INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION

COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
PREPARED BY: MR. ARCEE B. CORTEZ
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
All physical parts of computer system which we see and

touch are called as Hardware

SOFTWARE
A set of instruction given by user is called as program and

also called as Software.

 FOUR TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• Operating system
• Languages
• Translator
• Utilities
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating System is essential part of any computer. It is a program
which coordinates and controls the operation of computer hardware and
software resources such as processors, memory input/output devices. It
works as interface between computer hardware and user. Operating
system can be of following type:
a. Single User Operating System (e.g. DOS, win98)
b. Multi User Operating System (UNIX, Windows NT)
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
OPERATING SYSTEM
• Single user operating system allows only one user to work at a time. Multi-
user operating system allows more than one user at a time. It is used in
networking.
Following are some important functions of operating system.
1. Works as interface between user and computer
2. It keeps coordination between input and output devices
3. File management
4. Memory management.
5. I/O management
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
LANGUAGES
Using languages we can give instructions to the computer. These languages
can be of three type.
1. Machine Language - This is machine understandable language.
Program can be written in 0’s and 1’s. It is machine dependent languages.
i.e. Program written for one machine can not work on other machines.

2. Assembly Language – language uses mnemonics (ex. Symbol to represent

an instruction) to convert assembly language into machine language,
assemblers are used.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
LANGUAGES
Using languages we can give instructions to the computer. These languages
can be of three type.
3. High Level Language – programming in assembly language and machine
language is very difficult. Therefore, high level languages are developed.
They are English like languages.
Examples:
COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language. Python, Java,
JavaScript, C++, Ruby, PHP, etc.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
TRANSLATOR
Translators are the programs used for conversion of High Level Language
into machine level language. Computer can understand only machine
language therefore translators are used.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
UTILITIES
Utilities are the program which increases the processing speed of computer.
They are special programs which makes computing easy. Most essential
utilities are:
1. ANTIVIRUS PROGRAM is a program or set of programs that are
designed to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and
other malicious software like worms, trojans, adware, and more.
2. BACKUP PROGRAMS that are used to backup important data for
security purpose.
TYPES OF SOFTWARE
UTILITIES
Utilities are the program which increases the processing speed of computer.
They are special programs which makes computing easy. Most essential
utilities are:
3. UNINSTALL PROGRAM use to remove installed software.
4. FILE COMPRESSION PROGRAMS used to compress files, make more
memory available on disk.
 SOFTWARE AND PROGRAM
SOFTWARE
• comprises of computer programs, support modules, and data modules
• provides a computer with the instructions and data to carry out a specific
type of task

PROGRAM
• a set of instructions that solves a problem or carries out a task.
SUPPORT MODULE
• provides an auxiliary set of
instructions used in conjunction
with the main software program
• Not designed to be run by the
computer user.
OPERATING SYSTEM
What does an operating system do?
Interacts with application software, device drivers and hardware to manage a
computers resources.

Examples of Computer’s Resources

1. Processor
2. RAM (Random Access Memory)
3. Storage space
4. Peripherals
OPERATING SYSTEM
Examples of Operating System
1. Windows 11
2. Windows 10
3. Windows 8
4. Windows 7
5. Windows Vista
6. Windows XP
7. Apple MacOS (Formerly OS X)
8. Chrome OS
9. iOs and Andoid
10.Blackberry Tablet OS
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
How does operating system affect the appearance
of application software?
• provides user interface tools, such as menus and toolbar buttons
• uses of graphical user interface (GUI) concept
• provides a way to point and click a mouse to select menu options and
manipulate graphical objects that are displayed on the screen
Where is the operating system?
• can be small enough to be stored in ROM for handheld computers and
video game consoles
• can be quite large to be stored on a hard disk for personal computers,
servers, workstations, mainframes, and supercomputers.
When do I directly interact with
the operating system?
• Launch programs
• Customize the user interface
• Manage files
• Configure equipment
• Get help
Functions of Operating System
• Schedule input and output operations
• Schedule work of jobs according to priority
• Communicate with the human operator
• Handle interruptions and monitor system status
• Log the jobs that are finished and currently being executed
• Control system access and data security functions
• Facilitate in locating and debugging errors
• Handle multiprogramming
Types of Operating Systems
• Single–user operating system
• Multi–user operating system
• Network operating system
• Multitasking operating system
• Desktop operating system
Types of Operating Systems
SINGLE-USER OPERATING SYSTEM
• Deals with one set of input devices
• A type of computer operating system that allows one user to access and
utilize the computer at a time, meaning only one person can be logged in
and performing tasks on the system simultaneously; essentially, it is
designed for personal computers where only one person needs to use it at
a time.
Types of Operating Systems
SINGLE-USER OPERATING SYSTEM
Key points:
• Designed for one user at a time.
• Typically used on personal computers like laptops and desktops.
• Examples: Windows, macOS
Types of Operating Systems
MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM
• Deals with input, output, and processing requests from many users
• A computer operating system that allows multiple users to access and
utilize a single computer simultaneously, meaning several people can work
on the same system at the same time, each with their own separate
workspace and data, by logging in through different terminals or network
connections. (example: server based OS)
Types of Operating Systems
MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM
Key points:
• Allows multiple users to access the computer simultaneously.
• Commonly used on servers where many people need to access data.
• Examples: Linux, large enterprise operating systems
Types of Operating Systems
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS)
• provides communications and routing services that allow computers to
share data, programs and peripheral devices
• NOS is a software program that manages network resources and allows
devices to communicate and share resources. NOS are used to control
network operations and provide a user interface for local area networks
(LANs).
Types of Operating Systems
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS)
Key points:
• Manages a network of computers, enabling them to share resources like
files and printers.
• Requires specific network protocols to facilitate communication between
devices.
• Examples: Windows Server
Types of Operating Systems
MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
• Provides process and memory management services that permit two or
more programs to run simultaneously
Types of Operating Systems
MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
Benefits of Multitasking Operating System:
• Increased user productivity by allowing multiple tasks to be performed
seemingly at once.
• Improved responsiveness by quickly switching between tasks while waiting
for input from other devices.
• Efficient utilization of system resources by allowing multiple processes to
share the CPU.
• Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android
Types of Operating Systems
DESKTOP OPERATING SYSTEM
• Designed for a personal computer, either a desktop or notebook computer
• Designed to accommodate a single user, but may also provide networking
and multitasking capabilities
 WINDOWS AND MacOS

• Both operating systems base their user interfaces on the

graphical model originated at Xerox, PARC

• Mac OS was developed several years before Windows

• Mac and Windows interfaces use a mouse to point and click
various icons and menus
 UNIX

• Was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell Labs

• Gained a good reputation for its dependability in multi-user
environments
 LINUX

• Was developed in 1991, based on a version of the UNIX kernel

called Minix

• Considered to be a popular operating system for e-mail, web-

servers, and local area networks
 DOS

• Stands for Disk Operating System

• Provides part of the operating system kernel for Windows versions
3.1, 95, 98, and ME (Millennium Edition)

• Users rarely interact with DOS, because it is well hidden by the

Windows graphical user interface
TO BE CONTINUED…