CBE201 Experiment 2

Infiltration of Fluids into Capillary Tubes

Infiltration of fluids into capillary tubes 2

Vertical direction

H
𝛉

𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒌 𝜸𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒌

Horizontal direction
Laplace pressure 3

Laplace pressure is developed by surface curvature

𝑅
Radius of curvature 𝑅
cos 𝜃
1 1
Laplace pressure ∆𝑃 ≡ 𝑃 𝑃 𝛾
𝑅 𝑅
2𝛾 cos 𝜃
Equation ① ∆𝑃
𝑅

When interface has non-zero curvature,

a pressure is developed across the interface.
Po
Pressure is determined by interfacial (or surface)
tension and principal radii of curvature (R1 and R2).
Po + 2𝜸/R
Surface tension (𝜸 𝑵 𝒎 ) 4

Surface tension is the tendency of fluid surfaces to 𝑼

shrink into the minimum surface area possible. 𝜸~ 𝟐
𝒂
(Definition: Surface tension is a direct measure of cohesive
energy (U) shortage per unit surface area (a2).)
Surface tension (𝜸 𝑵 𝒎 ) 5

The effect of temperature on Surface Tension (γ)

Surface tension (𝜸 𝑵 𝒎 ) 6

How does surface tension work?

Unit of surface tension
: “force per unit length” or “energy per unit surface”
: “mN/m” is most often used

It acts across a line element in a surface in direction

of normal to the line and tangent to the surface

Air wet 𝜸𝐋𝐎 Air

Spreading parameter (S) 𝜸𝐒𝐎 𝜸𝐒𝐋 Liquid
Substrate Substrate
𝑺 𝐸 𝐸
𝜸𝐒𝐎 𝜸𝐒𝐋 𝜸𝐋𝐎 𝛾 : surface tension b/w solid & liquid
𝛾 : surface tension b/w solid & air (= 𝛾 )
𝛾 : surface tension b/w liquid & air (= γ)
𝑆 0 Total wetting
: the liquid spreads completely in order to lower its surface energy (𝜃 0)
𝑆 0 Partial wetting
: the drop does not spread but, instead, forms at equilibrium a spherical cap
resting on the substrate with a contact angle 𝜽
: “mostly wetting” when 𝜃 𝜋⁄2 & “mostly non-wetting” when 𝜃 𝜋⁄2
Force balance on solid plane: Contact angle (𝜽) 7

𝜸𝐋𝐎
𝜸𝐒𝐎 𝜸𝐒𝐋 𝜸𝐋𝐎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 : Young’s eq.

𝛾 : surface tension b/w solid & liquid

𝛾 : surface tension b/w solid & air (= 𝛾 )
𝜸𝐒𝐋 𝜸𝐒𝐎 𝛾 : surface tension b/w liquid & air (= γ)

Contact angle is the angle where a liquid/vapor interface meets a solid surface
Contact angle is obtained from, "Young’s equation", force balance on solid plane
The contact angle quantifies the wettability of solid surface
 Lower contact angle = more spontaneous wetting and infiltration
How to get surface tension? 8

Du Noüy ring method: tensiometric way for the surface tension measurements
Direct measure of the force against the sum of ring weights and surface tensions.
As the ring is slowly pulled out of the liquid, the force required to detach it from the
liquid surface is precisely measured. (retraction mode)
Total wetting

𝛾 Pt 𝛾

The surface tension

𝐹 𝑝𝛾 cos 𝜃 4𝜋𝑅𝛾 cos 𝜃 2𝑙𝛾

𝑊 𝑊 2𝑙𝛾

The total force The ring weight

Flow in cylindrical channels 9

Imbibition (or impregnation) parameter (I)

𝑰 𝜸𝐒𝐎 𝜸𝐒𝐋
Impregnation
𝐼 0 Impregnation criterion, Liquid rises (I>0)
: much less restrictive than spreading criterion (𝑆 0) 𝜸𝐒𝐎 𝜸𝐒𝐋

𝐼 0 Liquid drops

Shear stress (τ) and viscosity (μ)

When the liquid flows in contact with the solid substrates, substrates disturb the flow
in the opposite direction due to the shear force.
Shear stress is the resistance of fluid (or solid) in tangential direction corresponding
to the shear force.
liquid flow

Shear stress Solid substrate

Newtonian fluid
𝜕𝑢
: the shear stress(τ) is proportional to the velocity gradient (shear rate) 𝜏 𝜇
The proportional factor is “viscosity.” 𝜕𝑟
Flow in cylindrical channels – horizontal direction 10

Poiseuille’s flow: pressure-driven flow

𝑟 𝑅
Exert
liquid flow 𝑟 0
pressure

Shear stress Solid substrate

Poiseuille’s flow (i.e. Hagen-Poiseuille flow) is a laminar flow of an incompressible and

Newtonian fluid through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross-section.

In the cylindrical pipe, a capillary, Laplace pressure drives the flow as described below

Then, how to describe the kinetics of Poiseuille’s flow?

Flow in cylindrical channels – horizontal direction 11

Navier-Stokes equation (in z-direction)

It describes kinetics of viscous fluids, and involves the conservation of
momentum, mass, and energy of the fluids
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 1𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
𝜌 𝑢 𝑢 𝜇 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
Derived from balance of linear momentum

Assumptions for Poiseuille’s flow

1) The liquid is incompressible and Newtonian, and the flow is isothermal  𝜏 𝜇
2) Steady state has been reached  0
3) The flow is laminar and strictly parallel to the z-direction (no flow in the r, θ-directions)
𝑢 𝑢 𝑟
4) The liquid flow is the only function of r
5) No derivatives in z, θ-direction  0
6) The liquid flows slowly  viscous force is more dominant than inertial force (Re<1)
7) Gravitational effect is negligible  𝜌𝑔~0
Flow in cylindrical channels – horizontal direction 12

(continue)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 1𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
𝜌 𝑢 𝑢 𝜇 𝑟 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
⟺ 0 𝜇 𝑟 ⟺ 𝜇 𝑟 𝐶
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

Boundary conditions
1) No slip b/w liquid and solid  at 𝑟 𝑅, 𝑢 0
2) No flow in r, θ-directions, i.e. symmetry at the center of flow  at 𝑟 𝑅, 0

𝜕𝑝 ∆𝑃
⟺ 𝐶 ⟺ 𝑝 𝑝 𝐶 𝐿 0 ⟺ 𝐶 ,where ∆𝑃 𝑝 𝑝 0
𝜕𝑧 𝐿

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑃 𝜕𝑢 ∆𝑃 𝐷
∴ 𝜇
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝐿
⟺ 𝑟  D = 0 to avoid divergence at r=0
𝜕𝑟 2𝜇𝐿 𝑟
∆𝑃 ∆
⟺ 𝑢 𝑟 𝐸 𝐸 𝑅 using 1)
4𝜇𝐿
∆𝑃 𝑟
⟺ 𝑢 𝑅 1  Hagen–Poiseuille equation
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅
Flow in cylindrical channels – horizontal direction 13

(continue)
Volumetric flow rate (Q)
∆𝑃 𝑟 𝜋∆𝑃𝑅
𝑄 𝑢 𝑑𝐴 𝑅 1 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅 8𝜇𝐿

Average velocity (V)

𝑄 ∆𝑃𝑅
𝑉 Equation ②
𝐴 8𝜇𝐿

Try it!
Without Navier-Stokes equations, you can also drive this equation in a simpler way.
Hint 1) Derive a steady-state momentum balance b/w pressure difference and shear stress.
Hint 2) Under the assumption of Newtonian fluid, you can use 𝜏 𝜇 equation.
Flow in cylindrical channels – horizontal direction 14

A fluid motion during the infiltration into

capillary channel can be considered as
1atm Poiseuille's flow, where pressure gradient
is developed by Laplace pressure
1atm – PL

2𝛾 cos 𝜃
Equation ① ∆𝑃
𝑅
𝑽
Equation ②

**
z(0)=0

(Washburn’s law)

Progress of liquid through capillary channel starts out fast and

subsequently slows down (t, γ, R ,μ, Θ)
Experiment 15

1) Required Time: 3 hours

2) Equipment: Tensiometer for measurement of interfacial tension,

Goniometer for measurement of contact angle,
glass capillaries, Slide glass, Pasteur pipette, pipette, balance,
glass vials, graph papers, ruler, stand, clamp

3) Reagent: distilled water glycerol

unknown liquid edible dyes
Experiment Steps 16

A. Measurements of mixture’s surface tension and contact angle

▪ Prepare mixtures of glycerol and water
 mixing ratios (w/w): 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%
 Use pipette, glass vials, balance
▪ Measure the surface tension of fluids
 Calibration of mass, use the pendulum as a reference
 Measure the density of solution
 Measure the surface tension (Du Noüy ring method)

Using balance Using tensiometer

Experiment Steps 17

A. Measurements of mixture’s surface tension and contact angle

▪ Measure contact angle of fluids
▪ Use a small amount of liquids for the accuracy

 Solution :
Water, G10, G30,G50 and unknown liquid
Experiment Steps 18

B. Infiltration of fluids into capillary tubes (Horizontal direction)

Solution source  Solution :

Water, G10, G30,G50 and
unknown liquid

 Capillary Diameter :
ex. 0.68 mm, 1.1mm

▪ Record or take sequential

pictures of the infiltration process
Experiment Steps 19

C. Infiltration of fluids into capillary tubes (Vertical direction)

▪ Record or take
sequential pictures
of the infiltration
process
Others 20

■ Experimental Place
Rm#3428 (N25, 4th floor)
■ TA contact
Seongjun Park (박성준, Head) Rm#5114 (W1-3)
[email protected]
Gukbo Kim (김국보)
[email protected]
Sehee Yang (양세희)
[email protected]
Byeongjoo Jeon (전병주)
[email protected]
Dohoon Kim (김도훈)
[email protected]