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Chapter 2: Database Design Fundamentals

Solutions

Answers to Review Questions

1. An entity is a person, place, thing, or event.

2. An attribute is a property of an entity.
3. A relationship is an association between tables (entities). A one-to-many
relationship between two tables is a relationship in which each row in the first table
can be associated with many rows in the second table, but each row in the second
table is associated with only one row in the first table.
4. A repeating group is multiple entries in a single location in a table.
5. A relation is a two-dimensional table in which the entries in the table are single-valued
(each location in the table contains a single entry), each column has a distinct name
(or attribute name), all values in a column are values of the same attribute, the order of
the rows and columns is immaterial, and each row contains unique values.
6. A relational database is a collection of relations.
7. For each table, you write the name of the table and then within parentheses list all of
the columns in the table. Underline the primary keys.
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE)
TRIP (TRIP_ID, TRIP_NAME, START_LOCATION, STATE, DISTANCE,
MAX_GRP_SIZE, TYPE, SEASON)
GUIDE (GUIDE_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, HIRE_DATE)
RESERVATION (RESERVATION_ID, TRIP_ID, TRIP_DATE, NUM_PERSONS,
TRIP_PRICE, OTHER_FEES, CUSTOMER_NUM)
TRIP_GUIDES (TRIP_ID, GUIDE_NUM)

8. To qualify the name of a field, indicate the table in which the field appears. You do
this by preceding the name of the field with the name of the table and a period.
9. A column (attribute), B, is functionally dependent on another column, A (or possibly
a collection of columns), if at any point in time a value for A determines a single
value for B.
10. Column A (or a collection of columns) is the primary key for a table if (1) All columns in
the table are functionally dependent on A and (2) No subcollection of the columns in A
(assuming A is a collection of columns and not just a single column) also has property 1.
The primary key of the CUSTOMER table is the CUSTOMER_NUM column. The
primary key of the TRIP table is the TRIP_ID column. The primary key of the GUIDE
table is the GUIDE_NUM column. The primary key of the
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-2

RESERVATION table is the RESERVATION_ID column. The primary key of the

TRIP_GUIDES table is the combination of the TRIP_ID and GUIDE_NUM columns.
11. Functional dependencies:
DEPARTMENT_NUM → DEPARTMENT_NAME
ADVISOR_NUM → ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_NUM
COURSE_CODE → DESCRIPTION
STUDENT_NUM → STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM
STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE → GRADE

Relations:
DEPARTMENT (DEPARTMENT_NUM, DEPARTMENT_NAME)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME,
ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_NUM)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)

DEPARTMENT

ADVISOR

STUDENT STUDENT_COURSE COURSE

12. A table (relation) is in first normal form (1NF) if it does not contain repeating groups.
13. A table (relation) is in second normal form if it is in first normal form and no
nonkey column is dependent on only a portion of the primary key. If a table is not in
second normal form, the table contains redundancy, which leads to a variety of
update anomalies. A change in a value can require not just one change, but several.
There is the possibility of inconsistent data. Adding additional data to the database
may not be possible without creating artificial values for part of the key. Finally,
deletions of certain items can result in inadvertently deleting crucial information
from the database.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-3

14. A table is in third normal form if it is in second normal form and if the only
determinants it contains are candidate keys. A change in a value can require not just
one change, but several. There is the possibility of inconsistent data. Adding certain
additional data to the database may not be possible without creating artificial rows in
the table. Finally, deletions of certain items can result in inadvertently deleting
crucial information from the database.
15.
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)

16. [Critical Thinking] If a student can have more than one advisor, there is a many-to-
many relatioship between students and advisors. Remove ADVISOR_NUM from the
STUDENT relation and add a relation STUDENT_ADVISOR)
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME, STUDENT_FIRST_NAME)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
STUDENT_ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, STUDENT_NUM)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, GRADE)

17. [Critical Thinking] If students can repeat a course, then the STUDENT_NUM,
COURSE_CODE, YEAR, and SEMESTER determine the grade.
STUDENT (STUDENT_NUM, STUDENT_LAST_NAME,
STUDENT_FIRST_NAME, ADVISOR_NUM)
ADVISOR (ADVISOR_NUM, ADVISOR_LAST_NAME, ADVISOR_FIRST_NAME)
COURSE (COURSE_CODE, DESCRIPTION)
STUDENT_COURSE (STUDENT_NUM, COURSE_CODE, YEAR, SEMESTER, GRADE)

Answers to TAL Distributors Exercises

1. NOTES: The CUSTOMER_REP table in the following lists implements the

relationship between customers and reps. If customer 126, for example, is represented
by both rep 15 and rep 30, there would be a row in the table in which the customer
number is 126 and the rep number is 15 as well as a row in which the customer
number is 126 and the rep number is 30. A row would only be allowed in the
ORDERS table if the combination of the customer number and the rep number match
a row in the CUSTOMER_REP table.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT)
CUSTOMER_REP (CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED,
QUOTED_PRICE)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-4

ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY,

STOREHOUSE, PRICE)

Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to

CUSTOMER_REP, CUSTOMER to CUSTOMER_REP, CUSTOMER_REP
to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, and ITEM to ORDER_LINE.
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)

2. NOTES: There is no relationship between customers and reps, so there is no

REP_NUM column in the CUSTOMER table nor is there an additional table like the
CUSTOMER_REP table in Exercise 1. A row can only exist in the ORDERS table if
the customer number matches a row in the CUSTOMER table and the rep number
matches a row in the REP table.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE,
COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM, REP_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE)

Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to ORDERS,

CUSTOMER to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, and ITEM to ORDER_LINE.

Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different

positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-5

3. NOTES: The STOREHOUSE_NUM and ON_HAND columns do not appear in the

ITEM table. There is a STOREHOUSE table, whose key is STOREHOUSE_NUM and
which contains the STOREHOUSE description. Information about units on hand is
stored in a new table, the ITEM_STOREHOUSE table, whose key is the combination of
the ITEM number and STOREHOUSE number. If there are 10 units of ITEM BR23 on
hand in STOREHOUSE 2, for example, there would be a row in ITEM_STOREHOUSE
on which the ITEM number is BR23, the STOREHOUSE number is 2, and the number of
units on hand is 10.
REP (REP_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, STREET, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE,
COMMISSION, RATE)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME, STREET, CITY,
STATE, POSTAL_CODE, BALANCE, CREDIT_LIMIT, REP_NUM)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM)
ORDER_LINE (ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, CATEGORY, PRICE)
STOREHOUSE (STOREHOUSE_NUM, STOREHOUSE_DESCRIPTION)
ITEM_STOREHOUSE (ITEM_NUM, STOREHOUSE_NUM, ON_HAND)

Relationships: There are one-to-many relationships from REP to CUSTOMER,

CUSTOMER to ORDERS, ORDERS to ORDER_LINE, ITEM to ORDER_LINE,
ITEM to ITEM_STOREHOUSE, and STOREHOUSE to ITEM_STOREHOUSE.
Entity-Relationship diagram: (NOTE: Your rectangles may be in different
positions as long as they are connected by the same arrows.)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-6

REP

CUSTOMER

ORDERS ORDER_LINE ITEM STOREHOUSE

ITEM_STOREHOUSE

4. Functional Dependencies:
ITEM_NUM → DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE
ORDER_NUM → ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM CUSTOMER_NUM →
CUSTOMER_NAME
ITEM_NUM, ORDER_NUM → NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE

Relations:
ITEM (ITEM_NUM, DESCRIPTION, ON_HAND, CATEGORY, STOREHOUSE, PRICE)
ORDERS (ORDER_NUM, ORDER_DATE, CUSTOMER_NUM)
CUSTOMER (CUSTOMER_NUM, CUSTOMER_NAME)
ORDER_LINE (ITEM_NUM, ORDER_NUM, NUM_ORDERED, QUOTED_PRICE)
NOTE: The keys for ORDER_LINE could also have been listed
as ORDER_NUM, ITEM_NUM.

5. [Critical Thinking] One way to address this change is to add two tables to the
database: STOREHOUSE and MANAGER.
STOREHOUSE (STOREHOUSE, MANAGER_NUM)
MANAGER (MANAGER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME)

Answers to Colonial Adventure Tours Exercises

1. Many answers are possible. Here is one possible

solution: 1NF but not 2NF:
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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-7

TripGuides (TripID, GuideNum, TripName,)

Conversion to 2NF:
Trip (TripID, TripName)
TripGuides (TripID, GuideNum)
2NF but not 3NF:
Reservation (ReservationID, TripID, OwnerNum,
LastName, FirstName)
Conversion to 3NF:
Owner (OwnerNum, LastName, FirstName)
Reservation (ReservationID, TripID, OwnerNum)

2. Functional Dependencies:
TRIP_ID → TRIP_NAME, STATE_ABBREVIATION, STATE_NAME
GUIDE_NUM → GUIDE_LAST, GUIDE_FIRST
STATE_ABBREVIATION → STATE_NAME
Tables (Relations):
TRIP (TRIP_ID, TRIP_NAME, STATE_ABBREVIATION)
STATE (STATE_ABBREVIATION, STATE_NAME)
GUIDE (GUIDE_NUM, GUIDE_LAST, GUIDE_FIRST)
TRIP_GUIDE (TRIP_ID, GUIDE_NUM)
NOTE: The TRIP_GUIDE relation is necessary to relate trips and guides. (You
could have assigned it any name you like.)

3. [Critical Thinking] 3NF:

Participant (ParticipantNum, LastName, FirstName, Address, City,
State, PostalCode, Phone, BirthDate)
Class (ClassNum, Description, MaxPersons, ClassFee)
ClassParticipant (ClassNum, ParticipantNum, ClassDate, ActualNum)
FK ClassNum → Class
FK ParticipantNum → Participant

Diagram: The student’s diagram should have the following boxes (rectangles):
Guide, Trip, Reservation, Customer, TripGuides, Participants, Class The
diagram should have the following connections (arrows):
Guide to TripGuides, Trip to TripGuides, Customer to Reservation,. Participant to
ClassParticipant, Class to ClassParticipant

Answers to Solmaris Condominium Group Exercises

1. Functional Dependencies
LOCATION_NUM LOCATION_NAME

LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM SQR_FT, BDRMS, BATHS, CONDO_FEE

A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-8

3NF
LOCATION (LOCATION_NUM, LOCATION_NAME)

CONDO_UNIT (LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM, SQR_FT, BDRMS, BATHS,

CONDO_FEE)

2. Functional Dependencies:

CONDO_ID → LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM, SQR_FT, BDRMS, BATHS,

CONDO_FEE, OWNER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME
OWNER_NUM → LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME

Tables (Relations):

CONDO_UNIT (CONDO_ID, LOCATION_NUM, UNIT_NUM, SQR_FT,

BDRMS, BATHS, CONDO_FEE, OWNER_NUM)
OWNER (OWNER_NUM, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME)

3. [Critical Thinking] Functional Dependencies

NOTE: The design assumes that the weekly rate can very with the rental agreement. If
students assume that the weekly rate is always the same then the rate would be stored
only in the CONDO_UNIT table. The design also assumes that both LOCATION_NUM
and CONDO_UNIT_NUM uniquely identify a given condo. This is different than the
way Solmaris database is designed for this text. As an alternative you can use the same
design for the CONDO_UNIT table as that shown in the text.
RENTER_NUM → FIRST_NAME, MID_INITIAL, LAST_NAME, ADDRESS,
CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, EMAIL

LOCATION_NUM → LOCATION_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE

LOCATION_NUM, CONDO_UNIT_NUM → SQR_FT, BEDRMS, BATHS,

MAX_PERSONS, WEEKLY_RATE

RENTER_NUM, LOCATION_NUM, CONDO_UNIT_NUM → START_DATE, END_DATE,

RENTAL_RATE

3 NF
RENTER (RENTER_NUM, FIRST_NAME, MID_INITIAL, LAST_NAME,
ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, POSTAL_CODE, PHONE_NUM, EMAIL)

LOCATION (LOCATION_NUM, LOCATION_NAME, ADDRESS, CITY,

STATE, POSTAL_CODE)

CONDO_UNIT (CONDO_UNIT_NUM, LOCATION_NUM, SQR_FT, BEDRMS,

BATHS, MAX_PERSONS, WEEKLY_RATE)

RENTAL_AGREEMENT (RENTER_NUM, LOCATION_NUM, CONDO_UNIT_NUM,

START_DATE, END_DATE, RENTAL_RATE)
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Solutions 2-9

Diagram: The student’s diagram should have the following boxes (rectangles):
Renter, Location, Condo_Unit, Rental_Agreement
The diagram should have the following connections (arrows):
Renter to Rental_Agreement, Location to Condo_Unit, Location
to Rental_Agreement, Condo_Unit to Rental Agreement
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-1

Chapter 2
Database Design Fundamentals

At a Glance

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Overview

• Objectives

• Teaching Tips

• Quick Quizzes

• Class Discussion Topics

• Additional Projects

• Additional Resources

• Key Terms

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-2

Lecture Notes

Overview
In this chapter, students learn about database design. Students examine the important
concepts related to databases. They learn how to identify tables and columns and how to
identify the relationships between the tables. Students learn how to produce an
appropriate database design for a given set of requirements. They examine the process of
normalization, a process that identifies and fixes potential problems in a database design.
Finally, students learn how to visually represent a database design.

Chapter Objectives
In this chapter, students learn about:
• What the terms entity, attribute, and relationship mean
• What the terms relation and relational database mean
• What functional dependencies are and how to identify when one column is functionally
dependent of another
• What the term primary key means and how to identify primary keys in tables
• How to design a database to satisfy a set of requirements
• How to convert an unnormalized relation to first normal form
• How to convert tables from first normal form to second normal form
• How to convert tables from second normal form to third normal form
• How to create an entity-relationship diagram to represent the design of a database

Teaching Tips
Introduction
1. Define database design. Database design is the process of determining the
particular tables and columns that will comprise a database.

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-3

This chapter does not need to be covered in sequence. It can be covered later
in the course. If you are using a textbook such as Pratt and Last’s Concepts of
Database Management, Eighth Edition, you may want to skip this chapter
entirely.
Be prepared to spend considerable class time on this chapter. The material is
Teaching complex, and it is important that students understand all of the concepts presented.
Tip The best way for students to learn the material is to work through lots
of examples. Use the embedded questions that are included throughout
the chapter to test students’ understanding.
Encourage students to bring their texts with them to class so that they can
review the examples.

Database Concepts
1. An understanding of fundamental database concepts is essential to good
database design.

Relational Databases
1. Define relational database. A relational database is a collection of tables.
Formally, tables are called relations.
2. Use Figure 2-1 to emphasize that the TAL Distributors database is a collection of tables.
3. Review the Note on page 23.

Entities, Attributes, and Relationships

1. Define entity. An entity is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want
to store and process data. The entities of interest to TAL Distributors are customers,
orders, items, and sales reps.
2. Define attribute. An attribute is a characteristic or property of an entity. The
terms column and field are used as synonyms in many database systems. For TAL
Distributors, the attributes of interest for the entity “customer” are such things as
customer name, street, city, and so on.
3. Define relationship and one-to-many relationship. A relationship is an association
between entities. There is a one-to-many relationship between sales reps and
customers in the TAL Distributors database. One sales rep represents many customers,
but each customer is associated with only one sales rep.
4. In a relational database, each entity has its own tables, and the attributes of the entity
are columns in the table. A one-to-many relationship is handled by using common
columns in the two tables.
5. Use Figure 2-1 to illustrate the one-to-many relationship between sales reps
and customers.

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-4

6. Use Figure 2-2 to illustrate repeating groups (multiple entries in an individual

location in a table).
7. Define relation. A relation is a two-dimensional table with specific properties.
These properties include:
• Entries in the table are single-valued.
• Each column has a distinct name.
• All values in a column are values of the same attribute.
• The order of the columns is immaterial.
• Each row is distinct.
• The order of the rows is immaterial.
8. Use Figure 2-3 to discuss the six properties of a relation.
9. See the Note on page 26. Mention that the formal term for a table is relation, and the
formal term for a row is tuple. A row also is called a record. Columns in a table are
also called fields or attributes.
10. DBDL (Database Definition Language) is a commonly accepted shorthand notation
for showing the structure of a table. After the name of the table, all of the columns in
the table are listed within a set of parentheses. While each column in a table has a
distinct name, the same column name can be used in more than one table within the
same database.
11. When two or more tables in a database use the same column name, qualify the
column name; that is, combine the table name and the column name

Reinforce the material in this section by using either the Colonial Adventure
Tours database or the Solmaris Condominium Group database and asking
Teaching students to identify the entities, attributes, and relationships.
Tip
Use review question 11 on page 55 as an in-class exercise to test
students’ understanding of entities attributes and relationships.

Quick Quiz 1
1. A(n) is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store
and process data.
Answer: entity
2. A(n) is a characteristic or property of an
entity. Answer: attribute
3. A(n) is the association between
entities. Answer: relationship

©201 6 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in
part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-5

Functional Dependence
1. Functional dependence is a formal name for what is basically a simple idea. In a
relational database, column B is functionally dependent on another column A (or
possibly a collection of columns) if a value for A determines a single value for B at
any one time. Another way of defining functional dependence is to say that A
functionally determines B.
2. Use Figure 2-4 to explain functional dependence. Make sure that students understand
what functional dependence is before proceeding or they will be lost for the remainder
of the chapter.
3. Review the embedded Questions and Answers on pages 28 and 29.
4. Use Figures 2-5 and 2-6 to point out that you cannot determine functional
dependencies by looking at sample data. You must understand the users’ policies

Teaching Use review question 11 as an in-class exercise to test students’ understanding of

Tip functional dependencies.

Primary Keys
1. To make each row distinct, one or more columns must uniquely identify a given row
in a table. This column or collection of columns is called the primary key.
2. A more precise definition for a primary key is the following:
Column (attribute) A (or a collection of columns) is the primary key for a
table (relation), R, if:
Property 1: All columns in R are functionally dependent on A.
Property 2: No subcollection of the columns in A (assuming that A is a collection
of columns and not just a single column) also has Property 1.
3. Review the embedded Questions and Answers on pages 30 and 31 to make sure that
students understand the concept of a primary key.
4. Explain that, when using the shorthand representation of a database, the primary key
is underlined.
5. Discuss the three Notes on pages 31 and 32.
6. Point out that a candidate key is a column or collection of columns on which all
columns in the table are functionally dependent. The definition for a primary key
really defines a candidate key as well. If two or more columns in a table are identified
as candidate keys, choose one to be the primary key. The decision is usually based on
the specific application for which the database will be used.

Teaching Use Review Question 11 as an in-class exercise to test students’ understanding of

Tip primary keys.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-6

Quick Quiz 2
1. The is the unique identifier for a
table. Answer: primary key
2. If a table includes one or more columns that can be used as a primary key, both
columns are referred to as .
Answer: candidate keys
3. To indicate a table’s primary key with a shorthand representation of a database,
the column or collection of columns that comprise the primary
key. Answer: underline

Database Design
1. Point out that the determination of the database requirements is part of the
process known as systems analysis.

Design Method
1. Review the design steps given in this section.
2. To design a database for a set of requirements:
(1) Read the requirements, identify the entities (objects) involved, and name
the entities.
(2) Identify the unique identifiers for the entities identified in step 1.
(3) Identify the attributes for all of the entities.
(4) Identify the functional dependencies that exist among the attributes.
(5) Use the functional dependencies to identify the tables by placing each
attribute with the attribute or minimum combination of attributes on which it
is functionally dependent.
(6) Identify any relationships between tables.

Teaching Use Figure 2-1 as a visual aid as you explain each of the steps above and ask the
Tip students to identify the items listed in the steps.

Database Design Requirements

1. Review the requirements that the database for TAL Distributors must support. The
database must store specific data about sales reps, customers, items, orders, and
order lines.
2. Mention that there are certain constraints, such as, “there is only one customer
per order” that the database must enforce.

Teaching Use Figure 2-1 to illustrate the requirements.

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part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-7

Tip Use Figure 1-1, which shows a sample order for TAL Distributors.

Database Design Process Example

1. Discuss the six steps to create a database design for TAL Distributors given a set of
requirements. It is in this step that students often have trouble
2. Be sure to point out the functional dependencies discussed in step 4.
Functional dependency is a difficult concept for some students to grasp.
3. Review the embedded Questions and Answers on pages 38 and 39.

Normalization
1. Stress that database design is an iterative process. Once you create an initial
database design, you must analyze it for potential problems.
2. Define Normalization. Normalization is a process in which you identify the existence
of potential problems, such as data duplication and redundancy, and implement ways
to correct these problems. The goal of normalization is to convert unnormalized
relations into various types of normal forms.
3. Define an unnormalized relation. An unnormalized relation is a relation (table) that
contains a repeating group. A table in a particular normal form possesses a certain
desirable collections of properties.
4. Point out that normalization is a process in which a table that is in first normal form is
better than a table that is not in first normal form, a table in second normal form is
better than a table in first normal form, and so on. The goal of normalization is to take
an initial collection of tables and produce a new collection of tables that represents
the same information but is free of problems.

First Normal Form

1. An unnormalized relation is a relation (table) that contains a repeating group. A table
(relation) is in first normal form (1NF) if it does not contain repeating groups.
2. Use Figures 2-7 and 2-8 to explain converting an unnormalized table to 1NF. In
general, when converting a non-first normal form table to first normal form, the primary
key usually will include the original primary key concatenated with the key to the
repeating group.

Students have problems understanding a concatenated primary key. In a

Teaching relational database, every row must be unique. There are instances when the only
Tip way to make each row unique is to consider more than one column as the
primary key.

Second Normal Form

1. Use Figure 2-9 to illustrate a relation that is in first normal form but not in
second normal form.

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A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-8

2. Point out the redundancy; that is, duplication of data in Figure 2-9. This duplication
can cause update anomalies.
3. Update anomalies occur when a column is dependent on only a portion of the primary
key and fall into four categories:

Update Instead of changing one row, it is necessary to update multiple rows.

Inconsistent If the same value appears in more than one row, for example, part
data description, an update could change one row without changing the
other rows.
Additions Cannot add a record correctly.
Deletions Cannot delete a record correctly.

4. Emphasize the fact that much real-world data (including relational data) are not
well structured and have update anomalies.
5. Define second normal form (2NF). Second normal form eliminates update anomalies
caused by partial dependencies. A table (relation) is in second normal form (2NF) if it is
in first normal form and no nonkey column is dependent on only a portion of the
primary key. A column is a nonkey column if it is not a part of the primary key.
6. Point out again that you cannot determine functional dependence by looking at
sample data.
7. Mention the Note on page 44. If a relation has a single-column primary key ,
it automatically is in 2NF.
8. Use Figure 2-10 to explain converting to 2NF.

Third Normal Form

1. Use Figure 2-11 to illustrate update anomalies with a table in 2NF.
2. Define determinant. Any column or collection of columns that determines another
column is called a determinant. A candidate key is a column or collection of columns
that could function as the primary key. Update anomalies also can occur when one
nonkey column determines another nonkey column.
3. Define third normal form (3NF). A table (relation) is in third normal form (3NF) if it
is in second normal form and the only determinants it contains are candidate keys.
4. Mention the Note on page 48. The definition used in this text for 3NF is really
the definition for Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF).
5. Use Figure 2-12 to explain converting to 3NF. Show students how each
progressive normal form solves update problems of the previous normal form.
6. Review the embedded Question and Answer on pages 50 and 51.

Point out that normalization is a technique that allows us to analyze the design of a
relational database to see whether it is bad. It alerts us to update anomalies and
Teaching provides a method for correcting those problems. The goal of normalization is to
Tip start with a table or collection of tables and produce a new collection of tables that
is equivalent (represents the same information) but is free of problems.

Emphasize to students that normalization does not add additional attributes or

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part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-9

remove attributes from tables; it merely rearranges the attributes into an

equivalent collection of tables. Many students seem to think that they need to
add more attributes to normalize relations in a database. Normalization alerts us
to problems with the database design and provides a method to correct those
problems. Edgar Codd developed the process and gave it the name
normalization.

Quick Quiz 3
1. A relation is in normal form if no repeating groups
exist. Answer: first

2. If the primary key of a relation contains only a single column, then the relation
is automatically in normal form.
Answer: second

3. Any column (or collection of columns) that determines another column is called a(n)
.
Answer: determinant

Diagrams for Database Design

1. Remind students of the old adage that “a picture is worth a thousand words.” For many
people, a database design is easier to understand if it is depicted in graphical form.
2. Explain an entity-relationship (E-R) diagram. In an E-R diagram, a rectangle represents an
entity or table. One-to-many relationships between entities are drawn as lines between the
corresponding rectangles. There are several different styles of E-R diagrams.
3. Mention the Note on page 52.
4. Use Figures 2-13 through 2-15 to illustrate the different styles of E-R diagrams.

Class Discussion Topics

1. Ask students for other examples of relations (tables) that could have more than one
candidate key. Some examples are: state data that contain both state abbreviation and
state name and inventory data that contain both a tag number and a serial number.
2. Have students read the Note on page 31. Ask them how they feel about using Social
Security number as a primary key. Also ask them for additional databases where
Social Security number is being used as a primary key other than banks and places of
employment. Some examples are: insurance company, doctor’s office, dentist’s office.

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part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition Page 2-10

3. Ask students for examples of unnormalized relations in a student environment. One

example is students and courses. Courses will be the repeating group. How would
they convert to 1NF?

Additional Projects
1. Place students in teams. Have them design a database to meet the requirements for a
student activity database. The database must keep track of information about the
student as well as the campus activities he or she participates in. Attributes such as
number of years in activity as well as any office held are important. A student may
engage in more than one activity.
2. Divide the class into small groups and assign Review Questions 11 and 15 as a
group exercise. Make sure that students state their assumptions.

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part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a
password-protected website for classroom use.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
the enemy can succeed so readily in disconcerting all our plans by
alarming us first at one point then at another, he will paralyze a large
force with a very small one.” That is exactly what Jackson succeeded
in doing. This fear for the safety of Washington—the skeleton that
haunted Lincoln’s closet—was the dominating factor in the military
planning in the east throughout the war.

Lincoln’s order only suspended McDowell’s instructions to join

McClellan; it did not revoke them. McClellan was still obliged to keep
his right wing across the swollen Chickahominy.

Learning of McDowell’s withdrawal, Johnston decided to attack 8

the two Federal corps south of the river, drive them back and
destroy the Richmond and York River Railroad to White House. Early
in the morning on May 31, after a violent rainstorm that threatened
to wash all the Federal bridges into the river, Johnston fell upon
Keyes and Heintzelman with 23 of his 27 brigades at Seven Pines.

The initial attack was sudden and vicious. Confederate Gen. James
Longstreet threw Gen. D. H. Hill’s troops against Gen. Silas Casey’s
division of Keyes’ corps, stationed about three-quarters of a mile west
of Seven Pines. Longstreet overwhelmed the Federal division, forcing
Casey to retreat a mile east of Seven Pines. Keyes then put Gen. D.
N. Couch’s division on a line from Seven Pines to Fair Oaks, with Gen.
Philip Kearney’s division on his left flank. Not until 4 that afternoon,
however, did Confederate Gen. G. W. Smith send Whiting’s division
against Couch’s right flank at Fair Oaks. The delay was fatal.
Although Couch was forced back slowly, he drew up a new line of
battle facing south towards Fair Oaks, with his back to the
Chickahominy River. Here he held until Gen. Edwin V. Sumner, by
heroic effort, succeeded in getting Gen. John Sedgwick’s division and
part of Gen. I. B. Richardson’s across the tottering Grapevine Bridge
to support him. Led by Sumner himself, Sedgwick’s troops repulsed
Smith’s attack and drove the Confederates back with heavy losses.

The battle plan had been sound, but the attack was badly bungled.
Directed by vague, verbal orders instead of explicit, written ones,
whole brigades got lost, took the wrong roads, and generally got in
each other’s way. Nine of the 23 attacking brigades never actually got
into the fight at all. Towards nightfall Johnston was severely wounded
in the chest and borne from the field. The command then fell to G.
W. Smith. Fighting ceased with darkness.

Early next morning, June 1, Smith renewed the attack. His plan called
for Whiting on the left flank to hold defensively, while Longstreet on
the right swung counterclockwise in a pivot movement to hit
Richardson’s division, which was facing south with its right near Fair
Oaks. The Federal troops repulsed the assault, however, and when
Heintzelman sent Gen. Joseph Hooker’s division on the Federal left on
the offensive, the Confederates withdrew and the battle was over
before noon.

That afternoon President Jefferson Davis appointed his chief military

advisor, Gen. Robert E. Lee, as commander of the Southern forces.
Lee promptly named his new command the Army of Northern Virginia
—a name destined for fame in the annals of the Civil War.

9
 McClellan’s troops repairing Grapevine Bridge. Courtesy,
Library of Congress.

Although the battle itself was indecisive, the casualties were heavy on
both sides. The Confederates lost 6,184 in killed, wounded, and
missing; the Federals, 5,031. Undoubtedly the most important result
of the fight was the wounding of Johnston and the resultant
appointment of Lee as field commander.
Lee Takes Command

Lee immediately began to reorganize the demoralized Southern

forces, and put them to work digging the elaborate system of
entrenchments that would eventually encircle Richmond completely.
For this the troops derisively named him the “King of Spades.” But
Lee was planning more than a static defense. When the time came
these fortifications could be held by a relatively small number of
troops, while he massed the bulk of his forces for a counteroffensive.
He was familiar with and believed in Napoleon’s maxim: “* * * to
manoeuver incessantly, without submitting to be driven back on the
capital which it is meant to defend * * *.”

On June 12 Lee sent his cavalry commander, Gen. J. E. B. (“Jeb”)

Stuart, with 1,200 men, to reconnoiter McClellan’s right flank north of
the Chickahominy, and to learn the strength of his line of 10
communication and supply to White House. Stuart obtained the
information, but instead of retiring from White House the way he had
gone, he rode around the Union army and returned to Richmond on
June 15 by way of the James River, losing only one man in the
process.
Gen. Robert E. Lee. Courtesy, National Archives.
Lee’s fortifications east of Mechanicsville Turnpike. From a
contemporary sketch.

11
 Chickahominy swamps. Courtesy, National Archives.

It was a bold feat, and Stuart assured his chief that there was
nothing to prevent his turning the Federal right flank. But the daring
ride probably helped McClellan more than Lee. Alerted to the exposed
position of his right flank and base of supply, McClellan withdrew his
whole army south of the Chickahominy, with the exception of Gen.
Fitz-John Porter’s corps, which stretched from Grapevine Bridge to
the Meadow Bridge west of Mechanicsville. On June 18 he started the
transfer of his enormous accumulation of supplies with the shipment
of 800,000 rations from White House to Harrison’s Landing on the
James River. After Jackson’s success in the Shenandoah Valley at
Cross Keys and Port Republic, it was becoming apparent even to
McClellan that McDowell probably never would join him, in which
case he wanted his base of operations to be the James rather than
the York River.

Meanwhile, pressure from Washington for an offensive 12

movement against Richmond was mounting. But because of
the wettest June in anyone’s memory, McClellan was having trouble
bringing up his heavy siege guns, corduroying roads, and throwing
bridges across the flooded Chickahominy swamps. As one bedraggled
soldier wrote: “It would have pleased us much to have seen those
‘On-to-Richmond’ people put over a 5 mile course in the Virginia
mud, loaded with a 40-pound knapsack, 60 rounds of cartridges, and
haversacks filled with 4 days rations.”

Also, McClellan believed erroneously that the Confederates had twice

as many available troops as he had. Consequently, his plan of action,
as he wrote his wife, was to “make the first battle mainly an artillery
combat. As soon as I gain possession of the ‘Old Tavern’ I will push
them in upon Richmond and behind their works; then I will bring up
my heavy guns, shell the city, and carry it by assault.”
The Seven Days Begins

Lee’s plan of attack. Painting by Sidney King.

McClellan’s plan probably would have succeeded had Lee been willing
to stand still for it. But the Confederate commander did not intend to
let McClellan fight that type of warfare. As he wrote to Jackson:
“Unless McClellan can be driven out of his entrenchments he will
move by positions under cover of his heavy guns within shelling 13
distance of Richmond.” It was almost as if Lee had read
McClellan’s letter to his wife.
Lee’s plan to drive McClellan away from Richmond was bold and
daring, and strategically brilliant. He would bring Jackson’s forces
down from the valley quickly and secretly to turn McClellan’s right
flank at Mechanicsville. At the same time Gen. A. P. Hill’s division
would cross the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, turn east and clear
the Federal forces from Mechanicsville, thereby opening the
Mechanicsville Turnpike bridge for D. H. Hill and Longstreet’s troops
to cross. Then, in echelon, the four divisions would sweep down the
north side of the Chickahominy, annihilate Porter’s corps, capture the
supply base at White House, then turn and destroy the rest of the
Union army. With Jackson’s forces and other reinforcements from
farther south, Lee would have about 90,000 men, the largest army he
would ever command in the field.

To protect Richmond, he planned to leave about one-third of his

army, under Generals John B. Magruder and Benjamin Huger, in the
entrenchments around the city to hold back the main part of
McClellan’s force, about 70,000 men, from marching into the
Confederate Capital. If this force started to withdraw, then Magruder
and Huger would attack.

Lee apparently believed that McClellan would try to retreat to his

base at White House, or failing that, would retire back down the
peninsula. He assured Jefferson Davis that “any advance of the
enemy toward Richmond will be prevented by vigorously following his
rear and crippling and arresting his progress.” The strategy was just
about perfect, but, unfortunately for Lee, the tactics were not.

On the morning of June 25 the Seven Days began with the advance
of Hooker’s division along the Williamsburg road at Oak Grove,
preparatory to a general advance McClellan planned for the next day.
But Hooker ran into strong opposition from Huger’s troops, and when
McClellan received intelligence of Jackson’s approach, Hooker was
ordered back. McClellan wired Washington: “I incline to think that
Jackson will attack my right and rear.” He had delayed too long—the
next day Lee wrested the initiative from him.
Beaver Dam Creek (Ellerson’s Mill)

According to Lee’s plan, Jackson was to march from Ashland on June

25 and encamp that night just west of the Central Railroad. At 3 a.m.
on the 26th he was to advance and envelop Porter’s right flank at
Beaver Dam Creek. Then, wrote Lee, “A. P. Hill was to cross the
Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge when Jackson’s advance 14
beyond that point should be known and move directly upon
Mechanicsville.”

Confederate attack at Beaver Dam Creek. From a

contemporary sketch.
But from the beginning, unforeseen circumstances upset the
operation and timing of this plan. McClellan suspected Jackson’s
approach, so the element of surprise was lacking. And when the
action of the Union pickets in destroying bridges and felling trees in
Jackson’s path, as well as the fatigue of his weary troops, combined
to delay him, the all-important time element was lost.

As the day wore on with no word from Jackson, A. P. Hill became

impatient and fearful for the success of Lee’s plan. He decided to
attack regardless. At 3 that afternoon he crossed the Chickahominy
and swept the Union outposts from Mechanicsville, thus clearing the
way for D. H. Hill and Longstreet’s troops to cross. Porter withdrew to
a prepared position behind Beaver Dam Creek, a mile east of
Mechanicsville. This naturally strong position was further fortified by
felled trees and the banks of a millrace. Here, atop the high banks of
the stream, he placed Gen. George McCall’s division, extending from
near the Chickahominy on the south, across Old Church road (now
U.S. 360) on the north. Gen. Truman Seymour’s brigade held the left
and Gen. John Reynold’s the right, with Gen. George G. Meade’s
brigade in reserve. The only approaches to the position were across
open fields, commanded by the Federal artillery, and down the steep
banks of the stream, covered by the soldiers’ muskets.

Hill recklessly hurled his brigades forward in a hopeless frontal 15

assault. The gray-clad infantry charged bravely down the steep
banks and up to the stream before the murderous fire of artillery and
musketry from the surrounding slopes forced a bloody withdrawal.
Casualties in killed and wounded were: Confederate 1,485; Union,
258.

Despite the successful defense, when Jackson’s forces finally

appeared on his right flank later that night, Porter’s position became
untenable and McClellan ordered him to withdraw to a previously
prepared position behind Boatswain Swamp, near Gaines’ Mill. At the
same time he ordered his quartermaster general at White House to
reship all the supplies he possibly could to Harrison’s Landing on the
James, and send all the beef cattle to the vicinity of Savage Station.
Early next morning, June 27, the herd of 2,500 head of cattle started
on its drive from White House.

Battle of Gaines’ Mill. From Battles and Leaders of the Civil

War.
OLD COLD HARBOR
Gaines’s MILL
NEW COLD HARBOR
CONFEDERATE
Lee’s Headq’rs
D. H. HILL
JACKSON
EWELL
A. P. HILL
WHITING
LONGSTREET
UNION
SYKES
McGehee
BUCHANAN
WARREN
LOVELL
MORELL
Porter’s Headq’rs
GRIFFIN
MARTINDALE
BUTTERFIELD
McCALL
REYNOLDS
SEYMOUR
MEADE
J. Martin
W. F. SMITH
SLOCUM ARRIVING 4 O’CLOCK
NEWTON
TAYLOR
BARTLETT
FRENCH & MEACHER ARRIVING TO COVER RETREAT about 6.30 p.m.

16
McClellan’s change of base. Painting by Sidney King.

WHITE HOUSE
MECHANICSVILLE
GAINES MILL
Pomunkey
SAVAGE STATION
Chickahominy
GLENDALE
MALVERN HILL
HARRISON’S LANDING
Gaines’ Mill

The tactical situation was now extremely critical for both Lee and
McClellan. Because of the repulse at Beaver Dam, Lee had not yet
achieved his first objective, which, according to his battle order, was
to “drive the enemy from his position above New Bridge,” about 4
miles east of Mechanicsville. Lee’s whole plan for the defense of
Richmond, in the event McClellan should elect to march on the city
with his main force south of the Chickahominy, hinged on his ability
to cross the river quickly and attack the Federal rear. Lacking control
of New Bridge this would be impossible. Although the Union position
behind Boatswain Swamp was actually east of New Bridge, the
approaches to the bridge could be covered by Porter’s artillery.

The situation was equally serious for McClellan. With Jackson

enveloping his right flank and rear, and believing he “had to deal with
at least double” his numbers, White House would have to be
abandoned. Having made the decision to change his base to the
James, he desperately needed time to perfect the arrangements and
to get the thousands of wagons and the herd of cattle safely started.
His order to Porter was explicit, “hold our position at any cost until
night * * *.”

Porter’s corps now occupied a semicircular line of battle along 17

the crest of the partially wooded plateau behind Boatswain
Swamp, with both extremes resting on the Chickahominy River. It
was another naturally strong position further strengthened by felling
trees and digging rifle pits. The approaches to the position were over
an open plain and across a sharp ravine. Gen. George Morell’s
division held the left and Gen. George Sykes’ right, with McCall’s
weary troops in reserve. Gen. Philip St. George Cooke’s cavalry was
on Porter’s extreme left, in the lowlands bordering the Chickahominy.
During the course of the impending battle of Gaines’ Mill, Porter
would be reinforced by Gen. Willard Slocum’s division, giving him a
total strength of about 35,000, as opposed to about 60,000 for Lee.

On the Confederate side, Longstreet was on Lee’s right opposite

Morell, A. P. Hill in the center, and Jackson and D. H. Hill on the left.
Lee was convinced that the greater part of the Federal army was in
his front, and he still thought McClellan would try to protect his base
and retreat toward White House. On these erroneous assumptions he
made his plans.

A. P. Hill would attack the center while Longstreet made a feint on

the Union left. Then when Jackson appeared on the Union right, Lee
believed Porter would shift part of his troops to meet Jackson’s threat
in order to keep him from getting between the Union army and its
base at White House. As soon as Porter did this, Longstreet would
turn the feint into a full assault, and together with Hill drive the Union
forces into Jackson and D. H. Hill, waiting on Lee’s left.

About 2:30 p.m. Hill attacked the center of the Federal line, but
under a devastating fire of artillery and musketry, “where men fell like
leaves in an autumn wind,” his troops were hurled back with heavy
losses. Longstreet, realizing a feint now would not help Hill, ordered a
full-scale attack, but he too suffered a bloody repulse. Jackson,
sensing that “Porter didn’t drive worth two cents,” as he quaintly put
it, threw D. H. Hill against Sykes on Porter’s right.

By now A. P. Hill’s division was badly cut up, and on Lee’s request
Jackson sent Whiting’s division, consisting of Gen. E. M. Law’s and
John B. Hood’s brigades, over to support him. Porter then threw in
Slocum’s division of Franklin’s corps, to protect threatened points
along the line. The vicious battle waged furiously for 4 hours. “The
noise of the musketry,” said one veteran, “was not rattling, as
ordinarily, but one intense metallic din.”

Finally, just as darkness covered the bloody field, Hood’s Texas

brigade, along with Gen. George Pickett’s brigade on Longstreet’s left,
penetrated the right of Morell’s line in a courageous bayonet charge
that broke the morale of the Federal troops. They went streaming
back across the plateau to the safety of the Chickahominy 18
River. In a last desperate attempt to stem the tide, General
Cooke (“Jeb” Stuart’s father-in-law) sent his cavalry in a wild charge
against the pressing Confederates. But the retreating Union infantry
and artillery obstructed the cavalry and broke its attack. The only
result was the loss of several more artillery pieces in the confusion.

With darkness closing in and the Confederate troops disorganized

after the breakthrough, Lee did not attempt to pursue the Federals
farther. Porter withdrew the remnants of his corps across the river
and rejoined the main Union army. Total casualties in this crucial
battle, the most costly and vicious of the Seven Days, were: Union,
6,837; Confederate, 8,751.

In a sense, both sides had achieved their immediate objectives.

Porter had held until night, so McClellan could get his army safely
started for Harrison’s Landing. Lee had cleared the north side of the
Chickahominy of all Federal forces, broken their supply line to White
House, controlled strategic New Bridge, and had turned back
McClellan’s advance on Richmond.
Savage Station

Battle of Savage Station. From Battles and Leaders of the

Civil War.

MAGRUDER’S HEADQUARTERS ON BRIDGE OVER RAILROAD

TOOMB’S BRIGADE
BARKSDALE’S BRIGADE
COBB’S BRIGADE
HART’S BATTERY
RAILROAD BATTERY
KERSHAW’S BRIGADE
SEMMES’S BRIG.
KEMPER’S BATTERY
 TH. ST.
17 & 21 MISS. OF BARKESDALE’S BRIG.

RICHARDSON’S DIVISION
SUMNER’S CORPS
MEAGHER
CALDWELL
FRENCH
FIELD HOSPITAL
SEDGWICK’S DIVISION
BURN’S BRIG.
GORMAN
1ST-MINN. GORMAN’S BRIG.
DANA
PETTIT, HAZZARD AND OSBORN
SUMNER & FRANKLIN HEADQUARTERS IN THE FIELD
HANCOCK’S BRIGADE, SMITH’S DIVISION, FRANKLIN’S CORPS
CENTER’S BATTERY
BROOKS’S BRIG., SMITH’S DIV., FRANKLIN’S CORPS
DAVIDSON’S BRIGADE

McClellan was now engaged in the most difficult move an army can
be called upon to make in the face of an aggressive enemy—a
flanking movement to effect a change of base. There was no thought
given to any offensive movement. President Lincoln 19
telegraphed: “Save your army at all events.” This was now
McClellan’s only objective.

That McClellan had not tried to fall back on White House surprised
Lee, as he had believed he was facing the main part of the Federal
army at Gaines’ Mill. The next day, June 28, he spent burying the
dead, reorganizing for another offensive movement, and attempting
to divine McClellan’s plans. Lee reported to Jefferson Davis that “the
bridges over the Chickahominy in rear of the enemy were destroyed,
and their reconstruction impracticable in the presence of his whole
army and powerful batteries. We were therefore compelled to wait
until his purpose should be developed.” By nightfall, however, he
realized that McClellan was headed for the James River, and made his
plans accordingly.
Early next morning, June 29, Longstreet and A. P. Hill were to cross
the Chickahominy at New Bridge and take the Darbytown road to
where it met the Long Bridge road. Huger and Magruder, already on
the south side of the river in front of Richmond, were ordered in
pursuit of the Federal forces—Huger by Charles City road and
Magruder by the Williamsburg road. In the meantime, Jackson would
cross Grapevine Bridge and sweep down the south side of the river to
get in McClellan’s rear.

Again, Lee’s strategy was brilliant. The Charles City road met the
Long Bridge road at a place called Glendale or Frayser’s Farm. Lee
planned to have all his divisions converge there at about the time the
middle of McClellan’s long column should be passing. The impact of
the expected blow would undoubtedly split the Union army, and with
Jackson’s corps in the rear of one half, the other half could be cut off
and annihilated. Once again, however, the staff work and tactics were
pitiful.

McClellan’s rearguard was posted about Savage Station on the

Richmond and York River Railroad, facing west. Richardson’s division,
of Sumner’s corps, was in an open field north of the railroad tracks in
back of the station. Sedgwick’s division held the center in another
open field south of the tracks, with its left resting on the Williamsburg
road. Gen. William F. (“Baldy”) Smith’s division, of Franklin’s corps,
took position in the woods south of the Williamsburg road.

Magruder reached the vicinity of Savage Station about noon, June 29,
but did not attack as he realized his four brigades were badly
outnumbered. He halted and waited for Jackson, who was supposed
to turn the Federal right flank along the Chickahominy and get in
their rear. But Jackson “was delayed by the necessity of
reconstructing Grapevine Bridge.” Magruder then mistakenly reported
McClellan advancing and sent for two brigades from Huger to support
him. Lee cancelled the order when he realized that what 20
Magruder had hit was only the rearguard covering the Federal
army’s passage across White Oak swamp. What Lee did not realize,
however, was that Jackson was not in position and would not reach
Savage Station until 3 the following morning. Finally, about 5 that
afternoon, Magruder attacked with his four brigades and two
regiments, but it was too late with too little. The Federals withdrew
hastily but safely. In their haste they were forced to leave 2,500 sick
and wounded men in the field hospital at Savage Station and to
abandon or destroy a vast amount of supplies and equipment.

Battle of Savage Station. From a contemporary sketch.

21
Battle of Glendale. From Battles and Leaders of the Civil
War.

CONFEDERATE
JACKSON’S CORPS & D. H. HILL
HUGER
LONGSTREET
A. P. HILL
UNION
SMITH
RICHARDSON
T.
1 REG , 1 GUN
SLOCUM
KEARNY
McCALL
SEDGWICK
HOOKER
Glendale (Frayser’s Farm)

Lee now ordered Magruder to follow Longstreet and A. P. Hill down

the Darbytown road. The next day, June 30, Longstreet and Hill came
upon the Union troops of McCall and Kearney across the Long Bridge
road about a mile west of the Charles City road intersection at
Glendale. Hooker held the left or south flank, with Slocum on the
right guarding the Charles City road approach. Sedgwick was in the
rear in reserve. Longstreet and Hill halted and waited for Huger,
coming down the Charles City road, and Jackson, supposedly coming
on the Federal rear from White Oak Swamp.

Meanwhile, Gen. T. H. Holmes, who had come from the south side of
the James River with part of his division and Gen. Henry A. Wise’s
brigade, had been sent by Lee down the River, or New Market road in
an attempt to get between McClellan and the James River. McClellan
anticipated the move, however, and Warren of Sykes’ division stopped
Holmes south of Malvern Hill. Lee then ordered Magruder on 22
the Darbytown road to reinforce him, but Magruder’s forces did
not get there in time to help.

Huger was delayed by obstructions, mostly felled trees, with which

the Federals had blocked his path. Instead of going around the
obstructions, Huger continually halted to clear the road. Thus it
resolved itself into a question of whether Huger could clear the trees
as fast as the Union soldiers cut them down. In this so-called “battle
of the axes” Huger lost, and did not get to Glendale in time to
participate in the engagement.

About 4 that afternoon, however, Longstreet heard artillery firing

from Huger’s direction which “was supposed to indicate his
approach,” and expecting Jackson’s appearance momentarily, he
opened with one of his batteries and thus brought on the battle.
Jackson never did show up, being held north of White Oak Swamp by
the artillery of Richardson and Smith, and did not get to Glendale
until the next day. The fight was particularly vicious with many
pockets of hand-to-hand combat, but, without the expected support
of Huger and Jackson, Longstreet could not break the Union lines in
time to inflict any serious damage or to interrupt the withdrawal. Lee
stated in his report: “Could the other commands have cooperated in
the action the result would have proved most disastrous to the
enemy.” Gone was Lee’s last chance to cut McClellan’s army in two.
Malvern Hill

McClellan had already selected another naturally strong position, this

time on Malvern Hill, for the last stand before reaching the James
River. On the morning of July 1, Morell and Sykes’ divisions of Porter’s
corps were drawn up on the crest of the hill west of the Quaker road.
East of the road Couch’s division of Keyes’ corps held the front, with
Kearney and Hooker of Heintzelman’s corps flanked to the right and
rear. Sumner’s troops were in the rear in reserve. The position was
flanked on either side by creeks in deep ravines less than a mile
apart, and across this narrow front, Porter placed his batteries with
the guns almost hub to hub. In front, the ground was open, sloping
down to woods, marshes, and swamps, through which the
Confederate forces had to form for attack within range of the Federal
artillery.

Lee had Jackson on his left facing Kearney, Hooker, and Couch’s right.
D. H. Hill was in the center opposite Couch’s left and Morell’s right.
Lee then ordered Magruder to the right of Hill, but Magruder was
delayed by taking the wrong road; so instead two brigades of Huger’s
were placed on Hill’s right. Longstreet and A. P. Hill, their ranks
decimated from the actions at Gaines’ Mill and Glendale, were held in
reserve. The terrain rendered it almost impossible for effective use of
Confederate artillery, and the few batteries that did get into position
were quickly cut to pieces by the massed Union guns.

23