RABBIT EYE

Questions:

1. What is the structure of the pupil? Mention the nerve supply?

2. What are the functions of ciliary muscle?
3. What is a mydriatic? What is the difference between mydriasis and mydriatic?
4. Explain the terms miotics and miosis?
5. What is the mechanism of light reflex? What is the course of light reflex?
6. What are the therapeutic uses of Miotics and Mydriatics?
7. What is species tolerance? What is the effect of atropine on rabbit after para
administration?
8. What are the actions of Atropine on
a. Pupil
b. Accommodation
c. Intraocular tension
9. What precautions do you advise after instillation of Atropine locally into the eye?
10. What drugs reduce intraocular tension?
11. Can Atropine be helpful in ophthalmoscopic examination in case of catarad?
12. What drugs have local anaesthetic- action on conjunctiva? What is ____cocaine? Explain
the mechanism?
13. What diseases cause miosis and mydriasis?
14. What is the action of the following drugs on the pupils?
1) Acetylcholine
II) Morphine
III) Alcohol
IV) Barbiturates
V) Carbon monoxide
VI) Cyanides
15. What is accommodation reflex?
1. What is the structure of the pupil? Mention the nerve supply?
It is a central circular aperture in the iris of the eye. Diameter varies depending on light
entering the eye. Iris diaphragm consists varies (dep) of 2 types of muscles : circulal & radial.
Nerve supply : a) Circular muscle innervated by parasympathetic from 3rd cranial nerve
b) Radial muscle innervated by sympathetic from Superior cervical ganglion.
2. What are the functions of ciliary muscle?
It consists of 2 types of fibres which originate from Stero-corneal function.
a) Radial fibres: Contraction causes pulling of ciliary body anteriorly.
b) Circular Abies: Contraction causes pulling of ciliary body medially.
• Both help in accomodation.
3. What is a mydriatic? What is the difference between mydriasis and mydrasis and
mydriatic?
Mydriasis is dilation of pupil i.e, increases in size of pupil aperture.
Drugs causing mydriasis are called mydriatics
Ex:Atropine is an anticholinergic drug.which causes parasymapthic shock.
Atropine derivatives used as mydriaties are: homotropine, cyclopentalate, tropicamide.
4. Explain the terms miotics and miosis?
Miosis is the phenomenon of constriction of pupil i.e, decrease in size of pupillary
aperture.
Miotics are the drugs that causes miosis . Ex:Physostigmine, pilocapaine.
5. What is the mechanism of light reflex? What is the course of light reflex?
Constriction of pupil when the light fall is known as presence of light reflex.
Light-Retina-optic nerve-superior callicules-pretectal nucleus- ____________ westpal nucleus –
acutomotor nerve-ciliary ganglion-short ciliary nerve-miosis/sphincter papillae.
Types: Direct and indirect.
6. What are the therapeutic uses of Miotics and Mydriatics?
Miotics:
* Open angle glaucoma (to decrease intraocular pressure)
* Reversal. of mydriasis (refractory testing)
* Alternating with mydriatics when lens & cornea are attached. to remove it in iritis and
iridocyclitis.
Mydriatics:
*Refractory testing
* fundoscopic examination.
* keralitis examination
* Corneal ulcers.
7. What is species tolerance? What is the effect of atropine on rabbit after para
administration?
Species tolerance is a natural tolerance to certain species:
Ex: No effect of atropine parenteral administration in rabbit due presence of Atropinesterase
in blood which rapidly hydrolysis atropine.

8. What are the actions of Atropine on

a. Pupil
b. Accommodation
c. Intraocular tension
Mydriasis in pupil, causes cycloplegia i.e, paralysis of ciliary muscle leading to loss of
accommodation, Raises the ICP precipitating glaucoma.
9. What precautions do you advise after instillation of Atropine locally into the eye?
Topical instillaton of atropine causel mydriases, loss of accomodation Lasting for 10
days. This results in loss of near vision & photophobic. Hence usage of sunglases that prevent
exposure to sunlight is advised Activities involved in near vision like driving should be avoided.
10. What drugs reduce intraocular tension?
β-blockers -Timdol, betaxolol.
α-agonists-Brimonidine, Apraclonidine.
Prostaglandin andouge- Latanoprost, Travoprost.
Carbonic and hydrase inhibitors -Acetazolamide, Dorzolamid. Miotic -Pilocarpine,
physostigmine.
11. Can Atropine be helpful in ophthalmoscopic examination in case of catarad?
Atropine cannot be used for examination of the eye due to opacity of lens as they do
not conduct the light.
12. What drugs have local anaesthetic- action on conjunctiva? What is ____cocaine? Explain
the mechanism?
Cocaine, lignocaine, tetrocaine are used as local anaesthetic.
Cocaine is an indirect sympathomimetic agent blocking the uptake of Noradrenaline from the
nerve terminals, It causes mydriasis, construction of blood vessels & blanching of conjunctival
vessels.
13. What diseases cause miosis and mydriasis?
Miosis is caused by horner syndrome, morphine poisoning , pontine hemorrhage
tumers in cervical sympathetic chain.
* Mydriasis is caused by atropine poisoning, C N palsy
14. What is the action of the following drugs on the pupils?
I) Acetylcholine
II) Morphine
III) Alcohol
IV) Barbiturates
V) Carbon monoxide
VI) Cyanides
Ach, morphine - miosis
-OH, Barbiturates, co, CN, mydriasis.
15. What is accommodation reflex?
It is the ability of the eye by which neau objects are clearly focused on retina, occurs by
a) Constriction of pupil
b) Convergence of eyeball
(c) Increase convexity of lens - contraction of ciliary muscle, leading to suspensory ligament
relaxation.