Chapter 3

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2

 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.

 Artificial defines "man-made" and intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the
ability to learn and solve problems” hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-
made thinking power."
 Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.
 we rely on these three basic and interrelated human capacities:
 Affect (feelings)
 Behavior (interactions)
 Cognition (thought)
 Is AI equals human intelligence?
Can we create a KBS called
mind?
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) (I)
3

 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as

learning, reasoning, and solving problems.

 with Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some

work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can

work with own intelligence.

 Intelligence is composed of:

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) (II)
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 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.

 An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its
environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through
effectors.
 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
 However, if the agent is not the only actor, then it requires that the agent
can reason under uncertainty/ambiguity.
 This calls for an agent that cannot only assess its environment and make
predictions but also evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its
assessment.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) (III)
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 Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras,
microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world. e.g., Computer
Vision .
 Computer vision, an AI technology that allows computers to understand and
label images, is now used in driverless car testing, daily medical diagnostics, and
in monitoring the health of crops.

Agent = architecture + program

 Need for Artificial Intelligence
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Why we need AI at this time?

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior
with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice
its users.

 Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like

humans do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-
friendly manner.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human

intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem

 Playing chess

 Plan some surgical operation

 Driving a car in traffic

Goals of Artificial Intelligence(I)
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5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn

new things by itself and demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its
user.
 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
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 Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires
lots of other factors that can contribute to it.
 Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of reasoning, learning,
problem-solving, perception, language understanding and etc.
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following disciplines.

Figure 2. Artificial Intelligence is multidisciplinary

 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
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A. High Accuracy with fewer errors:- AI machines or systems are prone to fewer errors and

high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.

B. High-Speed:- AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making

C. High reliability:- AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times

with high accuracy.

D. Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring

the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

E. Digital Assistant: AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the

products as per customer requirements.

F. Useful as a public utility: Such as a self driving car ,facial/message recognition for security

purposes, Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker etc.)
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
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1) High Cost:- The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of resource

to meet current world requirements.

2) Can't think out of the box:- Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work

out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.

3) No feelings and emotions:- AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not have

the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and may sometime be

harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

4) Increase dependence on machines:- With the increment of technology, people are getting more

dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

5) No Original Creativity:-As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI

machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
 History of AI
12

 Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology

for researchers.
 This technology is much older than you would imagine.
 Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and
Egyptian Myths.
 The following are some milestones in the history of AI which define
the journey from the AI generation to till date development.
 History of AI (I)
13

Figure 3. History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Cont…
14

C:\Users\user\Downloads\Video\Ethiopia-ጠ_ሚ አብይ
ሶፊያን በቢሯቸው አናገሩ Sophia The Robot Meets
Ethiopian PM.mp4
C:\Users\user\Downloads\Video\AI Robot Sophia
Wows at Ethiopia ICT Expo.mp4
Levels of AI
15

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems :

 AI today fit in this bracket, covering everything from business software (Robotic
Process Automation) and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.

Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention :

 These algorithms trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans,
and their knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries arise.

 Example: chat bots and “robo-advisors”/eg. in business .

Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise

 Currently, this type is limited to one domain only would forget all it knows about
that domain if you started to teach it something else. Example: cancer diagnosis
and the well-known Google Deep mind’s Alpha Go/game.
Levels of AI( I)
16

Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

 They have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their
own logic works. I.e. they could reason or negotiate with humans
and other machines.
 It is still in development, however, commercial applications are

expected within the next few years.

Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
 These systems have human-like intelligence – the most commonly
portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in evidence today.
Levels of AI ( II)
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Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)

 AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
domain. Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the
capabilities might be.
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
 Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a
future successor of the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that
shares ideas, solves problems collectively.
 Pushing this idea further, we might go beyond the limits of the human
body and connect to other forms of intelligence on the planet –
animals, plants, weather systems, and the natural environment.
 The seven layers of AI maturity
18

Figure 4. The seven layers of AI maturity

 Types of AI
19

 Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types .The two main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

Figure 5. types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI: is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.
 Narrow AI , it is only trained for one specific task.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI
20

 Google translate
 playing chess

 self-driving cars C:\Users\user\Downloads\Video\Full

Self-Driving.mp4
C:\Users\user\Downloads\Video\How to AutoPark Tesla
Model X.mp4
 speech recognition and

 image recognition.
Based on Capabilities (I)
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2. General AI: is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.

 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and
think like a human on its own.

 Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.

 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.

 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of effort
and time to develop such systems.
Based on Capabilities (II)
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3. Super AI: is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass

human intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.

 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think,
to reason solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its
own.
B. Based on the functionality

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1. Reactive Machines

 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.

 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.

 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.

 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.

 Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines

B. Based on the functionality (I)

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2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.

 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.

 These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limits, and other information to

navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind

 Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially

like humans.

 This type of AI machines is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and

improvement for developing such AI machines.

B. Based on the functionality (II)
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4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.

 These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own consciousness,
sentiments, and self-awareness.

 These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

How humans think?
26

 The goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI that learns like a
human and can solve general problems as the human brain does.
 Achieving this goal might require many more years.
 How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed
of three main stages:
A. Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
B. Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment.
C. Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted and
evaluated.
 AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI systems or models.
 This process represents the main three layers or components of AI systems.
Mapping human thinking to artificial intelligence components

27

 Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible

to map the human thinking stages to the layers or components of AI
systems.
A. In the first stage: humans acquire information from their
surrounding environments through human senses, such as:
 sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs,
such as eyes, ears, and other sensing organs.
 In AI models, this stage is represented by the sensing layer, which
perceives information from the surrounding environment.
 For example, there are sensing agents such as voice recognition for
sensing voice and visual imaging recognition for sensing images.
 Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of the hearing and sight
senses in humans.
Cont….
28

B. The second stage: is related to interpreting and evaluating the

input data.
 In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer, that is,
reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired
by the sensing layer.
C. The third stage: is related to taking action or making decisions.
 After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs the
necessary tasks.
 Example of such kinds of AI are: Robotic machines and speech
generation
Applications of AI
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 AI used to solve complex problems in efficient way in multiple industries,

such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc.
 AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster.
A. AI in agriculture:- Agriculture is an area that requires various resources,
labor, money, and time for the best result.
 Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
 For example agriculture robotics, crop monitoring, and predictive
analysis.
B. AI in Healthcare: In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more
advantageous for the healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact
on this industry to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
Cont…
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C. AI in education:

 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.

 AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be

accessible easily at any time and any place.

D. AI in Finance and E-commerce

 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other.

 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming

more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover

associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

Cont….
31

E. AI in Gaming

 AI can be used for gaming purposes.

 The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine needs to think of

a large number of possible places.

F. AI in Data Security

 AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.

 Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and

cyber-attacks in a better way.

G. AI in Social Media

 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,

which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.

Cont…
32

H. AI in Travel &Transport
 AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
I. AI in the Automotive Industry
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure.
J. AI in Robotics:
 Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave
like humans.
K. AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI-based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon.
 AI tools and platforms
33

 AI platforms are frequently used by developers to create both the

learning algorithm and intelligent application.
 However, users without intensive development skills will benefit
from the platforms’ pre-built algorithms and other features that
curb the learning curve.
 AI platforms are very similar to Platforms as a Service (PaaS), which
allows for basic application development, but these products differ
by offering machine learning options.
 As intelligent applications become the norm, it may become
commonplace for all PaaS products to begin to provide the same
machine learning options as AI Platforms.
Cont…
34

 AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most

difficult problems in computer science, like:
✓ Search and optimization
✓ Logic
✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
✓ Classifiers and statistical learning methods
✓ Neural networks
✓ Control theory
✓ Languages
 Cont…
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 The most common artificial intelligence platforms include:

 Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning
 Google Cloud Prediction API
 IBM Watson
 TensorFlow
 Infosys Nia
 Wipro HOLMES
 API.AI
 Premonition
 Rainbird
 Ayasdi
 MindMeld and
 Meya.
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