Number 1

Exercise 1.2C
Evaluate:
1. +2 × (−4) 2. +7 × (+4) 3. −4 × (−3)
4. −6 × (−4) 5. −6 × (−3) 6. +5 × (−7)
7. −7 × (−7) 8. −4 × (+3) 9. +0.5 × (−4)
1
10. −1 × ( −6 ) 11. −8 ÷ (+2) 12. +12 ÷ (+3)
2
13. +36 ÷ (−9) 14. −40 ÷ (−5) 15. −70 ÷ (−1)
1
16. −56 ÷ (+8) 17. − ÷ ( −2) 18. −3 ÷ (+5)
2
19. +0.1 ÷ (−10) 20. −0.02 ÷ (−100) 21. −11 × (−11)
1  1 
22. −6 × (−1) 23. +12 × (−50) 24. − ÷  + 
2  2 
25. −600 ÷ (+30) 26. −5.2 ÷ (+2) 27. +7 × (−100)
 1 
28. −6 ÷  −  29. 100 ÷ (−0.1) 30. −8 × −80
 3 
31. −3 × (−2) × (−1) 32. +3 × (−7) × (+2) 33. +0.4 ÷ (−1)
34. −16 ÷ (+40) 35. +0.2 × (−1000) 36. −7 × (−5) × (−1)
1
37. −14 ÷ (+7) 38. −7 ÷ (−14) 39. +1 ÷ ( −5)
4
 1 
40. −6 ×  −  × ( −30 )
 2 

1.3 Number facts

∙ An integer is a positive or negative whole number or zero,
for example, 2, 0, −3, …
∙ A natural number is a whole number used for counting or
ordering, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
∙ A prime number has only two factors: itself and 1.
The first six prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13.
∙ The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, …
∙ The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
∙ The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is
the smallest number that is a multiple of both numbers,
for example, the LCM of 4 and 10 is 20.

12
 1.3 Number facts

∙ The highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers is the biggest

number that is a factor of both of the numbers,
for example, the HCF of 16 and 24 is 8.
∙ Non-prime integers greater than 1 can all be written uniquely
as the product of prime numbers. This is called the number’s
prime factorisation, for example, 30 can be written as 2 × 3 × 5.
∙ A square number is the result of multiplying a number by itself,
for example, 5 × 5 = 25, so 25 is a square number.
∙ A cube number is the result of multiplying a number by itself
twice, for example, 5 × 5 × 5 = 125, so 125 is a cube number.
∙ Indices are used as a neat way of writing products.
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 [2 to the power 4]
3 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 243
5
[3 to the power 5]
∙ The reciprocal of a number is the result of dividing 1 by
that number.
The reciprocal of 4 is 1 .
4
1
In general, the reciprocal of n is . This can be written as n−1.
n
A good way to find the HCF and LCM of two numbers, if you know
their prime factorisations, is to use a Venn diagram.
Create a set in the Venn diagram for each of the numbers and fill
them with their prime factors, making sure to put any primes that
belong to both of the numbers into the intersection.
The HCF will be the product of the primes in the intersection.
The LCM will be the product of all the primes in the Venn diagram.

Example
Use a Venn diagram to find the HCF and LCM of 75 and 200.

75 = 3 × 5 × 5 ℰ
75 200
200 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 3 2
The HCF of 75 and 200 5
is 5 × 5 2
5

The LCM of 75 and 200 2

is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 600

13
Number 1

Exercise 1.3A

1. Determine which of the following are prime numbers.

3, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 37, 39, 47, 51, 59, 61, 67, 72, 73, 87, 99
2. Write down the first five multiples of these numbers:
a) 4 b) 6 c) 10 d) 11 e) 20
3. Write down the first six multiples of 4 and of 6. What are the first two common
multiples of 4 and 6? [i.e. multiples of both 4 and 6]
4. Write down the first six multiples of 3 and of 5. What is the lowest common
multiple of 3 and 5?
5. Write down all the factors of the following:
a) 6 b) 9 c) 10 d) 15 e) 24 f) 32
6. a) Is 263 a prime number?
By how many numbers do you need to divide 263 so that you can find out?
b) Is 527 a prime number?
7. Make six prime numbers using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 once each.
8. Write the following numbers as the product of prime factors:
a) 24 b) 60 c) 90
d) 144 e) 1000 f) 880
9. Find the highest common factor of
a) 24 and 60 b) 90 and 144 c) 60 and 1000
d) 24 and 880 e) 90 and 1000 f) 24, 60 and 144
10. Find the lowest common multiple of
a) 8 and 15 b) 10 and 45 c) 12 and 20
d) 6 and 24 e) 9 and 21 f) 15 and 70
11. Without using a calculator, work out:
a) 42 b) 62 c) 102 d) 33 e) 103
12. Use the x 2 button on the calculator to work out:
a) 92 b) 212 c) 1.22 d) 0.22 e) 3.12
f) 1002 g) 252 h) 8.72 i) 0.92 j) 81.42

Tip
The circumference and area of a circle will be studied in detail in
section 5.2.

14
 1.3 Number facts

13. Find the areas of these squares.

a) b) c)
14 m
2.1 cm
0.6 cm

0.6 cm
2.1 cm
14 m

14. 100 million = 10x. Find the value of x.

15. Find the reciprocal of each number.
a) 7 b) 12 c) −4
1 3
d) 3.5 e) f)
2 5
For Questions 16 to 20, work out the value of the number given, both as a
fraction and as a decimal.

16. 2−1 17. 10−1 18. 5−1 19. 4−1 20. 8−1

Rational and irrational numbers

a
A rational number can always be written exactly in the form
where a and b are whole numbers providing b is not equal b
to zero.

Tip
3 1 3 257 2
1 = 5.14 = 0.6& = π is the ratio of
7 2 2 50 3
the circumference
All these are rational numbers. to the diameter of
a circle. You will
a work with π in
An irrational number cannot be written in the form .
b Chapter 5.
2 , 5 , π, 3 2 are all irrational numbers.
In general n is irrational unless n is a square number.
Negative numbers can be rational as well. For example,
−7 is a negative rational number because it can be written as − 7 .
1

15
Number 1

Revision exercise 1
You may use a calculator only for Questions 15 and 16.
1. Evaluate: 9. Evaluate, giving the answers in
a) 148 ÷ 0.8 b) 0.024 ÷ 0.000 16 standard form:
3.33 × 104
1 1 1 a) 3600 ÷ 0.00012 b)
c) (0.2) ÷ (0.1)
2 3
d) 2 − − − 9 × 10−1
2 3 4 c) (30 000)3

1
3 3 1 10. Given that
6
e) 1 × 1 f) 2 1
4 5 1 +1  l 
3 4 t = 2π  
2. a) −7 + 24 b) +5 − +18 g
c) +14 + −9 d) −20 − −10 find the value of t, to three significant
3. a) −4 × (+9) b) −3 × (−7) figures, when l = 2.31 and g = 9.81
c) +70 ÷ (−7) d) −45 ÷ (−9) 11. a) From the following numbers, write
down:
4
4. On each bounce, a ball rises to of its
5 1 3 8 9 10
previous height. To what height will it
i) the prime number
rise after the third bounce, if dropped
from a height of 250 cm? ii) a multiple of 5
iii) two square numbers
5. A man spends 1 of his salary on
3
iv) two factors of 32.
accommodation and 2 of the remainder
5
on food. b) Find two numbers m and n from the
What fraction is left for other purposes? list such that m = n and n = 81.
c) If each of the numbers in the list can
6. Express 0.054 73:
be used once, find p, q, r, s, t such
a) correct to three significant figures
that (p + q)r = 2(s + t) = 36.
b) correct to three decimal places
12. The value of t is given by
c) in standard form.
2  2.312 + 0.92 
7. Evaluate + 4 , to three decimal places. t = 2π  .
3 7
 2.31 × 9.81 
8. Evaluate:
1
Without using a calculator, and using
a) 1212 b) 7−1 suitable approximate values for the
1 3
− numbers in the formula, find an
c) 9 2
d) 16 2

3
estimate for the value of t. (To earn the
  1 1
marks in this question you must show
e)  4  × 36
2 2
f) 120
  the various stages of your working.)

48
 Revision exercise 1

13. Baichu’s heart has beat at an average 18. The number of cells in a bacterial
rate of 72 beats per minute throughout culture doubles every hour.
his life. Baichu is sixty years old. How At the end of the first hour there are 26
many times has his heart beat during cells. How many cells will there be at
his life? Give the answer in standard the end of the third hour?
form correct to 2 significant figures.
19. Rationalise the denominators of these
14. Estimate giving the answers to fractions.
1 significant figure. Do not use a 1 2 2 +1
calculator. a) b) c)
5 1+ 5 2 −1
a) (612 × 52) ÷ 49.2
20. Write down the nth term formulae for
b) (11.7 + 997.1) × 9.2 the following sequences:
91.3  a) −1, 3, 7, 11, …
c)  
 10.1  b) 2, 7, 14, 23, …
d) π 5.22 + 18.2 c) 3, 10, 29, 66, …
d) 4, 16, 64, 256, …
15. Evaluate giving the answers to
4 significant figures: 21. The width of a particular book is 2 cm
 9.61  when measured to the nearest cm.
0.74
a) b)  
0.81 × 1.631  8.34 − 7.41  Zac needs to build a bookshelf to hold
4
50 of these books.
 0.741  8.4 − 7.642
c)   d) What are the upper and lower bounds
 0.8364  3.333 − 1.735
for the length of the shelf?
16. Evaluate giving the answers to 22. Convert into decimals:
3 significant figures:
3 a) 43% b) 20% c) 3%
 1 1 
a) (9.61 × 0.0041)
3
b)  −  d) 12.5% e) 115%
 9.5 11.2 
23. Convert into decimals:
15.6 × 0.714  1 
c) d) 4  3 
1 2 7 3 15
0.0143 × 12  5 × 10  a) b) c) d) e)
4 5 8 7 6
17. Write down the reciprocals of:
1
a) 20 b) c) 0.4 d) 1.5
3

49
Examination-style exercise 1

NON-CALCULATOR SECTION
32
1. Calculate
26
a) giving your answer as a fraction [1]
b) giving your answer as a decimal. [1]
2. Work out the exact value of
2
1+ 8
[2]
4+
16 + 32
3. Write down:
a) an irrational number between 1 and 2 [1]
b) a prime number between 70 and 80. [1]
4. At 07:20 Mrs Smith bought 150 bagels at a retail shop for 54 cents each.
155 minutes later she sold them all to a supermarket for 85 cents each.
a) What was the time when she sold the bagels? [1]
b) Calculate her total profit. [1]
5. Write down the next term in each of the following sequences.
a) 12.4, 9.4, 6.4, 3.4, 0.4, ... [1]
b) 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, ... [1]

6. a) The formula for the nth term of the sequence 2, 15, 48, 110, 210, … is
n(n + 1)(3n − 1)
2
Find the 9th term. [1]
b) The nth term of the sequence 12, 19, 28, 39, 52, … is ( n + 2 ) + 3
2

Write down the formula for the nth term of the sequence 19, 26, 35, 46, 59, … [1]
7. To raise money for charity, Julie walks 48 km, correct to the nearest kilometre,
every day for 5 days.
Copy and complete the statement for the distance, d km, she walks during
those 5 days: .... ⩽ d km < .... [1]
8. The distance between London and Chicago is 3900 km correct to the nearest 100 km.
A businessman travelled from London to Chicago and then back to London.
He did this four times in a year.
Between what limits is the total distance he travelled?
Write your answer as ....km ⩽ total distance travelled < ....km. [2]

50
 Examination-style exercise 1

9. A rectangle has sides of length 8.6 cm and 4.3 cm correct to one decimal place.
Calculate the lower bound for the area of the rectangle as accurately as possible. [2]
2 +1 a
10. Write as + c, where a, b and c are integers. [2]
8 −2 b

CALCULATOR SECTION
11. In 2021 there were 58 thousand taxis in London, correct to the nearest thousand.
If the average distance travelled by each taxi in one day was 120 km correct to two
significant figures, work out the upper bound for the total distance travelled by all
the taxis in one day, correct to the nearest million km. [2]
1
12. The mass of the Earth is roughly of the mass of the planet Jupiter.
320

The mass of the Earth is 5.97 × 1024 kilograms. Calculate the mass of the planet
Jupiter, giving your answer in standard form, correct to 2 significant figures. [3]
13. Use your calculator to work out (9 + 5 × 1840.1 ) [1]

51