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PS4

The document contains a problem set with exercises focused on identifying interior and limit points of various sets in the real numbers, analyzing metrics, and exploring properties of closed and open sets in metric spaces. It includes tasks such as proving the equivalence of two metrics, demonstrating properties of closed sets, and establishing conditions under which sets are both open and closed. The exercises require a solid understanding of set theory and metric space concepts.

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2 views

PS4

The document contains a problem set with exercises focused on identifying interior and limit points of various sets in the real numbers, analyzing metrics, and exploring properties of closed and open sets in metric spaces. It includes tasks such as proving the equivalence of two metrics, demonstrating properties of closed sets, and establishing conditions under which sets are both open and closed. The exercises require a solid understanding of set theory and metric space concepts.

Uploaded by

mouhammedsoumaille
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem set 4

Exercise 1. Find the interior and limit points of the following sets and say whether they are open or closed in (R, | · |).

1 1
 
a) E = (0, 5) \ {3} b) E = (a, b) ∩ Q, c) E = (−∞, 3) ∩ [1, 2], d) E = ∪∞
n=2 ,1 − , e) E = [1, 2] ∪ {p : p prime}.
n n

|x − y|
Exercise 2. For x, y ∈ R, define d(x, y) =
1 + |x − y|
a) Show that if d is a metric on R then describe the neighborhoods Nε (x0 ) in (R, d).
b) Deduce that a set A ⊆ R is open in (R, | · |) if and only if it is open in (R, d). Note. We say then that the two metrics are equivalent.

Exercise 3. All sets in this exercise are subsets of a metric space (X, d). The questions are independent.
a) Show that E0 is always a closed set.
b) Show that if x ∈ E0 then for every ε > 0, the deleted neighborhood Nε∗ (x) intersects E at infinitely many points.

c) Show that (E1 ∩ E2 )0 ⊆ E01 ∩ E02 and deduce that E1 ∩ E2 ⊆ E1 ∩ E2 .. Give an example in R for which the inclusions are proper.
 0
d) Show that (E1 ∪ E2 )0 = E01 ∪ E02 and deduce that E1 ∪ E2 = E1 ∪ E2 . Show that you also obtain that ∪∞ n=1
En ⊇ ∪∞ E0 and
n=1 n
∪∞ E ⊇ ∪∞
n=1 n
E . Find an example in R for which the inclusions are proper.
n=1 n

Exercise 4.
a) Show that if E is a non-empty subset of R that is bounded above then sup E ∈ E. Note: Similarly if E is non-empty and bounded
below then inf E ∈ E.
b) Assume A is a proper non-empty open subset of R . Let a ∈ A and b < A say wlog that a < b. Let p = sup(A ∩ [a, b]). Show
that p < A. Note: If b < a then similarly inf(A ∩ [b, a]) < A.

c) Conclude that the only sets that are both open and closed in R are ∅ and R.

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