AE/AT 213 – ELEMENTARY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MODULE 7

Instructor: Engr. John Isaac L. Cruz

 TOPICS
➢Introduction
➢The Nature of Magnetism
➢Electromagnetism
➢Magnetization Curve
➢Magnetic Circuit
➢Electromagnetic Induction
 INTRODUCTION
➢Most electrical equipment
depends directly or indirectly
upon magnetism. Without
magnetism the electrical
world we perceive today
would not exist. There are few
electrical devices used today
that do not make use of
magnetism.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM

➢The phenomenon of magnetism was discovered by the

Chinese about 2637 B.C. The magnets used in their primitive
compasses were called lodestones or leading stones. It is now
known that lodestones were crude pieces of iron ore known as
magnetite.
➢Since magnetite has magnetic properties in its natural state,
lodestones are classified as natural magnets. The only other
natural magnet is the earth itself. All other magnets are
human-made and are known as artificial magnets.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic materials are those materials which are attracted or
repelled by a magnet and which can be magnetized
themselves. Iron and steel are the most common magnetic
materials.
➢Permanent magnets are those of hard magnetic materials,
such as cobalt steel, that retain their magnetism when the
magnetizing field is removed.

➢A temporary magnet is one that has no ability to retain a

magnetized state when the magnetizing field is removed.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Classifying magnetic materials as either magnetic or
nonmagnetic is based on the strong magnetic properties of
iron. However, since weak magnetic materials can be
important in some applications, classification includes three
groups:

• Ferromagnetic materials.
• Paramagnetic materials.
• Diamagnetic materials.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Ferromagnetic materials.
➢These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys
such as alnico and Permalloy. The ferrites are nonmagnetic
materials that have ferromagnetic properties of iron. A ferrite is
a ceramic material. A common application is a ferrite core in
the coils for RF (radio-frequency) transformers. The
permeability of ferrites is in the range of 50 to 3000.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM

➢Paramagnetic materials.
➢These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and
chromium. Relative permeability is slightly more than 1.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM

➢Diamagnetic materials.
➢These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold,
and silver. Relative permeability is less than 1..
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Fields
Every magnet has two points
opposite each other which most
readily attract pieces of iron. These
points are called the poles of the
magnet: the north pole and the
south pole. Just as like electric
charges repel each other and
opposite charges attract each other,
like magnetic poles repel each
other and unlike poles attract each
other.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Fields
A magnet clearly attracts a bit of iron
because of some force that exists
around the magnet. This force is
called the magnetic field. Although it
is invisible to the naked eye, its force
can be shown to exist by sprinkling
small iron filings on a sheet of glass
or paper over a bar magnet. The
stronger the magnet, the greater the
number of lines of force and the
larger the area covered by the field.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Fields
In order to visualize the
magnetic field without iron
filings, the field is shown as lines
of force in the figure. The
direction of the lines outside the
magnet shows the path a north
pole would follow in the field,
repelled away from the north
pole of the magnet and attracted
to its south pole.
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Flux (𝛟)
The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow outward
from the north pole of a magnet, is called the magnetic flux.
The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek lowercase letter ϕ
(phi). The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb).
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Flux (𝛟)
The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow outward
from the north pole of a magnet, is called the magnetic flux.
The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek lowercase letter ϕ
(phi). The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb).
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Flux (𝛟)
The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow outward
from the north pole of a magnet, is called the magnetic flux.
The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek lowercase letter ϕ
(phi). The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb).
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Flux (𝛟)
The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow outward
from the north pole of a magnet, is called the magnetic flux.
The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek lowercase letter ϕ
(phi). The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb).
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Flux Density (B)
The magnetic flux density is the magnetic flux per unit area of a
section perpendicular to the direction of flux. The equation for
magnetic flux density is:
 THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Flux Density (B)
The magnetic flux density is the magnetic flux per unit area of a
section perpendicular to the direction of flux. The equation for
magnetic flux density is:
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢In 1819 a Danish scientist named Oersted discovered a
relation between magnetism and electric current. He found that
an electric current flowing through a conductor produced a
magnetic field around that conductor. Shown in the figure,
filings in a definite pattern of concentric rings around the
conductor show the magnetic field of the current in the wire.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Every section of the wire has this field of force around it in a
plane perpendicular to the wire. The strength of the magnetic
field around a conductor carrying current depends on the
current. A high current will produce many lines of force
extending far from the wire, while a low current will produce
only a few lines close to the wire.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Polarity of a Single Conductor
The right-hand rule is a convenient way to
determine the relationship between the
flow of current in a conductor (wire) and the
direction of the magnetic lines of force
around the conductor. Grasp the current-
carrying wire in the right hand, wrapping
the four fingers around the wire and
extending the thumb along the wire. If the
thumb points along the wire in the direction
of current flow, the fingers will be pointing
in the direction of the lines of force around
the conductor.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil
Bending a straight conductor into the form of a single loop has
two results. First, the magnetic field lines are denser inside the
loop, although the total number of lines is the same as for the
straight conductor. Second, all the lines inside the loop are
aiding in the same direction. A coil of wire conductor is formed
when there is more than one loop or turn.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil
To determine the magnetic polarity of a coil, use the right-hand
rule. If the coil is grasped with the fingers of the right hand curled
in the direction of current flow through the coil, the thumb points
to the north pole of the coil.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetomotive Force (F)
The strength of a magnetic field in a coil of wire depends on
how much current flows in the turns of the coil. The more
current, the stronger the magnetic field. Also, the more turns,
the more concentrated are the lines of force. The product of the
current times the number of turns of the coil, which is
expressed in units called ampere-turns (At), is known as the
magnetomotive force (mmf).
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetomotive Force (F)
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetomotive Force (F)
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
If a coil with a certain number of ampere-turns is stretched out
to twice its original length, the intensity of the magnetic field,
that is, the concentration of lines of force, will be half as great.
The field intensity thus depends on how long the coil is.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
➢Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
 MAGNETIZATION CURVE
The flux-field curve, also known as BH curve, is used to show how
much flux density (B) results from increasing the amount of field
intensity (H). This curve is for two types of soft iron plotted for
typical values.
 MAGNETIZATION CURVE
➢ Permeability (μ)
The permeability (μ) of a magnetic material is the ratio of flux
density (B) to field intensity (H), with unit of Tm/At. Its average
value is measured at the point where the knee is first established.
 MAGNETIZATION CURVE
➢ Permeability (μ)
 MAGNETIZATION CURVE
➢ Permeability (μ)
 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
➢A magnetic circuit can be compared
with an electric current in which an
emf produces a current flow. Consider
a simple magnetic circuit, shown in
the figure. The ampere-turns of the
magnetomotive force produce the
magnetic flux. Therefore, the mmf
compares to emf or voltage and the
flux compares to current. Opposition
to the production of flux in a material
is called its reluctance, which
corresponds to resistance.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
➢Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits
 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
➢Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits
 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
➢Reluctance (𝓡)
➢The symbol for reluctance is ℛ. Reluctance is inversely
proportional to permeability. Iron has high permeability and
therefore low reluctance. Air has low permeability and hence
high reluctance.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

➢In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered the principle of

electromagnetic induction. It states that if a conductor “cuts
across” lines of magnetic force, or if lines of force cut across a
conductor, an emf, or voltage, is induced across the ends of the
conductor.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
➢The most important application of relative
motion between conductor and magnetic field
is made in electric generators. In a dc
generator, fixed electromagnets are arranged
in a cylindrical housing. Many conductors in
the form of a coil are rotated on a core within
the magnetic field so that these conductors
are continually cutting the lines of force. As a
result, voltage is induced in each of the
conductors. Since the conductors are in series
in the coil, the induced voltages add together
to produce the output voltage of the generator.
 MAGNETIZATION CURVE
➢ Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law
➢ According to Faraday’s law, the value of the induced voltage
depends upon the number of turns of a coil and how fast the
conductor cuts across the lines of force or flux. Lenz’s law
states that an induced voltage always has such a direction as to
oppose the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
 MAGNETIZATION CURVE
➢ Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law
THANK YOU!!!