric equation is
π π
tanx = tan 4 tanx = tan 6
2cos2 - 3 sin +1 = 0
 2(1-sin2) - 3 sin + 1 = 0 General solution is x = n + π
4 , n  Z and
 2 - 2sin2 - π
3 sin +1 = 0 x = n + 6 , n  Z.
 2sin2 + 3 sin - 3 = 0 π π π
Required solutions in 0 < x < 2 are 6 , 4 .
 2 sin2 + 2 3 sin - 3 sin - 3 = 0
8. Find the solution set of tan + 3cot = 5sec.
 2sin (sin+ 3 )- 3 (sin+ 3 )=0
A: Given trigonometric equation is
 (2sin - 3 ) (sin + 3 ) = 0
tan + 3cot = 5sec
 2sin - 3 =0 sin + 3 =0 sin 3cos 5
 sin = 3 sin = - 3 which is impossible
cos  sin  cos
2
This is valid when cos  0 and sin  0

 sin = sin 3
sin2 3cos2  5
General solution is  = n + (-1)n  cos sin  cos

 = n + (-1)n 3 , n  Z.  sin2 + 3(1-sin2) = 5sin

 sin2 + 3 - 3 sin2 = 5sin
6. Solve 2cos2 + 11 sin = 7.  2sin2 + 5sin - 3 = 0
A. Given 2cos2 + 11 sin = 7  2sin2 + 6sin - sin - 3 = 0
2
2(1 - sin ) + 11sin = 7  (2sin -1) (sin + 3) = 0
2sin2 - 11sin + 5 = 0
 2sin -1 = 0 sin + 3 = 0
2sin2 - 10sin - sin+ 5 = 0
1 =sin 
sin = 2 sin = -3 is impossible
2sin (sin - 5) - 1(sin- 5) = 0 6
Trigonometric Equations 118
First Year Maths - IA
 11. Find the general solution for the trigonometric
General solution is  = n + (-1)n 6 , n Z.
equation sin7 + sin4 + sin = 0.
Hence, the required solution set is
A: Given trigonometric equation is

{ n + (-1)n 6 : n  Z }
sin7 + sin4 + sin = 0

9. Find the values of x in (-, ) satisfying the (sin7 + sin) + sin4 = 0

equation 81+ cos x + cos2x + ...........  = 64 . 2sin4 cos3 + sin4 = 0
2
A: Given that 81 + cosx + cos x + ....... sin4 (2cos3 +1) = 0
= 82
1
sin4 = 0 2cos3 +1 = 0
 1 cos x
8 = 82 sin4 = 0 cos3 = -1 2
2 = cos 3
1
 2
1  cos x General solution is 3 = 2n + 23 , nZ
1 1
 1  cos x   cos x = 1 - 4 = n, n  Z  = 2n  2
2 2 3 + 9 , nZ
1      = n4 , n  Z.
 cos x   cos or cos  
2 3  3 
12.Find the solution set for
    sin2x - cos2x = sinx - cosx.
In (-, ), x   , .
3 3 
A: Given trigonometric equation is

10. Solve: 1 + sin2 = 3sin cos. sin2x - cos2x = sinx - cosx

 sin 2x - sinx - (cos2x - cosx) = 0
A: Given trigonometric equation is
2cos 3x x 3x x
1 + sin2 = 3sin cos
 2 sin 2 +2sin 2 sin 2 = 0
x [cos 3x + sin 3x ] = 0
2sin 2
dividing throughout by cos2,  2 2
1 + sin2 = 3sincos x =0
sin 2 sin 3x 3x
cos2 cos2 cos2
 2 +cos 2 =0

sin 3x 3x
2 =-cos 2
 sec2 + tan2 = 3tan
 1+tan2 + tan2 = 3tan General solution is
2tan  - 3tan +1 = 0
2

 2tan2 - 2tan - tan + 1 = 0
x
2 = n, nZ tan 3x  

2 =-1=Tan 4
 2tan (tan -1) - (tan -1) = 0  x = 2n, nZ 3x = n + 
2 4 
 (tan -1) (2tan  -1) = 0
x = 2n  -  , nZ.
3 6
 tan -1 = 0 2tan-1 = 0
 1 =tan
 Solution set for the given equation is
 tan =1 = tan 4 tan = 2
{2n : nZ}  { 2n  -  : nZ}.
1
where = tan-1 2 3 6
General solution is
12(a).Solve cos 2 +cos 8 cos3.
 , n Z; = n + Tan-1 1 , nZ.
 = n + 4 2 π 2nπ π
Ans. (2n +1) , ± n Z .
10 3 9

Trigonometric Equations 119

First Year Maths - IA
12(b). Solve cos  - cos 7 sin4. 15. If tan( cos ) = cot ( sin ), then prove that

cosθ - 4  =+ 1 .
Ans. (2n +1)
nπ
(or)
nπ
+ (-1)n
π
n Z   2 2
4 3 18
A: Given trigonometric equation is
13. Solve: 4sinx sin2x sin4x = sin3x. tan ( cos  ) = cot ( sin )
A: Given trigonometric equation is  tan ( cos  ) = tan (  - sin  )
2
4sinx sin2x sin4x = sin3x General solution is
 2sinx (2sin4x sin2x) = sin3x  - sin
 cos  = n + 2
 2sinx [cos(4x-2x) -cos(4x+2x)] = sin3x 1
2sinA sinB = cos (A-B) - cos(A+B) cos + sin = n + 2


2sinx [cos2x - cos6x] = sin3x
2cos2x sinx - 2cos6xsinx = sin3x
cos + sin = 2n+1
2  
dividing throughout by 2 ,
 sin3x + sinx - 2cos6x sinx = sin3x
 2cos6x sinx - sinx = 0 cos 1  sin 1  2n+1
 sinx (2cos6x -1) = 0 2 2 2 2
coscos   2n+1
4  sinsin 4  2 2
sinx = 0 2cos6x -1 = 0
cos(   2n+1
1 =cos 
cos6x = 2 3 4)  2 2 ,n  Z
General solution is  1
 cos(  4 ) = + 2 2 for n = -1, 0.

x = n, n  Z 6x = 2n + 3
16.If  1,  2 are the solutions of the equation
n  acos2 + bsin2 = c, then find the values of
x = 3 + 9 , n  Z.
i) tan1 + tan2 ii) tan1 tan2.
1 A: Given equation is acos2 + bsin2 = c
14.0 <  < , solve cos  cos 2 cos3 = .
A: 4 cos cos2 cos3 = 1
(2 cos3 cos ) 2 cos2  = 1
4
  2
 
a 1-tan  + b 2tan = c
1+tan2 1+tan2

[cos ( + ) + cos ( - )] 2 cos2 = 1  a(1-tan2) + 2btan = c(1+tan2)
 2 cos A cosB = cos(A + B) + cos (A - B)  (c + a) tan2 - 2b tan + (c - a) = 0
2 cos4 cos2 + 2cos22 - 1 = 0
 2cos2 A - 1 = cos2A This is a quadratic equation in tan and 1, 2 are
2 cos4 cos2 + cos4 = 0
the solutions of the given equation.
cos4 (2cos 2 + 1) = 0
cos4 = 0 = cos /2 2 cos2 + 1 = 0 Sum of the roots tan1 + tan2 = c2b
+a
1
cos2 =  = cos 2/3
2 c-a
Product of the roots tan1 tan2 = c + a .
Principal value is 4 = /2 Principal value is 2 = 2/3
General solution is  =2n +  GS 2 = 2n + 2/3 17. If ,  are the solutions of the equation
4 = 2n + /2 = n + /3 n  Z acos + bsin = c, then show that
 = n/2 + /8, n  Z 2ac
i) cos + cos =
a 2 + b2
n = 0,  = /8 n = 0,  = /3
3 5 c 2 - b2
n = 1,  = , n = 1, = 2/3 ii) cos cos = .
8 8 a 2 + b2
n = 2, = 7/8
  3  5 π π 7 π
A: Given equation is
2 
solution set =  , , , , ,  . acos + bsin = c
8 8 8 3 8 3  bsin = c - acos
Trigonometric Equations 120
First Year Maths - IA
Squaring on bothsides, π
2 3
3. If x + y = and sinx + siny = , find x and y..
b2 sin2 = c2 - 2ca cos + a2 cos2 3 2
A: sinx + siny = 3/2
b2 (1 - cos2) = c2 -2ca cos + a2cos2
x+y x-y 3
(a2 + b2)cos2 - 2ca cos + (c2 - b2) = 0 ........(1) 2sin cos =
2 2 2
Since , are solutions of the given equation and x-y 3
2sin /3 cos =
2 2
(1) is a quadratic in cos, thus
x-y 3
2ca cos = = cos /6
Sum of the roots, cos + cos = 2 2
a b2
2
PV = /6
c 2 b2 x - y = /3
Product of the roots, cos cos = 2 2 . x + y = 2/3 ; x = /2, y = /6.
a b

17(a).If ,  are the solutions of the equation 4. Show that solutions of tanp = cotq(p  -q)
acos + bsin = c, then show that 
2bc c 2 - a2 forms an AP with common difference p  q .
i) sin +sin = 2 2 ii) sin sin = 2 2 .
a +b a +b  
A: tanp = cotq(p  - q)
LEVEL - II (SAQ)  
tanp = tan   q 
1. If x in acute and sin(x+100) = cos(3x - 680), find 2 
x in degrees.
A: sin(x+100) = cos(3x - 680) 
p  q  n 
sin(x + 100) = sin [900 - (3x - 680)] 2
= sin (1580 - 3x).

x + 10 = 1580 - 3x or x + 100 = 1800 - (1580 - 3x).
0
n 
4x = 1480 x + 100 = 220 + 3x  2
1480 pq
x=  370 -120 = 2x
4 Solutions are
x = - 60
is not possible,  3 5
, , , ........... etc.
since x is acute 2  p  q  2  p  q  2  p  q
 x = 370.

2. Find the general solution of  which satisfies common difference is p  q
1  
both the equations sin = - and Hence the solutions are in A.P.
2
3 ********
cos =  .
2
A: Here sin  is negative and cos is negative.
So  Q3.
PV  =  + /6 = 7/6
GS  = 2n + 
 = 2n + 7/6, n  Z.
 General solution of  which satisfy both the
equation is  = 2n + 7/6, n  Z .

Trigonometric Equations 121

First Year Maths - IA

8. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
1. Sin-1 (-x) = - Sin-1 x LEVEL - I (SAQ)
Cos-1 (-x) = - Cos-1 x 3 + Cos-1 12 = Cos-1 33 .
1. Prove that Sin-1 5 13 65
Tan-1 (-x) = - Tan-1x
A: Here we use the result
2. Cos-1 x + Sin-1 x = /2
Tan-1x + Cot-1 x = /2 Cos-1x + Cos-1y = Cos-1 [xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 ]
Sec-1x + Cosec-1 x = /2
1 Now Sin-1 3 -1 12
5 + Cos 13
3. Sin-1 x = Cosec-1
x -1 4
 Cos 12
-1
= Cos 5
13
1
Cos-1 x = Sec-1
x
-1 4 12
 Cos  5
 13  
 1 - 16 1 - 144 
25 169 

Tan-1 x = Cot-1
1
 Cos
-1
 4  12   3  5 
x
 5 13 5 13 
 Cos  48  15 
-1
 2  65 65
4. 2Sin-1 x = Sin-1  2x 1- x
 
 Cos 33
-1
2Cos-1 x = Cos-1 [2x2 - 1] 65
2 2. Prove that
2x 1- x 2x
-1
2Tan x = Sin -1
= Cos -1
= Tan-1 4  7   117 
1+ x
2
1+ x
2
1- x
2 Sin -1   + Sin-1   = Sin-1  .
5  25   125 
5. 3 Sin-1 x = Sin-1 [3x - 4x3] 4  7 
1
3 Cos-1 x = Cos-1[4x3 - 3x] A. Let sin    A and sin1    B
5  25 
 3x - x3 
3 Tan-1 x = Tan-1  1 - 3x2  4 7
   sin A  and sinB 
5 25
2 2
6. Sin-1x+Sin-1y = Sin-1  x 1- y + y 1- x  3 24
  cos A  and cosB 
5 25
2 2
Cos-1 x + Cos-1 y = Cos-1  xy - 1- x 1- y  Now sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
 
x+y  4   24   3   7 
       
7. Tan-1 x + Tan-1 y = Tan-1  5   25   5   25 
1- xy
when x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1 96  21
x+y 
Tan-1 x+ Tan-1 y =  + Tan-1 125
1- xy
117
when x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1 
x+y 125
Tan-1x+ Tan-1 y = -  + Tan-1  117 
1- xy
 A  B  Sin1  
when x < 0, y < 0, xy > 1  125 
x-y
Tan-1x - Tan-1 y = Tan-1 1 + xy . 4  7   117 
Sin 1    Sin1    Sin1  
5  25   125 
x + y + z - xyz
Tan-1 x + Tan-1 y + Tan-1 z = Tan-1 1 - xy - yz - zx .

InverseTrigonometric Functions 122

First Year Maths - IA
 3 5 
4
 3  -1  27   tan Sin1  Cos1 
3. Prove that Cos-1   + Sin-1 
 = Tan   .  5 34 
5
 34   11 
 tan  A  B 
1  4  1  3 
A: Let Cos    A and Sin   B tan A  tanB
5
   34  
1  tan A tanB
4 3 3 3
 cos A  and sinB  
5  4 5
34
3 3
3 3 1 .
tan A and tanB  4 5
4 5   12 
15
tan A  tan B  20 
Now tan(A  B)    27
1  tan A tan B  20  9   .
 20  11
3 3  

 4 5
3 3  3 12  4
1 . 4(a).Prove that sin  Cos -1 + Cos -1  Ans.
4 5  5 13  5

 15  12  -1 3 5  24
 20  4(b). Prove that co s  Sin + Sin -1 Ans.
5 13   25
 
 20  9 

 20 

-1 4 5 16 π
5. Prove that sin + sin-1 + sin-1 = .
27 5 13 65 2

11 4 5
A: Let Sin 1  A and Sin1 B
5 13
 27 
 A  B  Tan1  
 11  4 5
sin A  and sinB 
5 13
4  3  1  27 
Cos1    Sin1    Tan   . 3 12
5  34   11   cos A  and cosB 
5 13
cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
3(a).Show that
3 12 4 5 16
x  x 
5 13 5 13 65
3  8   36 
Sin1    Sin 1    Cos 1  . 16
5  17   85  A  B  Cos  1
65

3 5  4 5 16

4. Find the value of tan Sin-1 + Cos -1  Sin1  Sin1  Cos1
5 . 5 13 65
 34 
1 3 5 4 5 16
A. Let Sin  A and Cos1 B Thus Sin1  Sin1  Sin1
5 34 5 13 65
16 16
3 5  Cos 1  Sin1
 sin A  and cosB  65 65
5 34  Sin x  Cos-1x  
-1
2
3 3 
tan A  and tanB  .  .
4 5 2
InverseTrigonometric Functions 123
First Year Maths - IA

3 5 323 8. Prove that Tan -1 1 + T an -1 1 + T an -1 1 = π .

6. Prove that 2Sin-1 - Cos -1 = Cos -1 . 2 5 8 4
5 13 325 A: We use the formula
3
A: Let Sin1
5
 A and Cos1 B. x+y
5 13 Tan-1 x + Tan-1 y = Tan-1  1 - xy 
 
3 5
 sin A  and cosB 
5 13
12

Now Tan 1 + Tan 5
-1
2
-1 1
+Tan-1 81 
sin 2A  2 sin A cos A sin B 
13
3 4
 21+51 
-1 -1 1
 2. . = Tan   + Tan 8
5 5 1- 1 . 1
 2 5
24

25
7
= Tan
-1
 107 x 109  + Tan-1 1
8
 cos 2A 
= Tan 7 + Tan 1
25 -1 -1
9 8
Now cos  2A  B 
7 1
+
 cos 2A cosB  sin 2A sinB -1 9 8 
= Tan
1-7.1
 7   5   24   12  98
      
 25   13   25   13  = Tan
-1
 56+9
72-7 
35  288

= Tan 65 = Tan-11
325 -1
65 =π
4.
323

325
8(a).Prove that Tan 34 3 - T an -1 8 = π
-1 -1
323
+ T an
5 19 4 .
 2A  B  Cos1
325 8(b).Prove that T a n 71 1 - T a n -1 2 =
-1 -1
+ Tan
13 9
0.
3 5 323
Thus 2Sin1  Cos1  Cos1 .
5 13 325  13 
-1  -1 2 
9. Show that cot Sin  = sin  Tan .
 17   3 
4 + 2Tan-1 1 =  .
7. Show that Sin-1 5 3 2 1 13 2
A: Let Sin  A and Tan1  B
4 + 2Tan-1 1 17 3
A: Now Sin-1 5 3
 2Tan x  Cos 1 - x 2
-1 -1 2
13 2
1+ x  sin A  and tanB 
17 3
1- 1
4  Cos-1 9
= Sin 5
-1
1+ 1
9

= Sin 4  Cos 8
-1 -1
5 10
-1 4 -1 4
 Sin
5  Cos 5  13 
LHS  cot Sin1 
 Sin x  Cos x  
-1 -1
 17 
2
 .  cot A
2
2

13

InverseTrigonometric Functions 124

First Year Maths - IA
11. If Sin-1x + Sin -1 y + Sin-1 z = , then prove that
 2
RHS  sin Tan1 
 3 x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z 2 = 2xyz .
 sinB
2 A: Let Sin-1x = A, Sin-1y = B, Sin-1 z = C

3  sin A = x, sin B = y, sin C = z
 LHS  RHS cos A = 2
1 - x 2 , cos B= 1 - y , cos C = 1 - z2
 13   1 2 
Thus cot Sin1   sin Tan Now Sin-1x + Sin-1y + Sin-1z =  becomes
 17   3  . A+B+C=
consider (sin2A + sin2B) + sin2C
1 1 = 2sin(A+B) cos(A-B) + sin2C
10.Provethat cos 2Tan 7  = sin  4Tan 3  .
-1 -1
    = 2sin( - C) cos (A-B) + 2sinC cosC
1 1 = 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cosC]
A: Let Tan-1 = and Tan-1 = = 2sinC[cos(A-B) + cos{ - (A+B)}]
7 3
= 2sinC [cos(A-B) - cos(A+B)]
1 1
 tan   and tan   = 2sinC. 2sinA sinB
7 3
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
 -1 1   2sinA cosA + 2sinBcosB + 2sinCcosC = 4sinA
LHS  cos 2 Tan
 7 
 sinB sinC
 cos2  sinAcosA+sinBcosB+sinCcosC=2sinAsinBsinC
2
 1 -tan 2  x 1 - x 2 + y 1 - y 2 + z 1 - z2 = 2xyz .
1 +tan 

1- 1 12. If Cos-1p + Cos-1q + Cos-1r = , then prove that

 49 48 24
1 + 1   50   25  p2+q2+r2 + 2pqr =1.
49
2tan 2.1 A: Given Cos-1p + Cos-1q + Cos-1r = 
tan2  = 3 =2 9 = 3
1 - tan2 1 - 1 3 8 4

9
 Cos-1p + Cos-1q =  - Cos-1r
RHS  sin  4Tan 1 
-1
 3
= sin 4β Cos-1 pq - 1 - p 1 -q  = - Cos-1 r
2 2
  
= sin 2(2β)
 pq - 1 - p2 1 -q2 = cos ( - Cos r)
-1
2tan2β
= 1 +tan2 2β = -cos (Cos-1 r)
 
= -r
2 3 
4
=  pq + r = 1 - p2 1 -q2
1+ 9
16
Squaring on bothsides, we get
= × 16
3
2 25  (pq + r)2 = (1-p2) (1-q2)
= 24
25  p2q2 + 2pqr + r2 = 1-p2-q2+p2 q2
 LHS = RHS
 p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr =1.
 cos  2Tan 1   sin  4Tan 1  .
-1 -1
 7  3

InverseTrigonometric Functions 125

First Year Maths - IA
x+y
13. If Cos
-1
 pa +Cos  bq =α, then prove that
-1
 -1
1 - xy =cot(Tan z)
x+y -1 1
p 2 2pq q2 2  1 - xy =cot (Cot z )
- cos  + 2 = sin 
a 2 ab b . x+y 1
 1- xy = z
A: Given: Cos
-1
 pa  + Cos  bq  = 
-1

 xz + yz = 1 - xy
p q p2 q2   xy + yz + zx =1.
 Cos -1  a . b  1-
2
1-
2 
 a b 
16. Prove that
pq  p2   q2 
  1 -  1 -   cos   2x   1- x2  
ab  a2   b 2  sin Cot -1  2 
+ Cos-1  2 
= 1.
     1- x   1+ x  
A. Put x = tan 
p2 q2 p2q2
 pq
ab
 cos  1  
a2 b2 a2b2   2x   1  x2 
 sin Cot 1  2 
 Cos1  2 
Squaring on bothsides   1 x   1  x 
p2q2 2pq 2 p2 q2 p2q2 2
 cos cos  = 1  2  2  2 2  1  2tan   1  1  tan  

2
ab 2 ab a b ab = sin Cot  1  tan2    Cos  1  tan2  
2 2     
 p2  q2  2pq
ab
2
cos = 1- cos 
a b 1 1
= sin Cot  tan2  Cos  cos2  
p2 2pq q2 2
 2  cos  2  sin 
a ab b  1   1 
= sin Cot cot   2   Cos  cos2
  2  
14. If Tan-1 x + Tan-1 y + Tan-1 z = , then prove
that x + y + z = xyz.  
A. Let Tan-1 x = A, Tan-1 y = B, Tan-1 z = C = sin   2  2
2 
tanA = x, tanB = y, tanC = z

Given that Tan-1 x + Tan-1 y + Tan-1 z =  = sin
2
A + B + C =  = 1.
tan(A + B) = tan ( - C)
tan A  tanB 2
  2p  -1  1- q   2x 
1  tan A tanB = - tan C 17. If Sin-1  2  - Cos  2 
= Tan-1  2 ,
 1+ p   1+ q   1- x 
tanA + tanB = - tanC + tanA tanB tanC
tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC p-q
then prove that x = .
 x + y + z = xyz. 1+ pq
A. Let p = tan, q = tan, x = tan
 Given
15. If Tan-1x + Tan-1y + Tan-1z = 2 , then prove
2
 2p  1  1  q   2x 
that xy + yz + zx =1. Sin1   Cos   Tan1 
2  2  2 
  1 p   1 q   1 x 
A: Given: Tan-1x + Tan-1y + Tan-1z = 2
2
  2 tan   1  1  tan  
 Tan-1x + Tan-1y = 2 - Tan-1 z  Sin1  2   Cos  2 
 1  tan    1  tan  
x+y 
 Tan-1 1 - xy = 2 - Tan
an-1 z  2 tan  
 Tan1  2 
x+y   1  tan  
 an-1 z)
1 - xy = tan( 2 -Ta
InverseTrigonometric Functions 126
First Year Maths - IA

 Sin1 sin2  Cos1 cos 2  Tan1 tan2  3x3 + x2= 8x2 + 6x

 2  2  2 3x3 - 7x2 - 6x = 0
    
 x [3x2 - 7x - 6] = 0 3x2 - 7x - 6
 tan       tan 
 x (x - 3) (3x + 2) = 0 = 3x2 - 9x + 2x - 6
tan   tan 
 tan    x = 0, 3, -2
3 = 3x(x-3)+2(x-3)
1  tan  tan 
= (x-3) (3x+2)
pq
x  .
1  pq 20. Solve:

18. Solve: Tan xx -- 2

-1 1 + Tan -1 x + 1 =  .
x+2 4
3Sin
-1
 1+2xx  - 4Cos  11+- xx  +2Tan  12x- x  = π3 .
2
-1 2
2
-1
2

A: Given that
A: Given: Tan xx -- 2
1 + Tan-1 x + 1 = 
-1
x +2 4
3Sin
-1
 1+2xx  - 4Cos  11+- xx  + 2Tan  12x- x  = 3
2
-1 2
2
-1
2

x - 1 x + 1 
 3(2Tan-1x) -4(2Tan-1x) +2(2Tan-1x) = 3
x-2 x+2  
-1
 Tan
4
1- x - 1
x-2 x+2
x
 
+ 1
  
6Tan-1x - 8Tan-1x + 4Tan-1x = 3

2 2 
 x +2x - 2 + x2 - x - 2  tan 4 = 1  2Tan-1 x = 3
x - 4 - x +1 
 Tan-1 x = 6
x2
2( - 2)
 =1 
-3  x = tan 6
 x - 2 = -3
2
2 1
 x= 3
.
 x =2-  1
2 3
2 2
x 1 . LEVEL - II (SAQ)
2

41 π
1. Prove that Cot -19 + Cosec-1 = .
19. Solve: Tan
2x +1
-1

4x +1 
1 +Tan-1 1 = Tan-1 2 .
x2     4 4

A: Given equation is 1 1 1
A: Cot 9  Tan
9
Tan
-1
 2x1+ 1 + Tan  4x1+ 1 = Tan  x2 
-1 -1
2

 2x1+ 1 4x1+ 1  41
 1 - 1 . 1   Tan x22
-1 -1
 Tan Let Cosec
1
 .
 2x + 1 4x + 1  4

 Tan
-1
 4x+1+2x+1
8x +6x+1-1
2 = Tan
-1 2
x2  cos ec  
41
4
 6x+2
2  22  tan  
4
8x +6x x
5
 3x+1
2  12 .
8x +6x x

InverseTrigonometric Functions 127

First Year Maths - IA

41 π
Cot1 9  Cosec1 3. Solve sin-1 1- x  - 2sin-1x = .
4 2
1 
1
 Tan1  Tan1
4 A: sin 1  x    2 sin1 x
9 5 2
 
 1 4  sin sin1 1  x    sin   2 sin1 x 
 95  2 
1
= Tan   1 - x = cos(2 sin-1 x)
 1  1  4  1 - x = 1 - 2 sin2 (sin-1 x)
 9 5
1 - x = 1 - 2x2
 5  36 
 45  2x2 - x = 0
1
= Tan   x(2x - 1) = 0
 45  4  x = 0 (or) x = 1/2
 45 
  But x = 1/2 does not satisfy the given equation
 41  
= Tan1   = Hence the only solution is x = 0 only.
 41  4
3(a). Solve sin-1 (5/x) + sin-1 (12/x) = /2.
-1 -1 -1
2. If Sin x + Sin y + Sin z = , then prove that Ans. x = 13
x4+y4+z4+4x2y2z2 = 2(x2y2+y2z2+z2x2).
4. Provethat
A: Let Sin-1x = , Sin-1y =  , Sin-1z = 
+ Tan 1 = Cot 201 + Cot 18 .
-1 1 -1 -1 -1
 sin = x, sin =y, sin = z Tan 7
8 43
Now Sin-1 x + Sin-1y + Sin-1z =  becomes -1 1
 Tan 1
-1 -1 -1
A: LHS = Tan 7  Tan x  Tan y
 + +  =  8
 cos ( +  ) = cos ( - )  1  1 
= Tan  7 8 
-1
 Tan
-1 x +y
 cos cos - sin sin = -cos 1
1- . 1 1 - xy 
 7 8 
 1 - x 2 1 -y 2 - xy = - 1 - z2
= Tan 15 x 55
-1
56  56

 1 - x 2 1 -y 2 = xy - 1 - z 2 3
 Tan-1 11  
Squaring on bothsides
RHS = cot 201  cot 18
-1 -1
 (1 - x2) (1 - y2) = x2y2 -2xy 1 - z2 +1-z2 43

= Tan 43  Tan 1
 1 - x2 - y2 + x2 y2 = x2y2 -2xy 1 - z2 +1 - z2 -1 -1
201 18
 2xy 1 - z2 = x2 + y2 - z2 43  1
= Tan 201 18
-1
Again, on squaring 1 - 43 . 1
201 18
4x2y2 (1-z2) = x4+y4+z4+2x2y2-2y2z2-2z2x2
 Tan -1 43(18 )+ 201
201(18 )- 43
4x2y2 - 2x2y2 + 2y2z2 + 2z2x2 = x4+y4+z4+4x2y2z2
 2(x2y2 + y2z2+z2x2) = x4+y4+z4+4x2y2z2.  Tan-1 774 + 201
3618-43

 Tan
-1 975
3575

 Tan
-1 3
11
 LHS = RHS

Hence Tan 1 + Tan 1 = Cot 201 + Cot 18 .

-1 -1 -1 -1
7 8 43
InverseTrigonometric Functions 128
First Year Maths - IA

 1+ x 2 - 1- x 2  -1 -1

7. If sin 2Cos . cot2Tan .x  = 0 . Find x. 
5. If  = Tan -1   , then prove
 1+ x 2 + 1- x 2  1 1

A.: sin 2Cos . cot 2Tan .x   0 . 
that x2 = sin 2.

 1  x2  1  x2  
 2Cos1 cot  2Tan1 x   0 or  or 2 
-1  
A.: Given  = Tan 
 1  x 2  1  x 2  
 Cos1 cot  2Tan1x   0 or  or 
2
Put x2 = cos A then
 1  cosA  1  cosA   cot  2Tan1x   1 or 0 or  1
1
 = Tan  
 1  cosA  1  cosA    3
 2 tan1 x   or  or 
4 2 4
 2 A A 
 2cos  2 sin2    3
1 2 2  Tan1x   or  or 
= Tan   8 4 8
 2 A 2 A 
 2cos 2  2 sin 2  x  
2  1 or  1 or   2 1 . 
 

 A A
 cos  sin  8. tan  π + 1 Cos -1  a   + tan  π - 1 Cos -1 a  = 2b .
1
= Tan 
2 2 4 2  b  4 2 b a
A A 
 cos  sin 
2 2  1  a   1 a
 1 1
A: ta n  4  2 C o s  b    tan  4  2 C os b 
    
 A a a
 1  tan  Let Cos1    A  cos A 
1 2
= Tan 
A  b b
1  tan 
 2  A  A
tan     tan   
4 2 4 2
   A 
 Tan1  tan    
  4 2  A A
1  tan 1  tan
2  2
 A  =
   2   A A A
4 2 2 1  tan 1  tan
2 2
 
sin 2  sin   A   cos A  x 2 A 
2
A
2
2  
 1  tan 2    1  tan 2 
 x2 = sin 2    
2 2
=  A  A
6. Show that sec2 (Tan-12) + cosec2 (Cot-12) = 10.  1  tan    1  tan 
 2  2
A:Let  = Tan-12  tan  = 2
sec2 = 1+ tan2  = 1 + 4 = 5 A A A A
1  tan2  2 tan  1  tan2  2 tan
Let  = Cot-1 2 cot  = 2 2 2 2 2
 cosec2 = 1 + cot2 = 1 + 4 = 5 = A
2 -1 2 -1
1  tan2
 sec (Tan 2) + cosec (Cot 2) 2
= sec2 + cosec2 = 5 + 5 = 10.

InverseTrigonometric Functions 129

First Year Maths - IA

 A
2  1  tan2 
 2 2 2b
 
=  2 A  cos A a .
 1  tan 
 2

9. If a, b, c are distinct non-zero real numbers

having the same sign. Prove that

 ab + 1   bc + 1 
Cot -1   + Cot -1  
 a-b   b-c 
 ca + 1  .
+ Cot -1   = π or 2π
 c-a 
A.Here a - b + b - c + c = 0
a - b, b - c, c- a all cannot have same sign.
Case I : Suppose a - b, b - c are both positive
and c - a is negative.

 ab  1  bc  1  ca  1
Cot 1    Cot 1    Cot 1  
 a b   bc   c a 

 a b   bc   c a 
Tan1    Tan1      tan2  
 1  ab   1  bc   1  ca 
Tan1 a  Tan1b  Tan1b  Tan1c 
  Tan1c  Tan1a  
 1 1  1  
Cot x  Tan  x  where x  0
   

 1 1  1  
cot x    tan  x  where x  0  .
   

Case : II : Suppose a - b, b - c are both negative and

c - a is positive.

 ab  1  bc  1  ca  1
Cot 1    Cot 1    Cot 1  
 a b   bc   c a 

 a b   bc   c a 
  Tan1      Tan1    tan2  
 1 ab   1 bc   1 ca 
2  Tan1 a  Tan1 b  Tan1 b  Tan1 c 
.
Tan1c  Tan1a  2

*******
InverseTrigonometric Functions 130
First Year Maths - IA

9. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE: -1 1  1+ x 
tanh x = loge  
2  1- x 
x + x2 + x3 + .......... .
1. ex = 1 + 1! 2! 3!  
coth -1x = 21 loge xx +- 11

x + x2 - x3 + .......... 7. sinh(x + y) = sinhx coshy + coshx sinhy

e-x = 1 - 1! 2! 3! sinh (x - y) = sinhx coshy - coshx sinhy
cosh(x + y) = coshx coshy + sinhx sinhy
x -x cosh(x-y) = coshx coshy - sinhx sinhy
e -e
2. sinh x = tanh x  tanh y
2 tanh(x+ y) =
1  tanh x tanh y
x -x tanh x  tanh y
e +e tanh(x - y) =
cosh x = 1  tanh x tanh y
2
2 x coshx 1
8. tanh  .
x -x 2 coshx  1
e -e
tanh x = x -x
e +e
LEVEL - I (VSAQ)
1
coth x = tanh 3
x 1. If sinh x = , find cosh 2x and sinh 2x.
4
1 3
sech x = cosh x A: Given that sinh x =
4
We know that cosh2 x - sinh2 x = 1
 cosh2 x = 1 + sinh2 x
1 2
cosech x = sinh x 3
= 1+  
4
9
3. cosh2x - sinh2x = 1 = 1+
16
1 - tanh2x = sech2x 25
cosh2 x =
16
coth2x - 1 = cosech2x 5
 cosh x = .
4
4. sinh 2x = 2sinhx coshx = 2 tanh x / 1 - tanh2 x Now sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x = 2cosh2 x - 1 = 1+ 2  3  5 
= 2  
sinh2x  4  4 
1 + tan h2 x 15
= =
1 - tan h2 x 8
tanh 2x = 2 tanhx/(1 + tanh2x) cosh2 x = 1 + 2sinh2 x
2
3
5. sinh 3x = 3sinhx + 4sinh x 3 = 1+ 2  
4
cosh 3x = 4cosh3 x - 3 coshx  9 
= 1+ 2  
3 tanhx + tanh3 x  16 
tanh 3x =
1 + 3tan h2 x 89
=
2
8
6. sinh-1x = loge  x + x + 1
17
 
= .
2
8
cosh-1x = loge  x + x - 1
 
Hyperbolic Functions 131
First Year Maths - IA
5 4. Prove that (cosh x + sinh x)n
2.If coshx = then find (i) cosh(2x) (ii) sinh(2x). = cosh (nx) + sinh (nx).
2
5
A: Give coshx = then
2 LHS   cosh x  sin h x 
n
2
5 25  4 n
sinh x  cosh2 x  1     1  ex  ex ex  ex 
2 4   
A:  2 2 
21 21 n
   ex  ex  ex  ex 
4 2  
 2 
 
2 n
2 5  2 ex 
(i) cosh(2x)  2cosh x  1  2    1  
2  2 
 25 
 2   1
25
1
23
 e nx  
 4  2 2
(ii) sinh(2x)  2 sinh x cosh x RHS  cosh nx  sinh nx
enx  e nx enx  e  nx
5  21  5 21  
 2. .   2 2
2  2  2
enx  e  nx  enx  e  nx

2
3. Prove that 2e nx
(cosh x - sinh x)n = cosh nx - sinh nx. 
2
n

A: Now (cosh x - sinh x)

 ex + e-x
n = -
ex - e-x 

 enx  
 2 2 
From  a n d  (coshx + sinhx)n = cosh nx + sinh nx.
n
 e x + e-x - ex + e-x 
=  5. Prove that cosh4x - sinh4x = cosh(2x).
 2 
A: LHS = cosh4x - sinh4x
 2e -x  n
= = (cosh2x)2 - (sinh2x)2

 2  = (cosh2x + sinh2x) (cosh2x - sinh2x)
= e-nx - (1)
= [cosh(2x)] (1) = cosh(2x) = RHS.
Also cosh nx - sinh nx

 enx +e-nx   enx - e-nx  6. If sinh x = 3, then show that x = log e (3 + 10 ) .

=  -   A: Given that sinh x = 3
 2 2
   
 x = sinh-1 3  sinh-1 x = loge (x + x2 +1)
enx +e-nx -enx +e-nx
=
2 = log(3 + 32 +1)
-nx
2e
= = log(3 + 10) .
2
= e-nx - (2)
From (1) & (2)
7. If sinhx = 5 then show that x = loge 5 + 26 .  
(cosh x - sinh x)n = coshh nx - sinh nx. A: Given that sinhx = 5


2
x = sinh-1 (5) = loge 5  5  1 
Hyperbolic Functions 132
First Year Maths - IA
11. Prove that
Hence, x = loge 5   26  cosh (x + y) = cosh x . cosh y + sinh x . sinh y.
A: RHS = cosh x . cosh y + sinh x . sinh y

 e 
 sinh1 x  log x  x2  1 
 
 e x  e  x   e y  e  y   e x  e x   e y  e  y 
    
-1 1 1  2  2   2  2 
8. Show that tanh = loge 3 .
2 2
 e x e y  e x e  y  e x e y  e  x e y 
1  1+ x   
A: We know that tanh-1x = loge   4
2  1- x   
 1  ex e y  ex e y  e x ey  e x e y 
 1+ 
1 1 2  
 tanh-1 = loge   4
2 2  1- 1   
 2 x y ( x  y)
2e x e y  2e x e y 2  e  e 

 3    
1  2   4 4
 loge     1 e x  y  e ( x  y)
2   1    loge3 .   cosh(x  y)  LHS
  2   2 2
 

x θ
9. If coshx = secthen prove that tanh
2
= tan2 . 12.Prove that sinh 2x = 2tan hx .
2 2 1- tanh2 x
2 x cosh x  1 sec θ  1
A. tanh   A: sin 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x.
2 cosh x  1 sec θ  1
1 θ 2 sinh x cosh x
1 2 sin2 =
cos θ 1  cos θ 2  tan2 θ 1
 
1 1  cos θ θ 2 2sinh x cosh x
1 2 cos2
cos θ 2 = cosh2 x  sinh2 x

2 sinh x cosh x
2
10. Prove that sinh(x - y) = sinhx coshy - coshx sinhy. = cosh2 x  1  sinh x 
2
A: sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y.  cosh x 
 ex - e-x  ey + e-y   ex + e-x  e y - e-y  2 tan hx
=   -    = .
 2  2 2  2 1  tanh2 x
     

ex+y - e-x+y +ex-y - e-x-y - [ex+y +e-x+y - ex-y - e-x-y ] 13.Show that cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh2 x.
=
4 A : cosh 2x = cosh (x +x)
= coshx.coshx + sinhx.sinhx
2[ex-y - e-x+y ]
= = cosh2 x + sinh2x
4  cosh2x - sinh2x = 1
e x-y - e-(x-y) = (1+sinh x) + sinh2x
2
=
2 = 1 + 2sinh2x.
= sinh(x - y)
 sinh(x - y) = sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y.. 14.For any x  R, show that cosh 2x = 2 cosh2 x -1.
A. cosh 2x = cosh (x + x)
= cosh x. coshx + sinhx.sinhx
= cosh2 x + sinh2x
 cosh2x - sinh2x = 1
= cosh2x + (cosh2x - 1)
= 2cosh2x - 1.
Hyperbolic Functions 133
First Year Maths - IA
15.Prove that sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x.  (et)2 - 2xet + 1 = 0.
A: sinh 3x = sinh(2x + x)
2x ± 4x 2 - 4
= sinh 2x cosh x + cosh 2x sinh x et =
2
= 2sinh x cosh x cosh x + (1+2sinh2 x) sinh x
2x ± 2 x 2 - 1
= 2sinh x (cosh2 x) + sinh x + 2sinh3 x =
2
= 2sinh x (1 + sinh2 x) + sinh x + 2sinh3 x
 x  x2  1
= 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x.
Since x  [1, ) , et  1
16. Prove that sinh -1x = log(x + x 2 + 1) , for
x R.  et = x + x 2 - 1
A: Let sinh-1 x = t
t = loge (x + x 2 - 1)
 x = sin ht
 cosh1 x = loge (x + x 2 - 1) .
t -t
e -e
x=
2 1  1+ x 
-1
18.Prove that Tanh x = loge   for x (-1, 1).
1 2  1- x 
 2x = et 
et A: Let Tanh-1 x = t
 x = tanh t
2xet = (et)2 -1
et - e-t
(et)2 - 2xet - 1 = 0. x=
et + e-t

2x + 4x 2 + 4 1 e t + e-t
 et =  =
2 x e t - e-t
By componendo and dividendo,
2x ± 2 x 2 + 1
=
2 1  x e t + e-t  e t  e  t
 =
1  x e t + e-t  e t  e  t
= x± x2 +1

et  x  x2  1  et > 0 2et
=
2e-t
By the definition of logarithm, = e2t
t = loge(x + By the definition of logarithm,
x2  1 )
 1+ x 
 sinh-1x = loge(x + 2t = loge 
x 2  1 ). 
 1- x 
17. For any x  [1, ), prove that 1  1+ x 
t = loge  
2  1- x 
cosh-1 x = loge(x + x 2 - 1 ).
1  1+ x 
A: Let cosh-1 x = t  Tanh-1x = log  .
 x = cosh t 2  1- x 

et + e-t 19.Show that f(x) = sinhx is an odd function.

x=
2
ex  e x
A: We know that sinh x 
1 2
 2x = et 
et x
e e x
 ex  e x 
t
 2xe = (e ) + 1t 2  sinh  x        sinh x
2  2 
Hyperbolic Functions 134
First Year Maths - IA

 sinh(  x)   sinh x 3
4. Prove that tanh 3x = 3tanh x + tanh x .
 sinh x is an odd function 1+ 3tanh2 x
A: tanh 3x = tanh(2x + x)

20.Show that f(x) = cosh x is an even function. tanh 2x + tanh x

=
1+ tanh 2x tanh x
e x  e x
A. We know that cosh x 
2 2tanh x
x x
+ tanh x
e e e  e x
x
= 1 + tanh2 x
 cosh(  x)    cosh x  2tanh x 
2 2 1+   (tanh x)
 1+ tanh2 x 
cos(-x) = coshx
 coshx is an even function. 2tanh x + tanh x + tanh3 x
=
1+ tanh2 x + 2tanh2 x
LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
3tanh x + tanh3 x
= .
1. Prove that cosh2x - sinh2x = 1. 1+ 3tanh2 x
A: LHS = cosh2x - sinh2x
2 2
 ex  ex   ex  ex  cothx cothy - 1
    5. Prove that coth(x - y) = .
cothy - cothx
 2   2 
 ex 2  e x 2  2ex ex   ex 2  ex 2  2ex ex  cosh(x  y)

         A: coth(x - y) =
sinh(x  y)
 4   4 
   
cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
e2x  e2x  2  e2x  e2x  2 4 = sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
   1 RHS
4 4 dividing numberator and
2 2
 cosh x - sinh x = 1. denominator by sinhx sinhy
2. Prove that 1 - tanh2x = sech2x. coth x coth y  1
A: We know that = coth y  cothx .
cosh2x - sinh2x = 1
dividing both sides by cosh2x
tanhx tanhx
cosh2 x  sinh2 x 1 6. Prove that + = - cosechx .
2
 sechx - 1 sechx +1
cosh x cosh2 x
 1 - tanh2x = sech2x. tanh x tanh x
A: LHS = 
sec hx  1 sec hx  1
3. Prove that cosh 3x = 4cosh3 x - 3cosh x.
A: cosh3x = cosh(2x + x) tanh x(sec h x  1)  tanh x(sec h x  1)

= cosh 2x cosh x + sinh 2x sinh x (sec h x  1)(sec h x  1)
= (2cosh2 x - 1) cosh x + 2sinh x cosh x sinh x
tanh x sec h x  tanh x  tanh x sec h x  tanh x
= 2cosh3 x - cosh x + 2cosh x sinh2 x 
sec h2 x  1
3 2
= 2cosh x - cosh x + 2 cosh x (cosh x - 1)
2 tanh x sec h x
= 4 cosh3 x - 3 cosh x. 
 tanh 2 x
2sec h x

 tanh x

Hyperbolic Functions 135

First Year Maths - IA

2  2 2
   
cosh x   1  tan    1  tan  
 1  2  2 
 sinh x =  
2 
cosh x  1  tan2 
 2 
2   2  

sinh x  2  1  tan 2  
1  
=
2 2  
  2cosec h x .  1  tan 2 
 

1
coshx sinhx = = sec.
7. Prove that + cos
1- tanhx 1- cothx
= sinhx+coshx, for x  0.
cosh x sinh x
A:  ******
1  tanh x 1  coth x
cosh x sinh x
 
sinh x cosh x
1 1
cosh x sinh x
cosh2 x sinh2 x
 
cosh x  sinh x sinh x  cosh x

cosh2 x  sinh2 x

cosh x  sinh x
 cosh x  sinh x.

 
8. If u = loge tan  +  then prove that
4 2
cosh u = sec .
π θ 
A: Given that u = loge tan  + 
 4 2
π θ 
 eu  tan  + 
 4 2
θ
1  tan
 2
θ
1  tan
2
eu + e-u
 cosh u =
2
  
1+ tan 1 - tan 
1 2 2
=  + 
2  
1 - tan 1+ tan 
 2 2 

Hyperbolic Functions 136

First Year Maths - IA

10. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE:
7) Area of the triangle
1) Sine rule :
1 1 1
a b c = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C
In a ABC, = = =2R where R is the 2 2 2
sinA sinB sinC
circum radius of ABC. abc
=
4R
2) Cosine Rule :
a2= b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A  = s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)

b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos B 2
Δ = 2R sin A sinB sinC = rr1 r2 r3
c2= a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C 8) In a ABC, if r is the radius of the incircle
r = /s
3) Projection Rule :
r=(s-a) tan A/2 = (s-b) tan B/2 = (s-c) tan C/2
a = b cos C + c cos B
r=4R sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2
b = c cos A + a cos C
c = a cos B + b cos A 9) If r 1 is the radius of the excircle opposite to
the vertex A
B-C b-c Δ B
4) Tangent Rule : tan = cot A r1 = = s tan A/2 = (s - b) cot C/2 = (s - c) cot
2 b+c 2
s-a 2

5) Mollweide’s Rule : r1 = 4 R sin A/2 cos B/2 cos C/2

Similarly formulae can be written for r2 and r3.
 A -B
cos  
a+b  2  1 1 1 1
=
C 10) r + r + r  r
c
sin 1 2 3
2
r r1 r2 r3 = 2.
 A -B 
sin  
a-b
=
 2  LEVEL - I (SAQ)
c C
cos
2
1. In ABC, prove that b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos B.
Y
3
A
In a  ABC, sin =
 s - b  s - c  A:
2 bc
A(c cosB, c sinB)

cos
A
=
s s-a  c b
2 bc

X
B(0, 0) a C(a, 0)
A (s - b)(s - c)  (s - b) (s - c)
tan = = =
2 Δ s(s - a) s(s - a) Take the vertex B of ABC as orgiin and its side
BC along X-axis as shown in the figure.
A s(s - a) Then B = (0, 0), C = (a, 0)
cot =
2 
137
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
Angle made by the side AB with X-axis = B 4. Using cosine rule, prove that
Here AB = c and A = (c cosB, c sinB) (
s - b)(s - c)
sin A = .
b2 = CA2 2 bc
2 2 2
= (c cos B - a)2 + (c sin B - 0)2 A: By cosine rule cosA = b +c - a .
2bc
= c2 cos2 B + a2 - 2ca cos B + c2 sin2B
= c2(cos2 B + sin2B) + a2 -2ca cos B
b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos B.
Now 1 - cosA = 1 -  b 2 +c 2 - a 2
2bc 
2 2 2
2sin A = 2bc- b - c +a
2
2 2bc
2. In ABC, prove that Tan  B 2- C  = bb +- cc cot A2 . a 2 -( b2 + c2 -2bc)
2sin A =
2
A: In ABC, from sine rule, 2 2bc
b = 2R sinB, C = 2R sinC.
a2 -(b - c)2
2sin A =
2

2R (sinB-sinC) 2 2bc
Here b - c =
b + c 2R (sinB + sinC) (a + b - c) (a - b + c)
=
2bc
= sinB - sinC
sinB + sinC
(2s-2c) (2s - 2b)
=
=
   
2cos B+C sin B-C
2 2
2bc

2 sin    
B+C
2
cos B-C
2 2sin A =
2
2
4(s - b) (s - c)
2bc
= cot  B+C  Tan  B-C  (s - b) (s - c)
2 2 sin A =
2
2 bc
= Tan A Tan  B-C  2
 cot B+C = Tan A
2 2 2 (s - b) (s - c)
 sin A =
2 bc
 Tan  B-C  = b-c cot A .
2 b+c 2
cos A - B 
5. In ABC, prove that a+b = 2  .
3. In ABC, show that a = b cosC + c cosB. c sinC
2
A: In ABC, from cosine rule, we have A: From sine rule, a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B,
c = 2R sin C.
c 2 + a2 - b2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
cos B = , cos C = .
2ca 2ab Now a+b = 2R (sin A + sin B)
c 2R sin C
Now b cos C + c cos B

 2 2 2
 
 b a +b - c + c c + a - b
2a b
2 2 2
2 ca  = sinA+sinB
sinC
a2 + b2 - c2  c2 + a2- b2 2 sin A + B cos A - B 
  2   2 
2a =
2 2 sin C cos  C
 
 2a 2  2
2a
a cos C cos A - B 
 2  2 
=
 b cos C + c cos B = a. sinC cos C 
2 2

cos A - B 
 2 
= .
sin C 
 2

138
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

A B C s2 s-b = 5k  b = 10k
6. Prove that cot + cot + cot = .
2 2 2 Δ
s-c = 7k  c = 8k
s(s - a) s(s - b) s(s - c)
A: LHS = Δ + +
Δ Δ a : b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k
s = 12 : 10 : 8
= [s - a + s - b + s - c]
Δ
=6:5:4
s
=Δ [3s - (a + b + c)]
9. Show that
s
=Δ [3s - 2s]
A B C ab + bc + ca - s2
tan + tan + tan = .
s 2 2 2 Δ
=Δ .s
A B C
s2 A.: tan + tan + tan
=Δ = RHS. 2 2 2
  
a2 + b2 + c2 =  
7. Show that cotA + cotB + cotC = . s(s  a) s(s  b) s(s  c)
4Δ
 (s  b)(s  c)  (s  a)(s  c)  (s  a)(s  b) 
A.  cosA + cosB + cosC
sinA sinB sinC = 
 s(s  a).(s  b).(s  c) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c  2
2bc sinA 2ca sinB 2bc sinC
= [s -sb-sc+bc+s2-sa-sc+ac+s2-as-bs+ab]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = [3s2 - 2s(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca]
= b +c - a + c +a - b +a +b - c 
4Δ
2 2+ c2 1
 a +b
4 . = [3s2 - 4s2 + bc + ac + ab]


8. In ABC, if cot A B C ab  bc  ac  s2
2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7, =
show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4.

L.H.S. = R.H.S.
A: Given cot A B C
2 : cot 2 : cot 2 = 3 : 5 : 7 10. In ABC. show that
s(s-a )s(s-b )s(s-c )
  :
 :
 =3:5:7 (b-c)2 cos2 A 2 2 A 2
2 +(b+c) sin 2 = a .
 s-a : s-b : s-c = 3 : 5 : 7
A. In ABC, (b-c)2 cos2 A 2 2 A
2 + (b+c) sin 2
Let k be the proportionality constant
= (b2 + c2 -2bc) cos2 A 2 2 2 A
2 + (b + c + 2bc)sin 2
 s-a = 3k, s-b = 5k, s-c = 7k

on addition, we get = (b2 + c2) [cos2 A 2 A

2 + sin 2 ]
s-a + s-b + s-c = 3k+5k+7k
- 2bc [cos2 A 2 A
2 - sin 2 ]
 3s-(a+b+c) = 15k = b2 + c2 -2bc cosA
= a2
 3s -2s = 15k

s = 15k  (b - c)2 cos2 A 2 2 A 2

2 + (b+c) sin 2 = a .

s-a = 3k  a = 12k
139
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

1 + 1 =
11. If a + 3 0 (a+b-c) (a-b+c)
c b + c a + b + c , show that C = 60 . =
(b - c)2
1 + 1 =
A: In ABC a + 3
c b +c a+b+c 2(s-c) 2(s-b)
=
(b - c)2
 b+c +a+c  3
(b+ c) a + b + c
(a + c) (s-b)(s-c)
= 4bc 2
(b - c) bc

 a +b + 2c  a+b + c  = 3(a +c)(b +c)
2 2 2  tan θ =
2 4bc sin2 A
 a +b + 2ab + 3ac + 3bc + 2c (b - c)2 2
2
 3ab + 3ac + 3bc +3c 2 bc sin A
 tanθ =
2 2 2 (b - c) 2
 a +b - c = ab
 2abcos C = ab
a
 cos C = 1 14.If sinθ = , then show that
2 b+c
0
 C = 60 2 bc A
cosθ = cos .
b+c 2
a b
12. If C = 600 then show that +  a
b+c c+a A: Given sin θ 
bc
A : Given that C = 600
Now cos2= 1 - sin2 
c 2  a2  b2  2ab cosC  a2  b2  2ab cos(60)
a2
2 2 1 2 2  1
= a  b  2ab ( )  a  b  ab ------- (1) b  c 
2
2
2
a b a2  ac  b2  bc  b  c   a2
=   2  2
b  c c  a c  bc  ab  ac b  c 
a2  ac  b2  bc a2  ac  b2  bc
=  1 b  c  a b  c  a 
ab  ac  bc  a2  b2  ab ac  bc  a2  b2  2
b  c 
12(a).If C = 600 then show that
2s(2s  2a)

b a 2
2 2
+ 2 2 =0. b  c 
c -a c -b
s(s  a)
4 2
13. If a = (b - c) sec, prove that b  c 
tan = 2 bc sin A 2. bc s(s  a)
b-c 4 .
2
A: Given a = (b - c) sec b  c  bc
 secθ = a
b-c 2 bc s(s  a)
2 2
cos θ 
 tan θ = sec θ - 1 bc bc

= a2 - 1 bc A
(b - c)2 2 cos .
bc 2
a2 - (b - c)2
=
(b - c)2
140
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
14(a). If a = (b + c) cos , then prove that
2R sin A 2R sinB 2R sin C
  
2 bc A cos A cosB cos B
sinθ = cos 
b+c 2
sin A sinB sinC
  
2
sin B - C 
2 cos A cosB cosB
b -c
15. In ABC, show that =
a 2
sin B + C  .  tan A  tan B  tan C
A = B = C
b2  c 2 ABC is an equilateral triangle.
A: In ABC,
a2
2 2 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = a2 + b2 + c2
18. Show that .

 2R sinB    2R sin C  r 2 r12 r22 r32 Δ2
2
 2R sin A  Δ Δ Δ
A: We know that r = 
s , r1 = s-a , r2 = s-b , r3 = s-c .



4R2 sin2 B  sin2 C  1+ 1+ 1+ 1
2 2 Now r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2
4R sin A 1 2 3

sinA  sin 180 0

 B  C   sin B  C  2
 s 
Δ 2 Δ 2
2
(s-a)

(s-b)
Δ 2
2

(s-c)
Δ 2
2

sin B  C  sin  B  C  1
 = [s2 + (s-a)2 + (s-b)2 + (s-c)2]
sin2 B  C  Δ 2

1
sin B  C  =Δ 2 [s2+s2 -2as+a2 +s2 -2bs+b2 +s2 - 2cs+c2]
 .
sin B  C  1
=Δ 2 [4s2 - 2s (a +b+c)+a2+b2+c2]
16. Show that 1
=Δ 2 [4s2 -2s(2s) + a2+b2+c2]
2 2 2
cos A cos B cos C a + b + c
+ + = .
a b c 2abc a2 + b2 + c 2
= Δ 2 .
cos A cos B cos C
A: + +
a b c 19. Prove that 4(r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1) = (a+b+c)2.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b +c -a c +a -b a +b -c
= + + A. Now 4(r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1)
2abc 2cab 2cab
b 2 + c 2 - a2 + c 2 + a 2 - b2 + a 2 + b2 - c 2  4   .    .    .  
=  s-a s-b s-b s-c s-c s-a 
2abc
2  1 1 1 
 4    
a2 + b2 + c 2  (s-a) (s-b) (s-b) (s-c) (s-c) (s-a) 
= .
2abc 2  
 4  s - c + s - b + s - a 
 (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
a b c 2  3s-(a+b+c) 
17. If cos A = cos B = cos C , then show that  4  
 (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
ABC is an equilateral. 2  s .s 
 4  
a b c  s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
A. Given that cos A  cos B  cos C

141
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
2 s2 22. In ABC, prove that r + r1 + r2 + r3 = 4R cos C.
= 4Δ .
A. Now r + r1 + r2 - r3
Δ2
2 = (r1 + r2) - (r3 - r)
= 4s
 A B C A B C
= (2s)
2 =  4R sin cos cos  4Rcos sin cos 
 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
= (a + b + c)  A B C A B C
-  4Rcos cos sin  4R sin sin sin 
20. Show that r + r3 + r1 - r2 = 4R cosB.  2 2 2 2 2 2
A: In ABC, r + r3 + r1 - r2 C A B A B
= (r3 + r1) - (r2 - r) = 4Rcos  sin cos  cos sin 
2 2 2 2 2
=[4R cos A B C A B C
2 cos 2 sin 2 +4Rsin 2 cos 2 cos 2 ] C A B A B
 4Rsin  cos cos  sin sin 
C C 2 2 2 2 2
- [4Rcos A B A B
2 sin 2 cos 2 -4Rsin 2 sin 2 sin 2 ]
C  A B C  A B
= 4Rcos B C A A C = 4Rcos sin   - 4R sin cos  
2 [sin 2 cos 2 +sin 2 cos 2 ] 2  2  2  2 

- 4Rsin B A C A C C C C C
2 [cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2 ] = 4R cos .cos  4R sin sin
2 2 2 2
= 4Rcos B
2 sin  C+A
2  -4Rsin 2 cos  2 
B C+A
 2 C C
 sin2 
= 4R  cos
 2 2
= 4Rcos B B B B
2 cos 2 -4Rsin 2 sin 2 = 4R cosC.

= 4R[cos2 B 2B
2 - sin 2 ] 23. In ABC, if a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9, then
= 4R cosB. find cosA : cosB : cosC.
A: Given that a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9
21. In ABC, prove that r1 + r2 + r3 - r = 4R. Let k be the proportionality constant
A. Now r1 + r2 + r3 - r a = 7k, b = 8k, c = 9k.
= (r1 + r2) + (r3 - r) Now cos A : cos B : cos C
 A B C A B C
=  4R sin cos cos  4Rcos sin cos  b 2  c 2  a2 c 2  a2  b 2 a 2  b2  c 2
 2 2 2 2 2 2 = : :
2bc 2ca 2ab
 A B C A B C
+  4Rcos cos sin  4R sin sin sin 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 64k2  81k2  49k2 81k 2  49k2  64k2
 :
C A B A B 2(8k)(9k) 2(9k)(7k)
= 4Rcos  sin cos  cos sin 
2 2 2 2 2 49k2  64k2  81k2
:
C A B A B 2(7k)(8k)
 4Rsin  cos cos  sin sin 
2 2 2 2 2 96k 2 66k 2 32k 2
 : :
C
144k 2 126k 2 112k 2
 A B C  A B
= 4Rcos sin   + 4R sin cos   2 11 2
2  2  2  2   : :
3 21 7 .
C C C C  14 : 11: 6
= 4R cos .cos  4R sin sin
2 2 2 2
24. If r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12, then prove that the
 2 C C
= 4R  cos  sin2  triangle is right angled at A.
 2 2 A: Given : r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12
= 4R(1)  r = 2k, R = 5k, r1 = 12k for some kR
= 4R. Now r1 - r = 12k - 2k = 10k = 2(5k) = 2R
 r1 - r = 2R
142
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

 4R sin A B C A B C  2R 2  2 sin A cos A  2 sinB cosB  2 sin C cos C 

2 cos 2 cos 2 - 4R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 =2R
C C  2R2  sin 2A  sin 2B  sin 2C 
 4R sin A B B
2 [cos 2 cos 2 - sin 2 sin 2 ] = 2R
 2R2 2 sin  A  B  cos  A  B   2 sinCcos C
A  B+C 
 4R sin 2 
cos 2  = 2R 
 
 2R2 2 sin 1800  C cos  A  B   2 sinC cos C
 
 sin A 1
2
2 = 2
 2R 2 2 sin C cos  A  B   cos C
1
 sin A
2 = 2
 
 2R 2  2 sin C cos  A  B   cos 180 0   A  B  
  
 A2 = 45
0
 2R2  2 sin C cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
 A = 900
Hence the triangle is right angled at A.  2R2 .2sinC.2sin A sinB
1
25. If A, A1, A2, A3 are the areas of incircle and   2R sin A  2R sinB  2R sinC 
excircles of a triangle respectively, then prove
R
1 + 1 + 1 = 1 abc
 .
that A A A A . R
1 2 3
A: If r, r1, r2, r3 are the inradius and exradii of the circles
of a triangle respectively, then 27.If cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1, then show that
A = r2, A1=r12, A2 = r22, A3 = r32 ABC is right angled.
A: Given cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1........(1)
 A = π . r, A 1 = π . r1 ,  cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
A2 = π . r2 , A 3 = π . r3 = cos2 A + cos2 B + 1 - sin2 C
= 1 + cos2 A + cos(B + C) cos (B - C)

1  1  1 = 1 + cos2 A - cos A cos (B - C)
A1 A2 A3
= 1 + cos A [cos A - cos (B - C)]
 1  1  1 = 1 - cos A [cos (B + C) + cos(B - C)]
 .r1  .r2  .r3 = 1 - 2cos A cosB cos C
 1  s-a  s-b  s-c  ( A + B + C = , cos (B + C) = - cos A).
       1 - 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1
 1  3s - (a + b + c)   2 cos A cos B cos C = 0
   
 A = 900 or B = 900 or C = 900.
 1  3s - 2s  ABC is right angled.
   

 1 s
    a 2 + b2 sin C
28.If 2 2
= , prove that ABC is
1 .1 a -b sin(A - B)

 r either isosceles or right angled.
 1 .
A a2  b2 sin C
A: Given 2 2

a b sin(A  B)
abc
26. Show that a2 cotA + b2cotB + c2 cotC = . a2  b2 sin(A  B)
R  
A: a2 cotA + b2cotB + c2 cotC a2  b2 sin(A  B)
2 cos A 2 cosB 2 cos C By componendo and dividendo
  2R sin A    2R sinB    2R sinC 
sin A sinB sin C a 2  b 2  a2  b2 sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)
 
 4R2 sinAcosA  4R2 sinBcosB  4R2 sinCcosC 
a2  b2  a2  b2  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)

143
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

2a2 2sin A cosB =

s(s - a )s(s - b ) s(s - c )
  .    

2b 2 2sin A sin B
s [s-a + s-b + s-c ]
= 
a2 2 R sin A cos B a cos B
 2
  s [3s - (a + b + c)]
b 2 R cos A sin B b cos A = 
a cos B s (3s - 2s)
= 
 
b cos A
2
2R sin A cos A = 2R sin B cos B = s

 R sin 2A = R sin 2B 2
 a+b+c 
sin 2A = sin 2B 
2 
= 
2A = 2B or 2A = 1800 - 2B 
ABC is isosceles (or) A + B = 900. 2
ABC is either isosceles or right angled. = (a+b+c) .........(1)
4
Now cotA + cotB + cotC
LEVEL - I (LAQ)
 cosA + cosB + cosC
3 sinA sinB sinC
1. In a ABC, prove that  a cos(B - C)
=3abc .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A: In ABC, a3 cos(B-C) = b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c
2bc sinA 2ca sinB 2bc sinC
= a2 . a cos (B-C) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b + a +b - c
2
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
= a2 . 2R sinA cos (B - C)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= b +c - a + c +a - b +a +b - c
2
= Ra . 2sin (B+C) cos(B-C) 4Δ
2 2 + c2
= Ra2 [sin(B+C+B-C) + sin (B+C-B+C)]  a +b
4 ...............(2)

= Ra2 [sin2B+sin2C] 1 bcsinA = 4

(  2bc sinA = 4. 2

= Ra2 (2sinBcosB + 2sinC cosC) From (1) and (2)

cot A + cot B +cot C 2/ 
= a2 (2R sinB cosB + 2RsinC cosC) 2 2 2 = (a+b+c)4
cotA + cotB + cotC (a2 +b2 + c2 )/4
= a2 (b cosB + c cos C)
(a+b+c) 2
= a2(b cosB + c cosC) + b2(c cosC + a cosA) =
a2 +b2 + c 2
+ c2 (a cosA + b cosB)
= ab(a cosB + b cosA) + bc (b cosC+c cosB) 3. In ABC, prove that
Δ
+ ca (a cosC + c cosA) a cos2 A 2B 2 C
2 +b cos 2 +c cos 2 = s + R .
= ab(c) + bc(a) + ca(b)
2 C
A: In ABC, a cos2 A 2B
2 + b cos 2 +c cos 2
 acosB + bcosA = C

= 3abc.   a cos A
2
2
2. Show that, in ABC,  a 
1+cos
2
A

cot A +cot B +cot C (a +b +c)2
2 2 2=
cot A +cot B+cot C a2 +b2 + c2
.
 1 (a + acos A)
2
A: In the triangle ABC,  1  a + 1  2RsinAcosA
2 2
cot A + cot B + cot C 1 R
  a +  sin2A
2 2 2 2 2

144
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

1 (a+b+c)+ R (sin2A+sin2B+sin2C)
=2 1 A B C
2 = 1- 2 sin sin sin

r 2 2 2 
= If A+B+C = 1800, sin2A+sin2B+sin2C
= 4sinA sinB sinC
1  2R A B C
=s+ R = 1- 2 sin sin sin
2 4sinA sinB sinC 
r  2R 2 2 2 
1 (2R2 sinA sinB sinC)
=s+ R 1 r 
= 1-
r  2R 


=s+ R (  2R2 sinA sinB sinC = .) 1 1 r
= - .
r r 2R
r1 r2 r
4. In ABC, prove that + + 3 = 1- 1 . 1 1
bc ca ab r 2R = - .
r r2 r r 2R
A: In ABC, 1 + ca + 3
bc ab
5. Show that, in triangle ABC,
ar1+br2 +cr3 r
 abc sin2 A 2B 2 C
2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 - 2R .
1  2R sin A  s tan A A 2 C

abc   2  A: In ABC, sin2 2 +sin2 B
2 + sin 2 .
sin A = 1 - cos A + sin B + sin C
2 2 2
 2RS  2 sin A cos A . 2 2 2 2
abc 2 2
cos A
2
2 A B 2 C
= 1 -  cos - sin2  + sin
 4RS  sin2 A  2 2 2
abc 2
2 C
abc 
 4RS sin2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C
2 2 2  = 1- cos 
 A B
 2 2
A B
+  cos  -  + sin
 2 2 2
 4RS 1 - cos2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  C  A B 2 C
4R  2 2 2
= 1- sin cos  -  + sin
2  2 2 2
1   A B 2 C
= 1 -  cos2 - sin2  + sin

Δ/s  2 2  2  C  A B C
= 1- sin  cos  2 - 2  - sin 
2 2
1 A B A B 2 C
= 1- cos  +  cos  -  + sin
 2  C
r  2 2   2 2 
= 1- sin
2
 cos 
 A B  A B
-  - cos  + 
 2 2  2 2 
1 C  A B 2 C C A B
= 1- sin cos  2 - 2  + sin
r 2 2  = 1- sin 2 sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
1 C A B C  = 1- 2 sin sin sin
= 1- sin  cos  -  - sin   2 2 2
r 2  2 2  2  2R A B C
= 1- 2 sin sin sin
2R 2 2 2
r
1
= 1- sin
r
C
2

 A B  A B
cos  -  - cos  + 
 2 2  2 2  
 = 1-
2R
.

1 C A B
= 1- sin 2 sin sin

r 2 2 2 

145
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
6. Show that 84
r=
s  21  4
A B C r
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 + .   84  21
2 2 2 2R r1 = s-a
8 2
2 A B C r2 =   84  12
A: In ABC, cos  cos2  cos2 . s-b 7
2 2 2
  84  14
r3 = s-c
A B C 6
 cos2  1  sin2  cos2
2 2 2 R = abc
4
 A B C 5
 1   cos2  sin2   cos2 13 x 14 x 15
 2 2 2 
4 x 84
6
A B  A B C
 1  cos   cos    cos2 2
 2   2  2
 65 .
8
C  A B 2 C
 1  sin .cos    1  sin 2 8. In ABC, r1 = 8, r2 = 12, r3 = 24 find the sides
2  2  a, b, c.
A: Given: In ABC, r1=8, r2=12, r3 = 24
C  A B C
 2  sin  cos    sin  1= 1  1  1
2  2  2 r r1 r2 r3

C  1 1  1
 A B  A  B  8 12 24
 2  sin  cos    cos  
2  2   2   3+2+1
24
C A B  6
 2  sin .2 sin sin 24
2 2 2
1 1
A B C r 4
 2  2 sin sin sin
2 2 2  r=4
A B C But 2 = r r1 r2 r3
2  2R  sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
= 4(8) (12) (24)
2R
r = 4(4) (2) (12) (24)
2 .
2R = 42 . 242
 = 4(24) = 96 sq. units
7. If a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, show that R = 65
8 , r = 4,
s = r  96  24
4
r1 = 21
2 , r2 = 12, r3 = 14.   8  s - a  96  12
r1  8  s-a
A: Given: In ABC, a = 13, b = 14, c = 15 8
 24 - a = 12
s = a + b + c  13+14+15  21  a = 12
2 2
  s(s - a )(s - b )(s - c ) r2  12    12  24 - b  96  8
s-b 12
 21(8 )
(7 )
(6 )  b = 16
  24  24 - c  96  4
r3  24  s-c
 212 x 42 24
 c = 20
 21(4 )  a = 12, b = 16, c = 20.
= 84
146
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
9. If r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1, prove that a = 3, = 4R2sinA sinB[1-cos2 C
2]
b = 4 and c = 5.
A: Given that r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1. = 4R2 sinA sinB sin2 C
2
We know that 2 = r r1 r2 r3.
2 = 1(2) (3) (6) = 36 = 62 ab - r1 r2 4R2  2sin A

cos A   2sinB cosB  sin2 C
 =
2 2  2 2 2
r3 4Rcos A cosB sinC
 2 2 2
  6 but r 
s C
= 4R sin A B
2 sin 2 sin 2
 rs = 6.
 (1) (s) = 6. =r
s=6 Similarly, we can show that
bc-r2 r3 ca-r3 r1
 r1  r2 r
Now r1 
sa
ab-r1 r2 bc-r2 r3 ca-r3 r1
6 Hence r3  r1  r2 .
 6a  3
2
a  6  3  3 11. If p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes drawn from vertices
A, B, C to the opposite sides of a triangle
 respectively, then show that
Also r2 
sb 1 1 1 1 (abc)
2
+ + =
i) p p2 p 3 r ii) p1p2p3 = 8R 3
 1
 sb 
r2 1 1 1 cotA + cotB + cotC
iii) 2
+ 2+ 2 = .
6 p1 p2 p3 Δ
 6b  2
3 A: Given that p1, p2 , p3 are the altitudes drawn from
vertices A, B, C to the opposite sides of ABC.
 b624 1 1 1
= ap1 = bp2 = cp3
 2 2 2
and r3  2 2 2
sc p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
a b c
1 1 1
 + + a b c
 sc  i) p p p = + +
r3 1 2 3 2  2  2 
a+b+c
=
6 2
 6c  1 2s
6 =
2
c  6 1 5
1 1
 a = 3, b = 4, c = 5. =
  
s
=
r
.

ab-r1 r2 bc-r2 r3 ca-r3 r1

10. Show that r3 = r1 = r
2
. ii) p1p2p3 =    
2
a
2
b
2
c
A: Now ab - r1r2 = (2R sinA) (2R sinB) - 8 3
=
C C abc
(4R sin A B A B
2 cos 2 cos 2 ) (4R cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 ) abc 3
ab - r1r2 = 4R2 sinA sinB - 4R2 cos2 C A A
=8   
4R
1
abc
2 (2sin 2 cos 2 ) 8(abc)2
=
(2sin B B 64R3
2 cos 2 )
(abc)2
= 4R2 sinA sinB - 4R2 cos2 C
2 sinA sinB
= .
8R3
147
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

1 1 1  1  cosCcos(A  B)  1  cos2 C  2
iii) 2  2  2
p1 p2 p3  cos C[cos(A  B)  cos C]  0
2 2 2
 a   b   c   cos C[cos(A  B)  cos(180  (A  B)]  0
     
 2   2   2   cos C[cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]  0

a 2  b2  c 2  cos C(2 cos A cos B)  0

  2cos A cosB cosC  0
4 2
 cos A cosB cos C  0
cot A  cot B  cot C
 cos A  cosB  cosC  0

 A = B = C = 90
1  cos A cosB cos C   The triangle is right angled.
  
  sin A sinB sin C 
LEVEL - II (SAQ)
1  b2  c 2  a2 c 2  a2  b2 a 2  b2  c 2 
    
  2bc sin A 2ca sinB 2ab sin C  B C
1. If b + c = 3a, then find the value of cot cot .
2 2
  B s(s  b) C s(s  c)
1  b2  c2  a2 c2  a2  b2 a2  b2  c2  A: We know that cot
2


, cot 
2 
.
    
 1  1  1 
 4  2 bc sinA  4  2 casinB  4  2 absinC  B C
  Now cot cot
2 2
1  b2  c 2  a2 c 2  a2  b2 a2  b2  c2  s(s  b) s(s  c)
    .
   
 4 4 4  s(s  b).s(s  c)

1  b2  c 2  a2  c 2  a2  b2  a2  b2  c2  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
   s
 4  
sa
a 2  b2  c 2 2s
 
4 2 2s  2a
1 1 1 cot A  cot B  cot C  b  c  3a
 2
 2  2  .  a  b  c  4a
p1 p2 p3 
 2s  4a
4a
12. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R 2 , then prove that triangle 
4a  2a
is right angled.
4a
A : Given a2  b2  c 2  8R 2 
2a
 (2R sin A)2  (2R sinB)2  (2r sinC)2  8R2 = 2.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 4R sin A  4R sin B  4R sin C  8R 2. In triangle ABC, prove that
2 2 2
 sin A  sin B  sin C  2 r = 4R sin A B C
2 sin 2 sin 2 .
2 2 2
 1  cos A  sin B  sin C  2
A: In ABC, 4R sin A B C
 1  (cos2 A  sin2 B)  sin2 C  2 2 sin 2 sin 2

 1  cos(180  C).cos(A  B)  sin2 C  2 (s - b) (s - c) (s - c) (s - a) (s - a) (s - b)

= 4R ca
bc ab
148
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) (s b)(s c) (s a)(s c) (s a)(s b)
= 4R  , ,
abc
bc ac ab
s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
 4R  abc = 4R are in H.P.
s 4R 
2 bc ac ab
   , ,
s. (s b)(s c) (s a)(s c) (s a)(s b)
 
s are in A.P.
= r. (s a)(s b)(s c)
Multiply each by we get
abc
B - C
3. Prove that  r + r1  tan  =0. sa sb sc
 2   , , are in A.P..
B - C a b c
A: Now   r + r1 tan  
 2  s s s
 , , are in A.P..
a b c
B - C 
=       tan  
 s s-a   2  1 1 1
 , , are in A.P..
B - C a b c
=    1  1  tan  
 s s-a   2   a, b, c are in H.P.

  b-c A
=   s - a + s  cot A 5 C 2
 s(s-a)  b+c 2 6. If tan = and tan = determine the
2 6 2 5
=   b +c
s(s-a)   b - c  s(s-a)
b+c

 
relation between a,b,c.
A 5 c 2
A: Given that tan = and tan 
2 6 2 5
  b  c 
A c  5  2  1
bc c aab then tan .tan      
2 2  6  5  3
 0.
(s  b)(s  c) (s  b)(s  a) 1
 
A B C s(s  a) s(s  c) 3
4. If cot , cot , cot are in A.P., then prove
2 2 2
that a, b, c are in A.P. sb 1
   3s  3b  s
s 3
A B C
A: cot , cot , cot are in A.P.. s = 3b  a+b+c = 3b
2 2 2
 a+c = 2b  a,b,c are in H.P..
s  s  a s  s  b s  s  c 
 , , are in A.P..
   7. If rr2  r1r3 , then find B.
 (s - a), (s - b), (s - c) are in A.P.
- a, - b, - c are in A.P. A: Given that rr2  r1r3
a, b, c are in A.P.
   
.  .
2 A B C s sb sa sc
5. If sin , sin2 , sin2 are in H.P., then show
2 2 2
(s  c)(s  a)
that a, b, c are in H.P. ( s - a )( s - c ) = s( s - b ) = 1
s(s  a)
2 A B C
A: Given sin , sin2 , sin2 are in H.P..
2 2 2 2 B B
 tan  1 then tan  1  45 
2 2

149
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA
8. In a ABC show that the sides a, b, c are in Case (ii):- Suppose A is a right angle.
A.P, if and only if r1,r2 ,r3 are in H.P.. Now a = BC = 2R
= 2R.1 A
1 1 1 = 2R sin 900
A : r1,r2 ,r3 are in H.P then , , a = 2R sinA
r1 r2 r3 are in A.P
B C
a S
sa sb sa  = 2R
= , , are in A.P sin A
   Case (iii):- Suppose A is an obtuse angle
= s - a, s - b, s - c are in A.P Let CD be the diameter through C and join BD.
= - a , - b, - c are in A.P Now ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
= a, b, c are in A.P  A+D = 1800  D = 1800 - A
Since CBD is an angle in the semicircle,
9. Show that  a cot A  2(R  r) . CBD = 900
A
A : LHS =  a cotA BC B C
From BCD, sinD =
cos A CD
=  2R sin A   2R cosA S
sin A a D
= 2R (cos A +cos B+ cos C)  sin(1800 - A) =
2R
 A B C a
= 2R  1  4 sin sin sin   sinA =
 2 2 2 2R
 A B C a
= 2R + 2R  4 sin sin sin  = 2R + 2r  = 2R
 2 2 2 sin A
= 2 ( R + r ). a
In all the cases, we got = 2R
sin A
LEVEL - II (LAQ) b c
Similarly, =2R and = 2R
1. State and prove ‘sine rule’ in a ABC. sinB sinC
a b c
A: Let S be the centre of the circumcircle of ABC. Hence = = = 2R.
Case (i):- Suppose A is an acute angle sin A sinB sinC
Let CD be the diameter through C
and join BD. 2. The angle of elevation of the top point P of
0 tA:he vertical tower PQ of height ‘h’ from a
Since DBC is an angle in a semicircle , DBC =90
point A is 450 and from a point B is 600, where
Also BDC = A angles in the same segment are B is a point at a distance 30 meters from the
equal point A measured along the line AB which
makes an angle 300 with AQ. Find the height
 sinA = sin BDC A of the tower.
D
BC a
= = A: In the figure PQ represents the height of the tower
CD 2R S (h).
a B C A, B are the points of observation.
 = 2R Given that AB = 30 m.
sin A
PAQ  450
PBC  600
BAQ  300
150
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

PQ
sin450 =
AP
 PQ = AP sin 450
1
=15 2  3 +1 x 2

= 15  
3 +1 m

Height of the tower  15  

3 1 m.

th
3
Extend the line AB to D such that 3. The upper portion of a vertical pole
4
0
BAQ  30  DBC 3
-1
subtends an angle Tan   at a point in
PAB  450  300  150 5
the horizontal plane through its foot and at
Now
PBD  600  300  300 a distance of 40m from the foot. Given that
APB  1800  300  1500 the vertical pole is at a height of less than
100 m from the ground, find its height.
 In  ABP

APB  180 0  150 0  15 0  15 0
From  ABP (Apply sin rule)
30 AP  1
 sin 180  30   sin 30  
0 0 0
0

sin15 sin1500  2

30 30 1
 AP = 0
xsin300 = x
sin15  3 -1  2
 
 2 2 

1 2 2
 AP = 30 x x In the figure, BD represents the height of the
2 3 -1 vertical pole and A is the point of observation.

30 2 3 +1 1  3 
= x Given that AB = 40m and  = Tan  .
3 -1 3 +1 5

15
3
 tanβ 
=
30 2  3 +1  5
2 h/ 4 h
Now in ABC, tan α  
40 160
= 15 2  
3 +1 metres
h
In ABD, tan  α  β  
40
From APQ
tan α  tan β h
 
1  tan α tan β 40
151
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

h

3 7 3  3 1   21  7 3
.
h
 160 5  3 1 2
h 3 40
1 .
160 5 5. Let an object be placed at some height h cm
and let P and Q be two points of observation
5h  480 h which are at a distance of 10 cm apart on a
  line inclined at an angle 150 to the horizontal.
800  3h 40
If the angles of elevation of the object from P
200h + 19200 = 800h - 3h2
and Q are 300 and 600 respectively then find h.
 h(h - 40) - 160(h - 40)  3h2 - 600h + 19200 = 0
A: Let AB = h cm be the height of the tower P and Q
 h2 - 200h + 6400 = 0
are points of observation
 h2 - 40h - 160h + 64000 = 0
From the geometry fo the figure BPA = 300 and
 h(h - 40) - 160(h - 40) = 0.
given BPQ = 150. Also PQB = 1350.
 (h - 40) (h - 60) = 0
PBQ = 300 , PQ = 10 cm (given)
 h = 40, h = 160
In the PQB, applying sine rule,
not possible  h  100 m
PQ BP 10 BP
 h = 40.   0

Hence, height of the vertical pole is 400 m. sin PBQ sin PQB sin30 sin1350

(sin1350 )(10) 1
4. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level  BP  0
 (10) x 2  2(10)
and A at the top. A man finds that the angle of sin30 2
elevation of the point A from a certain point C Also in the PAB,
on the ground is 600. He moves away from
pole along the line BC to a point D such that
CD = 7 m. From D, the angle of elevation of
the point A is 450. Find the height of the pole.
A: Let AB = ‘h’ be the height of the pole.
Given CD = 7

AB h
sin 300 = PB 
2, 10

ACB = 600, ADB = 450 and line BC = x. h= 2 .(10) sin 300

h h h 1
In the ABC, tan 600 =  3 x . = 2 .(10)
x x 3 2
In the ABC, tan 45 0 = 10
=
h h  3  1 2
 x7 h   7  h  h 7
x7 3  3 
  = 5 2 cm

h
7 3

7 3  3 1  6. Prove that cosA + cosB + cosC = 1+
r
.
3  3 1  3 1  R
A: In ABC, cosA + cosB + cosC.
7 3 7 3  3 1 
h   A B  A B
3  3 1  3 1   2cos 
 2 
 cos 
 2 
  cos C
152
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

 1800  C   A B Also r2  r3

 2cos   cos    cosC
 2   2  A B C A B C
 4Rcos sin cos  4Rcos cos sin
C 2 2 2 2 2 2
 A B C
 2 sin cos    1  2 sin2 A B C B C
2  2  2  4R cos sin cos  cos sin 
2 2 2 2 2
C  A B C A B C
 1  2 sin  cos    sin   4R cos sin  
2  2  2 2  2 
A A
C  A B  A  B   4R cos cos
 1  2 sin  cos    cos   2 2
2  2   2 
A
C A B  4R cos2 .
 1  2 sin .2 sin sin 2
2 2 2 A A A
  r2  r3  sec 2  4R cos2 sec 2  4R 
A B C 2 2 2
 1  4 sin sin sin Similarly, we can prove that
2 2 2
B
A B C r3  r1  sec 2  4R 
4Rsin sin sin 2
 1 2 2 2
R Combining , ,  we get
r
 1 . C A B
R r1  r2  sec 2   r2  r3  sec 2   r3  r1  sec 2
2 2 2
7. Show that r1(r2 + r3 )
8. Prove that =a.
r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1
C A
r1 + r2  sec2 = r2 + r3  sec2 A: Consider r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1
2 2
B .  .    .    . 
 s-a
= r3 + r1  sec2 . s-b s-b s-c s-c s-a
2
 
 2 1 1 1
 (s-a) (s-b)  (s-b) (s-c)  (s-c) (s-a) 
 
Now r1  r2
s - c + s - a + s - b
A B C A B C  2  (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
 4R sin cos cos  4R cos sin cos  
2 2 2 2 2 2
 
 2 3s-2s
 (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
C A B A B  
 4R cos sin cos  cos sin 
2 2 2 2 2  
 2 s .s
 s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 
C  A B  
 4R cos sin   2
2  2   2 . s2

C  1800  C  2
 4R cos sin   s
2  2  Also r1 (r2 + r3)
C C
 4R cos cos     
2 2 
s-a  s-b  s-c 
C
 4R cos2  2  s-c+s-b 
2 s-a  (s-b) (s-c) 
C C C
  r1  r2  sec 2  4R cos2 sec 2  4R   s .2 a
2 2 2 s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)
153
Properties of Triangles
First Year Maths - IA

s .2 a = (r1 + r2)2 -2r1r2 + (r3- r)2 + 2r r3


2  a2 + b2 = (a+b)2 - 2ab
= sa =(r1+r2+r3-r)2 -2(r1+r2)(r3-r)-2r1r2+2rr3
r1(r2 + r3 ) =(r1+r2+r3-r)2 -2r1r3+2r1r-2r2r3+2r2r - 2r1r2 + 2rr3
Hence r1 r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = (r1+r2+r3-r)2 -2(r1r2+r2r3+r3r1) + 2r(r1+r2+r3)
= (4R)2 -2s2 + 2(ab + bc + ca - s2)
 sa2 = (4R)2 - (2s)2 + 2 (ab+bc+ca)
s = 16R2 - (a + b + c)2 + 2(ab + b + ca)
. = 16R2 - (a2 + b2 + c2) -2(ab + bc + ca)
 s.a  a.
s +2(ab+bc+ca)
= 16R2 - (a2+b2+c2).
4R - r1 - r2
9. Show that  = r1r2 11. In triangle ABC, prove that
r1 + r2 .
r1 r + r2 r3 r2 r + r1 r3 r3 r + r1 r2
B C B C = = .
A: r1+r2=4Rsin A A
2 cos 2 cos 2 + 4R cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
bc ca ab
r1 r + r2 r3
= 4R cos C A B A C
2 [sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2 ] A: Now  1   .    .  
bc bc  s-a s s-b s-c 
= 4R cos C2 sin
A+B
2   2  
C C    1  1

= 4R cos 2 . cos 2 bc  s(s-a )(s-b )
(s-c )
2 (s-b )(s-c )
+ s(s-a )
= 4R cos2 C   
2 bc  s(s-a ) (s-c ) 
(s-b )
 2 
4R- r1 + r2  2 2
 r1 r2    s -bs-cs+bc+s -as 
r1 + r2 bc  
 2 
 2s2 -s(a+b+c)
+bc 
4R- 4Rcos2 C  
bc

 . 
 s-a 2  
s-b 4Rcos2 C
2 2s2 -s(2s)
+bc

bc
4R 1 - cos2 C   bc
2  2 bc
(
s-a)(s-b) 4R cos2 C  1
2
2 r2r  r3r1
(  tan C Next prove the result
ca
= 1.
s-a)(s-b) 2

(
s-a)
(s-b) r3r  r1r2
 2  . similarly, we can show that =1
(
s-a)
(s-b )  ab
r1r  r2r3 r2r  r3r1 r3r  r1r2
   .
10. Prove that r12 + r22 + r32 + r2 = 16R2 - (a2 + b2 + c2). bc ca ab
A: In proving this statement, we use the following
results i) r1 + r2 + r3 - r = 4R *****
ii) r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2
iii) r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca - s2
Now r12 + r22 + r32 + r2
= (r12 + r22) + (r32 + r2)
154
Properties of Triangles