PHASE DIAGRAM:

WATER AND
CARBON DIOXIDE
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
GRADE 12 I STEM
 OVERVIEW
A substance can exist in all the three states of
solid, liquid and gas depending on temperature.
It also possible for two or more phases to exist
at the same time at certain temperature and
pressures. This occurs when the liquid and
vapor phase are in equilibrium at the boiling
point or when the solid and the liquid phases
are in equilibrium at the melting point.
INTRODUCTION
Have you seen dry ice? Is it
the same as the ice in your
freezer?
• The key differences
between ice and dry ice
lie in their chemical
structures, properties
and their contradictory
temperatures.
INTRODUCTION
Have you seen dry ice? Is it
the same as the ice in your
freezer?
• The temperature of dry
ice is -109.3°F (-78.5°C),
while water starts to
freeze at 0°C (freezing
point) or 32°F.
 A phase diagram is a type

AT WHICH POINT of chart used to show

conditions (Pressure,

DOES WATER Temperature) at which

thermodynamically distinct

EXIST IN ALL phases can occur at

equilibrium. For water, the

THREE PHASES? specific point where all

three phases exist in
equilibrium is the triple
point.
 The triple point of water is
AT WHICH POINT specifically the condition
under which the three
DOES WATER phases (solid, liquid, and
gas) exist in equilibrium.
EXIST IN ALL This point occurs at a
precise temperature and
THREE PHASES? pressure for water, which
are specific to this
substance.
 For water, the triple point
AT WHICH POINT occurs at a temperature of
0.01 degrees Celsius and
DOES WATER a pressure of 611.657
pascals (or 0.00604
EXIST IN ALL atmospheres). This is an
established scientific fact

THREE PHASES? and can be found in phase

diagrams or
thermochemistry tables.
 PHASE DIAGRAM
A phase diagram is a
graph that relates
pressure and
temperature to the
state of matter. These
two important intensive
properties will help us
determine the phases
of matter.
 PHASE DIAGRAM
How do changes of
phase happen? It is by
either changing the
temperature or
pressure. Two points
given in the graph
which are triple point
and the critical point.
 The triple point is the
temperature and pressure
TRIPLE POINT at which three states of
matter exist in equilibrium.
VS. The critical point is also a

CRITICAL POINT
combination of
temperature and pressure,
but it is the end point of a
phase equilibrium curve
where a liquid and its
vapor can coexist.
 PHASE DIAGRAM:
WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE
H2O
CO2
 PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER
The lines in a phase diagram
correspond to the
An atmosphere (atm) is a unit combinations of temperature
of measurement equal to the and pressure at which two
average air pressure at sea phases can coexist in
level at a temperature of 15 equilibrium.
degrees Celsius (59 degrees
Fahrenheit).
Triple point is shown at which all
three phases of water can exist at PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER
equilibrium in 0.006 atm and 0.01°C.
Another is that, at a point of 1.00 atm
and 0°C as you extend the line their
intersection is in its freezing point
and melting point.

Now if we increase the temperature

up to 100°C at a constant pressure of
1 atm, the water will be in its boiling
point and ready to become a gas.
This will give us a conclusion that at
1 atm water exist at all phases.
PHASE DIAGRAM OF CARBON DIOXIDE
We see that at 1 atm, carbon dioxide PHASE DIAGRAM OF
sublimes directly to gas. In other
words, carbon dioxide at a constant CARBON DIOXIDE
pressure of 1 atm as temperature
increases from -78.5°C, we can see
solid and gas states not in the liquid
phase.

The liquid phase of carbon dioxide

could only be gotten if we increase
the pressure and temperature. Triple
point in this diagram of carbon
dioxide could be seen at 5.1 atm and
temperature of -56.7°C.
 PHASE DIAGRAM:
WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Let’s Try:
Identify the four phases
shown as 1-4 in the
phase diagram.

Solid
1. ________________
Liquid
2. ________________
Gas
3. ________________
Supercritical Fluid
4. ________________
Let’s Try:
What are the phase
changes highlighted by
the forward and reverse
arrows called?

Forward: Sublimation
Reverse: Deposition
Let’s Try:
What names are given
to the points A and C?

Triple point
A: _______________
Critical point
C: _______________
The phase diagrams of water and carbon dioxide are crucial for understanding their behavior under
different temperature and pressure conditions. Here's why they are important:
Phase Diagram of Water: Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide:

Understanding States of Matter: The phase Sublimation: Unlike water, carbon dioxide
diagram of water shows the conditions under which sublimates directly from solid (dry ice) to gas at
water exists as a solid (ice), liquid (water), or gas standard atmospheric pressure. This is useful in
(vapor). This is essential for various scientific and refrigeration and cooling applications.
industrial processes.
Triple Point: The triple point of carbon dioxide is
Triple Point: The diagram highlights the triple at -56.6°C and 5.11 atm, where solid, liquid, and
point, where all three phases coexist in equilibrium. gas phases coexist. This is important for
For water, this occurs at 0.01°C and 0.006 atm. understanding CO2's behavior in different
environments.
Critical Point: It also shows the critical point,
beyond which water cannot exist as a liquid Industrial Applications: The phase diagram helps
regardless of pressure. This is important for in designing processes involving CO2, such as in the
supercritical fluid applications. food industry for carbonation and in fire
extinguishers.
Heating and
Cooling Curve
of a Substance
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
GRADE 12 I STEM
Let’s Review:
Identify the values needed for the
properties of water in °C.
Physical Properties of Water
• Melting point ▪ 0°C
• Boiling point ▪ 100°C
• Freezing point ▪ 0°C
• Condensation point ▪ 100°C
 Heating Curve of Water
Like many substances, water exists in different
phases of matter: liquid, solid, and gas. As
water is heated up at a constant rate, the
temperature changes which is shown in the
heating curve of water.

• The heating curve of water or any substances can be drawn by

plotting the temperature on the y-axis, while the x-axis represents
the heat that is constantly added over time.
Heating Curve of
Water
Heating Curve of
Water
✓ One of which is the solid ice is heated until the
temperature reaches 0°C where a freezing point
or melting point is reached at point A.

✓ The amount of heat (q) can be computed using

the molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus).

✓ Molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus) is the energy (kJ)

required to melt 1 mole of a solid.
What does this dynamic liquid-solid equilibrium at
0°C and 1 atm would mean? Can you think of a
practical illustration of the dynamic equilibrium of
water?
A good example of a dynamic equilibrium is shown
from the figure where the water is kept in a vacuum. of
dynamic equilibrium because the glass is kept at 0°C
which will let all the liquid water to evaporate
completely.
 The third important part of the heating curve is after all the
Heating Curve of solid water has melted completely at segment (B). What do
you think will happen to the temperature?

C
Water
D

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LIQUID

A BEGINS TO INCREASE AS THE HEAT IS
B
ABSORBED BY THE SYSTEM.
 The cooling curve of water shown in figure starts with the
Cooling Curve of gaseous state and cools off until it hit the point of
condensation.
Water

The plateau part of the graph would mean that the temperature did not drop
wherein the heat of vaporization takes place.
 Activity:
Use the given facts on the heating
and cooling curve of water in
answering your group activity.