Before the development of high-definition televisions, most TVs and other devices displayed pictures in what is now known as standard definition. The picture was roughly square with an aspect ratio of 4:3. Its resolution 28s about 704 x 480 pixels Older TVs relied on analogue signals, which travel ax constantly varying electrical Rument. HD devices, on the other hand, are digital. They use information in the form of 0's and 1's. This information travels through cables as distinct electrical pulses, HOM! hes an aspect ratio of 16:9, so the picture ‘Srectanguler. They also have a higher resolution of up to 1920 x 1080 pixels 15 a printer an input or output device? Name three screen types for computers and devices, Explain screen resolution. What is a docking station used for? What is HOMI short for? Software and Licencing Software is the set of instructions which the computer needs to operate or function, i.e. to perform tasks. Without software the computer cannot operate. ‘The term software is a general term that refers to all types of programmes loaded on a computer, There are ‘mainly two categories of software: Operating System Software and Application Software. Operating System Software (System Software) and other software. The operating system acts as a host for other programmes ‘hat are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system, 'sto handle the details of the operation of the hardware, 20 Computer Essentials YOON OAAANANAAAAAAAAAAAaAR ~~2 2 > Examples of operating system software on a computer: Windows 7/ Windows 8 / Windows 10, Ubuntu, LINUX. : ‘A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is the operating system that operates a ? smartphone, tablet, or other digital mobile devices. Modern mobile operating systems combine the features > of a personal computer operating system with touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, WI-Fi, GPS mobile navigation, > camera, video camera, speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, and other features. ? Examples of operating system software on mobile devices: Google Android, Apple iOS, and Windows from 2 Microsoft. ’ Functions of the Operating System 2 y @ The operating system serves as a communication link between the user and the hardware. ® It runs other software programmes and controls how a programme interacts with the user. , ® It co-ordinates the operations of all parts of the computer system. ? @ It maintains the flow of events. > @ It provides the user with tools with which to manage disks and folders. 3 @ It manages hardware and peripherals and the memory on the computer. 2 Application Software 2 > Application software is task-specific programmes. It I Is any programme designed to perform a specific : function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application programme. Application software 2 needs operating system software to perform properly. 3 ae Paik) ‘Application software is sometimes. referred to as “apps”. In recent years, the abbreviation "app" has 2 written for mobile devices, with the abbreviation in 3 particular representing both the smaller size and 5 ‘smaller scope of the software. y Common examples of application software: @ — Office productivity software: In computing, 2 productivity suite Is a collection of productivity programmes intended to be used by workers. The components are generally distributed as a package, have a consistent user interface and can usually interact with each other. A suite normally includes Word processing, spreadsheet and presentation programmes. Other programmes, such as database ‘and e-mail programmes, are often included. Some office productivity suites are bought, but free software Is also available. Examples of office productivity sultes are Microsoft Office 2013 and Openorfice. > ® — Communication softw: : possible to send and receive data over telephone lines 7 through modems. Files and messages in text, audio ? ‘and/or video formats are exchanged between different ? computers or users. Examples of communication This software makes it software are instant messaging software and e-mail. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an example of > + communication software, VoIP allow users to make 2 phone calls through the Internet at a convenient cost. Examples of communication software are Microsoft Outlook 2013 (e-mail), WhatsApp (instant messaging) ‘and Skype (video conferencing). , ‘Computer Essentials 2@ — Social networking software: Social networking software employs web- and mobile-based technologies to support interactive dialogue and introduce considerable and universal changes to communication between organisations, ‘communities, and individuals. Social network applications include communication tools and interactive tools often based on the Internet. Communication tools typically handle the capturing, storing and presentation of communication, usually written but increasingly including audio and video. Examples of social networking software include Facebook and Twitter. ® — Media applications: These software applications are computer software used for viewing and playing back multimedia files. Audio software can be used for playing, recording, converting and modifying audio files. Video software is used to manage and edit videos. An example of media software is Windows Media Player, ® — Mobile applications: A mobile application, or mobile "app", is a software application designed to run on smartphones, tablet computers and other mobile devices. They are available through application distribution platforms, which are typically operated by the owner of the mobile operating system, such as the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. Some “apps” are free, while others can be purchased Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, such as an iPhone or Android phone. Mobile “apps” were originally'offered for general productivity and information retrieval, including email and weather information. However, mobile applications rapidly expanded into other categories, such as mobile games, GPS, banking, etc. Examples of mobile applications include Apple Music and Facebook ‘Messenger. End-User License Agreement ‘The End-User License Agreement (EULA) is the type of license used for most software. It is an agreement between the manufacturer or authér of the software and the end-user of the software application. In other words, when an end-user buys software, it does not mean that the user now owns the software. Its the right to Install and use the software that has-been bought. This type of agreement is usually a single-user licence agreement and grants the buyer the right to install and use the software on one PC and make a backup copy. Jt therefore specifies how the software may or may not be used and any restrictions the manufacturer may impose, ¢.g. that the software may not be shared with any other users. The EULA protects the ‘manufacturer/author from liability if the software is used in a way not intended by the manufacturer or author, It also protects the user should the software cause any damage to, e.g. the computer of the user. ‘Typically, a user needs to accept the terms and conditions of the EULA by ng on an acceptance form or button that will appear on the screen during the installation process. The user will not be able to use the software Unless the EULA is accepted. Organisations with many computers can buy software licenses for all the computers, usually at @ reduced price per unit, This agreement Is called a site licence agreement. Any licence agreement Is a legal contract between the software publisher and the user(s). Types of Software Licenses Proprietary License With proprietary software licenses, the software publisher grants the use of one or more copies of software Under the End-User License Agreement (EULA), but ownership of those copies remains with the software Publisher. As the ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all. Usually, with proprietary software licenses, the license contains an extensive list of activities which are ANAAAAR AAR: restricted, such as simultaneous use of the software by multiple users and the modifying of the software, Most EULAs include maintenance and minor upgrades of the software. One example of a proprietary software license Is the license for Microsoft Office. Open Source License Open source refers to any programme of which the source cade is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit. Source code is the list of instructions written in a programming language used to construct a computer programme. Open source programmes can usually be downloaded for free from the Internet or bought at a small fee, The source code must be made available to a user. Changes can be made to the source code and the software can usually be redistributed again along with the changed source code. With an open source license, the acceptance of the license is basically optional. The end-user may use, study and privately modify the software without accepting the license. However, if the user wishes to exercise the right of redistributing the software, then the end-user may have to accept, and be bound by, the software license. ‘An example of an open source software license is the license for OpenOffice. Shareware / Trial Version License ‘Shareware or a trial version (trialware) is proprietary software that is copyright-protected, but may be downloaded by a user to review and evaluate the software before purchasing it. The trial version license or shareware license can elther be a fully functional time-limited version of the software or a feature-limited version of the software or a combination of the two types. After a specified time, the user is asked to either stop using the software or purchase the full version of the software and register the product. Shareware or a trial version can be downloaded from the Internet, but it might also be available on CD. Shareware and trial versions are often offered without support or updates which will only become available with the purchase of a license, An example Is Adobe Acrobat Professional. 2 > 2 2 > 3 2 2 2 2 > 2 > Freeware License 2 Freeware Is copyrighted software that can be copled, used and distributed at no charge. In other words, the > license is free of charge. It will always have an explicit notice stating that use of the software is free of charge. 5 Although this software is free, it might not be sold or used in any way for commercial purposes. Freeware are mostly downloaded from the Internet. 3 ‘Although both open source software and freeware are free of charge, 5 freeware are not made available with the source code and the source code 5 can thus not be changed by others. An example of freeware Is Adobe Reader. * ADOBE" READER’ ¥ __ Start Up, Shut Down 7 ‘Starting the Computer ? ‘The power switch of the computer is located on the front panel of the system case of a desktop computer. It 3 is usually the biggest oF most colourful button on the front panel. For a laptop or notebook computer, the power button is usually located under the ld, at the top left or right. Before switching on the computer, ensure that all the peripheral devices (monitor, printer, scanner, etc.) connected to the computer are switched on, Computer Essentials