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SECTION 2 (1905-30)
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PARTITION OF BENGAL
PARTITION PLAN
 In 1905, Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed dividing Bengal. It was implemented, creating East
Bengal with Dhaka, Chittagong, and Myemnsingh merged with Assam.

WHY PARTITION WAS DONE?

BENGAL WAS MOST DENSELY POPULATED PROVINCE

 Bengal's dense population of 85 million posed administrative challenges for the British, who
feared losing control over India. Dividing Bengal into smaller provinces was seen as a
solution for more manageable governance.
TO GIVE RELAXATION TO MUSLIMS
 The British aimed to ease tensions and empower Muslims, influenced by reformers like Sir
Syed, after the 1857 war. They partitioned Bengal, giving the Muslim-majority East Bengal 18
million Muslims against 12 million Hindus, hoping for Muslim prosperity and improved
relations with the British.
TO BREAK THE POWER OF CONGRESS
 Partitioning Bengal aimed to curb Hindu dominance and prevent potential loss of control for
the British, who feared Hindu extremism in the vast province.
TO DEVELOP EAST BENGAL
 Partitioning Bengal aimed to balance development between the neglected East and
prosperous West, creating equal opportunities for education and employment to improve
Bengal's economy.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
 The British partitioned Bengal due to its dense and diverse population, consisting of
communities with varied languages and religions
DIVIDE AND RULE POLICY
 The Hindus believed that the partition would come about as part of the British ‘divide and
rule’ policy

RESULTS OF PARTITION

 The partition pleased Muslims, enabling representation in the assembly, expanding

education, and introducing railway services in East Bengal. It prompted the realization
among Indian Muslims for political organization, leading to the Simla Deputation to advocate
for their rights with the British government.
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 Hindus protested against losing dominance through petitions, media campaigns, and
symbolic gestures like hunger strikes. The Swadeshi movement promoted homemade goods,
while militant Hindu groups launched attacks on British officials.
 In 1911. King George V reversed the partition in Delhi Durbar.

HOW BRITISH REACTED TO HINDU-LED PROTESTS?

 The Press Act of 1908 placed restrictions on newspapers and gave the government greater
control over them.
 Furthermore, public meetings had restrictions placed upon them along with strict actions.
 Another approach intended to win support of the more moderate Hindus by making reforms.

WHY PARTITION WAS REVERSED?

PROTEST, STRIKES, RALLIES
 Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies which put pressure on
the British government.

SWADESHI MOVEMENT

 The Hindus did not like British policies as well as their products so they started their boycott
of British goods under the Swadeshi Movement.

ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE LORD MINTO

 The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto
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Explain why the British partitioned Bengal in 1905. [7]

Ans  Bengal was considered as the most densely populated province in the British India
& about 85 Million people were living in that part. There were many administrative
problems for the British government and it was difficult to control as well. Bengal
was of the size of France and it was difficult for the British rulers to control such a
huge land. British fear that they would lose their control over India. Two smaller
provinces were more efficient for the British to administer.
 British wanted to give more relaxations & power to the Muslims due to the role
played by the reformers like Sir Syed to remove misunderstandings between the
Muslims & the British. They had realized that Muslims were victimized after war of
1857 so they should be given advance in this new province. The Hindus were in
majority in West Bengal i.e. 42 million while the muslims were only 12 million. The
muslims were in majority in East Bengal i.e. 18 million while the hindus were only
12 million. British thought that muslims were in majority in new province so it would
be able for muslims to prosper and dominate in different sectors which will help to
improve relations between muslims and british.
 They wanted to break the power of the Hindus in many parts of India & Bengal was
its perfect example that they followed the policy of divide & rule in those areas. In
United Bengal, hindus dominated and exploited muslims and kept them as a
deprived section of a society. The area of Bengal could easily be controlled by the
Hindu extremists, so british had a fear of losing control on such a vast province.

‘Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because it was too large.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans  Bengal was considered as the most densely populated province in the British India
& about 85 Million people were living in that part. There were many administrative
problems for the British government and it was difficult to control as well. Bengal
was of the size of France and it was difficult for the British rulers to control such a
huge land. British fear that they would lose their control over India. Two smaller
provinces were more efficient for the British to administer.
 However there were other factors which also contributed in partition of Bengal.
 British wanted to give more relaxations & power to the Muslims due to the role
played by the reformers like Sir Syed to remove misunderstandings between the
Muslims & the British. They had realized that Muslims were victimized after war of
1857 so they should be given advance in this new province. The Hindus were in
majority in West Bengal i.e. 42 million while the muslims were only 12 million. The
muslims were in majority in East Bengal i.e. 18 million while the hindus were only
12 million. British thought that muslims were in majority in new province so it would
be able for muslims to prosper and dominate in different sectors which will help to
improve relations between muslims and british.
 They wanted to break the power of the Hindus in many parts of India & Bengal was
its perfect example that they followed the policy of divide & rule in those areas. In
United Bengal, hindus dominated and exploited muslims and kept them as a
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deprived section of a society. The area of Bengal could easily be controlled by the
Hindu extremists, so british had a fear of losing control on such a vast province.
 According to british, partition will result in equal development throughout Bengal.
There were great differences between east and west Bengal. The east being the
more neglected. The west being developed and was using the resources of east
Bengal to develop itself. It was therefore decided to partition Bengal to allow for
development in education and employment to be generated throughout the Bengal
which would improve Bengal economically for future.
 In conclusion, while the statement that Bengal was partitioned in 1905 because it
was too large holds some merit, it is not the sole reason behind the partition. Indeed,
Bengal's vast size posed administrative challenges for the British, prompting them
to consider dividing it into smaller, more manageable provinces. However, other
significant factors contributed to the decision. The desire to address the religious
and political dynamics between Hindus and Muslims, as well as the aim to weaken
Hindu dominance and promote Muslim empowerment, played crucial roles in the
partition. Additionally, concerns about unequal development and exploitation within
Bengal further fueled the decision to partition the province. Therefore, while the size
of Bengal was a consideration, it was not the only factor driving the partition, as
various complex socio-political dynamics were also at play.

Explain how the Hindu community opposed the partition of Bengal between 1905 and 1911.
[7]
Ans  Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies which put
pressure on the British government. They thought it was a deliberate attempt to
‘divide and rule’ on the part of the British. In many areas of India, they started strikes,
protests and marches. There was also an outbreak of terrorist activities and the
Hindus closed Calcutta for few days.
 The Hindus did not like British policies as well as their products so they started their
boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi Movement. They prepared their own
hand make Khaddar to wear and as a result of this the British face net loss in the
sale of British Silk. British cotton was thrown in fire & local cotton became a matter
of honor.
 The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto because
he was the future viceroy of India and Lord Curzon, originator of the idea, was no
longer viceroy so a change of policy was easier. So they tried their best to convince
the British to reverse the partition of Bengal.

Why did the British reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911? [7]
Ans  The Hindus’ objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to
reconsider it. Congress opposed it by holding meetings and there were mass rallies
which put pressure on the British government. They thought it was a deliberate
attempt to ‘divide and rule’ on the part of the British. In many areas of India, they
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started strikes, protests and marches. There was also an outbreak of terrorist
activities and the Hindus closed Calcutta for few days.
 The Hindus did not like British policies as well as their products so they started their
boycott of British goods under the Swadeshi Movement. They prepared their own
hand make Khaddar to wear and as a result of this the British face net loss in the
sale of British Silk. British cotton was thrown in fire & local cotton became a matter
of honor. Swadeshi movement gave economic damage to british government hence
they reversed it.
 The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto because
he was the future viceroy of India and Lord Curzon, originator of the idea, was no
longer viceroy so a change of policy was easier. So they tried their best to convince
the British to reverse the partition of Bengal.

How successful was the 1905 Partition of Bengal? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans  The 1905 Partition of Bengal was initially successful in the eyes of the British
government due to administrative considerations. Bengal, with its dense population
of approximately 85 million people and vast size comparable to France, posed
significant challenges for British administration. Dividing Bengal into two smaller
provinces was seen as a more efficient way for the British to govern, alleviating
administrative burdens and potentially strengthening their control over India.
 However, the partition ultimately faced widespread opposition from the Hindu
community, leading to its failure.
 Hindus vehemently objected to the partition, viewing it as a deliberate tactic of
'divide and rule' by the British. Congress spearheaded opposition efforts through
meetings, mass rallies, and various forms of protests, placing considerable
pressure on the British government. Strikes, protests, and outbreaks of terrorist
activities further underscored the depth of Hindu discontent and resistance against
the partition.
 Additionally, the Swadeshi Movement dealt a significant blow to the British
government's economic interests, further contributing to the failure of the partition.
Hindus boycotted British goods and embraced indigenous products like Khaddar,
causing a decline in the sale of British silk and cotton. The movement symbolized
Hindu defiance and determination to oppose British policies, ultimately inflicting
economic damage and prompting the British to reconsider the partition.
 Furthermore, Hindu anger and opposition manifested in direct actions against
British officials, such as the attempted assassination of Lord Minto, the future
viceroy of India. Hindus sought to reverse the partition by targeting key figures
associated with the decision-making process. The assassination attempt highlighted
the depth of Hindu resentment and the lengths they were willing to go to challenge
colonial policies.
 In conclusion, despite the initial intentions of the British government, the 1905
Partition of Bengal can be deemed unsuccessful. While it aimed to address
administrative challenges by dividing the province into smaller units, it faced
significant opposition from the Hindu community. The widespread protests, strikes,
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and boycotts led by Congress, coupled with the Swadeshi Movement, dealt a severe
blow to British interests and undermined the partition's effectiveness. Moreover,
direct actions against British officials, including assassination attempts,
underscored the depth of Hindu resentment and resistance against colonial policies.
Ultimately, these factors contributed to the failure of the partition

Explain how British reacted to Hindu-led protests against Partition of Bengal between 1906
and 1908. [7]
Ans  The Press Act of 1908 placed restrictions on newspapers and gave the government
greater control over them. According to which editors of newspapers, journalists
were prosecuted and imprisoned found involved in anti-British activities.
 Furthermore, public meetings had restrictions placed upon them along with strict
actions in case of defiance i.e. One organiser of Hindu-led demonstrations, Tilak of
Poona was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment similarly others were deported or
left the country of their own accord rather than face imprisonment.
 Another approach intended to win support of the more moderate Hindus by making
reforms. Lord Minto the Viceroy worked with John Morley, the Secretary of State for
India, on reforms that became the Morley Minto reforms in 1909.
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SIMLA DEPUTATION
WHY MUSLIMS TOOK DELEGATION TO SIMLA?
PARTITION OF BENGAL
 Muslims organized the Simla deputation to the viceroy for the maintenance of partition of
Bengal.
ROLE OF CONGRESS
 Further, the Indian national congress was dominated by Hindus, so to get their rights Muslims
organized the Simla deputation.
ANNOUNCEMENT BY BRITISH ABOUT NEW REFORMS
 Organized Simla deputation to see the viceroy and to inform him about their reservations
and demands, So that they might be included in the coming reforms.

SIMLA DELEGATION
 In 1905, the Liberals' victory in Britain led to plans for increased local representation in the
Indian government through elections. John Morley aimed to support Muslims due to
improved relations. In October 1906, the British announced constitutional reforms for India in
1909, with more Indian representation, sparking unrest among Muslims due to their minority
status. Meanwhile, Lord Minto, who became Viceroy in 1905, met with a Muslim delegation
led by Sir Agha Khan at Simla in 1906, signaling potential reforms in India.
 The deputation demanded:
1. Muslim seats in the legislatures more than their population.
2. They wanted to have more representation in army & quota (specific seats) in government jobs.
The seats in the courts for the Muslims.
3. The main demand was separate electorate for the Muslims (It means that the Hindus would
vote for Hindu candidate & Muslims for Muslim candidate) because at that time any seat might
cause a dispute and the Muslims were in minority.
 Lord Minto sympathetically heard Muslim demands, notably for separate electorates,
without assurance, yet it was positively received. He forwarded these to Lord Morley, who
accepted separate electorates. In response, Congress, led by Feroz Shah Mehta, rejected
Muslim proposals, heightening Hindu-Muslim tensions.

IMPORTANCE OF SIMLA DELEGATION

DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTORATE WAS ACCEPTED

 The Muslim demands for separate representation, election by only Muslim voters and
weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by the British.
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IMPROVE RELATIONS BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND BRITISH

 This resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to remove the
previous bad feelings between the 2 sides.

PROVIDED MUSLIMS CONFIDENCE

 It also guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and as a result led to
the formation of the All Indian Muslim League later in the year.

Why was the Simla Deputation of 1906 an important event for the Muslims of the
subcontinent? [7]
Ans  The Muslim demands for separate representation, election by only Muslim voters
and weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by the British. It was the main
demand of the British for a long time but when the group of the Muslims met with
the Viceroy Lord Minto accepted their main demand.
 This resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslim-British relations and helped to remove
the previous bad feelings between the 2 sides. Muslims got true recognition for the
first time after 1857 by getting better relation with british. The credit goes to the
efforts of Sir Syed who removed the misunderstandings between the Muslims and
the British.
 It also guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and as a
result led to the formation of the All Indian Muslim League later in the year. So they
launched a political party to protect the rights of the Indian Muslims. It was the first
real political step towards a separate homeland.
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ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE

WHY WAS AIML FOUNDED?
INC WAS A HINDU ORGANIZATION

 Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National
Congress. It was seen as an organization which would only advance Hindu views.

TO ORGANIZE AND UNITE THE MUSLIMS

 By not organizing a Muslim group they would continue to be disorganized and disunited.

TO PROTECT THE RELIGIOUS RIGHTS OF MUSLIMS

 Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League to protect the religious rights of the Indian
Muslims

TO IMPROVE RELATIONS BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND BRITISH

 The protests, strikes and rallies were giving bad impression to British about Indians (not
hindus only) so Muslims thought that if they will continue with INC so this will make their
relations worse as in war in 1857.

SUCCESS OF SIMLA DELEGATION

 The successes of Simla delegation also gave the Muslims a motivation to start their political
party

EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMICAL BACKWARDNESS

 Educational and economic condition could only be upgraded by establishing a separate

muslim organization that could represent the wishes of the muslims.

PARTITION OF BENGAL
 Hindus protested against the partition of Bengal; Muslims saw this as a sign of the influence
the Hindus had over the British
FORMATION
 In 1906, during the Muslim Educational Conference, Nawab Salim Ullah Khan proposed
forming the All India Muslim Confederacy, leading to the establishment of the All India
Muslim League (AIML) in Dhaka on December 30, 1906. Nawab Waqar-Ul-Mulk became its
first president, Nawab Mohsin-Ul-Mulk became its first secretary, and subsequent leaders
included Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Mian Muhammad Shafi, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who
became its lifetime President in 1934.
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

 The All India Muslim League aimed to safeguard Muslim interests, convey their demands to
the government, and foster goodwill towards the authorities, while promoting unity among all
Indian nations to achieve common objectives.

Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7]

Ans  Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National
Congress. It was seen as an organization which would only advance Hindu views.
The Congress was demanding that India should be treated as a cultural whole
(Democratic) and Hindi should be declared the official language. Sir Syed also
warned muslims not to become congress member as Sir Syed knew that it was a
hindu dominated party and which will only safeguard the rights of hindus. INC also
rejected the partition of Bengal.
 Even more worrying was the growth of extreme Hindu nationalist groups like “Arya
Samaj” who demanded that Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism. Therefore,
a number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the Muslim League to protect the
religious rights of the Indian Muslims because the Muslims were facing problems to
practice Islam freely under the Hindu domination.
 The acceptance of demands from Muslim groups in Simla Delegation proved that
there was a better understanding between the British and the Muslim community
as a result of the work of leaders like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Many Muslims now
recognised that they were a separate community who should be treated differently
to Hindu groups. The successes of Simla delegation also gave the Muslims a
motivation to start their political party because they were aware of that again and
again groups of people would not have that importance which was under the
Congress platform so they needed a political platform to counter the problems
caused by the Hindus.

Was the Simla Deputation of 1906 the most important reason for the formation of the
Muslim League later that same year? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans  The acceptance of demands from Muslim groups proved that there was a better
understanding between the British and the Muslim community as a result of the
work of leaders like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Many Muslims now recognised that they
were a separate community who should be treated differently to Hindu groups. The
successes of Simla delegation also gave the Muslims a motivation to start their
political party because they were aware of that again and again groups of people
would not have that importance which was under the Congress platform so they
needed a political platform to counter the problems caused by the Hindus.
 However there were other factors which also contributed to the formation of Muslim
League
 Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the Indian National
Congress. It was seen as an organization which would only advance Hindu views.
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The Congress was demanding that India should be treated as a cultural whole
(Democratic) and Hindi should be declared the official language. Sir Syed also
warned muslims not to become congress member as Sir Syed knew that it was a
hindu dominated party and which will only safeguard the rights of hindus. INC also
rejected the partition of Bengal.
 The Hindus were beginning to protest against partition of Bengal and the Muslims
saw this as a sign of the influence the Hindus had and they were worried about their
own interests. So the Muslims wanted to reduce the influence of the Hindus. The
protests, strikes and rallies were giving bad impression to British about Indians (not
hindus only) so Muslims thought that if they will continue with INC so this will make
their relations worse as in war in 1857. The Muslims also wanted to remove the
misunderstandings between the British and the Muslims so that they could get the
advantage of the better relations of the British in the absence of Sir Syed.
 Hindus protested against the partition of Bengal. Muslims saw this as a sign of the
influence the Hindus had over the British The Muslims started to think about their
own survival and political representation. Muslims were also increasingly aware
that their political rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on the
Indian National Congress. By not organising a Muslim group they would continue to
be disorganised and disunited over the partition.
 In conclusion, while the Simla Deputation of 1906 served as a significant catalyst for
the formation of the Muslim League, other factors such as the need for independent
political representation, concerns about Hindu dominance within the INC, and the
desire to counterbalance Hindu influence also played crucial roles in its
establishment. Therefore, while the Simla Deputation was an important reason, it
was not the sole factor contributing to the formation of the Muslim League.
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MORLEY MINTO REFORMS

WHY MORLEY MINTO REFORMS INTRODUCED BY BRITISH?
 The British govt. was sick of the issues after partition of Bengal so to resolve the communal
tensions between the HINDUS & THE MUSLIMS.
 The British govt. wanted to work on the plan of reforms in 10 years
 The British govt. wanted to enlarge the councils by adding Indians in the law making councils

MORLEY MINTO REFORMS

 Lord Minto, succeeding Lord Curzon in 1905, and John Morley, appointed as Secretary of
State for India in 1906, acknowledged the justness of Indians' demand for increased
representation in the government. These sentiments led to the passing of the Indian Councils
Act (1909) by the British Parliament.
 The main provisions of these reforms were:
1. Enlarging of the Central Executive Council by adding 60 new members.
2. Enlarging of Provincial Councils to 50 members in (large provinces) & 30 in (small
provinces).
3. Members of Central Council were allowed to discuss budget, administration, official matters
& so on.
4. The right of separate electorate and separate constituencies for the Muslims.
5. Women were not allowed to vote.
6. Indian Legislature could just express their opinions, could not change or influence decisions.
7. Members of executive council were permitted to discuss budget, administration, official
policies and matters of general importance.

REACTION

 Congress opposed this reforms.

 Muslims found these reforms favourable for themselves.
 Overall both parties criticized these reforms as Indians can advise only.

WHY CONGRESS OPPOSE MORLEY MINTO REFORMS?

NO SELF RULE WAS GRANTED

 The British intended that the Indians could voice their opinions in the Councils but Congress
wanted more responsibility, which the government were not prepared to give.

DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELCTORATES BY MUSLIMS ACCEPTED BY BRITISH

 The British accepted the right of Muslims to have separate electorates, which also annoyed
some Hindus who saw it as a concession too far.
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MUSLIMS GAIN CONTROL ON HIGH POSTS

 Hindus also resented the relative high position of Muslims in the Councils despite their much
smaller numbers.

INDIANS WERE ADVISORS ONLY

 Indian legislature had no control over the executive legislature.

TO REVERSE THE PARTITION OF BENGAL

 Hindus thought that if they would oppose these reforms so there will be a chance of
reversal.

Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. [7]

Ans  The British intended that the Indians could voice their opinions in the Councils but
the Hindus wanted more responsibility which the government was not prepared to
give. This annoyed the Hindus who were looking towards self-rule.
 The British accepted the right of Muslims to have separate electorates, which also
annoyed some Hindus who saw it as a concession too far. The Hindus wanted the
right of joint electorate for all the areas of India because they were in majority and
could easily win elections in many areas but the British granted the right of Separate
electorate to the Muslims.
 The Hindus were aware of the power of the Muslims after winning the seats in the
future elections so some Hindus also resented the relative high position of Muslims
in the Councils despite their much smaller numbers. The Hindus did not wish that
the Muslims should control even few high posts.
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LUCKNOW PACT
WHY LUCKNOW PACT WAS SIGNED?
STEPS TAKEN BY BRITISH WERE ANTI-MUSLIM

 Muslims thought British are doing antimuslim things so they decided to move towards
Hindus for their betterment.

JINNAH WANTED HINDU-MUSLIM UNITY

 Jinnah always tried his best for the Hindu-Muslim unity & did many efforts to achieve this
target.

INC AND AIML WANTED TO WORK TOGETHER ON CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

 The Muslims and Hindus wanted to work together on constitutional reform. Both realised
that co-operation was the only way to get the British government to agree to self-rule.

BRITISH WERE NOT ABLE TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS OF HINDUS

 British government could not grant the power to Hindus according to their promises till 1914.

LUCKNOW PACT
 The 1916 Lucknow Pact saw the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, led
by Jinnah, uniting under Ambeka Charan Mahajan/Mahajumdar, marking a significant step
toward Hindu-Muslim cooperation in Indian politics.
 The most important features were:
1. Self-Government should be established in India.
2. The Congress accepted the right of separate electorate and the seats for the Muslims
3. The Muslims were also given one-third seats in Central Legislative Council.
4. Both the parties agreed that they would not agree on an act affecting any community unless
three-quarter of the community accepted it.
5. Number of elected seats on the councils should be increased & minorities should be protected.
6. Both the parties agreed on the demand that more seats to be given by the elections as well
as provincial autonomy (Power).
7. Seats shall be reserved for the muslims in those provinces in which they are in minority and
protection shall be given to Hindus living in majority provinces.

IMPORTANCE OF LUCKNOW PACT

 It seemed like Hindus and Muslims were coming together and working as a team in the
country's politics
 The main thing that came out of the Lucknow Pact was the idea of "communal electorates."
 This pact also made the Indian National Congress acknowledge that there were two different
communities in India with different interests – Hindus and Muslims.
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 Surprisingly, the Lucknow Pact also made the Muslim League, which was not very important
before, a more prominent player in Indian politics.

Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about? [7]

Ans  In 1911 partition of Bengal reversed which was an anti-Muslim step. In 1912-13 the
“Balkan Wars” begun in Eastern Europe. The British fought against the Muslims of
Turkey and the Indian Muslims considered it as another Anti-Muslims step of the
British so they moved towards the Hindus. Muslims thought British are doing
antimuslim things so they decided to move towards Hindus for their betterment.
 Jinnah always tried his best for the Hindu-Muslim unity & did many efforts to
achieve this target. It is considered as the biggest effort of Jinnah to bring both the
parties closer to each other. He was working as a member of both the parties for
this reason. Due to his advice the Muslim League added the demand of self-rule in
their agenda in 1913 when Jinnah joined Muslim League. He got an opportunity when
in 1915 both the Muslim League and Congress were having their annual meeting in
Bombay.
 The Muslims and Hindus wanted to work together on constitutional reform. The
Muslim League and the Congress agreed to co-operate to persuade the British
government to accept their demands. The Lucknow Pact was an agreement on a
scheme of constitutional reforms reached between Congress and the Muslim
League. Both realised that co-operation was the only way to get the British
government to agree to self-rule. They believed that by holding the sessions of both
the Congress and the Muslim League in one place, feelings of goodwill and
friendship would be generated between the two communities.

Explain the importance of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. [7]

Ans  In 1916, there was a special agreement called the Lucknow Pact in India. It seemed
like Hindus and Muslims were coming together and working as a team in the
country's politics. This was a big deal because the Indian National Congress (INC)
and the Muslim League, which were two important political groups, decided to
cooperate. They did this because they both had problems with how the British were
ruling India. But even though it looked like they were getting along, this cooperation
didn't last very long, and there were still hidden disagreements and differences
between them.
 The main thing that came out of the Lucknow Pact was the idea of "communal
electorates." This meant that people from different religious groups, like Hindus and
Muslims, would vote for their own leaders separately. This made it clear that in
Indian politics, people's religious identities were becoming more important, and it
was formalized by this agreement.
 This pact also made the Indian National Congress acknowledge that there were two
different communities in India with different interests – Hindus and Muslims. This
was an important moment because the INC had been a platform for many different
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groups, but now they were recognizing that religious differences were becoming
more significant.
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MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS

WHY BRITISH GOVT ANNOUNCE MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS?
AFTER 10 YEARS REFORMS WERE TO BE INTRODUCED
 It was issued because the British govt. was following a policy to introduce reforms after
every 10 years and it had been the time since they introduced Morley-Minto reforms in 1909.

BRITISH WANTED FAVOR FROM INDIANS

 The British govt. wanted get the favour of the Indians by giving them relaxation in these
reforms.

TO IMPROVE THEIR REFORMS

 They wanted to check the success of their previous reforms (Morley-Minto reforms) & to
plan for the future reforms of India (Simon Commission).

MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS

 In 1919, Viceroy Lord Chelmsford and Secretary of State Lord Montague toured India,
engaging with Indians on constitutional matters, leading to the formulation of constitutional
reforms. These reforms, known as the Mont-Ford reforms
 Its main recommendations were as follows
1. Bicameral Legislature was first time established in the center and it was approved that the
time period of the elected members of the upper house(Council of state) was to be 5 years
and the Lower House(Legislative Assembly) to be 3 years. Upper house had total 60
members, 33 were elected and 27 were nominated. Lower house had 145 members, 104 were
elected and 41 were nominated.
2. System of “Diarchy” was introduced in the provinces which gave authority to the central
govt. to interfere in the provincial matters.
3. Reserved subjects (Justice, Police, Revenue, and Power & Press) were to be controlled by
the Governor while Transferred subjects (Local govt. Education, Health, Public Works &
Forests) were controlled by Ministers.
4. Separate electorates were also accepted first time for the both the Muslims and the Sikhs.
5. Out of 103 seats in the Imperial Legislative Council 32 seats would be reserved for the
Muslims.
6. The Council of State was consisted of 60 members
7. A Council of Princess was also setup with 108 members
8. The Legislative Council should now be called as the Legislative Assembly
9. The British govt. also claimed that they were extending voting rights for locals.
10. The Viceroy was given full power to pass any bill & appoint the provincial Governors
11. The British govt. promised to introduce more constitutional reforms after 10 years.
MAGIC BOOK Page 20 HISTORY

RESULTS

 The Muslims League and Congress both were hoping much more from the British govt. but it
kept the main powers.

ROWLATT ACT
 The Rowlett Act of 1919, following Justice Rowlett's committee, granted extensive powers
including arrest without warrant and detention without bail, prompting Gandhi's Satyagraha
nationwide strike against it, leading to Jinnah's resignation and widespread dissatisfaction,
particularly in Punjab.

AMRITSAR MASSACRE

 On April 13, 1919, in Amritsar's Jallianwala Bagh, a peaceful gathering was fired upon by
British Officer General Dyer, resulting in around 400 deaths and 1,200 wounded. The
subsequent Hunter Committee investigated the incident, leading to Dyer's removal from
service but no further punishment.

WHY INDIANS OPPOSED MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS?

SELF RULE WAS NOT GRANTED

 The Indians only received minimal powers and even then the Viceroy (appointed by the
British government) could veto any decision made and introduce any law that was deemed
necessary.

INDIANS WERE EXPECTING MUCH MORE

 They had supported Britain during World War I, despite these sacrifices, the Congress believed
that they were not receiving anything resembling substantial power or control over the Indian
government.

ONLY 2% PEOPLE CAN VOTE

 To put it in perspective, roughly 2% of the population had the privilege of casting their votes.

SIKHS WERE NOT GIVEN SEPARATE ELECTORATES (WRONG POINT)

 While separate electorates had been granted to Muslims as a concession, other minority
communities like the Sikhs felt left out.

WHY INDIA WAS NOT GRANTED SELF RULE BY BRITAIN IN 1919?

 After World War I, Britain found itself in a significantly weakened state, particularly
economically.
 Granting Indian demands for independence or self-governance was perceived as a threat to
Britain's prestige and influence in the international community.
MAGIC BOOK Page 21 HISTORY

 Another significant factor in Britain's reluctance to meet Indian demands was a lot of British
people living abroad in India.

Why were the Montague Chelmsford reforms opposed by Indians in 1919? [7]

Ans  Diarchy gave the right to governors (mainly british) to intervene in the provincial
matters. This means that main powers and all authorities were in the hands of
British. The reforms kept power in British hands in respect of law and order, finance,
justice and administration and the civil service. The Indians only received minimal
powers and even then the Viceroy (appointed by the British government) could veto
any decision made and introduce any law that was deemed necessary. Indians
realized that they were not provided with any power.
 The Congress, especially, was deeply opposed to the proposals of the British
government regarding India's political future. This opposition was fueled by the
feeling that they had supported Britain during World War I, and many Indian soldiers
had fought and died in the war. However, despite these sacrifices, the Congress
believed that they were not receiving anything resembling substantial power or
control over the Indian government. They felt shortchanged and frustrated with
what they saw as a lack of meaningful political representation.
 One significant point of contention was the extremely limited voting rights in India
at the time. Only a tiny fraction of the Indian population had the right to vote. To put
it in perspective, roughly 2% of the population had the privilege of casting their
votes. Out of a vast population of approximately 250 million people, only around 5
million had the opportunity to participate in the electoral process. This meant that
the majority of Indians were excluded from the decision-making process, raising
questions about the fairness and representation of the political system.

Why was India not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919? [7]

Ans  After World War I, Britain found itself in a significantly weakened state, particularly
economically. The war had drained its resources and finances, leaving the nation in
a vulnerable position. During this period, many of its colonial territories, including
India, began expressing demands for greater self-governance and independence.
India, often referred to as the "jewel of the Empire," was one of the most valuable
and strategically important colonies within the British Empire.
 Despite its weakened state, Britain still held a prominent position on the world
stage, and its status as a global power was a point of pride and a source of influence.
Granting Indian demands for independence or self-governance was perceived as a
threat to Britain's prestige and influence in the international community.
Strategically, India held immense importance for the British navy, serving as a vital
naval base and a crucial part of their maritime defense. Additionally, British
influence in the Indian subcontinent was essential for maintaining their dominance
in the broader region, including countering potential threats from other global
powers.
MAGIC BOOK Page 22 HISTORY

 Another significant factor in Britain's reluctance to meet Indian demands was a lot
of British people living abroad in India. This community included not just colonial
administrators but also businessmen, missionaries, and civil servants. These
individuals played a vital role in managing the colonial administration, trade, and
missionary activities. The British government was concerned about losing this
skilled and influential community if it granted India greater autonomy or
independence. The departure of these individuals could have disrupted the
functioning of British-controlled institutions and caused economic and social chaos
in the subcontinent.

Were the Montague–Chelmsford Reforms the main reason for the outbreak of violence
across India in 1919? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans  In 1919, a law called the Government of India Act disappointed both Muslims and
Hindus. Diarchy gave the right to governors (mainly british) to intervene in the
provincial matters. This means that main powers and all authorities were in the
hands of British. The reforms kept power in British hands in respect of law and
order, finance, justice and administration and the civil service. The Indians only
received minimal powers and even then the Viceroy (appointed by the British
government) could veto any decision made and introduce any law that was deemed
necessary. Indians realized that they were not provided with any power. The
Congress, especially, was deeply opposed to the proposals of the British
government regarding India's political future. This opposition was fueled by the
feeling that they had supported Britain during World War I, and many Indian soldiers
had fought and died in the war. However, despite these sacrifices, the Congress
believed that they were not receiving anything resembling substantial power or
control over the Indian government. They felt shortchanged and frustrated with
what they saw as a lack of meaningful political representation. One significant point
of contention was the extremely limited voting rights in India at the time. Only a tiny
fraction of the Indian population had the right to vote. To put it in perspective,
roughly 2% of the population had the privilege of casting their votes. Out of a vast
population of approximately 250 million people, only around 5 million had the
opportunity to participate in the electoral process. This meant that the majority of
Indians were excluded from the decision-making process, raising questions about
the fairness and representation of the political system. It seemed like nothing was
happening after the war despite some British support, this made people in India
even more frustrated.
 However there were other events also which cased outbreak of violence across
India in 1919.
 In 1919, there was a law called the Rowlatt Act. This law allowed the authorities to
arrest people without a proper reason or warrant. It also let them keep people in
jail without letting them out on bail. The government could even tell people where
they had to live. This made a lot of people in India very angry because it seemed like
the government was going against the fair rules of British justice. People thought
they should have the right to a fair trial and protection from being put in jail unfairly.
MAGIC BOOK Page 23 HISTORY

This led to protests and strikes all over India. People saw these rules as harsh
because they could be made to live in a certain place and couldn't attend meetings.
Strikes and protests happened, and things got worse when the British government
started banning publications that criticized them, which caused even more trouble.
 In 1919, a terrible event called the Amritsar massacre happened. A lot of Indians had
gathered for a meeting even though the British government hadn't allowed it. A
British officer named General Dyer was in charge, and he ordered the soldiers to
shoot at the crowd, which included women and children. Nearly 20 thousand people
had come to a place called Jallianwala Bagh for a peaceful gathering. Around 400
people were killed, and 1200 were hurt in this incident. To figure out what happened,
a committee called the Hunter Committee was set up in England in October 1919.
General Dyer lost his job, but he wasn't punished for it. Even though some people
criticized him for ordering the shooting, some British media praised him, which
upset Indians and caused more trouble and violence.
 In conclusion, while the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms were a big part of why
people were unhappy in India in 1919, they weren't the only reason. The Rowlatt Act,
which let the government arrest people without good reasons, and the awful
Amritsar massacre, where British soldiers killed many innocent people, also made
things worse. The reforms made people angry because they felt like they weren't
being treated fairly, but it was the Rowlatt Act and the massacre that really sparked
the violence. So, while the reforms were important, they were just one piece of the
puzzle.

To what extent had India benefitted by the early 1920s from supporting the British in the
First World War? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans  To some extent India had benefitted by the early 1920s from supporting the British
in the First World War
 The British acknowledged the fact that Indian troops and resources were very
important to them for winning the WW1. In fact, British admitted that the war could
have prolonged beyond calculations and might not have been won without the help
of Indians. Therefore, they were ready to give political concessions to Indians.
Accordingly, Lord Chelmsford, the viceroy, worked with Lord Montague, the
secretary of state, to draft the Montague Chelmsford Reforms that were operated
in 1919, after the WW1. These reforms enlarged the size of all councils, increased the
number of voters to 5.5 million, and granted the right of separate electorates to
Sikhs.
 However to a very great extent India had not benefitted by the early 1920s from
supporting the British in the First World War
 In 1919, a law called the Government of India Act disappointed both Muslims and
Hindus. Diarchy gave the right to governors (mainly british) to intervene in the
provincial matters. This means that main powers and all authorities were in the
hands of British. The reforms kept power in British hands in respect of law and
order, finance, justice and administration and the civil service. The Indians only
received minimal powers and even then the Viceroy (appointed by the British
MAGIC BOOK Page 24 HISTORY

government) could veto any decision made and introduce any law that was deemed
necessary. Indians realized that they were not provided with any power.
 In 1919, there was a law called the Rowlatt Act. This law allowed the authorities to
arrest people without a proper reason or warrant. It also let them keep people in
jail without letting them out on bail. The government could even tell people where
they had to live. This made a lot of people in India very angry because it seemed like
the government was going against the fair rules of British justice. People thought
they should have the right to a fair trial and protection from being put in jail unfairly.
This led to protests and strikes all over India. People saw these rules as harsh
because they could be made to live in a certain place and couldn't attend meetings.
Strikes and protests happened, and things got worse when the British government
started banning publications that criticized them, which caused even more trouble.
 In 1919, a terrible event called the Amritsar massacre happened. A lot of Indians had
gathered for a meeting even though the British government hadn't allowed it. A
British officer named General Dyer was in charge, and he ordered the soldiers to
shoot at the crowd, which included women and children. Nearly 20 thousand people
had come to a place called Jallianwala Bagh for a peaceful gathering. Around 400
people were killed, and 1200 were hurt in this incident. To figure out what happened,
a committee called the Hunter Committee was set up in England in October 1919.
General Dyer lost his job, but he wasn't punished for it. Even though some people
criticized him for ordering the shooting, some British media praised him, which
upset Indians and caused more trouble and violence.
 In conclusion, while India did provide crucial support to the British during the First
World War, the benefits it received by the early 1920s were limited and
overshadowed by negative consequences. While the British acknowledged India's
contributions and promised political concessions through the Montague-
Chelmsford Reforms, the implementation of these reforms fell short of Indian
expectations. Instead, India faced disappointments such as the Government of India
Act, which maintained British control and limited Indian powers, and the oppressive
Rowlatt Act, which sparked widespread protests and strikes. The tragic Amritsar
massacre further exacerbated tensions, leading to more violence and discontent
among the Indian population. Thus, despite its support in the war, India did not
experience significant benefits by the early 1920s, but rather faced challenges and
injustices that fueled unrest and dissatisfaction.
MAGIC BOOK Page 25 HISTORY

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
WHY WAS IT FOUNDED?
MUSLIMS HELD CALIPHATE OF TURKEY IN HIGH REGARD
 Muslims held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see Turkey
split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished.
OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTAIN HOLY PLACES
 The British and other successors wanted to destroy the Ottoman Empire which contained
many sacred places of the Muslims like Makkah, Madina & Jerusalem or to convert Turkey to
a nation than an empire.

TO PRESSURIZE BRITISH
 Muslims and Hindus were united and Hindus saw this as the best opportunity to drive british
out of India.

MUSLIMS HAD A FEAR OF BRITISH

 Many Indian muslim leaders believed that the decline of Turkish empire would have an
adverse effect on the importance of indian Muslim community.

MUSLIMS DON’T WANT TO FIGHT WITH MUSLIM BROTHERS

 Many muslims deserted the british army as they were not interested in fighting with muslim
brothers.

TO REMIND BRITISH THEIR PROMISE

 British promised that if they won the war, they would not attack the turkey. However, after
winning the war they forgot their promise and decided to punish turkey.

CONCERNS ABOUT BRITISH POLICIES

 Muslims distrusted British policies, especially after the First World War and the Rowlatt Act
and other legislation.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

 The Treaty of Versailles decided to split Germany into two by creating a new country Poland.
Germans were asked to pay a huge some of Victorious Allies. The same measures were
taken against Austria also.
MAGIC BOOK Page 26 HISTORY

TREATY OF SEVRES

 The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) aimed to divide Turkey among the victorious allies, with only
Istanbul remaining under Turkish control in Europe. South Asian Muslims protested, fearing
harm to the Khilafat in Turkey, and aimed to prevent British intervention.

MAIN EVENTS
 The First Khilafat Conference held in Delhi on November 23, 1919, emphasized enlisting non-
Muslim support and aimed to convince the British against actions on Turkey, resolving to
send a delegation to England.
 The Khilafat Committee, led by Maulana Shaukat Ali, gained Congress' full support, with Abul
Kalam Azad representing it. Congress agreed to boycott British goods and adopted a non-
cooperation policy, endorsed by Gandhi with the approval of passive resistance, Satyagraha.
 The Second Khilafat Conference in Amritsar on December 28, 1919, saw the Khilafat and Non-
cooperation movements strategizing together for the future. They decided to merge all
political groups, appointing Gandhi as their leader.
 Led by Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar, the Khilafat Delegation traveled to England to meet
Prime Minister Lloyd George, but their efforts were in vain as the Prime Minister rejected
their proposals, resulting in failure. In response, Gandhi toured India, prompting both Hindus
and Muslims to initiate the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British government.
 The Third Khilafat Conference in Karachi from July 9-11 declared police and army service as
forbidden, urging Indians to abandon government roles, return titles, boycott courts and
British goods, and resign from local bodies and educational institutions. Subsequently, many
Indian leaders, including the Ali brothers, were arrested, fulfilling Jinnah's earlier prediction
of potential violence.

FAILURE OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

ABOLISHEMENT OF KHILAFAT
 In 1922, Sultan Mehmud VI was removed from power in Turkey, and two years later, Mustafa
Kamal Ataturk formed a nationalist government in Turkey and exiled the Khalifa.
LACK OF LEADERS
 The situation worsened when a violent incident occurred in Chaura Chauri
 During the non-cooperation movement, many prominent leaders of the Indian National
Congress and the All-India Muslim League were arrested and put in jail by the British
authorities.

BETRAYAL OF GANDHI
 The Chaura Chauri incident was a significant event in the non-cooperation movement.
 This act of violence deeply troubled Mahatma Gandhi, who was leading the non-cooperation
movement.
MAGIC BOOK Page 27 HISTORY

HIJRAT MOVEMENT
 Many Muslims in India set off on a journey called "hijrat" to Afghanistan.
 The Afghan government did not offer the help and support they had hoped for.

LACK OF COMMON OBJECTIVE

 The Khilafat and non-cooperation movements ran concurrently, beginning around the same
time.
 While both were aimed at opposing British rule, they had different primary goals.
MOPLAH UPRISING
 The Moplahs were deeply religious Muslims in South India. They rose up against their Hindu
landlords and the British authorities in a series of uprisings in the early 1920s.

IMPACT OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

 Firstly, it made Muslims realize they could do things politically.

 Additionally, the Khilafat Movement taught Muslims they didn't always need Hindu help to
stand up for themselves.
 Lastly, the movement taught Muslims about leadership and organizing themselves politically

Explain why people joined the Khilafat Movement. [7]

Ans  The British Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted to split Turkey also in the same way
they did with Germany & Austria. The Muslims of South Asia were angry at this
decision & started to stop the British doing any harm to Khilafat in Turkey. Muslims
held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see Turkey
split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished. It was the only region in the
world where the Caliphate was in practice and the Turkish ruler was known as the
“Khalifa or Caliph” so the Muslims wanted to save Khilafat in Turkey.
 The British and other successors wanted to destroy the Ottoman Empire which
contained many sacred places of the Muslims like Makkah, Madina & Jerusalem or
to convert Turkey to a nation than an empire. The Muslims were also anxious about
Hajj and Umrah in case of division of these sacred places. So they started Khilafat
Movement.
 British asked muslims to support them in first world war. British promised that if
they won the war, they would not attack the turkey. However, after winning the war
they forgot their promise and decided to punish turkey. So to remind the promise
they started this movement.

Were concerns about British policies towards Muslims the most important reason for the
foundation of the Khilafat Movement? Explain your answer. [14]

Ans  Muslims distrusted British policies, especially after the First World War and the
Rowlatt Act and other legislation. They were concerned that the British were
encouraging Muslims to fear the Hindus so that Muslims would cooperate more with
MAGIC BOOK Page 28 HISTORY

the British. They were also worried about how British rule in Afghanistan and Persia
had paid little attention to the views of Muslims there and were worried that the
same was happening in India.
 However there were other factors also which resulted in foundation of Khilafat
Movement.
 The British Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted to split Turkey also in the same way
they did with Germany & Austria. The Muslims of South Asia were angry at this
decision & started to stop the British doing any harm to Khilafat in Turkey. Muslims
held the Caliphate of Turkey in high regard and were not prepared to see Turkey
split up after the War and thus the Caliph abolished. It was the only region in the
world where the Caliphate was in practice and the Turkish ruler was known as the
“Khalifa or Caliph” so the Muslims wanted to save Khilafat in Turkey.
 Many Indian muslim leaders believed that the decline of Turkish empire would have
an adverse effect on the importance of indian Muslim community. And in future
british may start treating them with disrespect. Therefore they encourage muslims
to launch khilafat movement in order to protect their image and prestige.
 It was clear that British would harm the turkey. So many muslims deserted the
british army as they were not interested in fighting with muslim brothers. In Islam,
muslims are brothers of each other. This meant that they did not favour the british
policy regarding Turkey. This same hatred took form of their opposition towards
british as khilafat movement.
 In conclusion, while concerns about British policies towards Muslims played a
significant role in the foundation of the Khilafat Movement, it was not the sole
reason behind its inception. The movement was also fueled by the Muslim
community's deep attachment to the Caliphate of Turkey and their determination to
prevent its dismantling by the British, who were perceived as threatening its
existence.

Explain the impact of the Khilafat Movement on the Muslim community in the years after
1924. [7]

Ans  The Khilafat Movement, which started after 1924, had a big impact on Muslims.
Firstly, it made Muslims realize they could do things politically. By coming
together and protesting, Muslims showed they had power to influence decisions
and make a difference.
 Additionally, the Khilafat Movement taught Muslims they didn't always need Hindu
help to stand up for themselves. They saw they could speak up for their own rights
and interests, which was a big step towards independence within the Indian
political scene.
 Lastly, the movement taught Muslims about leadership and organizing themselves
politically. They saw the importance of having strong leaders and working
together as a community. This set the stage for future political movements among
Muslims, giving them a sense of unity and strength.
MAGIC BOOK Page 29 HISTORY

Explain why the Khilafat Movement ended in 1924. [7]

Ans  In 1920, as part of the Khilafat movement, many Muslims in India set off on a
journey called "hijrat" to Afghanistan. They hoped to find refuge and support there.
However, when they reached Afghanistan, they were not welcomed as they had
expected. The Afghan government did not offer the help and support they had
hoped for. When these migrants returned to India, they found that their property
and jobs had been taken by others in their absence. This created a sense of loss
and disillusionment among those who had gone on the hijrat.
 The Chaura Chauri incident was a significant event in the non-cooperation
movement. It took place in 1922 when a large crowd of protesters clashed with the
police in Chaura Chauri. During this clash, 21 policemen were killed. This act of
violence deeply troubled Mahatma Gandhi, who was leading the non-cooperation
movement. He believed that violence had no place in the struggle for India's
independence. In response to the violence, Gandhi decided to call off the non-
cooperation movement. His commitment to non-violence and his belief in peaceful
resistance led him to this decision. Without Gandhi's support, the movement lost its
main leader.
 The Khilafat Movement was primarily concerned with the fate of the Khalifa, the
spiritual leader of the Muslim world. It aimed to protect the position and influence
of the Khalifa in the Ottoman Empire. The movement's leaders and supporters
were deeply worried about the Khalifa's future. In 1922, Sultan Mehmud VI was
removed from power in Turkey, and two years later, Mustafa Kamal Ataturk
formed a nationalist government in Turkey and exiled the Khalifa. With the
Khalifa's authority diminished and the nationalist government in power, the
original reason for the Khilafat movement lost its significance, leading to a decline
in support for the movement.

Was the Moplah uprising in 1921 the main reason for the end of the Khilafat Movement?
Explain your answer. [14]

Ans  The Moplahs were deeply religious Muslims in South India. They rose up against
their Hindu landlords and the British authorities in a series of uprisings in the
early 1920s. These uprisings involved violence, including attacks on police stations
and Hindu properties. The unrest created divisions between Hindus and Muslims,
as well as doubts about Hindu support for the non-cooperation movement.
 However there were other factors which also resulted in the end of Khilafat
Movement.
 The situation worsened when a violent incident occurred in Chaura Chauri, a place
in Uttar Pradesh. In this incident, 21 policemen were killed by a mob. This act of
violence went against the principles of non-violence that Mahatma Gandhi and
other leaders were promoting as part of the non-cooperation movement. The
violence in Chaura Chauri made it difficult to maintain non-violent protests and
created a sense of chaos in the movement. During the non-cooperation movement,
many prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim
MAGIC BOOK Page 30 HISTORY

League were arrested and put in jail by the British authorities. This included
leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal Nehru, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With
these key leaders behind bars, the movement was left with less experienced
leaders. This weakened the overall leadership and decision-making of the
movement.
 The Khilafat and non-cooperation movements ran concurrently, beginning around
the same time. While both were aimed at opposing British rule, they had different
primary goals. The Khilafat movement was initiated to support the Ottoman
Empire, which was in danger of losing its influence and leadership in the Muslim
world. It sought to preserve the position of the Khalifa (spiritual leader) in Turkey.
In contrast, the non-cooperation movement aimed at achieving self-rule for India
and ending British colonial control.
 The Khilafat Movement was primarily concerned with the fate of the Khalifa, the
spiritual leader of the Muslim world. It aimed to protect the position and influence
of the Khalifa in the Ottoman Empire. The movement's leaders and supporters
were deeply worried about the Khalifa's future. In 1922, Sultan Mehmud VI was
removed from power in Turkey, and two years later, Mustafa Kamal Ataturk
formed a nationalist government in Turkey and exiled the Khalifa. With the
Khalifa's authority diminished and the nationalist government in power, the
original reason for the Khilafat movement lost its significance, leading to a decline
in support for the movement
 In conclusion, while the Moplah uprising in 1921 was a significant event that
contributed to the end of the Khilafat Movement, it was not the main reason for its
demise. The movement faced multiple challenges and setbacks, including the the
arrest of key leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal Nehru, and Muhammad Ali
Jinnah weakened the movement's leadership and decision-making capabilities.
However, the primary reason for the decline of the Khilafat Movement was the
changing political landscape in Turkey, where the removal of Sultan Mehmud VI
and the rise of Mustafa Kamal Ataturk led to the diminishing significance of the
Khalifa's authority. As a result, the original goal of the Khilafat Movement lost its
relevance, causing a decline in support and ultimately contributing to its end.
MAGIC BOOK Page 31 HISTORY

DELHI PROPOSALS
 Mohammed Ali Jinnah called a conference of all Muslim leaders in Delhi in 1927 to discuss
the future of constitutional reforms.
 Muslim league wanted to secure the position of muslims in upcoming constitutional reforms.
 The main demands were known as the Delhi Proposals:
1. Separation of Sindh from Bombay.
2. Full power & provincial status for the Frontier Province and Baluchistan.
3. Muslims should be given more seats in Punjab and Bengal according to their population.
4. If the Muslims would be given one-third of the seats in the Central Legislature then the
Muslims League would give up demand of separate electorate.
MAGIC BOOK Page 32 HISTORY

SIMON COMMISSION
WHY IT WAS SENT?
 Firstly, the leaders in the British government thought that if the Labour party won the elections
in the UK, they might give in to the Indian demands.
 Secondly, the group led by Sir John Simon was sent to fix a problem between Hindus and
Muslims in India.
 Lastly, sending the Simon Commission was part of a plan by the British government. They
wanted to keep introducing new changes every 10 years.

SIMON COMMISSION

 In 1927, the British government formed the Simon Commission, chaired by Sir John Simon, to
prepare a report on Indian reforms. The commission, without any Indian members,
conducted two prolonged visits to India from February to March 1928 and from October 1928
to April 1929, resulting in the publication of the Simon Report in 1930.
 The main proposals were:
1. It abolished Diarchy & introduced federal form of govt. with provincial autonomy
2. Separate electorates were kept for the minorities but the Muslims were not given one-third
seats in the Central Legislature.
3. Sindh remained a part of Bombay.
4. Special status was given to NWFP province & not the provincial status.

RESULTS OF SIMON COMMISSION

 The Congress did not accept these proposals because of federal form of govt. separate
electorate for minorities & provincial autonomy. Congress raised slogans of Simon Go Back.
Congress started civil-disobedience movement against british government in 1930 which led
to arrest of thousands of congresss supporters.
 Muslim League rejected it because Sindh was not separated from Bombay, NWFP &
Baluchistan were not given provincial status and the Muslims were not given one-third
seats. Muslim league did not joint non-cooperation movement.

WHY SIMON COMMISSION FAILED?

 Indians felt like they weren't getting the rights they wanted quickly enough.
 Another problem was that the Simon Commission only had non-Indians in it. It made them feel
like they didn't have a say in decisions about their own future.
 Simon Commission was unpopular was that it didn't listen to the views of Indian nationalists.
 Many Indian groups thought that the Simon Commission was just a trick by Britain to delay
giving India self-government
 Another crucial reason for the failure of the Simon Commission was the absence of
representation from the Labour Party, which had a more sympathetic approach to Indian
nationalism.
MAGIC BOOK Page 33 HISTORY

Explain why the Simon Commission of 1927 was unpopular. [7]

Ans  The Simon Commission of 1927 wasn't liked in India for a few reasons. First, the
leader, Sir John Simon, and the government wanted to make changes slowly, but
many Indians wanted things to happen faster so they could have more control over
their government. This made people upset because they felt like they weren't
getting the rights they wanted quickly enough.
 Another problem was that the Simon Commission only had non-Indians in it. No
Indians were part of the group making important decisions. This made Indian
groups worried because they thought their ideas weren't being heard. It made
them feel like they didn't have a say in decisions about their own future.
 The Indian groups saw the Simon Commission as disrespectful because it didn't
include any Indians. It made them feel like they were being looked down upon. The
commission's makeup made the Indians think that the British didn't care about
what they thought. A big reason why the Simon Commission was unpopular was
that it didn't listen to the views of Indian nationalists. These were people actively
working for India's self-rule. The commission didn't care about what these
nationalists wanted. This made the Indians fighting for self-governance feel like
they were being ignored.
 Many Indian groups thought that the Simon Commission was just a trick by Britain
to delay giving India self-government. They believed that the British were using
the commission to avoid giving Indians the power to rule themselves. This made
people in India not trust the commission. They thought it was just a way for Britain
to play games and not give them the self-government they wanted. This suspicion
and distrust made the Simon Commission even more unpopular.
 Another crucial reason for the failure of the Simon Commission was the absence
of representation from the Labour Party, which had a more sympathetic approach
to Indian nationalism. The Labour Party believed in a more inclusive and
understanding stance toward the demands of Indian nationalists. However, the
Simon Commission did not have members from the Labour Party, and their
viewpoint was not considered. This absence of a more sympathetic and inclusive
approach added to the dissatisfaction among Indian groups and contributed to the
failure of the commission. The exclusion of a more understanding perspective
from the Labour Party diminished the chances of the commission gaining broader
acceptance in India.
MAGIC BOOK Page 34 HISTORY

NEHRU REPORT
WHY IT WAS ISSUED?
 The Nehru Report was issued as a response to the rejection of the proposals made by the
Simon Commission.
 The Nehru Report focused on suggesting constitutional reforms that would provide a political
structure for India.
 The Congress agenda, or their plan, was also to give fewer rights and less power to Muslims.
 Moreover, the Nehru Report was a reaction to Lord Birkenhead's comments about Congress.
Lord Birkenhead had remarked that Congress was not a mature party and couldn't frame a
good constitution.

NEHRU REPORT

 In 1928 members of Congress, League, Liberals, Hindu Mahasaba, Sikh League & so on met in
All-Party Conference to frame the future constitution.
 Moti Lal Nehru chaired the meeting and devised the constitution known as “Nehru Report”
with the recommendations:
1. A responsible govt. on the basis of self-governing dominion to be formed.
2. Separate electorates should not be given to the minorities & through joint electorate
reserved seats should be given according to population.
3. The departments such as foreign affairs, army and defense should be controlled by
parliament and Viceroy.
4. A Unitary form to government in Center & India to be a federation with two-chamber
parliament.
5. Hindi should be given the status of official language.
6. Men and women and all religions should have equal rights.
7. The voting right for all adult men and women.
8. Separation of Sindh from Bombay & full provincial status for NWFP and Baluchistan.
 Jinnah proposed three amendments, which were:
1. In the central Legislature, one-third representation for the Muslims.
2. In the Punjab and Bengal Muslim representation on the basis of population.
3. Main powers should be given to Central govt. but the remaining powers should be given to
provinces.
 The Congress rejected all these amendments.
 The Nehru report ended any future cooperation between the Congress and the Muslim
League.

WHY ALL INDIA MUSLIM CONFERENCE REJECTED NEHRU REPORT?

 They didn't want separate electorates anymore. This upset the Muslims because having
separate electorates was one of their main wishes.
MAGIC BOOK Page 35 HISTORY

 Secondly, the Muslim League was worried about Punjab and Bengal. They thought that in these
places, not everyone would be allowed to vote. So, they wanted seats reserved for Muslims
based on how many people there were.
 Lastly, Nehru's report said Hindi should be the main language for the government. But this
upset the Muslims because they really liked Urdu, and it was an important part of their culture.
Explain why All India Muslim Conference rejected Nehru Report? [7]

Ans  Firstly, back in 1916 in Lucknow, the Congress and Muslim League agreed to have
separate electorates for Muslims. This means Muslims would vote separately. But
later, when Nehru wrote a report, the Congress changed its mind. They didn't want
separate electorates anymore. This upset the Muslims because having separate
electorates was one of their main wishes. Since Congress didn't agree, Muslims
had to say no to Nehru's report.
 Secondly, the Muslim League was worried about Punjab and Bengal. They thought
that in these places, not everyone would be allowed to vote. So, they wanted seats
reserved for Muslims based on how many people there were. This means they
wanted a fair share in the government. They were worried that if they didn't do
this, Muslims might not get a fair chance to vote.
 Lastly, Nehru's report said Hindi should be the main language for the government.
But this upset the Muslims because they really liked Urdu, and it was an important
part of their culture. Many Muslims didn't know Hindi well, and if Hindi became the
main language, they might not get government jobs. This made Muslims feel like
the Hindus were trying to be in control and take away their culture and language.
So, the Nehru report made Hindu-Muslim relations worse because Muslims felt
their way of life was in danger.
MAGIC BOOK Page 36 HISTORY

JINNAH 14 POINTS
WHY JINNAH GAVE 14 POINTS?
IN RESPONSE OF SIMON COMMISSION
 Simon Commission did not accept the demands of muslims So in response of Simon
commission Jinnah issued his 14 points.

IN RESPONSE OF NEHRU REPORT

 Although the Nehru Report has been drawn up by an All Party Conference but there were
many points in that which were against the Muslims. So in response of Nehru Report, in1929
Jinnah gave his own formula for the constitutional reforms.
TO PROTECT AND SAFEGUARD THE RIGHTS & INTERESTS OF MUSLIMS

 From the arrival of Simon Commission Jinnah knew that British were going to introduce a
new constitution really soon and so Jinnah gave his 14 points to make the British aware of
demands of Muslims

14 POINTS
 In 1929 Quaid-e-Azam decided to give its own formula for the constitutional reforms.
 He convinced the meeting of AIML in Delhi and gave his famous 14 Points formula.

IMPORTANCE
 Quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points were made to make sure that the political and constitutional
rights of Muslims were protected.
 The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in
the Round Table Conference of 1930.
 His demand for a separate nation for Muslims was rooted in the idea that Muslims needed a
place where they could freely practice their religion and have political representation.
 He skillfully guided the Muslim League toward achieving the points that aimed at ensuring a
fair and just representation for Muslims in the political structure of India.

Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points in 1929? [7]

Ans  Simon Commission did not accept the demands of muslims such as Provincial
status for NWFP, separation of Sindh from Bombay, and Muslims were not given
1/3rd seats in Central Legislature. So in response of Simon commission Jinnah
issued his 14 points.
 Although the Nehru Report has been drawn up by an All Party Conference but
there were many points in that which were against the Muslims. Nehru report
proposed unitary form of govt which means they wanted Hindu Raj. It also
proposed Hindi as official language which was against muslims as urdu was
associated with AIML. It also rejected separate electorate for Muslims which was
MAGIC BOOK Page 37 HISTORY

the main demand of muslims. Jinnah wanted amendments which were not
accepted by Nehru. So in response of Nehru Report, in1929 Jinnah gave his own
formula for the constitutional reforms.
 From the arrival of Simon Commission Jinnah knew that British were going to
introduce a new constitution really soon and so Jinnah gave his 14 points to make
the British aware of demands of Muslims to be included in the upcoming
constitution like separate electorate. Jinnah gave his 14 points in order to protect
and safeguard the rights & interests of muslims. These demands covered all
aspects of Muslims interests at that time.
MAGIC BOOK Page 38 HISTORY

ALLAHABAD ADDRESS
 Muslim League held its annual session at Allahabad in 1930 which was presided by Dr
Muhammad Allama Iqbal.
 Here he presented the idea of separate homeland for Muslims which was ultimately realized
in the form of Pakistan.
 He also pointed out, there would not be peace in the country unless there is proper place for
muslims as a separate nation since muslims have totally different culture.
 He proposed separate homeland for muslims. While defining the area. He stated Punjab,
NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan should be in muslim state with or without british rule.

IMPORTANCE
 This clear idea of wanting their own nation laid the groundwork for making Pakistan later on.
 Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address also helped create something called the Two-Nation Theory
so, the Allahabad Address was really important in explaining why Pakistan, a separate nation
for Muslims, was needed.
 The Allahabad Address did more than just talk about ideas. It inspired Muslim people to come
together and work towards their own country.

WHY ALLAMA IQBAL WAS ASKED TO CHAIR THE ADDRESS?

 He was a well-respected, authoritative figure and had the confidence of Muslims

 Secondly, he was opposed to British control of India – as the concept of conquest went
against Muslim beliefs.
 Thirdly, he was respected and his poetry awakened a sense of nationhood among Muslims
and he urged them to be active in making progress.
 In the 1930s, Jinnah was a staunch believer of Hindu Muslim unity and was not yet ready to
accept the Two Nation Theory. Hence, Iqbal was.

Why was Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad in
1930? [7]
Ans  He was a well-respected, authoritative figure and had the confidence of Muslims
and the first important Muslim leader to advocate the partition of India and the
creation of a separate Muslim state. Hence, it was natural to select him to
represent Muslim League at such time.
 Secondly, he was opposed to British control of India – as the concept of conquest
went against Muslim beliefs. This strengthened his view of the creation of a
separate homeland, independent of the British, He persuaded many Muslims that
the Muslim League had to build an effective mass political party to challenge the
domination of the Congress. Hence, someone who was with ML since the start was
bound to be chosen.
 Thirdly, he was respected and his poetry awakened a sense of nationhood among
Muslims and he urged them to be active in making progress. In the 1930s, Jinnah
MAGIC BOOK Page 39 HISTORY

was a staunch believer of Hindu Muslim unity and was not yet ready to accept the
Two Nation Theory. Hence, Iqbal was.