ا ذ: ﻡ-ى اﻝع ﻡ*ك ا
اﻝرس اول :اﻝ-1ب اﻝدي ون
اه
.Iﻡ ت ا اد
و = {0;1; 2; ⋅⋅⋅⋅} : ا اد ا ا ن
ا اد ا ا& %أي ا اد ا ا و "! ن
و = {⋅⋅⋅⋅ −3; −2;0;1; 2;3; ⋅⋅⋅⋅} :
a
D ﺡ a ∈ :-و ∈ nن ا اد ا(ی أي ا اد ا )* +ا('
10n
a
و D = n / a ∈ ; n ∈ :
10
a
. ا اد ا0ری أي ا اد ا )* +ا(' ﺡ a ∈ :-و ∗ ∈ , bن
b
a
و = / a ∈ ; b ∈ ∗
b
ا اد ا"" و . ا اد ا0ری و ا!ﺝ0ری ن
*) ( D ) 4"%ود *, ( O, I ) 4
آ' د ﺡ"" +ی 5أن "& 7وﺡة 5ا. ( D ) 4"%
,%آ' " 5 Mا '9 ( D ) 4"%د ﺡ"" وﺡا xی )%أ. :
أﻡ :ا ل اﻝﻡز⊄; ⊂;∉;∈ :
اد -7ه & " −7 ∈ 5أ -7 ":ی& +ا) " +:ﺡ ? -7 5ی& +ا) و ∉ −7
a 2 2 2
*) ا(' nﺡ a ∈ -و ∈ . n ی& ∈ و ∉ Dو ذ@ ? 7ی 5آ
10 3 3 3
a
∈ ? 7 2 ∉ 5 2ی 5اید دی 5ﺹ a 5و 2 = - bو & D bم.
b
ﺝ 5Hو ⊂ . آ' د ﺹ +F Eه د ﺹ " ,+% Eل ان ا
5H J% Dو ⊄ . D Iآ' د (ي ه د ﺹ " ,+% Eل ان ا
ي ه&ك &ﺹ +& ? D 5ا) .آ :@0آ' & D 5ه & D ⊂ : 5
و آ' & 5ه & . ⊂ : 5ی& اذن ⊂ ⊂ D ⊂ ⊂ :
100 6
− , , :ﺡد Fآ' د 5ا اد ا 9 + 3 : ﺕ ی
5 5
.IIاﻝ ت " اﻝ و$%ﺕ#
.1اﻝ ت " اﻝ
اﻝ ( "
aو bو cأ اد ﺡ""
a + b = b + a (1
a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c = a + b + c (2
a + 0 = 0 + a = a (3
( −a ) + a = a + ( −a ) = 0 (4
1 اذ :
" ب3اﻝ
"" أ اد ﺡc وb وa
a × b = b × a = ab = ba .1
a ( bc ) = ( ab ) c = ( ac ) b = abc .2
1 1 a
= × a = = 1 .3
a ≠ 0; a ×
a a a
bd ≠ 0 - "" أ اد ﺡd وc وb وa :ر-4 اﻝ5 اﻝ ت
a c a+c
+ = (1
b b b
a c ad + bc
+ = (2
b d bd
a c ad − bc
− = (3
b d bd
a c ac
× = (4
b d bd
a
b = a × d = ad (5
c b c bc
d
a c ac
= a × = ; bc ≠ 0 (6
b b b
c
a '" )% ی−a (7
a − b = a + ( −b ) (8
− ( a − b ) = −a + b (9
1
a ≠ 0 - ﺡa ) "* ب اد%ی (10
a
a 1 a
= a × . b )* a رج ادW )% یb ∈ ∗ وa ∈ -اد ﺡ
b b b
a
a = bc X: = یc (11
b
a c
ad = bc X:( = ی12
b d
a
a = b X: = ی1 (13
b
a
a = 0 X: = ی0 (14
b
:< ت هﻡ_اﻝ=* و اﻝ89: ﻡ.2
2
(a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 :& ی5 b وa '
2
(a − b) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2 (1
a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b ) (2
a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) (3
a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab − b 2 ) (4
2 :اذ
:< اﻝ=* و اﻝ
"" أ اد ﺡk وb وa
k ( a + b ) = ka + kb
k ( a − b ) = ka − kb
( a + b )( c − d ) = ac − ad + bc − bd
2
x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)
2
x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1)
:>1ﻡ
2 2
:5 ا5 ا5" ( و ' *) اa − b )( a − b ) ( وa + b )( a + b ) (&
3
( a − b ) = a3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b3
3
( a + b ) = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3
اﺱZ & ا:ﻡ ل
2
A = ( 200520052006 ) − ( 200520052005 × 200520052007 ) :%أﺡ
وﺡ4[ ر+: \": ]*^ !ﺙ9!ﺡ` أن ا اد ا
x = 200520052006 :ab ب%\ ا%
. 200520052007 = x + 1 و200520052005 = x − 1 :إذن
A = x 2 − ( x − 1)( x + 1) :7& و
= x 2 − ( x 2 − 1)
= x2 − x2 + 1
=1
2
A = ( 200520052006 ) − ( 200520052005 × 200520052007 ) = 1 :إذن
: اﻝ94 و اﻝ10 ى و @ى اﻝد8 اﻝ.3
:Bﺕی
. n ∈ &م وD "" دا ﺡa 5
a1 = a; a 0 = 1
a n = a
× a × a ×⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅× a
دddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddةا
1
a −n =
an
:& ی5 n وm ' ∗ و5 b وa '
n
a n × b n = ( ab )
a n × am = an+m
n m m n
(a ) = a nm = ( a )
n
an a
=
bn b
an 1
m
= a n−m = m−n
a a
3 :اذ
ﺡﻝ @:$%ى اﻝد :10
100 = 1 101 = 10و
10−2 = 0, 01
10−1 = 0,1
10 n = 1000
∈ 0; n
⋅⋅⋅⋅
n
10 − n = 0,
000
∈ 01; n
⋅⋅⋅⋅
n
.4اﻝ 94اﻝ :
آ' د (ي xﺝ ی *) ا(' x = a × 10ﺡ p -ی& +ا) و aد (ي . 1 ≤ a ≺ 10 -
p
ه e0ا )%ا ا* .
ﻡ :>1إذا آن xدا ﺱ :ن آ 7ا* هx = − a × 10 +
p
ل :ا 5 :%ارض و ا( Iه 149597870 :+آ* 1, 4959787 × 108 ,4آ*.4 ﻡ
.5اﻝFور اﻝ :9
ﺕی:B
x 5دا ﺡ"" ﺝ +% .ﺝ0ر , x aاد ا"" +ا ﺝ . y
. y 2 = x -و . x = y
x = yی x = y 2 X:و . y ≥ 0
= 7; 9 = 3 :
أﻡ
2 2
ab إذا آن 0 ) ( ab ;= ab ) ( −7
ی&: a ' :$%و + 5 b
a a 2 n
b
=
b
;b و 0 ) (a = a2 = a و ) ( a ∗ ∈ = a n ; n
1 1 a
a × b = ab و = = ;a 0
a a a
= xی. x = y X: y إذا آن x ≥ 0و : y ≥ 0ن :
x = 0أذا و \":إذا آن . x = 0
و x2 + y 2 ≠ x + y a+b ≠ a + b ا :GH
إذن 9 + 16 ≠ 9 + 16 و 9 + 16 = 3 + 4 = 7 ﻡ ل ﻡ3د9 + 16 = 25 = 5 :
.6اﻝ=H
ﺕی a : Bو bو cو dأ اد ﺡ"" bd ≠ 0 -
a c
" ل إن ا اد aو bو cو dن +:ه0ا ا &ﺱ إذا و \":إذا آن = :
b d
ﻡ ل :ﺡد اد ا"" x +إذا * Jأن ا اد x + 1 :و 3و xو 2ن +:ه0ا ا &ﺱ
4 اذ :