Qualitative Research Chap 1
Qualitative Research Chap 1
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
CHAPTER I
10: Significance
BACKGROUND
5: Aim
OF THE STUDY
9: Thesis
Statement
8: Research 6: Research
7: Hypothesis
Questions Objectives
INTRODUCE YOUR TOPIC
The hook is the opening sentence or phrase of your
introduction that grabs the reader’s attention and
draws them in. It should be interesting, relevant, and
perhaps even surprising.
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
This could include explaining why the topic is
important, what has been done on the topic in the past,
and any relevant background information that the
reader needs to know.
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problem statement is a specific, focused, and
concise statement that outlines the research problem
or questions that your study aims to address.
RATIONALE
The research rationale explains the justification for
your study and why it is important to address the
research problem.
RESEARCH AIM
It should be broad enough to encompass the scope of
your research but specific enough to provide direction
for your research objectives.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research objectives are specific, measurable, and
achievable goals that you aim to accomplish through
your research.
HYPOTHESIS
A research hypothesis is a statement that predicts the
relationship between two or more variables in your
study. It should be testable and provide a clear
direction for your research.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Research questions are specific, focused questions
that you aim to answer through your research. They
should be closely linked to your research problem and
aim and should guide your research methodology and
analysis.
THESIS STATEMENT
The thesis statement expresses the position that the
rest of the paper will present evidence and arguments
for. It can be presented in one or two sentences.
SIGNIFICANCE
The significance section should make it clear why your
research is important and what impact it could have on
the field.
INTRODUCTION
1. SOP 1
2. SOP 2
3. SOP 3
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
THE RESEARCH QUESTION
1. Start with "how" or "what":
These words open the question for exploration rather than limiting it, which is key
for qualitative research.
Example for SOP: "What are the lived experiences of Grade 11 students facing
absenteeism?"
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
THE RESEARCH QUESTION
2. Focus on discovery or understanding:
SOPs should reflect what the research intends to uncover or describe, such as
processes, experiences, or patterns.
Example: "This study seeks to explore the personal, familial, and environmental
factors contributing to absenteeism."
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
THE RESEARCH QUESTION
3. Ask “What happened?” to describe:
This aligns with descriptive goals in the SOP, where the research seeks to
understand the phenomenon itself.
Example: "What are the main challenges faced by students that lead to
absenteeism?"
GUIDELINES IN FORMULATING
THE RESEARCH QUESTION
4. Ask “What was the meaning?” to understand results:
The study only includes vendors willing to be interviewed, which may not reflect the views of
all street vendors.
Some respondents may hesitate to share details about illegal or unregistered businesses.
The study does not consider the perspectives of government officials who enforce
regulations.
DELIMITATION (BOUNDARIES SET BY THE RESEARCHER)
Delimitations are the intentional choices made by the researcher to narrow the study’s focus.
Example:
A case study on the challenges faced by street vendors in Naga City in maintaining their
businesses amid local government regulations.
The study only focuses on street vendors, excluding those in permanent market stalls.
It does not analyze economic trends but focuses on personal and business-related
challenges.
The study only examines vendors in Naga City, not in other areas.
POPULATION
Scope Delimitation
Rice farmers in Central Rice farmers in selected
Luzon areas in Nueva Ecija,
Central Luzon
TIME ELEMENT AND DURATION
Scope Delimitation
Elections in the postwar 2004, 2010, and 2016
period presidential elections
TOPICS OR IDEAS COVERED
Scope Delimitation
Occurrence of typhoons Occurrence and effects of
super typhoons (e.g.,
Haiyan or Yolanda)
GEOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
Scope Delimitation
Poverty in urban spaces Poverty in selected cities in
Metro Manila
THEORIES AND METHODS
Scope Delimitation
Use of qualitative methods Use of specific qualitative
instead of quantitative or research methods such as
mixed methods interviews and focus group
discussions only
1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
✔ Example Study: The Influence of Peer Groups on the Language Development of Senior High
School Students
EXAMPLES
2. Psychological and Developmental Theories
✔ Example Study: How Reward Systems Influence Student Engagement in Senior High School
EXAMPLES
4. Educational and Organizational Theories
✔ Example Study: The Role of Collaborative Learning in Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills
EXAMPLES
5. Environmental and Human Relations Theories
Cultural Influences on Learning Styles Among Indigenous Senior High School Students
Culture Theory will help analyze how indigenous students' cultural backgrounds
influence their preferred learning styles. Using ethnography, researchers can observe
students in their learning environments, conduct interviews, and document traditions
that shape their educational experiences.
2. GENDER THEORY
Gender Theory explores how social and cultural norms construct gender identities and
expectations, influencing individuals’ experiences.
The Impact of Gender Expectations on the Career Choices of Senior High School Students
Gender Theory will help interpret how societal gender norms shape students’ career
aspirations. Using phenomenology, researchers will explore students’ lived experiences,
analyzing their perspectives on gender roles and career decision-making through in-
depth interviews.
3. TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY
This theory focuses on leadership-driven changes that inspire and motivate individuals
toward improvement.
Transformational Theory will guide the study in evaluating how leadership practices
influence student engagement. Using a case study, researchers will observe school
leaders, interview students and teachers, and analyze leadership strategies that foster
motivation and participation.
4. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS THEORY
This theory explores how physical spaces and environmental conditions affect human
behavior, well-being, and social interactions.
Human Environment Relations Theory will help examine how school design affects
student engagement and learning. Using phenomenology, researchers will collect
students’ personal experiences through interviews and observations in different school
settings.
EXAMPLE OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
If researching how social media affects student performance,
your theoretical framework might include Albert Bandura’s
Social Learning Theory, which explains how students model
behaviors they see online. This theory helps frame the study by
connecting social media exposure to academic habits.
EXAMPLE OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (1977) originally focused on
learning through observation, imitation, and modeling in face-to-face
interactions, not online.
However, the theory has since been applied to digital spaces, as media
and technology have become significant sources of observational
learning.
EXAMPLE OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Explanation of Social Learning Theory:
Bandura's theory states that people learn by observing others and
imitating their behaviors. This learning process involves:
1. Attention – Watching and focusing on a model's behavior.
2. Retention – Remembering what was observed.
3. Reproduction – Trying to copy the behavior.
4. Motivation – Deciding whether to repeat the behavior based on
rewards or consequences.
EXAMPLE OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A child watches their older Even though Bandura did not specifically
mention social media, his theory applies to
sibling politely say "thank
digital platforms. For instance:
you" when receiving a gift. A student follows influencers who promote
Later, the child does the study habits
same, learning through The student observes and remembers these
habits.
observation.
They try the technique and find it effective.
Positive results (good grades, motivation)
reinforce the behavior.
1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Uses a specific theory to explain the study. Focuses on key concepts & how they relate.
Adopted from existing theories. Created by the researcher based on the research problem.
DIFFERENCE OF THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
Uses a specific theory to explain the study. Focuses on key concepts & how they relate.
Adopted from existing theories. Created by the researcher based on the research problem.
1️⃣ Identify the research problem
What is your study about?
Example: “Why do students struggle with online learning?”
2️⃣ Determine key concepts
What factors influence the problem?
Example: Internet access, time management, teacher support.
STEP-BY- 3️⃣ Establish relationships between concepts
STEP GUIDE How do these factors connect?
Example: Poor internet → low engagement → academic challenges.
4️⃣ Create a visual representation (Conceptual Paradigm)
Use an Input-Process-Output (IPO) model or Cause-and-Effect diagram.
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CONCEPTUAL Input Process Output
PARADIGM
Internet Connection Conduct Interviews List of Common Challenges
For a study on
“Challenges in
Online Learning for Study Environment Record Student Answers
In this study, motivation is measured by the number of hours students spend studying per
week.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
POINTS TO REMEMBER