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4a Aerofoils, Wings, Airflow, C.G, C.P, Drag (Obs)

The document discusses the principles of aerodynamics related to aerofoils, including lift generation, the relationship between lift and Bernoulli's principle, and the factors affecting lift and drag. It covers key terminology, such as leading edge, trailing edge, and angle of attack, as well as the forces acting on an aircraft during flight. Additionally, it addresses the importance of the center of gravity and center of pressure in maintaining aircraft stability.

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Mohamed Said Hassan
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8 views33 pages

4a Aerofoils, Wings, Airflow, C.G, C.P, Drag (Obs)

The document discusses the principles of aerodynamics related to aerofoils, including lift generation, the relationship between lift and Bernoulli's principle, and the factors affecting lift and drag. It covers key terminology, such as leading edge, trailing edge, and angle of attack, as well as the forces acting on an aircraft during flight. Additionally, it addresses the importance of the center of gravity and center of pressure in maintaining aircraft stability.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Said Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aerofoils

Wings
Airflow
TODAY
(First Session)

• Lift on an aerofoil
• Relationship between LIFT &
BERNOULI’S PRINCIPLE, VENTURI
EFFECT
• Forces on an aircraft
• Role of Centre of Gravity
• Drag & Lift relationship
Pre-Work Activities
AEROPLANE parts
Aerodynamics Of Flight

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ltjFEei3AI
Aerofoil
Aerofoil Terminology
• Leading Edge = Forward edge of the aerofoil
• Trailing Edge = Aft edge of the aerofoil
• Chord = Line connecting the leading and trailing edge.
Denotes the length of the aerofoil
• Mean Camber Line = Line drawn half way between the upper
and lower surface of the aerofoil. Denotes the amount of
curvature of the wing
• Point of Maximum Thickness = Thickest part of the wing
expressed as a percentage of the chord
Factors Affecting
Lift & Drag
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
Lift on an Aerofoil
• Air that travels over
the top surface of the
aerofoil has to travel
faster and thus
pressure reduces
• Pressure difference
between the upper
and lower surfaces
that is called lift and
opposes the weight of
an aircraft
Lift on an Aerofoil
Angle of Incidence
• The angle of
incidence is the
angle at which the
wing is permanently
inclined to the
airplane’s
longitudinal axis
• It is a mechanical
angle rather than an
aerodynamic angle
Angle of Attack
• The angle between
the aerofoil chord
and its direction of
motion relative to
the air
• This angle can be
either positive,
negative, or zero
Relative Airflow
• Relative wind is
created by
movement of an
aerofoil through the
air
• The relative airflow
is a relationship
between the
direction of airflow
and the aircraft
wing
Generation of Lift & Drag
Forces

Drag-Airspeed Plot
Air Flow

• Incompressible flow

• Compressible flow
Venturi Effect
• A venturi creates a constriction within a
pipe that varies the flow characteristics
of a fluid
• As the fluid velocity in the throat is
increased there is a drop in pressure
Bernoulli’s Principle
• Application of conservation of energy
principle
• The sum of all forms of mechanical
energy in a fluid along a streamline is
the same at all points on that streamline
Factors Affecting Lift
• Aerofoil shape
• Lift coefficient
• Angle of attack
• Air density
• Airspeed
• Stall
Forces on an Aircraft

Straight & Level Flight


TODAY
(Second Session)

• Angle of Attack & effects on lift


• Centre of Pressure of an aircraft
• Forces on an aircraft
• Forces couples leading to affect
aircraft stability
Pre-Work Activities
FORCES
• Forces of thrust, drag, lift, and
weight
• Balance between these forces
• Means of controlling the forces
Straight-and-level,
unaccelerated flight
• In steady flight, the
sum of these
opposing forces is
equal to zero
• Equilibrium is
achieved when
• lift = weight
• thrust = drag
Centre of Pressure
• C.P
– The Centre of Pressure is the average location of all of the
pressure acting upon a body moving through a fluid
C.G and C.P
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c
yC0i_zOqkg
Forces Forming Couples
• http://forums.x-plane.org/?showtopic=41729
Forces Forming Couples
Forces Forming Couples
Forces Forming Couples
(Uses on Aircraft)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-W-
YxTyKdQ

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