CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

BERNOULLI`S EQUATION

1: WATER FLOW IN A PIPE

WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.2 M AT POINT A AND
0.1 M AT POINT B. THE VELOCITY AT POINT A IS 3 M/S, AND THE PRESSURE AT
POINT A IS 150 KPA. POINT B IS 5 M HIGHER THAN POINT A. FIND THE
VELOCITY AND PRESSURE AT POINT B.

2: OPEN TANK DISCHARGE

WATER FLOWS FROM AN OPEN TANK THROUGH A PIPE AT A POINT 10 M
BELOW THE WATER SURFACE. WHAT IS THE VELOCITY OF WATER EXITING
THE PIPE? NEGLECT FRICTIONAL LOSSES.

3: PIPE WITH FRICTION LOSS

WATER FLOWS IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH AN INLET VELOCITY OF 4 M/S
AND PRESSURE OF 200 KPA. DUE TO FRICTION, A HEAD LOSS OF 3 M
OCCURS. FIND THE PRESSURE AT THE OUTLET.
4: RIVER FLOW
A RIVER NARROWS FROM 10 M WIDTH TO 5 M WIDTH. THE VELOCITY IN THE
WIDER SECTION IS 2 M/S. WHAT IS THE VELOCITY IN THE NARROWER
SECTION OF THE RIVER? ASSUME THE RIVER DEPTH IS CONSTANT.

5: SIPHON
A SIPHON IS USED TO DRAIN A TANK. THE OUTLET OF THE SIPHON IS 8 M
BELOW THE TANK'S WATER LEVEL.CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF WATER
EXITING THE SIPHON, ASSUMING NO ENERGY LOSS.

6: AIRFLOW IN A DUCT
AIR FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL DUCT. AT POINT A, THE VELOCITY IS 10
M/S, AND THE PRESSURE IS 100 KPA. AT POINT B, THE DUCT NARROWS, AND
THE VELOCITY INCREASES TO 20 M/S.FIND THE PRESSURE AT POINT B.
7: NOZZLE FLOW
WATER FLOWS THROUGH A NOZZLE ATTACHED TO A PIPE. THE PIPE'S
DIAMETER IS 0.15 M, AND THE NOZZLE'S DIAMETER IS 0.05 M. THE
PRESSURE AT THE PIPE IS 250 KPA, AND THE VELOCITY IS 5 M/S.FIND THE
VELOCITY AT THE NOZZLE EXIT.

8: ELEVATED TANK
WATER FLOWS FROM AN ELEVATED TANK TO A PIPE 15 M BELOW THE TANK.
THE PIPE HAS A VELOCITY OF 12 M/S.WHAT IS THE PRESSURE IN THE PIPE?

9: FOUNTAIN JET
WATER IS PUMPED TO A FOUNTAIN AT A VELOCITY OF 15 M/S AND EXITS 5 M
ABOVE THE GROUND. WHAT IS THE PRESSURE AT THE FOUNTAIN NOZZLE
EXIT?
10: AIRPLANE WING
AIRFLOW OVER AN AIRPLANE WING HAS A VELOCITY OF 60 M/S ON THE
UPPER SURFACE AND 30 M/S ON THE LOWER SURFACE. THE PRESSURE ON
THE LOWER SURFACE IS 101 KPA. WHAT IS THE PRESSURE ON THE UPPER
SURFACE OF THE WING?

BASIC HYDRODYNAMICS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

11: CONTINUITY EQUATION IN A PIPE

A FLUID FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.2 M
AT A VELOCITY OF 5 M/S. THE PIPE NARROWS TO A DIAMETER OF 0.1 M.
CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF THE FLUID IN THE NARROWER SECTION,
ASSUMING INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW AND STEADY STATE.
12: FLOW RATE CALCULATION IN TWO SECTIONS
WATER FLOWS THROUGH A CYLINDRICAL PIPE WITH A UNIFORM DIAMETER
OF 0.3 M. IF THE VELOCITY OF THE FLUID IS 2 M/S, FIND THE VOLUMETRIC
FLOW RATE.

13: FLOW IN A TAPERING PIPE

A PIPE HAS A CONSTANT FLOW OF WATER, WITH AN INITIAL DIAMETER OF 0.5
M AND A VELOCITY OF 3 M/S. THE PIPE TAPERS TO A FINAL DIAMETER OF
0.25 M. CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT THE NARROWER PART OF THE PIPE.

14: CONTINUITY EQUATION FOR VARYING PIPE DIAMETERS

WATER FLOWS THROUGH TWO SECTIONS OF A PIPE, ONE WITH A DIAMETER
OF 0.1 M AND THE OTHER WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.2 M. IF THE VELOCITY IN
THE NARROWER SECTION IS 6 M/S, FIND THE VELOCITY IN THE WIDER
SECTION.

15: MASS CONSERVATION IN FLOW

A LIQUID WITH A DENSITY OF 1000 KG/M³ FLOWS STEADILY THROUGH A PIPE
OF VARYING CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA. THE INITIAL VELOCITY IS 4 M/S, AND
THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE IS 0.5 M. IF THE AREA IS REDUCED TO 0.2 M² AT
A LATER SECTION, CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT THIS SECTION.

16: STEADY FLOW IN A PIPE WITH TWO SECTIONS

WATER FLOWS IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH AN INITIAL VELOCITY OF 2 M/S.
THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE AT THE FIRST SECTION IS 0.3 M, AND AT THE
SECOND SECTION, IT IS 0.15 M. CALCULATE THE VELOCITY IN THE SECOND
SECTION.

17: FLOW RATE AND VELOCITY IN A TAPERING PIPE

A TAPERED PIPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 0.4 M AT ONE END AND 0.2 M AT THE
OTHER. IF THE VELOCITY OF THE FLUID IS 3 M/S AT THE WIDER END,
CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT THE NARROWER END.

18: FLOW THROUGH A PIPE WITH VARYING CROSS-SECTION

WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE WITH AN INITIAL DIAMETER OF 0.6 M AND A
VELOCITY OF 1.5 M/S. IF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE PIPE IS
REDUCED TO
𝐴2=0.25 M2, CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT THE NARROWED SECTION.

19: CONTINUITY EQUATION IN A DIFFERENT FLUID

A FLUID WITH A DENSITY OF 800 KG/M³ FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE WITH AN
INITIAL DIAMETER OF 0.2 M AT A VELOCITY OF 4 M/S. THE DIAMETER
REDUCES TO 0.1 M. FIND THE VELOCITY AT THE NARROWED SECTION.

20: FLOW IN AN EXPANDING PIPE

WATER FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL PIPE THAT GRADUALLY EXPANDS
FROM A DIAMETER OF 0.5 M TO 1 M. IF THE VELOCITY AT THE SMALLER
SECTION IS 3 M/S, CALCULATE THE VELOCITY AT THE WIDER SECTION.

MOMENTUM AND FORCES IN FLUID FLOW

IMPULSE-MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
21: WATER FLOW THROUGH A PIPE
WATER FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH A VELOCITY OF 3 M/S
AND A CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF 0.1 M². IF THE WATER EXITS THE PIPE
WITH A VELOCITY OF 5 M/S, CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED BY THE WATER
ON THE PIPE WALL, ASSUMING STEADY FLOW AND A MASS FLOW RATE OF 2
KG/S.

22: JET OF WATER

A JET OF WATER WITH A MASS FLOW RATE OF 4 KG/S STRIKES A VERTICAL
PLATE AT AN ANGLE OF 30°. IF THE VELOCITY OF THE JET IS 10 M/S,
CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE PLATE IN THE DIRECTION
PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLATE.

23: AIRFLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE

AIR FLOWS THROUGH A NOZZLE WITH A MASS FLOW RATE OF 0.5 KG/S. THE
AIR ENTERS WITH A VELOCITY OF 15 M/S AND EXITS AT 40 M/S. WHAT IS THE
NET FORCE EXERTED ON THE NOZZLE IF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF
THE NOZZLE IS 0.02 M²?

24: THRUST OF A ROCKET

A ROCKET EJECTS EXHAUST GASES AT A RATE OF 50 KG/S WITH A VELOCITY
OF 2,000 M/S. IF THE ROCKET IS MOVING FORWARD AT 100 M/S, CALCULATE
THE THRUST PRODUCED BY THE ROCKET.
25: FLUID FLOW IN A BENDS
WATER WITH A MASS FLOW RATE OF 100 KG/S FLOWS THROUGH A 90° BEND
IN A PIPE. THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER BEFORE AND AFTER THE BEND IS 4
M/S, AND THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF THE BEND IS 3 M. CALCULATE THE
FORCE EXERTED BY THE FLUID ON THE BEND.

26: IMPACT OF A JET ON A MOVING OBJECT

A WATER JET WITH A VELOCITY OF 8 M/S AND A MASS FLOW RATE OF 3 KG/S
STRIKES A MOVING OBJECT WITH A VELOCITY OF 4 M/S IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION. DETERMINE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE OBJECT IF THE JET IS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE OBJECT’S MOTION.

27: FLOW IN A CONVERGING NOZZLE

WATER ENTERS A CONVERGING NOZZLE WITH A MASS FLOW RATE OF 2 KG/S
AT A VELOCITY OF 5 M/S AND EXITS AT A VELOCITY OF 12 M/S. THE CROSS-
SECTIONAL AREA AT THE INLET IS 0.05 M², AND AT THE OUTLET, IT IS 0.02
M². CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED BY THE FLUID ON THE NOZZLE.
28: MOVING PLATE WITH WATER JET
A STATIONARY WATER JET WITH A VELOCITY OF 15 M/S AND A MASS FLOW
RATE OF 6 KG/S STRIKES A MOVING PLATE WITH A VELOCITY OF 10 M/S.
CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE PLATE BY THE JET, ASSUMING THE
PLATE MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF THE JET.

29: AIRPLANE ENGINE THRUST

AN AIRPLANE ENGINE EXPELS AIR AT A RATE OF 80 KG/S WITH A VELOCITY
OF 500 M/S. IF THE PLANE IS MOVING FORWARD AT 200 M/S, CALCULATE THE
NET THRUST PRODUCED BY THE ENGINE.

30: FLUID FLOW THROUGH A TURBINE

WATER ENTERS A TURBINE AT A VELOCITY OF 8 M/S WITH A MASS FLOW
RATE OF 400 KG/S. THE WATER EXITS THE TURBINE AT A VELOCITY OF 2 M/S.
CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE TURBINE BLADES ASSUMING
STEADY FLOW AND NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HEIGHT.
SIMILITUDE AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
GEOMETRIC SIMILARITY
31: VELOCITY IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PIPE MODELS
TWO PIPES, ONE A MODEL AND THE OTHER A PROTOTYPE, ARE
GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR. THE PROTOTYPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 1.5M, WHILE
THE MODEL'S DIAMETER IS 0.3M. THE VELOCITY OF THE FLUID IN THE
PROTOTYPE IS 5M/S. THE REYNOLDS NUMBER MUST REMAIN THE SAME FOR
DYNAMIC SIMILARITY. WHAT IS THE VELOCITY OF THE FLUID IN THE MODEL?

32: POWER CONSUMPTION IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PUMPS

A PUMP MODEL WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.5M IS TESTED TO PREDICT THE
PERFORMANCE OF A PROTOTYPE PUMP WITH A DIAMETER OF 2.5M. THE
PROTOTYPE REQUIRES 10KW OF POWER TO OPERATE UNDER SIMILAR
CONDITIONS.
WHAT IS THE POWER REQUIRED BY THE MODEL IF BOTH PUMPS ARE
GEOMETRICALLY AND DYNAMICALLY SIMILAR?
33: DRAG FORCE ON GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR CYLINDERS
TWO GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR CYLINDERS ARE PLACED IN THE SAME FLUID
FLOW. THE PROTOTYPE CYLINDER HAS A DIAMETER OF
2M AND EXPERIENCES A DRAG FORCE OF 800 N. THE MODEL CYLINDER HAS
A DIAMETER OF 0.5M. WHAT IS THE DRAG FORCE ON THE MODEL CYLINDER?

34: FLOW RATE IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PUMPS

A GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PUMP PROTOTYPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 1.5M
AND OPERATES WITH A FLOW RATE OF 400L/S. A MODEL OF THE PUMP HAS A
DIAMETER OF 0.3M. WHAT IS THE FLOW RATE OF THE MODEL PUMP IF THE
FLOW IS GEOMETRICALLY AND DYNAMICALLY SIMILAR?

35: HEAD LOSS IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR PIPES

TWO PIPE SYSTEMS ARE GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR. THE PROTOTYPE HAS A
DIAMETER OF 2M AND A HEAD LOSS OF 25M. THE MODEL HAS A DIAMETER
OF 0.5M. WHAT IS THE HEAD LOSS IN THE MODEL PIPE IF THE SYSTEMS ARE
GEOMETRICALLY AND DYNAMICALLY SIMILAR?
36: PRESSURE DROP ACROSS GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR VALVES
A MODEL VALVE WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.1M IS TESTED UNDER
GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR CONDITIONS TO A PROTOTYPE VALVE WITH A
DIAMETER OF 1M. THE PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE PROTOTYPE VALVE IS
500PA. WHAT IS THE PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE MODEL VALVE?

37: FORCE ON GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR WINGS

PROBLEM STATEMENT: TWO AIRPLANE WINGS ARE GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR,
ONE A MODEL AND THE OTHER A PROTOTYPE. THE PROTOTYPE WING HAS A
SURFACE AREA OF 20M2 AND EXPERIENCES A LIFT FORCE OF 4000N. THE
MODEL HAS A SURFACE AREA OF 2M2 .WHAT IS THE LIFT FORCE ON THE
MODEL IF THEY ARE OPERATING UNDER SIMILAR CONDITIONS?

38: TORQUE IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR TURBINES

A WIND TURBINE PROTOTYPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 80M AND GENERATES A
TORQUE OF 300KN\CDOTPM. A MODEL OF THE TURBINE HAS A DIAMETER OF
10M. WHAT IS THE TORQUE GENERATED BY THE MODEL TURBINE IF THE
SYSTEMS ARE GEOMETRICALLY AND DYNAMICALLY SIMILAR?

39: VELOCITY IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR JETS

 A PROTOTYPE JET NOZZLE HAS A DIAMETER OF 0.8M AND A VELOCITY 50M/S
AT THE EXIT. A GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR MODEL NOZZLE HAS A DIAMETER
OF 0.2M. WHAT IS THE VELOCITY AT THE EXIT OF THE MODEL NOZZLE
UNDER SIMILAR OPERATING CONDITIONS?

40: PROPELLER SPEED IN GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR SYSTEMS

A PROTOTYPE SHIP PROPELLER WITH A DIAMETER OF 6M ROTATES AT
50RPM. A GEOMETRICALLY SIMILAR MODEL PROPELLER HAS A DIAMETER OF
1.5M. WHAT IS THE ROTATIONAL SPEED OF THE MODEL PROPELLER TO
MAINTAIN DYNAMIC SIMILARITY?

STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PRESSURE CONDUITS

HYDRAULICS RADIUS

41: HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A CIRCULAR PIPE

A CIRCULAR PIPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 0.5M AND CARRIES WATER UNDER
FULL FLOW CONDITIONS. CALCULATE THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF THE PIPE.
42: HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL
A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL HAS A WIDTH OF 4M AND A DEPTH OF 2M. FIND
THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF THE CHANNEL WHEN FLOWING AT FULL
CAPACITY.

43: FLOW RATE USING MANNING’S EQUATION

A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL HAS A BOTTOM WIDTH OF 3M, SIDE SLOPES OF1:2
(VERTICAL: HORIZONTAL), AND A FLOW DEPTH OF 2M. THE MANNING’S
ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT IS 0.015, AND THE SLOPE IS 0.001. CALCULATE
THE FLOW RATE USING THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS AND MANNING’S EQUATION.
44: VELOCITY IN A CIRCULAR PIPE
A CIRCULAR PIPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 1.2M FLOWS UNDER FULL
CONDITIONS. THE SLOPE OF THE PIPE IS0.005, AND THE MANNING’S
ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT IS 0.013.DETERMINE THE AVERAGE VELOCITY IN
THE PIPE USING THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS.

45: EQUIVALENT DIAMETER FOR NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS

AN ELLIPTICAL PIPE HAS A MAJOR AXIS OF 1.5M AND A MINOR AXIS OF 1.0M.
CALCULATE THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS AND EQUIVALENT DIAMETER OF THE
ELLIPTICAL PIPE.

46: HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A SEMI-CIRCULAR CHANNEL

A SEMI-CIRCULAR CHANNEL HAS A DIAMETER OF 1.8M. FIND THE HYDRAULIC
RADIUS WHEN THE CHANNEL IS FLOWING FULL.

47: EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS ON VELOCITY

TWO CIRCULAR PIPES, BOTH 0.6M IN DIAMETER, ARE COMPARED. PIPE A HAS
A MANNING’S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT OF 0.012, WHILE PIPE B HAS 0.018.
BOTH PIPES HAVE A SLOPE OF 0.004. CALCULATE THE DIFFERENCE IN
VELOCITY DUE TO THE DIFFERENT ROUGHNESS VALUES.

48: TRANSITION FROM CIRCULAR TO PARTIALLY FULL FLOW

A CIRCULAR PIPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 2M TRANSITIONS FROM FULL FLOW
TO HALF-FULL FLOW. CALCULATE THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS IN BOTH CASES
AND COMPARE THE VALUES.
 49: HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELA TRAPEZOIDAL
CHANNEL HAS A BOTTOM WIDTH OF 5M, A DEPTH OF 3M, AND SIDE SLOPES
OF 2:1 (HORIZONTAL: VERTICAL). DETERMINE THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF
THE CHANNEL.

50: FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULAR SECTION

A COAXIAL PIPE SYSTEM FORMS AN ANNULAR FLOW REGION. THE INNER PIPE
HAS A DIAMETER OF 0.5M, AND THE OUTER PIPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 1.0M.
CALCULATE THE HYDRAULIC RADIUS OF THE ANNULAR SECTION.
BASIC HYDRODYNAMICS
ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL FLOW

51: VORTICITY IN STEADY FLOW

GIVEN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL STEADY FLOW WITH VELOCITY COMPONENTS
U(X,Y)=Y AND V(X ,Y)=−X, CALCULATE THE VORTICITY OF THE FLOW. IS THE
FLOW ROTATIONAL OR IRROTATIONAL?

52: IRROTATIONAL FLOW CONDITION

FOR AN INCOMPRESSIBLE, STEADY FLOW, THE VELOCITY FIELD IS GIVEN BY
V(X,Y)=(Y,0). DETERMINE IF THIS FLOW IS ROTATIONAL OR IRROTATIONAL.
SHOW ALL THE STEPS INVOLVED IN YOUR SOLUTION.
53: FLOW AROUND A POINT SINK
IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW, CONSIDER A POINT SINK AT THE ORIGIN WITH
r , WHERE 𝑄 IS THE RADIAL
Q ¿
A VELOCITY FIELD GIVEN BY V(R)=−
2 πR
DISTANCE. IS THE FLOW ROTATIONAL OR IRROTATIONAL? JUSTIFY YOUR
ANSWER.

54: VELOCITY POTENTIAL OF IRROTATIONAL FLOW

GIVEN A POTENTIAL FLOW WHERE THE VELOCITY POTENTIAL IS 𝜙(𝑥,𝑦)=−
Q
ln ( R ) ,WHERE R=√ X 2+Y 2 AND Q IS A CONSTANT, FIND THE

CORRESPONDING VELOCITY FIELD 𝑣. IS THIS FLOW ROTATIONAL OR

2π

IRROTATIONAL?
55: IRROTATIONAL FLOW WITH A CIRCULATION Γ
⎾
A STEADY, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW HAS A VELOCITY FIELD V(R)= θ,

WHERE Γ IS A CONSTANT AND 𝑟 IS THE RADIAL DISTANCE IN POLAR

2 πR

𝑅. DOES THIS FLOW EXHIBIT ROTATION?

COORDINATES. CALCULATE THE CIRCULATION AROUND A CIRCLE OF RADIUS

56: STREAM FUNCTION FOR IRROTATIONAL FLOW

FUNCTION GIVEN BY 𝜓(𝑥,𝑦)=𝑥2−𝑦2. DETERMINE THE VELOCITY

CONSIDER AN INCOMPRESSIBLE, IRROTATIONAL FLOW WITH A STREAM

COMPONENTS AND CHECK WHETHER THE FLOW IS IRROTATIONAL OR

ROTATIONAL.
57: ROTATIONAL FLOW IN A VORTEX

A VORTEX IS MODELED BY THE VELOCITY FIELD 𝑣(𝑟)=

Γ
θ, WHERE Γ IS THE

CIRCULATION STRENGTH AND 𝑟 IS THE RADIAL DISTANCE IN POLAR

2 πR

THE CIRCULATION AROUND A CIRCULAR PATH OF RADIUS 𝑟0 .

COORDINATES. SHOW THAT THIS IS A ROTATIONAL FLOW AND CALCULATE

58: VORTICITY FOR A UNIFORM FLOW

FOR A UNIFORM FLOW WITH VELOCITY 𝑣=(𝑈 ,0), WHERE 𝑈 IS A CONSTANT,
CALCULATE THE VORTICITY OF THE FLOW. IS THE FLOW ROTATIONAL OR
IRROTATIONAL?
59: SUPERPOSITION OF ROTATIONAL AND IRROTATIONAL FLOWS
A FLOW CONSISTS OF A SUPERPOSITION OF AN IRROTATIONAL FLOW (DUE

VELOCITY FIELD OF THE SOURCE IS 𝑣𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑟)=

TO A POINT SOURCE) AND A ROTATIONAL FLOW (DUE TO A VORTEX). IF THE

Q ⎾
R∧THE VELOCITY FIELD OF THE VORTEX IS V VORTEX(R)= Θ ,DETERMINE
2 πR 2 πr
WHETHER THE RESULTING FLOW IS ROTATIONAL OR IRROTATIONAL.

60: KELVIN'S THEOREM AND ROTATIONAL FLOW

IN A CLOSED CONTAINER, THERE IS A ROTATIONAL FLOW WITH A CONSTANT
CIRCULATION Γ. USING KELVIN'S CIRCULATION THEOREM, EXPLAIN HOW THE
CIRCULATION CHANGES OVER TIME IN THE CONTAINER. IF THE FLOW IS
STEADY, WHAT CAN BE SAID ABOUT THE VORTICITY?

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE AND ENERGY LINE
 61:WATER FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.5
M. THE VELOCITY AT THE ENTRY POINT IS 2 M/S, AND THE PRESSURE IS 100
KPA. CALCULATE THE HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL) AND ENERGY LINE (EL)
AT THIS POINT, ASSUMING THE REFERENCE ELEVATION IS AT THE PIPE'S
CENTER.

62:IN A VERTICAL PIPE, WATER FLOWS FROM AN ELEVATION OF 20 M TO AN

ELEVATION OF 10 M. THE VELOCITY AT THE INLET IS 4 M/S, AND THE
PRESSURE AT THE INLET IS 200 KPA. FIND THE PRESSURE AT THE OUTLET,
GIVEN THAT THERE IS NO ENERGY LOSS AND THE FLOW IS STEADY.

63:A PUMP INCREASES THE ENERGY OF WATER IN A PIPELINE FROM A

RESERVOIR. THE FLOW RATE IS 10 L/S, THE VELOCITY IN THE PIPE IS 1 M/S,
AND THE PIPE'S DIAMETER IS 0.2 M. IF THE PUMP ADDS 500 W OF ENERGY
TO THE SYSTEM, DETERMINE THE CHANGE IN THE ENERGY LINE FROM THE
INLET TO THE PUMP DISCHARGE.
 64:WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPELINE WITH A SLOPE OF 3% AND A
DIAMETER OF 0.4 M. THE VELOCITY IS 3 M/S, AND THE PRESSURE AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE PIPE IS 150 KPA. IF THERE ARE NO LOSSES, CALCULATE
THE PRESSURE AT A POINT 100 M DOWNSTREAM FROM THE START OF THE
PIPE.

65:WATER IS FLOWING IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.6 M AT

A VELOCITY OF 5 M/S. THE ELEVATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN
THE PIPE IS 2 METERS, AND THE PRESSURE AT THE STARTING POINT IS 120
KPA. CALCULATE THE HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL) AND ENERGY LINE (EL)
AT BOTH POINTS.

66:A PIPE CARRYING WATER HAS A LENGTH OF 500 M, AND THE VELOCITY AT
THE BEGINNING OF THE PIPE IS 6 M/S. THE PRESSURE AT THE START IS 300
KPA, AND THE ELEVATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO POINTS IS 10 M.
WHAT IS THE PRESSURE AT THE DOWNSTREAM POINT, ASSUMING NO
ENERGY LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION?
67:IN A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SYSTEM, WATER IS LIFTED 15 M FROM THE
GROUND LEVEL. THE FLOW RATE IS 25 L/S, AND THE PUMP HAS AN
EFFICIENCY OF 80%. IF THE SUCTION PRESSURE IS 100 KPA, CALCULATE THE
INCREASE IN THE ENERGY LINE FROM THE PUMP'S INLET TO THE OUTLET.

68:CONSIDER A WATER PIPELINE WITH A SLOPE OF 1% OVER A 200-METER

STRETCH. THE INITIAL VELOCITY AT THE START OF THE PIPELINE IS 3 M/S,
AND THE PIPE'S DIAMETER IS 0.5 M. CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN THE
ENERGY LINE IF THE PIPE EXPERIENCES A HEAD LOSS OF 10 METERS OVER
THIS DISTANCE.

69:WATER FLOWS THROUGH A 1000-METER LONG PIPELINE WITH A 1.5%

SLOPE AND A DIAMETER OF 0.8 M. THE INITIAL VELOCITY IS 2.5 M/S, AND
THE PRESSURE AT THE START IS 180 KPA. ASSUMING THERE IS A HEAD LOSS
OF 15 METERS, CALCULATE THE PRESSURE AT THE END OF THE PIPELINE.
70:A CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM CARRIES WATER WITH A VELOCITY OF 3 M/S
THROUGH A 2 KM PIPELINE. THE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN A
CONSTANT ELEVATION, BUT THERE ARE FRICTION LOSSES. IF THE PRESSURE
DROP OVER THE ENTIRE LENGTH IS 20 KPA, CALCULATE THE CHANGE IN THE
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE OVER THE LENGTH OF THE PIPELINE.

MULTI-PHASE FLOW

71: DETERMINATION OF SUPERFICIAL VELOCITY IN A TWO-PHASE FLOW:

A HORIZONTAL PIPELINE CARRIES A MIXTURE OF NATURAL GAS AND WATER.
THE GAS FLOW RATE IS 100,000 KG/DAY, AND THE WATER FLOW RATE IS
10,000 KG/DAY. THE PIPE DIAMETER IS 0.2 M. CALCULATE THE SUPERFICIAL
VELOCITY FOR BOTH THE GAS AND LIQUID PHASES.

72: SLUG FLOW IN HORIZONTAL PIPE:

A MIXTURE OF OIL AND GAS FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH A
DIAMETER OF 0.1 M. THE GAS VELOCITY IS 15 M/S, AND THE LIQUID
VELOCITY IS 1.5 M/S. USING AN APPROPRIATE CORRELATION, DETERMINE
WHETHER THE FLOW IS LIKELY TO TRANSITION INTO SLUG FLOW. IF SO,
CALCULATE THE SLUG LENGTH AND FREQUENCY.
73: TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A VENTURI METER:
A VENTURI METER IS USED TO MEASURE THE FLOW RATE OF A GAS-LIQUID
MIXTURE. THE UPSTREAM PRESSURE IS 100 KPA, THE DOWNSTREAM
PRESSURE IS 60 KPA, AND THE GAS PHASE VELOCITY IS 20 M/S WHILE THE
LIQUID VELOCITY IS 2 M/S. THE PIPE DIAMETER AT THE VENTURI THROAT IS
0.05 M, AND THE UPSTREAM DIAMETER IS 0.1 M. DETERMINE THE FLOW
RATE OF THE MIXTURE USING BERNOULLI’S EQUATION AND THE AREA-
VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP.

74: PRESSURE DROP IN STRATIFIED FLOW:

A STRATIFIED TWO-PHASE FLOW OF OIL AND WATER FLOWS THROUGH A
0.25 M DIAMETER HORIZONTAL PIPELINE. THE OIL HAS A FLOW RATE OF
10,000 KG/H, AND THE WATER HAS A FLOW RATE OF 2,000 KG/H. ASSUMING
THAT THE FLOW IS STRATIFIED, CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DROP IN A 500-
METER-LONG SECTION OF THE PIPELINE. USE APPROPRIATE MULTIPHASE
FLOW CORRELATIONS FOR STRATIFIED FLOW.
75: AVERAGE VELOCITY IN MULTIPHASE FLOW:
A MIXTURE OF NITROGEN GAS AND LIQUID WATER FLOWS THROUGH A 0.15
M DIAMETER PIPE AT A TOTAL FLOW RATE OF 50,000 KG/H. THE GAS FLOW
RATE IS 40,000 KG/H, AND THE LIQUID FLOW RATE IS 10,000 KG/H.
CALCULATE THE AVERAGE VELOCITY OF THE TWO-PHASE MIXTURE.

76: TWO-PHASE FLOW IN AN ELBOW:

A TWO-PHASE MIXTURE OF STEAM AND WATER FLOWS THROUGH A
HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH A 90-DEGREE BEND. THE GAS FLOW RATE IS 5,000
KG/H, AND THE LIQUID FLOW RATE IS 1,000 KG/H. THE PIPE DIAMETER IS
0.15 M. USING APPROPRIATE CORRELATIONS, CALCULATE THE PRESSURE
LOSS DUE TO THE BEND IN THE PIPE.
77: SLUG FREQUENCY IN A VERTICAL PIPELINE:
A VERTICAL PIPELINE CARRIES A TWO-PHASE FLOW OF AIR AND WATER, WITH
AIR AND WATER FLOW RATES OF 2,000 KG/H AND 500 KG/H, RESPECTIVELY.
THE PIPE HAS A DIAMETER OF 0.1 M. CALCULATE THE FREQUENCY OF SLUGS
THAT OCCUR IN THE PIPELINE USING A TYPICAL CORRELATION FOR SLUG
FREQUENCY IN VERTICAL FLOW.

78: MULTIPHASE FLOW HEAT TRANSFER:

A TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID MIXTURE ENTERS A HEAT EXCHANGER AT 10°C
AND EXITS AT 50°C. THE GAS PHASE HAS A FLOW RATE OF 100 M³/H, AND
THE LIQUID PHASE HAS A FLOW RATE OF 10 M³/H. IF THE SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITIES OF THE GAS AND LIQUID ARE 1.2 KJ/KG·°C AND 4.18 KJ/KG·°C,
RESPECTIVELY, CALCULATE THE TOTAL HEAT TRANSFERRED IN THE HEAT
EXCHANGER.
79: PHASE DISTRIBUTION IN MULTIPHASE FLOW:
A PIPELINE WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.2 M CARRIES A TWO-PHASE MIXTURE OF
OIL AND GAS. THE GAS PHASE HAS A FLOW RATE OF 15,000 KG/H, AND THE
LIQUID PHASE HAS A FLOW RATE OF 5,000 KG/H. USING THE TOTAL
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATES OF BOTH PHASES, CALCULATE THE PHASE
DISTRIBUTION (I.E., THE VOLUME FRACTION OF EACH PHASE IN THE
MIXTURE).

80: CRITICAL FLOW IN TWO-PHASE SYSTEM:

A TWO-PHASE MIXTURE OF STEAM AND WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE AT
100°C. THE PIPE DIAMETER IS 0.1 M, AND THE MASS FLOW RATE OF STEAM IS
50 KG/H, WHILE THE WATER FLOW RATE IS 25 KG/H. DETERMINE WHETHER
THE FLOW IS SUBCRITICAL OR CRITICAL BY CALCULATING THE MIXTURE’S
MACH NUMBER, AND DETERMINE IF CHOKING COULD OCCUR.
MOMENTUM AND FORCES IN FLUID FLOW
FORCE EXERTED ON PRESSURE CONDUITS

81: PRESSURE CONDUIT IN A HORIZONTAL PIPE

WATER FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL PRESSURE CONDUIT AT A VELOCITY
OF 5 M/S. THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE CONDUIT IS 0.02 M². IF THE
WATER IS FLOWING STEADILY AND THE DENSITY OF THE WATER IS 1000
KG/M³, CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE CONDUIT IF THE WATER IS
DIRECTED TO A NOZZLE AT THE END OF THE PIPE, WHERE THE VELOCITY
INCREASES TO 15 M/S.

82: BENDING OF PIPE IN A FLUID FLOW

A CURVED SECTION OF A PIPE, WITH A 30° BEND, IS CARRYING WATER WITH
A VELOCITY OF 10 M/S. THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE IS 0.1 M. IF THE MASS
FLOW RATE OF WATER THROUGH THE PIPE IS 2 KG/S, CALCULATE THE FORCE
EXERTED ON THE PIPE DUE TO THE CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF THE FLUID.

83: VERTICAL PRESSURE CONDUIT FLOW

A PRESSURE CONDUIT IS VERTICALLY ORIENTED AND CARRIES OIL WITH A
DENSITY OF 800 KG/M³. THE VELOCITY OF THE OIL IS 4 M/S AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE VERTICAL PIPE, AND THE PIPE DIAMETER IS 0.05 M. CALCULATE THE
FORCE EXERTED AT THE TOP OF THE CONDUIT, ASSUMING THE VELOCITY
THERE IS NEGLIGIBLE.

84: FORCE ON A VALVE IN A PRESSURE CONDUIT

A VALVE IS INSTALLED IN A PIPE WHERE WATER FLOWS AT 6 M/S. THE
DIAMETER OF THE PIPE IS 0.1 M, AND THE VALVE PARTIALLY RESTRICTS THE
FLOW, REDUCING THE VELOCITY TO 3 M/S. IF THE MASS FLOW RATE OF
WATER IS 4 KG/S, CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE VALVE DUE TO
THE CHANGE IN VELOCITY.

85: FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE

WATER IS FLOWING THROUGH A PIPE OF DIAMETER 0.2 M WITH AN INITIAL
VELOCITY OF 3 M/S. THE FLOW IS DIRECTED THROUGH A NOZZLE WHERE
THE DIAMETER IS REDUCED TO 0.1 M, AND THE VELOCITY INCREASES TO 12
M/S. CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE NOZZLE, ASSUMING
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

86: PRESSURE DROP IN A CONDUIT

A LIQUID WITH A DENSITY OF 1000 KG/M³ FLOWS THROUGH A HORIZONTAL
PIPE. THE VELOCITY AT THE INLET IS 2 M/S, AND AT THE OUTLET, IT IS 6 M/S.
THE FLOW IS STEADY, AND THE MASS FLOW RATE IS 3 KG/S. IF THE CROSS-
SECTIONAL AREA OF THE PIPE IS 0.05 M², CALCULATE THE NET FORCE
EXERTED ON THE WALLS OF THE PIPE DUE TO THE CHANGE IN VELOCITY.

87: FLUID JET EXITING A PIPE

WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PRESSURE CONDUIT WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.25
M AT A VELOCITY OF 4 M/S. THE WATER EXITS THROUGH A NOZZLE, AND THE
VELOCITY AT THE NOZZLE INCREASES TO 12 M/S. IF THE MASS FLOW RATE IS
5 KG/S, CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON THE NOZZLE.

88: HORIZONTAL PIPE WITH FLOW RATE CHANGE

A HORIZONTAL PIPE CARRIES WATER WITH A CONSTANT MASS FLOW RATE OF
6 KG/S. THE INITIAL VELOCITY OF WATER IS 2 M/S, BUT THE FLOW VELOCITY
INCREASES TO 4 M/S AFTER PASSING THROUGH A CONSTRICTION. IF THE
DIAMETER OF THE PIPE CHANGES FROM 0.1 M TO 0.05 M, CALCULATE THE
FORCE EXERTED ON THE WALLS OF THE PIPE AT THE CONSTRICTION.

89: IMPACT OF WATER ON A PRESSURE WALL

WATER FLOWS AT A VELOCITY OF 8 M/S THROUGH A VERTICAL PRESSURE
CONDUIT WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.1 M. THE WATER HITS A WALL AT THE END
OF THE CONDUIT, AND THE FLOW IS COMPLETELY STOPPED. CALCULATE THE
FORCE EXERTED ON THE WALL BY THE IMPACT OF THE WATER.
90: FLOW THROUGH AN EXPANDING SECTION OF A PIPE
WATER FLOWS THROUGH A PIPE THAT EXPANDS FROM A DIAMETER OF 0.05
M TO 0.1 M. THE VELOCITY AT THE SMALLER DIAMETER IS 10 M/S, AND AT
THE LARGER DIAMETER, IT IS 5 M/S. CALCULATE THE FORCE EXERTED ON
THE WALLS OF THE PIPE DUE TO THE EXPANSION OF THE FLOW.

FLUID MEASUREMENTS
MEASURING DEVICES FOR STATIC PRESSURE AND VELOCITY

91: MANOMETER AND STATIC PRESSURE

A U-TUBE MANOMETER IS USED TO MEASURE THE STATIC PRESSURE IN A
PIPE CARRYING WATER. THE MANOMETER READS A HEIGHT DIFFERENCE OF
0.25 METERS OF MERCURY (HG). THE DENSITY OF MERCURY IS 13,600 KG/M³,
AND THE DENSITY OF WATER IS 1,000 KG/M³. CALCULATE THE STATIC
PRESSURE IN THE PIPE.
92: PITOT TUBE AND VELOCITY
A PITOT TUBE IS INSERTED INTO A FLOW OF AIR WITH A VELOCITY OF 20 M/S.
THE STATIC PRESSURE IN THE FLOW IS MEASURED TO BE 95 KPA. THE
VELOCITY PRESSURE MEASURED BY THE PITOT TUBE IS FOUND TO BE 2.5
KPA. WHAT IS THE AIR VELOCITY ACCORDING TO THE PITOT TUBE?

93: VELOCITY MEASUREMENT WITH ROTAMETER

A ROTAMETER IS USED TO MEASURE THE FLOW RATE OF WATER IN A PIPE.
THE FLOAT IN THE ROTAMETER READS AT A POSITION CORRESPONDING TO A
VELOCITY OF 3 M/S. IF THE PIPE HAS A CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF 0.05 M²,
CALCULATE THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE OF WATER.

94: STATIC PRESSURE DIFFERENCE IN ORIFICE PLATE

AN ORIFICE PLATE IS INSTALLED IN A PIPE TO MEASURE THE STATIC
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE UPSTREAM AND
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE IS MEASURED AS 50 KPA. THE PIPE DIAMETER IS
0.1 METERS, AND THE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT IS 0.6. CALCULATE THE
FLOW RATE OF THE FLUID.
95: BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE
A BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE IS USED TO MEASURE THE STATIC
PRESSURE OF A GAS IN A CYLINDER. THE GAUGE READS 300 PSI. IF THE
FLUID IN THE CYLINDER IS AIR, CALCULATE THE PRESSURE IN PASCALS.

96: VELOCITY PROFILE AND PITOT TUBE

A PITOT TUBE IS PLACED AT THREE DIFFERENT POINTS ACROSS A PIPE'S
DIAMETER TO MEASURE THE VELOCITY PROFILE OF WATER FLOW. THE
MEASUREMENTS AT THREE POINTS ARE: 2 M/S AT THE CENTER, 1.5 M/S AT
30% RADIUS, AND 1 M/S AT THE WALL. DETERMINE THE AVERAGE VELOCITY
OF THE FLOW.

97: IMPACT OF FLUID DENSITY ON MANOMETER READING

A MANOMETER IS USED TO MEASURE STATIC PRESSURE IN A PIPELINE
CARRYING OIL (DENSITY 850 KG/M³). THE MANOMETER SHOWS A READING
OF 0.1 METERS OF WATER COLUMN. CALCULATE THE EQUIVALENT STATIC
PRESSURE OF THE OIL IN TERMS OF METERS OF OIL COLUMN.
98: FLOW VELOCITY FROM VENTURI METER
A VENTURI METER IS INSTALLED IN A PIPE CARRYING AIR. THE PRESSURE AT
THE WIDE SECTION OF THE PIPE IS 150 KPA, AND THE PRESSURE AT THE
THROAT IS 100 KPA. THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE PIPE AT THE WIDE
SECTION IS 0.1 M², AND THE AREA AT THE THROAT IS 0.02 M². CALCULATE
THE AIR VELOCITY AT THE THROAT OF THE VENTURI METER.

99: DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER AND STATIC PRESSURE

A DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER IS USED TO MEASURE THE
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE ACROSS AN ORIFICE IN A PIPELINE. THE
TRANSMITTER SHOWS A DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE OF 80 KPA. IF THE FLUID IS
WATER, CALCULATE THE FLOW RATE USING THE ORIFICE EQUATION.
100: TOTAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT WITH PITOT STATIC TUBE
A PITOT-STATIC TUBE IS USED TO MEASURE BOTH THE STATIC AND TOTAL
PRESSURES IN A WIND TUNNEL. THE STATIC PRESSURE IS MEASURED TO BE
95 KPA, AND THE TOTAL PRESSURE IS 105 KPA. CALCULATE THE VELOCITY OF
THE AIR FLOW IN THE WIND TUNNEL.