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127728AB-F8E4-40AC-94CA-0A6542A12C56

The document appears to be a mathematical text discussing various algebraic concepts, including properties of operations such as addition and multiplication, and the behavior of numbers under these operations. It includes equations, definitions, and examples related to algebraic structures. The content is structured with numbered equations and statements, indicating a formal approach to mathematical exposition.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views4 pages

127728AB-F8E4-40AC-94CA-0A6542A12C56

The document appears to be a mathematical text discussing various algebraic concepts, including properties of operations such as addition and multiplication, and the behavior of numbers under these operations. It includes equations, definitions, and examples related to algebraic structures. The content is structured with numbered equations and statements, indicating a formal approach to mathematical exposition.

Uploaded by

hhaquouch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ا ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪-‬ى اﻝع ﻡ*ك ‬ ‫ ا‬

‫‬ ‫اﻝرس اول ‪ :‬اﻝ‪-1‬ب اﻝدي‬ ‫ ون‬


‫ ‬ ‫اه‬

‫‪ .I‬ﻡ  ت ا اد‬
‫     و ‪ = {0;1; 2; ⋅⋅⋅⋅} :‬‬ ‫ ا اد ا ا  ن ‬
‫    ‬ ‫ ا اد ا ا&‪ %‬أي ا اد ا ا و "!   ن ‬
‫و ‪ = {⋅⋅⋅⋅ −3; −2;0;1; 2;3; ⋅⋅⋅⋅} :‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫    ‪D‬‬ ‫ﺡ‪ a ∈  :-‬و  ∈ ‪  n‬ن ‬ ‫ ا اد ا(ی أي ا اد ا‪ )*  +‬ا('‬
‫‪10n‬‬
‫‪ a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫و ‪D =  n / a ∈ ; n ∈   :‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫     ‪.‬‬ ‫ ا اد ا‪0‬ری أي ا اد ا‪ )*  +‬ا(' ﺡ‪ a ∈  :-‬و ∗ ∈ ‪  , b‬ن ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫و  ‪ =  / a ∈ ; b ∈ ∗ ‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ا اد ا"" و      ‪.‬‬ ‫ ا اد ا‪0‬ری و ا!ﺝ‪0‬ری  ن ‬
‫*) ‪ ( D ) 4"%‬ود *‪, ( O, I ) 4‬‬
‫ آ' د ﺡ""‪ +‬ی‪ 5‬أن ‪ "& 7‬وﺡة ‪ 5‬ا‪. ( D ) 4"%‬‬
‫‪ ,%‬آ' " ‪ 5 M‬ا‪ '9 ( D ) 4"%‬د ﺡ"" وﺡا ‪ x‬ی‪ )%‬أ‪.  :‬‬
‫أﻡ  ‪ :‬ا ل اﻝﻡز‪⊄; ⊂;∉;∈ :‬‬
‫اد ‪ -7‬ه & ‪" −7 ∈    5‬أ‪ -7 ":‬ی&‪ +‬ا)  " ‪ +:‬ﺡ‪ ? -7 5‬ی&‪ +‬ا)  و   ∉ ‪−7‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫*) ا(' ‪ n‬ﺡ‪ a ∈  -‬و  ∈ ‪. n‬‬ ‫ی&  ∈ و ‪ ∉ D‬و ذ@  ‪ ? 7‬ی‪ 5‬آ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ ∈ ‪ ? 7  2 ∉  5 2‬ی‪ 5‬اید دی‪ 5‬ﺹ‪ a 5‬و ‪ 2 = - b‬و ‪& D b‬م‪.‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫  ﺝ ‪  5H‬و   ⊂  ‪.‬‬ ‫آ' د ﺹ‪ +F E‬ه د ﺹ‪ " ,+% E‬ل ان ا‬
‫‪  5H J% D‬و   ⊄ ‪. D‬‬ ‫‪ I‬آ' د (ي ه د ﺹ‪ " ,+% E‬ل ان ا‬
‫ي ه&ك &ﺹ ‪ +& ? D 5‬ا)  ‪ .‬آ‪ :@0‬آ' & ‪ D 5‬ه & ‪D ⊂  :  5‬‬
‫و آ' & ‪  5‬ه & ‪ .  ⊂  :  5‬ی& اذن‪ ⊂  ⊂ D ⊂  ⊂  :‬‬
‫‪100 6‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪, ,‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺡد ‪ F‬آ' د ‪ 5‬ا اد ا ‪9 + 3 :‬‬ ‫ﺕ ی‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ .II‬اﻝ ت " اﻝ     و‪$%‬ﺕ‪#‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻝ ت " اﻝ    ‬
‫اﻝ ( " ‬
‫‪ a‬و ‪ b‬و ‪ c‬أ اد ﺡ""‬
‫‪a + b = b + a (1‬‬
‫‪a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c = a + b + c (2‬‬
‫‪a + 0 = 0 + a = a (3‬‬
‫‪( −a ) + a = a + ( −a ) = 0 (4‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‬ ‫اذ‪ :‬‬


 " ‫ب‬3‫اﻝ‬
""‫ أ اد ﺡ‬c ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a
a × b = b × a = ab = ba .1
a ( bc ) = ( ab ) c = ( ac ) b = abc .2
1 1 a
= × a = = 1 .3
a ≠ 0; a ×
a a a
bd ≠ 0 - ""‫ أ اد ﺡ‬d ‫ و‬c ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a :‫ر‬-4‫ اﻝ‬5 ‫اﻝ ت‬
a c a+c
+ = (1
b b b
a c ad + bc
+ = (2
b d bd
a c ad − bc
− = (3
b d bd
a c ac
× = (4
b d bd
a
b = a × d = ad (5
c b c bc
d
a c ac
= a × = ; bc ≠ 0 (6
b b b
c
a '" )%‫ ی‬−a (7
a − b = a + ( −b ) (8
− ( a − b ) = −a + b (9
1
a ≠ 0 -‫ ﺡ‬a ‫) "* ب اد‬%‫ی‬ (10
a
a 1 a
= a × . b )* a ‫رج اد‬W )%‫ ی‬b ∈ ∗ ‫ و‬a ∈  -‫اد ﺡ‬
b b b
a
a = bc X:‫ = ی‬c (11
b
a c
ad = bc X:‫( = ی‬12
b d
a
a = b X:‫ = ی‬1 (13
b
a
a = 0 X:‫ = ی‬0 (14
b
:< ‫ت هﻡ_اﻝ=* و اﻝ‬89:‫ ﻡ‬.2
2
(a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 :&‫  ی‬5 b ‫ و‬a '
2
(a − b) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2 (1
a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b ) (2
a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) (3
a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab − b 2 ) (4

2   :‫اذ‬
:< ‫اﻝ=* و اﻝ‬
""‫ أ اد ﺡ‬k ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a
k ( a + b ) = ka + kb 
k ( a − b ) = ka − kb 
( a + b )( c − d ) = ac − ad + bc − bd 
2
x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1) 
2
x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1) 
:>1‫ﻡ‬
2 2
:5‫ ا‬5 ‫ ا‬5"‫ ( و ' *) ا‬a − b )( a − b ) ‫ ( و‬a + b )( a + b ) (&
3
( a − b ) = a3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b3 
3
( a + b ) = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3 
‫ اﺱ‬Z‫ &  ا‬:‫ﻡ ل‬
2
A = ( 200520052006 ) − ( 200520052005 × 200520052007 ) :%‫أﺡ‬
 ‫ وﺡ‬4[‫ ر‬+: \": ]*^ ‫!ﺙ‬9‫!ﺡ` أن ا اد ا‬
x = 200520052006 :ab ‫ب‬%‫\ ا‬%
. 200520052007 = x + 1 ‫ و‬200520052005 = x − 1 :‫إذن‬
A = x 2 − ( x − 1)( x + 1) :7& ‫و‬
= x 2 − ( x 2 − 1)
= x2 − x2 + 1
=1
2
A = ( 200520052006 ) − ( 200520052005 × 200520052007 ) = 1 :‫إذن‬

: ‫ اﻝ‬94‫ و اﻝ‬10 ‫ى و @ى اﻝد‬8‫ اﻝ‬.3


:B‫ﺕی‬
. n ∈  ‫ &م و‬D ""‫ دا ﺡ‬a 5
a1 = a; a 0 = 1 
a n = a
× a × a ×⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅× a 
‫د‬dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd‫ةا‬

1
 a −n =
an
:&‫  ی‬5 n ‫ و‬m ' ‫ ∗ و‬5 b ‫ و‬a '
n
a n × b n = ( ab ) 
a n × am = an+m 
n m m n
(a ) = a nm = ( a ) 
n
an  a 
=  
bn  b 
an 1
m
= a n−m = m−n 
a a

3   :‫اذ‬
‫ﺡﻝ ‪@:$%‬ى اﻝد ‪:10‬‬
‫‪100 = 1‬‬ ‫‪ 101 = 10‬و‬
‫‪10−2 = 0, 01‬‬
‫‪10−1 = 0,1‬‬
‫‪10 n = 1000‬‬
‫‬ ‫ ∈ ‪0; n‬‬
‫⋅⋅⋅⋅‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪10 − n = 0,‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪000‬‬
‫‬ ‫ ∈ ‪01; n‬‬
‫⋅⋅⋅⋅‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪ .4‬اﻝ‪ 94‬اﻝ ‪:‬‬


‫آ' د (ي ‪  x‬ﺝ ی *) ا(' ‪ x = a × 10‬ﺡ‪ p -‬ی&‪ +‬ا)  و ‪ a‬د (ي ‪. 1 ≤ a ≺ 10 -‬‬
‫‪p‬‬

‫ه‪ e0‬ا ‪ )%‬ا ا* ‪.‬‬


‫ﻡ‪ :>1‬إذا آن ‪ x‬دا ﺱ ‪:‬ن آ‪ 7‬ا* ه‪x = − a × 10 +‬‬
‫‪p‬‬

‫ل‪ :‬ا‪ 5 :%‬ارض و ا(‪ I‬ه‪ 149597870 :+‬آ*‪ 1, 4959787 × 108  ,4‬آ*‪.4‬‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻝ‪F‬ور اﻝ ‪:9‬‬
‫ﺕی‪:B‬‬
‫‪ x 5‬دا ﺡ""  ﺝ‪ +% .‬ﺝ‪0‬ر ‪ , x a‬اد ا""‪ +‬ا ﺝ ‪. y‬‬
‫‪ . y 2 = x -‬و  ‪. x = y‬‬
‫‪ x = y‬ی‪ x = y 2 X:‬و ‪. y ≥ 0‬‬
‫‪= 7; 9 = 3 :‬‬
‫أﻡ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ab‬‬ ‫إذا آن ‪0‬‬ ‫) ‪( ab‬‬ ‫;‪= ab‬‬ ‫) ‪( −7‬‬
‫ی&‪:‬‬ ‫‪ a ' :$%‬و ‪ + 5 b‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪b‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪;b‬‬ ‫و ‪0‬‬ ‫) (‬‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪= a2 = a‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫∗ ∈ ‪= a n ; n‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬


‫‪a × b = ab‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪;a 0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫= ‪ x‬ی‪. x = y X:‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫إذا آن ‪ x ≥ 0‬و ‪: y ≥ 0‬ن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x = 0‬أذا و ‪ \":‬إذا آن ‪. x = 0‬‬
‫و ‪x2 + y 2 ≠ x + y‬‬ ‫‪a+b ≠ a + b‬‬ ‫ا ‪:GH‬‬
‫إذن ‪9 + 16 ≠ 9 + 16‬‬ ‫و ‪9 + 16 = 3 + 4 = 7‬‬ ‫ﻡ ل ﻡ‪3‬د‪9 + 16 = 25 = 5 :‬‬
‫‪ .6‬اﻝ=‪H‬‬
‫ﺕی‪ a : B‬و ‪ b‬و ‪ c‬و ‪ d‬أ اد ﺡ"" ‪bd ≠ 0 -‬‬
‫‪a c‬‬
‫" ل إن ا اد ‪ a‬و ‪ b‬و ‪ c‬و ‪  d‬ن ‪ +:‬ه‪0‬ا ا &ﺱ إذا و‪ \":‬إذا آن ‪= :‬‬
‫‪b d‬‬
‫ﻡ ل ‪ :‬ﺡد اد ا""‪ x +‬إذا *‪ J‬أن ا اد ‪ x + 1 :‬و ‪ 3‬و ‪ x‬و ‪  2‬ن ‪ +:‬ه‪0‬ا ا &ﺱ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‬ ‫اذ‪ :‬‬

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