Population and Employment (unit 12)

Q What is rate of natural increase?

Ans: Birth rate minus death rate is equal to the rate of natural increase.
Q What are the causes of high birth rate?
Ans: (1) Warm and hot climate of Pakistan cause early maturity results in large
family. (2) Early marriages increase productivity span. (3) Desire to have male
child result in large family. (4) Poly gammy also results in large family. (5)
Religious beliefs against use of family planning or contraceptives are also a
hurdle. (6) Unawareness about problems of over population and large family. (7)
Agriculture society needs more working hands encourages large families. (
Lack of knowledge and availability contraceptives and family planning facilities.
(9) Large family provides support in old age. (10) In Pakistan majority of people
are illiterate. They are not aware of economic distress caused by high birth rate.
Q Explain some measures that could be taken to reduce the birth rate.
Ans: (1) Easy access to use of family planning and contraceptives e.g. green
star. (2) Child labor should be banned. (3) Women education increase marriage
age and reduce productivity age.(4) More family planning clinics should be
established. (5) Support of religious scholars should be taken in favor of family
planning. (6) Awareness about benefits of small family should be increased
through media. (7) NGO's like "Chabi ka Nishan" should be encouraged. (
Improvement in living standards and literacy rate can reduce desire for large
family.
Q Why death rate has reduced from 1950 to 1970?
Ans: (1) Increased medical facilities live saving drugs, vaccination programmes
and increase in the number of hospitals has decreased death rate. (2) Better
transportation system to move doctors and food where needed. (3) Increase in
food production. (4) Improvement in water supply and sanitation has reduced
diseases. (5) More control over disasters like floods and wars.
Q What is life expectancy?
Ans: The average age up to which people of particular area are expected to live.
Population pyramid: Shows structure of population male and female in different
age groups. (1) Youngest age group is at the bottom. (2) Wider base shows a
high birth rate. (3) Narrow top shows high death rate. (4) If age group is 5-9
wider than 0-4 shows decrease in birth rate. (5) Top most age is life expectancy.
(6) Dependent group is from age below 15 years and above 65 years. (7)
Productive population is from 15 years to 65 years.
Future possibilities for Pyramid of Pakistan: Decreased birth rate, more
productive population, high life expectancy so more old people.
Employment.
Q What are causes of unemployment? (5)
Ans: (1) High birth rate is more than population growth. (2) Due to
mechanization less farm labor is needed. (3) Water logging and salinity has
reduced farm land. (4) Miss match in education and requirements. (5) Rural
migration. (6) Use of information technology in offices. (7) Lack of skills or
education. ( New residents do not have contacts.
Q What primary occupation means. (2)
Ans: Activities connected with land and nature. Farming, fishing, forestry and
mining etc.
Q Why so many people works in agriculture sector?
Ans: (1) Agriculture is traditional occupation of Pakistan. (2) Vast fertile land is
available in Indus plain. (3) Indus river system and network of canals provide
water. (4) Suitable summer temperature for Kharif crops and suitable winter
temperature for Rabbi crops. (5) Most of Industry is depend on agriculture for
raw material. (6) Growing food needs of increasing population. (7) Mining,
fishing, forestry are not developed in Pakistan.
Q Why percentage of employment in tertiary sector increasing? (5)
Ans: (1) Progress in industry has also encouraged development of tertiary
sector. (2) Improvement in roads has also developed transport sector. (3)
Services sector like health, education and banking has developed to fulfill needs
of growing population created many tertiary jobs. (4) Growth in trade and
commerce sectors is reason. (5) Skilled and educated experts are available due
to improvement in education sector.
Q Why do people move to cities has difficulty in finding jobs? (3) J2010.
Ans: (1) there is lack of jobs due to recession. (2) the most of people move to
cities are illiterate, untrained and unskilled. (3) There may be mismatch in
education and demand. (4) Lack of relations in cities.
Q Suggest why real number of unemployed people in rural areas may be higher
than figures recorded?
Ans: (1) A large number of people living in rural areas have seasonal
employment. (2) More people are employed in farms than needed. (3) There is
difficult to collect figures due to poor infrastructure. (4) Figures about females
are not available. (5) Many people are employed in informal sector.
Q Why there are more jobs for illiterate in urban areas?
Ans: (1) A large number of workers are needed in factories. (2) Illiterate labor is
cheaper. (3) Lot of informal employment is available. (4) Cleaner, servants etc
are needed in large number.
Q Why are very few primary jobs available in urban areas? (2)
Ans: Primary activities like crops cultivation, fishing, live stock, fruit farming
needs large open tract of land which is not available in urban areas.
Q What is the main type of employment in the primary sector in rural areas? (1)
Ans: agriculture.
Q Why has the percentage of the workforce working in agriculture declined in
recent year? (6)
Ans: (1) Less farm workers are needed due to mechanization. (2) The growth of
industry, trade and commercial activities has attracted large number of people
to urban areas with high wages. (3) No more farm land is available. (4) Large
land is spoiled by water logging and salinity. (5) There is little opportunity in
agriculture for educated people.
(Migration)
Q What are push factors that have led to large number of people leaving rural
areas of Pakistan?
Ans: (1) Unemployment due to lack of industry, little opportunity for educated
people causes migration towards urban areas. (2) Due to mechanized farming
less workers are needed in farms. (3) Lack of medical and education facilities in
rural areas. (4) Large farm land has spoiled due to water logging and salinity. (5)
Lack of facilities like gas, electricity, telephone and recreation. (6) Sufficient
farm land is not available for increasing population. (7) Lack of security and
cultural freedom. ( Floods, pest attack, drought and poor farming methods
resulted in low farm production not enough to support families.
Q Describe urban pull factors that cause rural-Urban migration. (6) J2006
Ans: (1) Urban area has more jobs opportunities with better wages due to
growing industry and commercial activities. (2) Better quality of life etc
electricity, gas, water supply available in urban areas.(3) Better recreational
facilities like park, cinema, libraries etc. (4) Better educational and medical
facilities.(5) More security and cultural freedom. (6) Reliable food supply.
Q What improvement may be made in rural areas to reduce rural-urban
migration? (6)
Ans: (1) Roads should be constructed to rural areas for easier access of
consumer goods.(2) Small scale industry and cottage industry should be
established to provide employment.(3) Facilities like gas, electricity, education
and medical should be provided in rural areas.(4) Sanitation and water supply
should be developed.(5) Law and order situation should be improved.
Q What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas? N2007
Ans: (1) Rural areas remained backward due to migration of education people to
urban areas. (2) Shortage of skilled labor is created in rural areas. (3) Population
structure is disturbed due to migration of male members.
Q What are effects of migration from rural areas on urban areas?
Ans: (1) Unemployment in urban areas increases due to cheap labor from rural
areas. (2) Shortage of houses is created in urban areas give rise to growth of
squatters. (3) Air and water pollution increases. (4) Burden on school, hospitals
and power sources increase. (5) Traffic congestion and crime rate increases.
Q Why do some people emigrate to other countries?
Ans: (1) There is lack of opportunities for professional in Pakistan. (2) Lack of
security and freedom in Pakistan. (3) Some people move for higher education
and better quality of life. (4) Attractive pay in developed countries. (5)
Opportunities in Canada and Middle East. (6) Wide spread corruption in Pakistan.
Q What problems for Pakistan have resulted due to Afghan refugees? (5) J2002
Ans: (1) Use of drugs increased. (2) Fire arms become common. (3) Smuggling
of foreign goods harmed local industry and reduced tax collection. (4)
Unemployment due to low cost or cheap Afghan labor.
Q Name one city in Pakistan affected by Afghan refugees. (1)
Ans: Peshawar.
Q Describe some difficulties for people when they leaves home or wish to return.
(6) N99
Ans: When people leave they find difficulty in obtaining valid visa. (2) They face
difficulty in finding new job and social adjustment. (3) Some time they are
cheated by unscrupulous agents who provided them forged documents. (4)
When they return face corruption and red tape. (5) Harassed by tax department.
(6) Difficulty in finding job.
Topic: Density of population
Q State the meaning of the term density of population.
Ans: The number of people living in per unit area.
Q Give the reasons of low population density in Balochistan. (4)
Ans: (1) Large part of Balochistan is covered by hills and mountains are
unsuitable for agriculture. (2) Soil is infertile and irrigation facilities etc. (3)
mineral deposits are unexplored and industry is not developed. (4)
Infrastructure like road, railway and electricity is undeveloped due to rugged
(rocky) landscape and scattered population. (5) Lack of employment and
facilities discourage people to live in Balochistan.
Q Why Indus delta has low population density? (3)
Ans: (1) Indus delta has low saline soil unsuitable for agriculture. (2) Indus delta
is often hit by cyclone and flooded by sea.(3) Large part is covered by mangrove
forests and swamps.(4) Infrastructure is undeveloped (5) Fishing industry is
declining due to water pollution and deforestation of mangrove forest.(6) There
is lack of rainfall.
Q Describe the pattern of population density in Sindh. (5)
Ans: Karachi has highest population density because of seaport, commercial
activities, industrial development, international airport and capital city. Land
close to river Indus is irrigated by perennial canals is thickly populated. Sukkur,
Nawabshah and Hyderabad are located in this region. Eastern part is thinly
populated due to Thar and Nara deserts. Kirthar mountain are on west and Indus
is south is thinly populated.
Q Explain why there is high population in doabs. (5)
Ans: Doab have alluvial soil and network of perennial canals, climate is suitable
for Rabi and Kharif crops. Good network of roads and railway is available. Have
high agricultural production. Industry and commerce is developed.
Q Why Makran coastal region in thinly populated? (3)
Ans: Makran coast region has low population density because region is
agriculturally unproductive. Land is rugged and infertile. Rainfall is low about
125 mm a year. Only fishing activity cannot support large population.
Q Why population varies in K.P.K?
Ans: Large part of K.P.K is covered with mountain ranges like Hindukush, Safad
Koh, Swat hills and Waziristan hills and thinly populated due to steep slopes,
rugged land scape, poor communication and permanent layer of snow. Gilgit
agency, Chitral and tribal areas are also thinly populated. Population is
concentrated in small valleys. Some small fertile plains are located in K.P.K like
Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Dera Ismail plains have developed agriculture due
to fertile soil and canal network have thick population. There is concentration of
industry in Nowshera, Risalpur, Mardan and Haripur and densely populated.
Some areas have moderate population in Swat, Abottabad, and Balakot due to
tourism. Pastoral activities support people on mountainous areas.
Q Explain the reasons of high population density in Karachi.
Ans: High birth rate, migration from rural areas, opportunities for employment
and trade. Better services e.g. education, health, sanitation. Better
infrastructure e.g. road, railway, gas, water and airport. Good housing and
moderate climate. Karachi is Provincial capital, refugee from Afghanistan and
migration after partition in 1947. Fishing activities, industry and seaport attract
many.
Q Reasons for high population density.
Ans: (1) Developed agriculture.(2) Industrial development.(3) Job opportunities.
(4) Educational factor.(5) good irrigation system.(6) Security and freedom.(7)
Better communication net work and infrastructure.( Availability of minerals.
Q What is meant by distribution of population?
Ans: The spread of people in an area.
Q Explain what is meant by overpopulation. (2)
Ans: Over population means that the natural resources of a country and
technical ability of people cannot support the population comfortably.
Q How can you tell a rural area is overpopulated?
Ans: A rural area is overpopulated if there are small farmers who practice
subsistence farming. Farms are so small that they barely produce enough for
family. Houses are small and made of mud. Diet is poor.
Q RELIEF, RAINFALL, RIVERS.
Explain how each of the three factors above contributes to a high density of
population.
RELIEF: Flat and undulating land is good for cultivation, use of machinery,
establishment of roads and railway is easy. Contribute to high population.
RAINFALL: Plenty of rain is suitable for agriculture in barani areas also provide
water for domestic uses and industry.
RIVERS: Indus and its tributaries provide water and bring silt to increase fertility
of land encourage fish production and provide water for irrigation.
(Literacy)
Q Why female illiteracy is more than male? (2)
Ans: Female education is not given importance in rural areas; girls leave home
after marriage so parents consider female dropout from schools is high. There is
shortage of girl schools and teachers in rural areas.
Q Why percentage of literate people is larger in urban areas than in rural areas?
Ans: There are more jobs for literate people with higher pays in urban areas.
More facilities for female education are available in urban areas. Transportation
to schools is easy; people of urban areas can afford education. Traditional farm
workers are not needed in urban areas.
Q How may improvement in literacy and education helps to lower the rate of
population growth?
Ans: (1) Education creates awareness about benefits of small family. Fewer
children can be nourished and educated properly.(2) Educated people have
proper knowledge of contraceptives and family planning methods.(3) Educated
men and women marry late which reduce their productive span result in small
families.(4) Illiterate families are usually poor needs more working hands to
increase their earning. They feel pride in large families.
Q Explain why a sales man should have a good education.
Ans: Through education salesman can became good communicator and polite in
manners. He can speak English and can do calculations. He can use computer
and can write letters to clients. He can attain better knowledge of what he is
selling. He is open to new ideas.
Q QUARYING, CRUSHING, PACKING, DRIVER, SALES MAN, OFFICE WORKERS.
From the above state one example of
A: Primary employment- Quarrying and crushing.
B: Secondary employment- Packing and crushing.
C: Tertiary employment- Driver, salesman and office workers.
Q what is meant by self- help schemes?
Ans: Self-help schemes are launched by government under which members of
local community are encouraged to improve their living standard, create self-
employment or make their own shelter. The members of community contribute
their labor or material while government provides land and infrastructure.
Q What are advantages and problems of self-help schemes?
Ans: advantages: Self-help schemes can provide shelter to low income people,
clean water supply and sewerage projects under self-help schemes can reduce
diseases, parks and play grounds can be built up on empty lands which will
leads in healthy growth of children and elders, NGO's can setup school which
will increase literacy rate, people can start small business with small loans
provided by government on easy installments.
Disadvantages: It is difficult for low income people to contribute funds in self-
help schemes, construction material is very costly so completion of such
projects is very difficult, corruption and mismanagement is very common in
such projects, change in government can affect negatively.
Q What is sustainable population growth?
Ans: A size of population that can be supported by resources of a country.
Definitions
URBAN: means city areas and RURAL means villages.
SLUMS: are congested old houses with fewer facilities.
SQUATTERS: area are those where huts are build on somebody else place.
POLY GAMY means to have more than one wife.
LIFE EXPECTANCY: means average age limits of a person.
CENSUS: is an official counting of population.
DEPENDENCY RATIO: refer to the number of people aged under 15 and above 65
who are not considered to be part of workforce.
BIRTH RATE: The number of live births per thousand per year.
DEATH RATE: The number of death per thousand per year.