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Concept map - Atomic structure

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, including the composition of atoms, the arrangement of electrons in subshells, and the concept of isotopes. It explains atomic emission spectra, ionization energy, and the principles governing electron configurations such as the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule. Additionally, it discusses the trends in ionization energy across periods and exceptions to these trends.

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hqthanh
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4 views

Concept map - Atomic structure

The document provides an overview of atomic structure, including the composition of atoms, the arrangement of electrons in subshells, and the concept of isotopes. It explains atomic emission spectra, ionization energy, and the principles governing electron configurations such as the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule. Additionally, it discusses the trends in ionization energy across periods and exceptions to these trends.

Uploaded by

hqthanh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary

ATOMS contain nucleus contains protons number of protons = atomic number


electrons neutrons number of neutrons + protons
= mass number

filled from lowest to arranged in energy To SUBSHELLS


highest energy levels (shells) on next page Isotopes are atoms of the same element
that have different mass numbers.

can be separated by
mass spectrometry
Atomic emission spectra
are caused by electrons
falling from a higher energy
level to a lower one.

line spectra – only certain


frequencies are present

series of lines
spectrum becomes
continuous at the
convergence limit

HL
E = hν can be used to work
out the ionisation energy
of hydrogen from the
convergence limit of the
Lyman series

HL
To IONISATION ENERGY
on next page
Lyman series – electron Balmer series – electron Paschen series – electron
falls to energy level 1 falls to energy level 2 falls to energy level 3

emitted radiation is emitted radiation is emitted radiation is


ultraviolet visible light infrared

all part of the electromagnetic


spectrum

2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 83
Summary – continued

SUBSHELLS contain orbitals types s (spherical)


p (dumb-bell shaped)

px py pz

s (max 2e–)
p (max 6e–) increasing energy
d (max 10e–) in a shell
f (max 14e–)

The full electron configuration of an The Pauli exclusion principle:


example atom shows the distribution of its The maximum number of electrons
electrons over its subshells. in an orbital is 2. If there are 2
electrons in an orbital, they must
have opposite spins.

Ge: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2

Hund’s rule:
remember Electrons fill degenerate orbitals
to give the maximum number of
electrons with the same spin.
24Cr: [Ar]3d54s1 29Cu: [Ar]3d104s1

HL
IONISATION ENERGY The electron with the highest The 4s electrons are removed
energy is removed first. first from transition metals.

first ionisation energy nth ionisation energy nth ionisation energy > (n – 1)th ionisation energy
(energy required to (energy required because the electron is removed from a more positive ion
remove the first electron) to remove the nth
electron)

(in general) increases large jump when an The electron in the new energy level is closer to the nucleus
across a period as the electron is removed and so more strongly attracted.
nuclear charge increases from a new main energy
level (shell)

BUT!

B has a lower 1st ionisation energy O has a lower 1st ionisation energy
than Be because the electrons are than N because O has 2e– paired in
removed from different subshells. the same p orbital.

84

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