THEME 1: LIVING TOGETHER IN AFRICA.

TOPIC I:
LOCATION OF AFRICA ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD:

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 AFRICA IN RELATION TO OTHER CONTINENTS.
A continent is a large mass of land. There are seven continents in the world. Some continents are
completely surrounded by water.

The seven continents are:

NO CONTINENT SIZE (km2)

1 Asia (The largest) 43,608,000
2 Africa (second largest) 30,335,000
3 North America 25,349,000
4 South America 17,611,000
5 Europe 10,498,000
6 Australia (Flattest and driest) 8,923,000
7 Antarctica 13,340,000

Of the seven continents, Antarctica is the only continent that is not inhabited by people because it is too
cold for human survival.
The continents are surrounded by five major oceans. An ocean is a large area of land covered by water.

The five major oceans are:

i) Pacific Ocean- The largest.

ii) Atlantic Ocean.
iii) Indian Ocean.
iv) Arctic Ocean.
v) Antarctic (Southern) ocean.

THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA:

Qn: How is Africa different from other continents?

i. Africa is the second largest continent in the world.

ii. Africa has the largest number of countries and offshore islands.
iii. Africa has the hottest and largest desert i.e. the Sahara Desert.
iv. Africa has the largest man made lake in the world i.e. Lake Volta.
v. Africa has the longest river in the world i.e. River Nile.
vi. Africa has the shortest people in the world i.e. the Pygmies who live in the Ituri forests of the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
vii. Africa is the leading producer of minerals e.g. gold, diamonds etc.
viii. Africa has the longest canal i.e. the Suez Canal that is 162 km long and 16 metres deep.
ix. Africa has the highest number of landlocked countries.
There are 15 landlocked countries in Africa.

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AFRICA POSITION:
Africa is crossed by all the three main latitudes i.e.:

i) Tropic of cancer (231/20 N).

ii) Equator (00).
iii) Tropic of Capricorn (231/20 S).

Africa is also crossed by the major longitude (Prime meridian /Greenwich) marked 00 at Accra in Ghana.
Africa lies between latitudes 380 North & 350 South of the Equator and longitudes 170 West and 520 East
of the Prime meridian.
Africa is wide in the North and thinner in the South.
Four large water bodies surround Africa:

i. Indian Ocean to the East.

ii. Atlantic Ocean to the West.
iii. Mediterranean Sea to the North.
iv. Red Sea to the North East.

AFRICA – POSITION

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OTHER FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICA:
a) Straits:
A strait is a narrow water passage between two landmasses. There are two main straits in Africa:
i) Strait of Gibraltar- Northwest.
ii) Strait of Babel Mandeb – Northeast.

b) Gulfs:
A gulf is a large area of sea that is partly enclosed by land.
The main gulfs of Africa are:

i) Gulf of Aden- North East.

ii) Gulf of Suez –North.
iii) Gulf of Aqaba –North.
iv) Gulf of Guinea –West.

The Suez Canal joins the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The Isthmus through which the Suez Canal
passes joins Africa to Asia.

c) An Isthmus:
An Isthmus is a narrow piece of land connecting two landmasses that would have been separated by
water.

d) A cape.
A cape is a piece of land jutting (entering) into the sea.

e) The Suez Canal joins the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.
There are also island countries in Africa:
i) Seychelles. v) Cape Verde.
ii) Madagascar. vi) Reunion.
iii) Mauritius. vii) Sao Tome and Principe.
iv) Comoros.

Locating Countries On The Map

The Equator and the Prime Meridian (Greenwich meridian) are the most important lines that help in
locating places (countries) on the map.
By using the Equator we can tell whether the country is in the Southern or Northern Hemisphere. Some
countries are crossed by the Equator and are therefore partly in the Southern and partly in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Such countries include:

i) Uganda. iv) DR Congo.

ii) Kenya. v) Congo Brazzaville.
iii) Somalia. vi) Gabon.
By using the Prime Meridian we are able to tell whether the country is in the Eastern or the Western
Hemisphere. When using longitudes and latitudes we identify the longitudes and latitudes lying on the
opposite extreme borders of the place being located.

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EXAMPLE I:
Locating Algeria.
Algeria is found between latitudes 180 N & 370 N and longitudes 81/20 W & 120 E. This means that Algeria
lies entirely in the Northern hemisphere (i.e. North of the Equator) but crossed by the Greenwich
Meridian. The space enclosed by the above mentioned longitudes and latitudes is where Algeria is located.
So we say, Algeria lies between latitudes 180N & 370 N and longitudes 81/20 W & 120E.

EXAMPLE II:
Locating Botswana.

Botswana is found entirely in the Southern hemisphere, so both latitudes are marked (0S) and both
longitudes are also marked degrees East because it also lies entirely in the Eastern hemisphere. Botswana
lies between 180S & 270 S and 210 E & 291/20 E.

How to use longitudes and latitudes to locate places.

Longitudes and latitudes are not numbered consecutively as 0, 1, 2,3,4,5,etc. They are commonly
numbered 0,10,20,30,40,50 or 0,5,10,15,20,25,30 etc so, we have to determine the longitudes and
latitudes that are not indicated.

i. Identify any two parallel longitudes or latitudes e.g. 200E and 300E.
ii. Find the degrees between these lines i.e. there are 100 between 200E and 300E.
iii. Find the distance in cm or mm between those two lines e.g. there are 3cm or 30mm between
those lines.
iv. Divide the answer of (c) by that of (b),

So 100 = 30mm
10 = 30mm/10
10 = 3mm

Therefore every 3mm make 10 or 1mm = 1/30. So we can calculate and get the required longitude or
latitude.

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TOPIC II:
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF AFRICA.
Physical features are natural landforms found on the Earth‟s surface.
Different earth movements affected the earth surface and influenced the formation of physical features.
These include faulting, volcanicity, folding, uplifting, down warping, etc.
There are two forces within the earth‟s crust i.e. compression and tension forces.
These earth movements were responsible for moulding the present landscape of Africa.
Africa has various physical features that include:
i. Coastal plain. v. Oceans.
ii. Plateau. vi. Rivers.
iii. Mountains/ Highlands. vii. Lakes.
iv. Rift valleys. Viii) Islands.

Note: Land forms associated with faulting include, block mountain, rift valley, rift valley lakes,
escarpments, etc.

1. The Coastal plain.

It is a low-lying region near the coasts of Africa.
Some parts of coastal plain have an altitude of 250m above sea level.
The coastal plain is a narrow zone between the ocean and land.
Some coastal plains are wide especially in Eastern Africa and West Africa.
The coast may be smooth or having gaps depending on the land, wind (waves), marine etc processes.
Some coastal regions have lagoons.
A lagoon is a lake of seawater separated from the sea by sand or mud.
Ghana, Benin, Cote D‟ Ivoire, and Nigeria have many lagoons. Even cities like Lagos (Nigeria), Abidjan
(Cote D‟ Ivoire) and Durban (South Africa) were built on islands in lagoons. There are more lagoons on
the Nile delta.
Areas of coastline with lagoons have coral reefs.
Coral reefs are formed by dead animals‟ bones which later turn into limestone.
Some coasts lack good natural harbours so artificial ones are constructed.
Harbours handle countries‟ imports and exports.
Harbours also provide employment i.e. loading and offloading goods to and from ships.

Other economic activities carried out on the coastlines include:

i) Fishing.
ii) Trade.
iii) Mining.
iv) Oil refining.
v) Tourism.

1. Plateau:
A plateau is a raised flat-topped piece of land.
A plateau is a tableland.
The plateau covers the largest part of Africa.
Plateaus lie between 200m- 2000m above sea level.
A plateau was formed by flowing magma after volcanicity.When magma solidifies it becomes lava.

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The rocks, which made up the plateau include:
i) Sedimentary rocks.
ii) Metarmorphic rocks.
iii) Igneous rocks.

Some of the main plateaus in Africa include:

i. Tibesti plateau in Chad.
ii. Ahaggar plateau in Algeria.
iii. Futa Djalon in Guinea.
iv. Yatta plateau of Kenya. I.e. It is the world‟s longest plateau.
v. Nyika plateau of Kenya. I.e. the Masai live in the Nyika plateau of East Africa.
vi. Bie plateau of Angola.
vii. Jos plateau in Nigeria.

Economic activities carried out on the plateau:

i) Farming i.e. crop growing and animal rearing.
ii) Mining.
iii) Tourism.
iv) Nomadic pastoralism.
v) Settlement.

Reasons why a plateau is good for human settlement.

i) It has fertile soils for farming.

ii) It has pasture for cattle keeping.
iii) It is easy to construct houses on a plateau.
iv) There is easy transport on plateau.

2. Highlands/ Mountains.
There are three main types of mountains / highlands in Africa namely:

i) Volcanic mountains.
ii) Block / Horst mountains.
iii) Fold mountains.

a) Volcanic Highlands/ Mountains:

Volcanic mountains were formed when molten rocks known as magma forced its way on the
surface of the earth. Magma is molten rocks found under the surface of the earth.
Volcanic mountains were formed as a result of volcanic activities.[volcanicity]
A vent is an opening/ a feature through which hot molten rocks, water, steam or ash passes from
the inside of the earth.
Lava is the solidified magma that has cooled and it is found on the earth‟s surface.

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Volcanic mountains are sub-divided into three groups:
i) Active volcanoes.
ii) Dormant volcanoes
iii) Dead/ extinct volcanoes.

i) Active volcanoes

These are volcanoes that erupted and are expected to erupt again.

Examples are:

i) Oldonyo Lengai- Tanzania.

ii) Mountain Mufumbiro -Uganda.
iii) Mountain Meru - Tanzania.
iv) Mountain Nyiragongo – DRC.
v) Mountain Nyamulagira – DRC.
vi) Mountain Cameroon – Cameroon.

ii) Dormant volcanoes.

These are volcanoes that have taken long without erupting but can still erupt.

Examples of dormant volcanoes are:

i) Mountain Moroto – Uganda.

ii) Mountain Longonot – Kenya.
iii) Mountain Muhavura – Uganda.

iii) Dead/ extinct volcanoes.

They are volcanic mountains that do not show any signs of eruption and have no chances of
erupting again.

Examples of dead volcanoes in East Africa are:

i. Mountain Kilimanjaro – Tanzania.
ii. Mountain Kenya – Kenya.
iii. Mountain Elgon – Uganda.
iv. Mt Drakensberg – South Africa.
v. Ethiopian Highlands - Ethiopia

Formation Of Volcanic Mountains:

Volcanic mountains are formed when the hot molten substances (magma) burst out from
beneath the earth onto the surface of the earth where it cools down into a mountain.

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Diagram showing the formation of volcanic mountains:

Geysers And Hot Springs:

They are found in areas that experience volcanic activity. They occur when the magma is very
close to the surface and it warms the underground water.
Examples are:

i. Kitagata hot springs – Bushenyi- Uganda.

ii. Rubale hot springs – Ntungamo- Uganda.
iii. Kisizi hot springs – Rukungiri- Uganda.
iv. Sempaya hot springs – Bundibugyo- Uganda.
v. Kibiro hot springs – Hoima- Uganda.

b) Block / Horst Mountains:

Block Mountains were formed by faulting.
This was caused by tension and compression forces.
Examples of such mountains in East Africa are:

i. Mountain Rwenzori \ Rwenzori Ranges – Uganda.

ii. Mountain Ndoto - Kenya.
iii. Mountain Uluguru – Tanzania.
iv. Mountain Usambara – Tanzania.
v. Mountain Mahari – Tanzania.
vi. M0untain Pale in Tanzania.

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Formation Of Block / Horst Mountains:

c) Fold Mountains:
Fold Mountains are formed by the folding of the earth‟s surface.
The compression forces acted on the layers of the earth‟s crust to form up folds called
Anticlines and down folds called Synclines.
Anticlines are the lifted parts of a fold mountain.
Synclines are the sunken parts of a fold mountain.
Fold Mountains normally cover a large area.
The series of mountains formed is called mountain ranges.
Fold Mountains are found near the edges of continents.
The main Fold Mountains of Africa are;
i) Atlas Mountains in the extreme Northwest of Africa.
ii) Cape Ranges in the extreme Southeast of Africa.

Formation Of Fold Mountains:

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Importance of highlands / mountains:

i. They provide fertile volcanic soils for crop farming.

ii. They help in the formation of rainfall.
iii. They earn foreign exchange through tourism.
iv. They are a home of wild animals e.g. gorillas.
v. They have mineral deposits e.g. lime stone, diamonds etc.
vi. They form sources of important rivers.
vii. They have forests that are a source of timber.
viii. They create cool temperatures that are conducive for dairy farming, sheep rearing and
vegetable growing.
ix. Some act as boundaries e.g. Mountain Elgon.

NB:

Some mountains in Africa have snow on their peaks (snow capped peaks) because their peaks
are above the snowline.
Some of the snow-capped mountains in Africa are:

i. Mountain Kilimanjaro - Tanzania.

ii. Mt Rwenzori - Uganda.
iii. Mt Kenya – Kenya.

The snow-capped peaks attract tourists who bring in foreign exchange.

Crops grown on highlands:

i. Arabica coffee on the slopes of Mt Elgon and Mt Kilimanjaro.
ii. Wheat - Kapchorwa, Bukwa – Mt Elgon, Uganda also grown in Kabale District.
iii. Barley - Kapchorwa – Mt Elgon, Uganda.
iv. Maize.
v. Grapes.
vi. Tea.
vii. Tomatoes.
viii. Cabbage.
ix. Irish potatoes etc.

Sheep reared on highlands:

i. Merino – wool. iv. Marsin.

ii. Hampshire. v. Ayrshire.
iii. Romney. vi. Dorset.

NB: Dairy goats such as Saanen and Togenberg are also kept.
However, human activities such as over-cultivation, charcoal burning etc are leading to
environmental degradation on highlands.

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Disadvantages of highlands:
i. They cause loss of life during eruptions.
ii. They destroy property during eruptions and landslides.
iii. The molten lava sometimes flows to water bodies disrupting fishing.
iv. They hinder the development of infrastructure like roads and railways and donkeys have
to be used in such areas like Kasese and Kapchorwa.
v. Highlands harbour wrong doers.
vi. Highlands encourage soil erosion.
vii. Highlands harbour deadly wild animals.
viii. High mountains are dangerous to air transport.

4. THE AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY.

A rift valley is a long narrow depression on the earth‟s surface.
Rift valleys were formed by the process of faulting.
A fault is a deep crack on the earth‟s surface.
The faults (deep cracks) are caused by tensional and compressional forces.

The great African rift valley starts from Syria, runs through Jordan River in the Middle East, Dead
Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, and Gulf of Aden, Ethiopian highlands, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi
and ends in Mozambique. There are four arms of the great rift valley of Africa.

a) The Ethiopian Rift Valley

- It enters Ethiopia from the Red Sea.
- It ha two lakes i.e. Danakil and Lake Aboya.

b) The Western Rift Valley.

- It runs through Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania.
- It has lakes like; Lake George, L. Albert, L. Kivu and Lake Tanganyika.

c) The Eastern Rift Valley.

- It runs through Kenya and Tanzania.
- It has lakes like; L. Turkana, L. Nakuru, L. Natron, Manyara, Eyasi,etc.

d) The Malawian Rift Valley

- It runs through Malawi to Port Beira in Mozambique.
- The lake in this arm is Lake Malawi.

N.B: The rift valley is divided into two arms in East Africa:

i. Eastern arm.
ii. Western arm.

Two lakes, Edward and George, are joined by Kazinga Channel. Kazinga Channel is said to
having the largest number of hippopotami in the world.

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Economic activities carried out in the rift valley:

i. Nomadic pastoralism.
ii. Tourism e.g. Lake Nakuru.
iii. Mining e.g. salt and soda ash in Lake Magadi.
iv. Fishing
v. Water transport i.e on Lake Albert, George, Edward, etc.

Problems people in the rift valley face;

i. There is too much heat (high temperatures).

ii. There are disease vectors e.g. Tsetse flies.
iii. There is drought
iv. There is scarcity of fresh water.
v. There is poor transport and communications.

MAP OF THE GREAT AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY.

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5. OCEANS.

Oceans are large masses of the earth that are covered by water. They are made up of large
water masses unlike those of lakes and rivers. Part of the land was uplifted and all the water
collected at the bottom of the slope. Towards the coast, the ocean bed is not deep.

Africa is bordered by two main oceans:

i. Indian Ocean.
ii. Atlantic Ocean.

Importance of oceans:

i. They are used for water transport using ships.

ii. They are a source of fish.
iii. They are mining areas for salt, limestone, Oil etc.
iv. They are a tourist attraction.
v. They are used for recreation e.g. swimming, boat racing etc.
vi. They are a source of animal feeds e.g. the shells of water creatures are crushed to provide
calcium.
vii. They help in rainfall formation.

Disadvantages of Oceans:

i. They occupy a lot of land.

ii. Water levels sometimes rise submerging land.
iii. They are very wide and separate continents.

Problems facing Oceans:

i. Pollution e.g. oil spillage from oil tankers.

ii. Dumping of nuclear wastes.

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF AFRICA:

Drainage simply mean water on the Earth‟s surface.
The drainage system of Africa is made of swamps, lakes and rivers.

LAKES IN AFRICA:
Water that collects in the hollows of the earth‟s surface form water bodies called lakes.
Lakes are formed when very wide holes on the Earth‟s surface are filled with water.
Some of the lakes in Africa are natural while others are man-made.
Natural lakes occupy the hollows formed by the earth‟s natural movements, volcanicity, river
deposition and marine deposition.
Most lakes in Africa are found in East Africa now called the „Great Lakes region‟.

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TYPES OF LAKES:
There are different or several types of lakes in Africa.
These include;
- Depression lakes / down warped lakes.
- Man made lakes.
- Ox-bow lakes.
- Lagoon lakes.
- Volcanic lakes.
- Rift valley lakes.

a) Crustal/down warped/basin/depression lakes:

They were formed as a result of down warping (depression) of the Earth‟s surface. They have
fresh water.
Examples are:
i. L. Victoria. iv. L. Amboseli
ii. L. Kyoga v. L. Wamala.
iii. L. Chad vi. L. Kwania.

Characteristics of depressional \ downwarped lakes:

i. They have fresh water.
ii. They have both in-lets and outlets.
iii. They have irregular shapes.
iv. They are shallow.
1. Lake Victoria.
i. Lake Victoria is the biggest lake in East Africa and in Africa.
ii. Lake Victoria is shared by the three East African countries.
iii. It‟s used for fishing.
iv. It‟s the source of river Nile.
v. It‟s also good for inter-territorial trade.
vi. There are many islands in L. Victoria, the biggest being Sese Island.
vii. They form Kalangala and Buvuma districts in Uganda.
viii. Its old (local) name is L. Nalubale (Home of gods).
ix. It was named L. Victoria after Queen Victoria of England by John Speke in 1858.

2. Lake Kyoga.
i. It‟s found in central Uganda. It was formed as a result of down warping.
ii. It‟s the swampiest lake in Uganda.
iii. It‟s swampy because it‟s shallow.
iv. It‟s good for fishing and transport.
v. It has waterweeds, which sometimes make navigation difficult.
vi. The first white man to see Lake Kyoga was Chaillie Long.

3. Lake Amboseli.
v. It‟s found in Southern Kenya.
vi. It‟s the only lake that is not in the rift valley in Kenya.
vii. It‟s a seasonal lake.
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b) Rift valley lakes:

They occupy the faults found on the floor of the rift valley.
They are formed when water collects in a faulted valley.

Examples of rift valley lakes in Africa:

i. L. Albert. v. L.Tanganyika ix. L. Elmenteita.

ii. L. Edward. vi. L. Turkana. x. L. Nakuru.
iii. L. George. vii. L. Baringo. xi. L. Magadi.
iv. L. Kivu viii. L. Naivasha.

Lakes in the Western arm of the rift valley:

i. L. Albert. iv. L. Kivu

ii. L. Edward. v. L.Tanganyika
iii. L. George.

Lakes in the Eastern arm of the rift valley:

1. L. Turkana. 4. L. Elmenteita. 7. L. Natron.
2. L. Baringo. 5. L. Nakuru. 8. L. Manyara.
3. L. Naivasha. 6. L. Magadi. 9. L.Eyasi

Important facts:

 Lake Tanganyika is the longest and deepest lake in Africa.

 Lake Nakuru is a famous tourist attraction because of her flamingo birds.
 Lake Magadi is where Kenya mines soda ash and salt.

Characteristics of rift valley lakes:

i. Rift valley lakes are deep.
ii. Rift valley lakes are salty.
iii. Rift valley lakes are oblong (long and narrow)
iv. They have no outlets.

Why rift valley lakes are salty:

i. They have inland drainage i.e. inlets only.

ii. They lie on salty rocks.
iii. They have salty ashes.

1. Lake Tanganyika.
Lake Tanganyika the longest and deepest lake in Africa.
It‟s shared by Tanzania, Burundi, DR. Congo and Zambia.
It‟s important for fishing and transport.

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2. Lake Katwe:

i. Lake Katwe is found in Western Uganda to the North of L. Edward.

ii. Lake Katwe important for salt mining.

3. Lake Albert :

i. Lake Albert is found on the Uganda-DR. Congo border.

ii. Its local name is Mwitanzigye.
iii. Lake Albert is important for fishing and transport.
iv. It also has oil deposits.
v. Port Butiaba is the chief lake port found on Lake Albert.

4. Lake Magadi:

i. It‟s found in the South Western part of Kenya.

ii. Lake Magadi is important for salt and soda ash mining in Kenya.

5. Lake Turkana:

i. Lake Turkana is found in the Northwest of Kenya.

ii. Its former name was L. Rudolf.
iii. It was named Rudolf by a Hungarian explorer called count Teleki.
iv. It‟s important for fishing.
v. However, fishing is not developed because of poor transport and shortage of market for
fish.
vi. The Turkana live around this lake they are nomadic pastoralists.

6. Lake Nakuru:

i. It‟s found in the Eastern rift valley in Kenya.

ii. It‟s the home of flamingo birds.
iii. It‟s popularly referred to as a sanctuary of flamingoes in East Africa.

7. Lake Kivu:

i. Lake Kivu is found in the western rift valley in Rwanda.

ii. It‟s the only lake that is in the East African rift valley but not in east Africa.

c) Ox-bow lakes:
Ox-bow lakes are formed as a result of river meandering and deposition.

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Examples of rivers with Ox-bow lakes are:

i. River Semliki – Uganda. iv. R. Nzoia – Kenya.

ii. R. Nyando – Kenya. v. R. Malagarasi- Tz.
iii. R. Kilombero – Tanzania

d) Volcanic lakes:

Volcanic lakes are divided into three groups.

i. Caldera lakes:

They are formed after volcanic activity leaves large rounded depressions on tops of volcanoes.
Examples are found on:
i. Mt. Napak in Uganda. v. Mt. Longonot in Kenya.
iii. Mt. Meru in Tanzania. vi. Mt. Mengai in Kenya.
iv. Mt. Ngorongoro in Tanzania.

ii. Crater lakes.

They are found on tops of dead Volcanic Mountains. They are formed when water occupies the
hole left by molten lava during eruptions.

Examples are:

i) Lake Katwe in Uganda. Ii) Lake Basumtwi in Ghana.

ii) Lake Nyakasura. Iii) L. Panjam in Nigeria.
iii) Lake Nyamununka.

iii. Lava dammed lakes:

They are formed when lava flow blocks (dams) a river.
Examples are;

i. Lake Bunyonyi – Uganda.

ii. Lake Mutanda - Uganda.
iii. Lake Butera – Uganda.

NB: Lake Bunyonyi is one of the deepest lakes in Africa.

It is a tourist attraction due to its blue water.
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e) Man-made lakes:
They are formed when man constructs power stations on rivers reducing the flow of water
forcing it to flood over the nearby areas forming a lake.
Some man-made lakes are just dug out e.g. kabaka‟s lake.

Some of the man –made lakes due to power station construction are:

i. L. Volta on R. Volta (Ghana) the largest in the world.

ii. L. Kariba on R. Zambezi (Zambia).
iii. L. Nasser R. Nile (Egypt).
iv. L. Kainji on R. Niger in Nigeria.

NB.
There was no lake formed behind Nalubale power station because the dam is near L. Victoria.
However, the water level behind the dam rose virtually submerging the Rippon falls.

f) Glacial lakes (cirques):

They are formed by glacial erosion on the sides of snow-capped mountains.

The sides of a mountain are eroded by pieces of falling snow.

Examples of cirques are on Mt Rwenzori i.e.

i. Lake Speke – Mt Rwenzori Uganda

ii. Lake Teleki – Mt Rwenzori Uganda.

NB. The down flow of melting snow also results into rivers called Glaciers.

g) Lagoon lakes:
A lagoon lake is a lake of seawater separated from the main water body by sand or mud.
Lagoon lakes are formed by deposition influenced by wind action.
There are many lagoon lakes in West Africa.
This is because West Africa has an indented coastline yet East Africa has a smooth
coastline.
The largest lagoon is Keta in Ghana.

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A MAP OF AFRICA SHOWING LAKES AND RIVERS:

KEY:

Lakes:
a. L. Victoria. e. L. Turkana. i. L. Kariba.
b. L. Kyoga. f. L. Chad. j. L.Tana
c. L Albert. g. L. Nasser.
d. L. Tanganyika. h. L. Volta

Rivers: 3. R. Orange.
1. R. Nile. 4. R. Limpopo. 7. R. Gambia
2. R. Congo. 5. R. Zambezi. 8. R. Volta
6. R. Niger. 9. R. Senegal

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Why areas around Lake Victoria are densely populated:

i. The soils are fertile.

ii. There is reliable rainfall.
iii. There is fishing.
iv. There are employment opportunities.
v. There are good social services.

Importance of lakes:

i. Lakes are a source of fish

ii. They are used for transport.
iii. They are a home/ habitat of wild animals.
iv. They attract tourists who bring foreign exchange.
v. They help in rainfall formation.
vi. They are mining areas e.g. salt, soda ash, ammonia, etc. Ammonia is mined in Lake
Nyamununka.
vii. They are used for recreation.
viii. They provide water for home use.
ix. They provide water for industrial use.
x. They provide water for irrigation.
xi. They control floods.

Problems faced by people who live around lakes:

i. There are many disease vectors.

ii. Floods may occur destroying life and property.
iii. They cause cold weather.
iv. There are many forests around.

Problems facing lakes:

i. Water pollution from dumping of wastes.

ii. Waterweeds.
iii. Drought.

In-land drainage:
a) This refers to the lakes and rivers, which are not connected to the sea or ocean.
b) Examples of such lakes include; Lake Ngami in Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa.
Lake Chad in Chad, etc.

Lake Ngami:
- It is found in the Kalahari Desert in Botswana.
- The lake is fed by the Okavango River which loses most of its flow through
evaporation.
- Lake Ngami is salty because it has no outlets.
- It sometimes dries up during dry periods.

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 Lake Chad:
- It is shared by Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad.
- Lake Chad is very shallow which makes it to be swampy.
- It is a fresh water lake.

THE AFRICAN RIVERS.

A river is a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel. Most rivers begin from highlands,
mountains and lakes. Those areas receive plenty of rainfall that keeps the rivers full. The rivers
make falls as they flow from the highlands to the coastal areas. Waterfalls hinder navigation but
are good for the generation of hydro electricity power and tourism attraction.There are two types
of rivers;
a) Perennial rivers
b) Seasonal rivers.
i. What are perennial rivers?
Perennial rivers are rivers that flow throughout the year.
ii. What are seasonal rivers?
These are rivers that flow only in rainy season.
Examples of seasonal rivers in Africa are;
i) River Agago – Uganda.
ii) River Turkwel – Kenya.

NB: Rivers flow from areas of a higher altitude to lower altitude.

Most rivers end in the;

i. Lakes. ii. Oceans. iii. Seas etc.

Major rivers in Africa.

Rivers Length Where they pour water (mouth)

1 R. Nile 6500km Mediterranean Sea
2 R. Congo 4800km Atlantic Ocean
3 Niger 4000km Atlantic Ocean
4 Zambezi 3000km Indian Ocean
5 Orange 2100km Atlantic Ocean
6 Limpopo 1700km Indian Ocean
7 Senegal 1700km Atlantic Ocean
8 Volta 1100km Atlantic Ocean

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Definition of terms:
a) A mouth is where a river ends.
b) A watershed is a stretch of highland separating two/more rivers.
c) A basin is an area drained by a river and its tributaries.
d) An estuary is an open mouth by a river.
e) A delta is a mouth of a river made up of distributaries.
f) A distributary is a small river leaving the main one.
g) A tributary is a small river joining the main one.
h) A confluence is a place where two or more rivers meet.
i) Meanders are bends of rivers.
j) A source is where a river starts / originates.

Rivers originate / flow from the following features;

i) Lakes ii) Melting snow / Glaciers.
ii) Highlands iv) Springs.

Stages of a river:
A river has three stages / courses;
i. Youth stage (Torrent stage).
ii. Mature stage (middle stage).
iii. Old stage (plain).

i. Youth (torrent) stage.

ii. It‟s the upper course / stage of the river.
iii. It has many waterfalls and rapids.
iv. It‟s used for generating H.E.P.
v. Its waterfalls attract tourists.
vi. The river is so destructive with gorges formed.
vii. It‟s not good for water transport (navigation).

ii. Mature (middle) stage.

The river is wide.
It carries many objects.
It begins to form meanders.

iii. Old (plain) stage.

i. It‟s the last part of the river.
ii. The water runs slowly.
iii. Ox-bow lakes are formed.
iv. It‟s good for navigation.
v. The river forms deltas.

Rivers With Deltas In Africa:

i. River Nile – Uganda ii) R. Niger – Nigeria. iii) R. Zambezi- Mozambique.
ii. R. Nyando – Kenya. V) R. Rufiji – Tanzania. Vi) R. Semliki- Uganda.
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1. River Nile.
i. River Nile is locally known as Kiyira.
ii. It flows northwards because the North is on a lower altitude.
iii. It begins from Lake Victoria in Uganda.
iv. It flows through Sudan, Egypt and pours its waters into the Mediterranean Sea in a delta.
v. Its main distributaries at the delta are Rosetta and Damieta.
vi. It‟s the longest river in the world (4,150, miles/6,640 km).

The search for the source of the Nile attracted many European explorers to Africa.
John Hanning Speke was the first white man to see the source of the Nile at Rippon falls on
28/7/1862.

The part of the Nile from L. Victoria to L. Albert is called Victoria Nile while the part from L. Albert
to Nimule at the border with Sudan is Albert Nile. From Nimule down words is the White Nile. The
White Nile has the sudd.
Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia form the Nile valley.

The Nile is the only (main) major source of water in Egypt since it‟s a desert country hence its
called „The life blood of Egypt‟ and the saying, „No Nile, No Egypt‟

Uganda, Sudan and Egypt have constructed power dams on the Nile for the generation of H.E.P
and provision of water for irrigation.

The main power stations on the Nile are:

i. Nalubale power station – Formerly, Owen falls dam (Uganda)- HEP

ii. Kiira power station (Uganda)- HEP
iii. Aswan High Dam (Egypt) – HEP.( Led to the formation of Lake Nasser)

Uganda exports her H.E.P to:

i. Kenya
ii. Tanzania.
iii. Rwanda.
NB:
River Nile carries a constant volume of water to the sea because its source is in a place that
receives heavy rainfall throughout the year.

2. River Zambezi.
It begins from Northern Zambia and the Angolan plateau. It flows through Mozambique and
makes its delta in the Indian Ocean.
Dams on river Zambezi include:

i. Kariba dam -Zambia.

ii. Kafue dam -Zambia.
iii. Cabora bassa dam – Mozambique.

NB: The construction of Kariba Dam led to the formation of Lake Kariba.
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3. River Niger.

River Niger starts from the Futa Djallon highlands. Its major tributary is R. Benue. It forms a
delta as it pours its water into the Atlantic Ocean. R. Niger delta is economically important to
Nigeria because:

i. Its delta has oil deposits.

ii. It provides water for industry.
iii. It provides hydro electricity power from Kainji dam.
iv. It is used for water transport since it has a few falls.
4. River Volta.

River Volta starts from Burkina Faso and flows South wards through Ghana and pours its water
into the Atlantic Ocean.
The main tributaries of River Volta are:

i. Black Volta.
ii. White Volta.
iii. Otti.

Lake Volta is the biggest lake in Ghana and is the biggest man-made lake in the world. It was
formed when Akosombo dam was built on River Volta.

5. River Orange.

River Orange starts from the Drakensberg Mountains in the East of South Africa. It flows
westwards and it pours its water into the Atlantic Ocean.
Its tributaries are:

i. Vaal. ii. Modder. iii. Caledon.

Dams constructed on River Orange are:

i. Verwoerd dam.
ii. Vaal dam.

6. River Congo.
River Congo is found in the Equatorial forests of Democratic Republic of Congo. It has so many
tributaries of which the main two are Kasai and Ubangi.
River Congo carries more water to the ocean than all other rivers of Africa put together because:

i. It flows through thick forests that receive heavy rainfall.

ii. It has very many tributaries.

NB
The material carried by rivers is called load

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8. The Blue Nile:

- It flows / originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia.

- It is one of the tributaries of River nile.
- Its source i.e. Lake Tana is found in a place that receives heavy rainfall.
- It provides water to Sennar Dam which helps to generate hydro electricity and
source of water for irrigation in the Gezira.
- It joins River Nile at Khartoum.

Question: How has the Blue Nile contributed to the economic development of Sudan?

9. River Ruvuma.

It flows into the Indian Ocean. It flows along the Tanzania – Mozambique border.
Other rivers that flow into the Indian Ocean are:

i. River Rufiji.
ii. River Pangani.
iii. River Tana.
iv. River Athi / Galana.

9. The Limpopo River.

- It rises from the interior of Africa in the High Veld and flows eastwards towards the
Indian Ocean.
- The Limpopo River Basin is located in Southern Africa encompassing portions of
Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
- It is permanently navigable to the ocean.

Main rivers of Africa.

River Main tributaries source Nature of mouth

R. Congo Ubangi, Kasai, L.Tanganyika and Estuary
Lualaba Lake Mweru
R. Niger Benue Futa Djaloun and Delta
Adamawa Mtns
R. Orange Vaal Drakensberg Mt Estuary
R. Nile Atbara, Blue Nile, L. Victoria Delta
Bahr al Ghazal,
Sobata, Achwa
Blue Nile Lake Tana
Zambezi Kafue, Linyanti Angola plateau Delta
Limpopo Letaba, Suna, High veld Estuary
magalawena,
R. Volta Otti, White volta, Estuary
Black Volta

26
Economic importance of rivers:
i. Rivers attract tourists who bring in foreign exchange.
ii. Rivers are used for the generation of H.E.P.
iii. Rivers are used for transport / navigation.
iv. Rivers are used for fishing.
v. Rivers provide water for industrial use.
vi. Rivers provide water for irrigation.

Social importance of rivers.

i. Rivers help in the formation of rainfall.
ii. They are used for recreation e.g. swimming
iii. Rivers provide water for domestic use

Why some rivers are not good for navigation:

i. Some rivers have waterfalls.
ii. Some rivers have dams.
iii. Due to waterweed / water hyacinth.
iv. Some rivers have rocks.
v. Some rivers have dangerous wild animals / water animals.
vi. Fast running water.

Dangers created by rivers:

i. Some rivers destroy life and property when they flood.
ii. Waterfalls and rapids hinder navigation.
iii. Rivers are breeding places for vectors.
iv. Rivers hinder the development of roads and railways.
v. River developmental projects displace people.

Dams (Power stations) in Africa.

NO DAM ON RIVER COUNTRY
1 Nalubale Power station River Nile Uganda
2 Kiira Power station River Nile Uganda
3 Aswan High Dam River Nile Egypt
4 Akosombo dam River Volta Ghana
5 Kainji dam River Niger Nigeria
6 Inga dam River Congo DR Congo
7 Nzilo dam River Congo DR Congo
8 Hale dam River Rufiji Tanzania.
9 Seven forks dam River Tana Kenya.
10 Kariba dam River Zambezi Zambia
11 Kafue dam River Zambezi Zambia.
12 Cabora Bassa dam River Zambezi Mozambique.
13 Sennar dam Blue Nile Sudan
14 Roseires dam Blue Nile Sudan
15 Vaal dam River Vaal South Africa
16 Verwoerd dam River Orange South Africa,
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Advantages (importance) of dams:

i. They generate H.E.P.

ii. They provide water for irrigation.
iii. They may form lakes for fishing.
iv. They may form lakes for tourism.
v. They may form lakes for navigation.
vi. They may form lakes for recreation.
vii. They create employment.

Disadvantages of dams:

i. They destroy tourism attractions like falls.

ii. They cause floods
iii. They hinder navigation.
iv. Dams displace people.
v. They are expensive to construct.
vi. They disrupt aquatic life.

RIVER PROJECTS IN AFRICA

River projects are economic activities set up on rivers to serve a certain purpose of development.
The river projects are divided into two categories namely;
i. Single river projects.
ii. Multi- purpose river projects

SINGLE RIVER PROJECTS.

These are river projects that were set up to serve only one purpose.
Examples of single river projects include;
i. Nalubaale dam on River Nile in Uganda.
ii. Bujagali Hydro Power Station on River Nile in Uganda.
iv. Nzilo dam on River Congo in DRC.
v. Kiira Power Station on River Nile in Uganda.

MULTI PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS.

These are projects set up on a river to serve more than one purpose (several different purposes)
These purposes include;
i. Generation of hydro electricity. ii. Trade
iii. Irrigation. iv. Tourism.
iii. Fishing

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Examples of multi purpose river projects in Africa:

NO Project RIVER COUNTRY

1 Akosombo Dam River Volta Ghana
2 Aswan High Dam River Nile Egypt
3 The Kainji Dam project River Niger Nigeria
4 Cabora Bassa River Zambezi Mozambique
5 Kariba Dam River Zambezi Zambia
6 Sennar Dam Blue Nile Sudan
7 The Tana River Development project River Tana Kenya

Factors that favour the setting up of multi purpose river projects:

i. Presence of constant strong flow of water.
ii. Presence of strong rocks to give a strong foundation.
iii. Presence of narrow steep sided gorge (deep valley).
iv. Presence of reliable market for Hydro Electric Power.

Benefits of multi purpose river projects:

i. Generation / provide Hydro electric power.
ii. Floods on rivers are controlled.
iii. A man made lake formed is used for fishing.
iv. Multi-purpose schemes promote irrigation from the water reservoirs created e.g.
Akosombo Dam in Ghana and the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.
v. The project attracts tourists.
vi. The lake formed is used for transport.

Reasons why some river projects have failed in Africa.

i. Low technology.
ii. Shortage of funds / Capital.
iii. Due to political instability.
iv. Corruption / mismanagement of funds.
v. Unfavourable climatic changes like prolonged drought, heavy rainfall resulting into
floods.

ASWAN HIGH DAM.

The Aswan High dam was built on River Nile in Egypt.
It is the biggest / largest dam on the Nile.
It was completed in 1970. A small dam had been constructed in 1903.

Reasons for the construction of the Aswan High dam:

i. To generate hydro electricity power.
ii. To control floods.
iii. To supply water for irrigation to grow food for the high population.
iv. To create a water source for both domestic and industrial use.
v. To create a source of fish i.e. L. Nasser.
vi. To control the wastage of water once the Nile flooded.
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 Factors to consider when setting up a dam:

i. Presence of hard rorks to build on the foundation.

ii. Presence of constant fast running water.
iii. Presence of capital.
iv. Availability of ready market to consume the H.E.P.

Advantages / contributions of the Aswan high dam to the economy of Egypt:

i. The dam generates hydro electricity.
ii. It has created employment.
iii. It helps to provide water for irrigation.
A lot of land has been irrigated.
Crops can now be grown all the year (3 times a year) i.e. perennial irrigation.
iv. It helps to control annual floods.
v. A lake formed is used for transport and fishing.

Disadvantages of the Aswan High dam:

i. The fertile soils no longer go to the areas near the dam. They only go to L. Nasser so
fertilizers have to be used.
ii. The amount of water at the delta has reduced affecting the fishing industry negatively.
iii. It has led to the increase in evaporation.
iv. The soil that was good for making bricks is no longer there.
v. Many people have been displaced.
vi. Many people are affected by bilharzias in areas of perennial irrigation.

ASWAN HIGH DAM

Ref; Comprehensive Bk 7

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AKOSOMBO DAM
The Akosombo multipurpose river project was built on R. Volta in Ghana.
It is called multipurpose because it serves many purposes.
The project involved the construction of an aluminum smelter at Tema ( Volta Aluminum
company (VALCO).
Akosombo was one of the oldest Multi purpose projects in Africa. It was built by VALCO.
Ghana exports her electricity to Benin and Togo.

Advantages of the Akosombo dam:

i. It generates hydro electricity.

ii. It provides water for irrigation.
iii. It provides water for domestic use.
iv. It provides water for industrial use.
v. It has created employment for the people of Ghana.
vi. It controls floods.
vii. A man made lake was formed for fishing.
viii. A man made lake was formed for transport.
ix. A man made lake was formed for tourism
x. A man made lake was formed for recreation.

Problems caused by the Akosombo dam:

i. A lot of money was spent on the construction.

ii. A lot of people were displaced.
iii. The man made lake covered a large area of land.
iv. Some communication lines were destroyed.
v. A lot of money was used to resettle the displaced.
NB:
Sometimes the North is affected by drought leading to a low supply of water to the dam causing
shortage of hydro electricity. So thermal power has to be used.

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 IRRIGATION SCHEMES:
1. What are irrigation schemes?

An irrigation scheme is an area where crops are grown under the artificial supply of water
from a natural source.

2. What is irrigation?

The artificial supply of water from a water body to a garden.

3. What are the reasons for irrigation?

i) To increase crop production.

ii) To grow crops throughout the year.
iii) To put the would be useless land to use.
iv) To increase crop yields.
v) To prevent crops from drying.
The types of irrigation include perennial irrigation and seasonal irrigation.
4. What are the methods of irrigation?

i) Canal method / Gravity flow irrigation.

ii) Over flow method (Sprinkler)
iii) Using a watering can.
Note. There are two types of irrigation that is Perennial irrigation and Seasonal irrigation.
5. Advantages of irrigation:

i. Crops are grown all the year round since there is no need to wait for rainfall.
ii. Crops are not destroyed by storms.
iii. Crops get enough water since the water supply is controllable.
iv. Harvesting is easy.
v. Crops are not so much attacked by diseases due to the aridity of the place.

Examples of irrigation schemes of Africa:

Irrigation scheme Country Source of water Crops grown

Gezira Scheme Sudan Blue Nile cotton
Richard Toll Senegal River Senegal Ground nuts
Awash valley Ethiopia River Awash Rice
Mwea Tebere Kenya River Thiba, Nyamindi Rice
Kilombero valley Tanzania River Kilombero Sugarcane
Doho Uganda River Manafwa Rice
Mubuku Uganda River Mubuku Cotton
Shabelle Somalia River Shabelle Bananas
Vaal South Africa River Vaal Ground nuts
Lake Chad Chad River Chad Dates

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GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME.

- It is the largest irrigation scheme in Africa.

- The Gezira Irrigation Scheme together with its extension of Managil covers 850,000 hectares of
land.
- The Gezira was started by the British in 1925.
- The area lies in a semi-desert where rainfall is insufficient and unreliable.
- The Gezira irrigation scheme is found between the White Nile and the Blue Nile.
- Sennar Dam on the Blue Nile helps to provide water for irrigation from where it flows along
the main canal into smaller channels between fields.
- The main crop grown is cotton.
- Canal method is the common method of irrigation in the Gezira.
- Another method of irrigation is sprinkler.
- The Gezira is managed by the Sudan Government through the Gezira Management Board.
Perennial type of irrigation using canal or gravitational flow method are common on Gezira.

Functions of Sudan Gezira Board

i. It provides seeds to tenants.

ii. Provides fertilizers to tenants.
iii. Gives technical advise.
iv. Provides machinery to tenants.
v. Collects the crop and sells it.

- The farmers in Gezira are called Tenants.

- The tenant farmers:
i. Plant, weed, spray and harvest the cotton.
ii. Remove the plant residue material and burn to control pests.
iii. Practise crop rotation and keep livestock.

Factors that helped to start the scheme:

i. Availability of water from the Sennar dam.
ii. The soil doesn‟t silt.
iii. The area is flat so machines can be used.
iv. The area slopes gently from the Blue Nile to the White Nile allowing easy
gravitational flow of water.

Reasons why Gezira was established in that area.

i. Presence of water from the White Nile and Blue Nile.
ii. The area was fertile for farming.
iii. The area is gently sloping / flat.
iv. The area was a desert.
v. It was sparsely populated.

Crops grown in Gezira Irrigation Scheme.

i) Cotton – major cash crop.
ii) Ground nuts iii) Maize iv) Millet v) Beans
iii) Wheat vii) Sorghum.

33
 MAP OF GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME IN SUDAN:

How does Gezira irrigation scheme benefit the people of Sudan:

i) It is a source of employment.
ii) It is a source of foreign income from cotton exports.
iii) It is a source of food.
iv) The scheme helps to provide farmers with clean water.
v) The scheme provides farmers with clean water.
vii) The scheme helps to provide social services to people.

Problems by farmers in the Gezira:

i. Shortage of capital.
ii. Shortage of labour.
iii. Price fluctuation / fluctuation of cotton prices on the world market.
iv. Stiff competition from other producers.
v. Delayed payment.
vi. Pests and diseases e.g. Bilharzia, malaria etc.
vii. Weeds.
34
Solutions for the above problems;
i) Spraying to control pests.
ii) By dredging the silted canals.
iii) By spraying herbicides.
iv) By diversification.

Kenana irrigation scheme:

The main crop is sugar cane. 300,000 tones of sugar are produced annually. Water for the
scheme is got from the Roseires dam.

Rahad irrigation scheme:

It is near the Gezira. The main crops are wheat and cotton.

35
TOPIC III:
CLIMATE OF AFRICA.

Climate is the average weather conditions of a place recorded for a long period of time.
The main climatic regions of Africa are:
a) Equatorial region
b) Tropical region
c) Mediterranean region.
d) Temperate region.
e) Semi- desert region
f) Desert region.
g) Montane / mountain climatic region.

CLIMATIC REGIONS OF AFRICA

36
Equatorial Climate.
- Equatorial climate is described as hot and wet throughout the year.
- Places with equatorial climate extend to about 50 - 100 North and South of the Equator.
- It receives rainfall throughout the year.
- Temperatures are generally high.
- There is no complete dry month (no marked dry spell).
- Much rainfall is received during equinox. There are commonly two rain maximas .
- The type of rainfall in Equatorial is convectional.

Countries covered by equatorial climate include:

i. DR Congo. iv. Congo Brazzaville.

ii. Northern Angola. v. Sierra Leone.
iii. Gabon. vi. Central African Republic

Economic activities in Equatorial regions:

i) Lumbering. ii) Fishing iii) Farming

v) Mining vi) Latex / rubber tapping.
Crops grown in Equatorial regions:
i) Oil palm ii) Rubber trees iii) Bananas
iv) Cocoa/ coco v) coffee.

Qn: How does Equatorial climate affect people‟s way of;

a) Dressing?
b) Housing?
c) Crops grown?
Monthly rainfall and temperatures at place Y

MONTHS (YEAR) J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rainfall in mm 40 80 200 250 170 70 110 150 250 220 90 50
Temperature in 0C 23 21 20 21 25 24 23 21 20 20 21 24

Questions:

i. Describe the above climate.

ii. Write down two characteristics of the above climate.
iii. Give one reason why the climate is good for growing crops.
iv. Suggest four ways in which the people living in this area can protect the environment in
order to continue with the climate shown in the table.
v. Which two months are good for preparing land for cultivation?
vi. Give one reason for your answer.
vii. What was the hottest month? Why?
viii. Which month had the lowest rainfall?
ix. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?

37
Temperature and rainfall from Equatorial region:

MONTHS J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rainfall in mm 40 10 150 230 205 115 65 80 195 225 150 50
Temperature in 0C 23 23 23 22 22 22 21 22 22 23 22 24

Questions:

i. How many rainy seasons are shown on the table?

ii. Calculate the rainfall range as shown in the table above.
iii. Mention one country in Africa where the climate above was recorded.
iv. Mention the three crops suitable for the above climate.
v. Which month had the highest rainfall?
vi. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.
vii. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
viii. How much rainfall was received in March?
ix. Suggest two economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.
x. Suggest any one area in East Africa which has the climate shown in the table above.

Temperature and rainfall graph A:

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Questions:
i. How many rainy seasons are shown on the chart?
ii. Which month had the highest rainfall?
iii. What was the hottest month? Why?
iv. Why do you think June was the coldest month?
v. Which month had the lowest rainfall?
vi. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?
vii. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.
viii. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
ix. How much rainfall was received in March?
x. Explain the relationship between temperature and rainfall.
xi. Suggest the economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.

38
Temperature and rainfall graph B:

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Questions:
i. How many rainy seasons are shown on the chart?
ii. Which month had the highest rainfall?
iii. What was the hottest month? Why?
iv. Why do you think December was the coldest month?
v. Which month had the lowest rainfall?
vi. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?
vii. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.
viii. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
ix. How much rainfall was received in September?
x. Explain the relationship between temperature and rainfall.
xi. Suggest the economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.

Tropical Climate
The tropical climate lies between the two tropics i.e. Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn but
outside the Equatorial region.
Tropical climate is described as wet and dry i.e. receives long wet seasons with short dry periods.
This climate is found in the central part of Africa. It extends up to 200 N and 200 S of the equator.
Temperatures are always high during the dry season.
Wet seasons are much longer than dry seasons.
Rainfall is received when the sun is overhead the equator i.e. after the Equinox.
The period of the year when the sun is overhead the Equator is called Equinox (21 st March, 23rd
September)
The rainfall is less than that of the equatorial climate.
The amount of rainfall decreases with the distance from the Equator.
Tropical climate is experienced in the Savannah lands.
The wet area is near equatorial climate while the dry is near semi-desert climate.

39
Some of the countries that experience tropical climate are:

i. Gambia. iv. Tanzania vii. Zimbabwe.

ii. Burkina Faso. v. S. Nigeria. viii. South Mali
iii. Chad. vi. Sudan.

Monthly Temperature and rainfall of place D;

MONTHS (YEAR) J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rainfall in mm 150 250 450 300 200 50 00 150 300 250 200 100
Temperature in 0C 26 22 15 18 24 30 35 29 18 22 24 28

Questions:

i. How many rainy seasons are shown on the chart?

ii. Which month had the highest rainfall?
iii. What was the hottest month? Why?
iv. Why do you think March was the coldest month?
v. Which month had the lowest rainfall?
vi. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?
vii. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.
viii. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
ix. How much rainfall was received in July?
x. Explain the relationship between temperature and rainfall.
xi. Suggest the economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.

CLIMATIC GRAPH FOR PLACE X:

J F M A M J J A S O N D

40
Questions for the climatic graph of place X:
i. How many rainy seasons are shown on the chart?
ii. In which tropical part of Africa was the above climate recorded?
iii. Which month had the highest rainfall?
iv. What was the hottest month? Why?
v. Why do you think March was the coldest month?
vi. Which month is suitable for planting crops or trees?
vii. Give a reason for your answer.
viii. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?
ix. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.
x. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
xi. How much rainfall was received in March?
xii. Write down three activities, which can be done by a farmer in the month of July.
xiii. Explain the relationship between temperature and rainfall.
xiv. Suggest two economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.

Semi- Desert Climate.

The climate has very hot summers and little rainfall is received. It is found 150 – 200 North and
180 – 231/20 South. Some of the countries covered by this climate are:
i. Namibia. iii. Niger. v. Mali.
ii. Botswana. iv. N. Nigeria. vi. N. Sudan.

MONTHS (YEAR) J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rainfall in mm 00 10 20 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 10 00
Temperature in 0C 40 38 35 41 38 37 39 40 39 42 38 44

Questions:

xi. How many rainy seasons are shown on the chart?

xii. Which month had the highest rainfall?
xiii. What was the hottest month? Why?
xiv. Why do you think dry seasons in Uganda are very hot at daytime and very cold at night?
xv. Which month had the lowest rainfall?
xvi. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?
xvii. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.
xviii. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
xix. How much rainfall was received in March?
xx. Explain the relationship between temperature and rainfall.
xxi. Suggest the economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.

41
Desert Climate.
Desert climate is hot and dry throughout the year. Summers have very high temperatures of
between 300C to 500C. Winters are very cool and totally dry.
Deserts don‟t receive rainfall because dry winds blow over them.
There are two types of deserts in Africa;
i) Marine desert e.g. Namib desert in Namibia.
ii) Continental desert e.g. Sahara desert in North Africa.
- Why is Sahara and Kalahari deserts called continental desert?
They lie inside the continent.
- Why are deserts very cold at night?
At night, there are no clouds to hold the warmth i.e. heat escapes at night i.e. no clouds
to stop it.
- What causes deserts?

i) Deserts are caused by dry winds e.g. Hammartan winds that blow across Sahara
desert.
ii) Cold currents e.g. Canary and Benguela currents.

The main hot deserts of Africa are:

i. Sahara desert.
ii. Kalahari desert.
iii. Namib desert.

People who live in the deserts wear light white clothes to reflect heat.
They build flat-topped mud houses.
Oases are the main sources of water in deserts. Agriculture is only possible by irrigation.
Tourist attractions in desert areas include; sand dunes, camels and oases.

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Hot Deserts Of Africa.

Mountain \ Montane Climate.

This type of climate is experienced in high altitude areas. High altitude reduces temperature
while low altitude increases temperature. Highland areas also influence rainfall distribution. The
highest temperatures in Africa are in areas below sea level while the lowest temperatures are in
areas that are above 4,500 metres (snow line). That‟s why mountains Rwenzori, Kenya and
Kilimanjaro have snow on their peaks and yet they are located along the equator.

Mountain / montane climate is experienced in the areas below;

- Drakensberg mountains
- Ethiopian Highlands
- Mt. Kilimanjaro
- Mt. Rwenzori
- Mt. Kenya.

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Mediterranean Climate
The Mediterranean climate is also called the „Warm temperate Western margin‟.
It is found in warm temperate regions. It‟s one of the two temperate climates but it‟s not
common in Africa.
Mediterranean climate is found in areas bordering the Mediterranean Sea (Northern tip of the
African continent). It also covers the south Western tip of the continent (Africa) i.e. Cape Town in
South Africa.
This region has four seasons i.e. spring, summer, autumn and winter
It‟s also found in areas 300 – 400 North and South of the equator.
The Mediterranean climate has hot and dry summers and cold and wet winters.
There is moderate rainfall in winter when the temperatures are between 40 and 100.

Characteristics of Mediterranean climate.

- Hot and dry summers.

- Cold and wet winters.
- There is moderate rainfall mainly in winter season.
- This rainfall is brought by westerly winds.

Countries covered by Mediterranean climate include:

i. Northern Morocco. iv. Libya.

ii. Tunisia. v. Cape Town in South Africa.
iii. Algeria.

Mediterranean climate favours the growing of citrus fruits like; oranges, lemons, grapes,
Tangerine, etc.

Main economic activities carried out in the Mediterranean region:

- Growing of citrus fruits.

- Tourism.
- Mining.

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Monthly Temperature and rainfall graph of place M;

Questions:
1. Which month does not receive rainfall at all?
2. What type of climate is represented in the graph above?
3. Give one reason to support your answer in (2)
4. Mention the month with the highest rainfall.
5. What is the relationship between rainfall and temperature in the graph above?
6. State one economic activity, which can be carried out in such a climatic region.

CLIMATIC GRAPH FOR PLACE Q:

Questions:
1. In which month was the average rainfall highest?
2. Identify the type of climate experienced in the above area.
3. What was the lowest average temperature recorded at the station?

45
4. What relationship do you notice between average rainfall and average temperature in the
graph?
6. Suggest two economic activities that can be carried out in the above area.
7. Which month had the highest rainfall?
8. What was the hottest month? Why?
9. Which type of vegetation exists in the above place?
10. Describe the climate experienced in the above area.

Qns: I) In which season does Mediterranean region receive rainfall?

II) Mention the fruits grown in the Mediterranean climate.
III) Describe Mediterranean climate.
iv) Describe the following seasons experienced in the Mediterranean climate;
a) Summer
b) Winter
c) Spring
d) Autumn.

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TEMPERATE CLIMATIC ZONE:

Temperate climatic region has warm-wet summers and cool dry winters.
The temperate climate has fairly cool temperatures and the rainfall is received in summer.
It has mild to warm summers and cool winters.
The climate in this zone is expected in areas of high altitude between latitudes 200 and 300 like
the Veld of South Africa, Cape Ranges.
The temperature ranges between 100 to 190c.
This region covers the Eastern part of South Africa to the East of the Drakensberg ranges.
These parts are referred to as the velds. They include;
- Transvaal province.
- Natal province.
- Orange Free State.

Countries covered by this climate include:

i. Lesotho. iii. Swaziland.

ii. Botswana. iv. South Africa.

Characteristics of Temperate climate.

i. Temperate climatic region has warm-wet summers and cool dry winters.
ii. Temperate climatic region receives moderate rainfall. The temperatures decrease with
altitude.

Economic activities carried out:

i) Farming (crop farming i.e. growing of maize, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton,
and barley.)
(Livestock farming i.e. dairy cattle keeping, ranching, sheep rearing, goat rearing)
ii) Mining i.e. mining of coal, mining of copper.
iii) Lumbering.
iv) Tree planting.
v) Tourism.

MONTHS (YEAR) J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rainfall in mm 112 97 75 61 22 9 8 5 35 69 115 111
Temperature in 0C 20 30 18 16 13 10 10 13 16 18 18 19

i) In which way is rainfall related to temperature according to the table above?

ii) State the month with the highest rainfall.
iii) What type of climate is described on the table above?
iv) Name any one country in Africa where we find the above climate.
v) Mention two economic activities carried out in the above region.

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Factors that influence climate
a) Latitude (distance from the equator)

How latitude affects climate?

- Areas along the Equator receive more rainfall than other areas.

- Places near the equator are hotter than those that are far from the equator.

Reasons why places nearer to the Equator are hotter than other areas;

i. The sun‟s rays travel a shorter distance to the equator than to the poles.
ii. The sun‟s rays on the equator heat a smaller area than those on the Polar Regions do.

Atmospheric gases absorb heat from the sun‟s rays so the longer the distance traveled the more
heat lost.

The sun’s rays heat a larger area and travel a

longer distance.
Cancer

Equator Sun’s rays travel a shorter distance and heat

a smaller area.

Capricorn

b) Distance from large water bodies.

Areas close to the water bodies receive heavy rainfall with low temperatures whereas areas far
from water bodies receive less rainfall with high temperatures. These areas receive convectional
rainfall due to evaporation from water bodies.

c) Altitude.

Altitude is the height of land above sea level.

Altitude affects climate by changing the temperature.
- Areas on a higher altitude are cooler than areas on a lower altitude
Temperatures decrease by 10c for every 150 metres of rise in altitude.
Contours are the imaginary lines joining places of the same altitude on a map.

Question:

How does altitude influence climate?

- Areas on a higher altitude are cooler than areas on a lower altitude.

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d) Human activities.

Global warming is caused by the increase of carbondioxide in the atmosphere leading to the rise
in world temperatures. Carbondioxide forms the biggest part of the green house gases that
prevent heat from escaping into space causing global warming.
Man‟s activities cause the increase of carbondioxide and other pollutants in the atmosphere.
Deforestation and swamp drainage destroy vegetation, which reduces carbondioxide by using it
during photosynthesis thus cleaning the air.
Global warming leads to the melting of snow and ice which causes the increase of water levels in
seas, oceans, lakes and rivers.
It also causes the abnormally heavy rainfall called El nino, which results in serious flooding etc.

Question: How do human activities influence the climate of an area?

Human activities that conserve the vegetation of an area encourage rain formation while
those that destroy the vegetation discourage rain formation.

The human activities that reduce the amount of rainfall in an area include;

i) Lumbering.
ii) Charcoal burning.
iii) Industrialisation.
iv) Overstocking which leads to overgrazing.

The human activities that promote climate in an area are;

i) Afforestation.
ii) Re-afforestation.
iii) Agroforestry.

e) Prevailing winds.

These are winds blowing from a particular direction throughout the year.
Winds are named according to the direction from which they blow.
Prevailing winds cause warm or cold weather or bring rainfall.
Differences in atmospheric pressure which is caused by different temperatures causes wind to
blow from a place of high pressure to that of low pressure. Isobars are imaginary lines drawn on
a map joining places of the same air pressure. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a
barometer.

The doldrums are areas of rising air. They have low pressure. They are also areas where
Northeast and Southeast trade winds meet. The North East and Southeast trade winds bring
rainfall to the Equator.

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Examples of prevailing winds are;
i) Hamarttan winds

These are hot and dry winds from Asia to Sahara Desert.

ii) North EastTrade Winds.

These are also hot and dry winds blowing from Arabian Desert into Africa and don‟t bring
rain. They cause Semi arid conditions in Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, North Eastern Uganda
and Northern, North Western and North Eastern Kenya

iii) South East Trade Winds

These are warm and wet (moist) winds blowing over South Eastern part of the Indian
Ocean. They bring much rainfall to many parts of South Eastern Africa.

iv) South West Monsoon Winds.

They blow over Atlantic Ocean and bring rainfall to West Africa.

v) Westerly Winds

They bring rainfall in winter because they are warm.

Questions:

1. Name the two types of prevailing winds, which influence the climate of Africa.
2. Name the trade winds, which affect the climate of Africa.
3. Why do winds that blow across a water body bring rainfall in an area?

f) Vegetation cover.

Vegetation influences the formation of rainfall due to its process of transpiration

g) Ocean currents.

Ocean currents are moving masses of water in an ocean towards the coast or away from the
coast.
Ocean currents are caused by the movement of wind over a mass of water flowing in a particular
direction.
Ocean currents can also be caused by the earth‟s movement.
Ocean currents are either warm or cold depending on their origin.
Warm ocean currents make coastal areas warm and bring rainfall.
Cold oceans currents are dry but make coastal areas cool.
Warm currents help to form rainfall because they have moisture while cold currents do not form
rainfall because they are dry.

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Examples of warm currents that bring rainfall to Africa are;

i) Mozambique currents or Agulhas.

ii) Guinea currents.

Examples of cold currents that do not bring rainfall to Africa are;

i) Canary currents.
ii) Benguela currents.

How do ocean currents affect the climate of Africa?

Warm ocean currents help to form rainfall while cold currents bring drought.

OCEAN CURRENTS OF AFRICA.

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Influence of climate on human activities .
Different human activities are carried out in different climatic regions under the influence of
climate. What man rears, grows, builds etc in an area depends on the climatic conditions of that
area.

Climate Human activities

Equatorial - People carry out farming, lumbering, latex tapping from rubber
trees.
- People build houses with slanting roofs to allow water run off
- People put on heavy / thick clothes.
Tropical - People practice crop farming, pastoralism, and tourism.
- Livestock farming e.g ranching and dairy farming
- People put on light clothes.
Temperate - People practice sheep rearing for wool.
- Ranching for beef.
- Growing of maize, wheat, sugarcane,barley, cotton, tobacco.
- Lumbering.
- Tree planting.
Mediterranean - Growing of citrus fruits e.g. oranges, grapes, lemon, etc

Desert / semi-desert. - People carry out irrigation farming.

- Nomadic pastoralism by the Fulani, Masai, Karimojong, Hausa,
Tuareg,etc.
- People wear light clothes with turbans to reflect the Sun‟s heat.
- People build flat houses to control heat from the Sun.

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON PEOPLE:

Climate affects man more than any other element of the physical environment. People‟s energy,
mental strength, health, comfort and physical appearance are determined by climate. Climate
also determines people‟s buildings. People build houses with slanting roofs to allow easy runoff of
water in places that receive heavy rainfall. In hot areas people paint their houses white to reduce
heat.
Climate makes people in hot areas wear light clothes and people in cold areas wear thick clothes.
Even the food eaten is determined by climate. Climate also has influence on disease vectors and
therefore on diseases and human resistance to diseases.
Severe coldness and high altitude plus low pressure weaken people‟s resistance to diseases while
fresh air, sunshine and moderate humidity strengthen man‟s resistance to disease.
Climate affects markets and sale of goods. It also affects transport and communication.

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Influence of weather to people.
i) Wet / rainy weather.

- People plant their crops.

- People put on heavy clothes.
- They weed their garden.
- They spray the crops.

ii) Dry / sunny season

- People harvest their crops.

- They dry their harvests.
- They put on light clothes.
- They prepare land for farming.
- They irrigate their crops.

iii) Windy weather.

- Farmers winnow their seeds.

- People are helped to run their windmills.
- People sail.

Weather disasters and their effects:

i) Floods.

Causes of floods:

- Heavy rainfall.
- Poor drainage system.
- People have settled in swampy areas.
- Silting of swamps and rivers.

Effects of floods to people.

- Destruction of property.
- Displacement of people.
- Loss of lives (death)
- Easy spread of diseases.
- Leads to famine by destroying crops.
- Poor transport / washing away of bridges.
- Floods cause soil erosion.

Ways of helping flood victims:

- Provision of relief Aid e.g. clothes, food, shelter, medical care.

- Establishment of resettlement homes.
- Repairing roads and bridges/ power lines.

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ii) Drought:
Causes;
- High rate of deforestation.
- Swamp drainage.
- Bush burning.

Effects of drought:
- Famine.
- Shortage of water and pasture for animals.
- Death of animals.

Solutions for drought / drought effects.

- Practising irrigation farming.

- Afforestation.
- Avoid swamp drainage.
- Constructring valley dams and borehalls.
- By carrying out agro-forestry.

iii) Landslides:
Causes.
- Heavy rainfall.
- Over cultivation on mountain slopes.
- Deforestation on mountain slopes.

Effects of land slides;

- Loss of lives.
- Displacement of people.
- Destruction of property.
- Famine.

Solution.
- Avoid over cultivation on mountain slopes.
- Avoid deforestation on mountain slopes.
- Avoid settling on mountain slopes.

iv) Hailstones
- It is caused by heavy rainfall.

Effects.
- Destroys crops.
- Kills animals.
- Leads to soil erosion.

Solution.
- Stay indoors.

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 How man affects the environment.

i. By overgrazing.
ii. By draining wetlands.
iii. By polluting the environment.
iv. By deforestation.
v. By over cultivation.
vi. By clearing the land.
vii. By extracting water from underground using pumps which lowers the water table.

Effects of environmental degradation:

i. Loss of soil fertility (soil exhaustion).

ii. Soil erosion.
iii. Drought.
iv. Global warming.
v. Desertification.
vi. Negative climatic changes.

Ways of conserving the environment:

i. By afforestation.
ii. By re-afforestation.
iii. Rural electrification reduces the cutting down of trees for fuel.
iv. By agro-forestry.
v. By practising good farming methods e.g. terracing, contour ploughing, strip cropping etc
vi. By encouraging people to use alternative sources of fuel e.g. coffee husks, banana peels,
biogas, solar energy etc.
vii. By sensitizing people on how to use and conserve the environment through the media
seminars etc.

Question:
1. How does climate influence the following?
a) Wildlife.
b) Vegetation
c) People‟s way of dressing.
2. Explain briefly how water bodies help in the influence of climate.

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TOPIC 4:
THE VEGETATION OF AFRICA.
Vegetation is the plant cover of an area. Vegetation can be planted or natural.
Natural vegetation is the plant cover that grows on its own.
Planted vegetation is the plant cover that is planted by man.

Difference between Natural and planted vegetation:

Natural vegetation:
i) They produce hard wood.
ii) They have a variety of tree species.
iii) They have a thick undergrowth.
iv) Trees take long to mature.
v) They don‟t grow in defined rows.

Examples of tree in the natural forests:

- Ebony.
- Mvule.
- Mahogany.
- Rosewood.
- African walnut.

Questions:
Why do you think natural forests produce hard wood?
They take long to mature.
Why do they take long to mature?
- Because of their competition for nutrients.
- They lack conditions for maturing faster.
Planted vegetation:
i) The trees have soft wood.
ii) They have one tree specie.
iii) They take relatively short time to mature.
vi) Trees are planted in rows.

Examples of tree species in planted forests:

i) Eucalyptus. ii) Pines. iii) Cedar. V) Cypress.

vi) Fir.
Elements / kinds of vegetation:
- Trees / forests.
- Grass / Grasslands
- Flowers.
- Crops.
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The main vegetation zones of Africa includes:

i. Equatorial / Tropical rainforests.

ii. Savannah / Tropical grasslands.
iii. Semi-desert vegetation.
iv. Mediterranean vegetation.
v. Temperate grasslands.
vi. Mangrove forests/ swamps.
vii. Mountain vegetation.
viii. Desert vegetation.

1. Tropical Rain Forests.

Tropical rainforests or Equatorial forests grow in Equatorial climatic regions.
In this region, the temperatures are high throughout the year and heavy rainfall is received
throughout the year. These forests are thick because of they receive heavy / plenty/a lot of
rainfall throughout the year. The trees provide hard wood (timber).

Equatorial rainforests are mainly found in;

i. Democratic Republic of the Congo.

ii. Congo Brazzaville
iii. Areas around Lake Victoria in Uganda.
iv. Gabon
v. The central highlands of Kenya.
vi. The Southern part of the central highland in Tanzania.
vii. Cameroon.

Characteristics of equatorial / tropical rain forests:

i. Trees have hard wood.
ii. Trees have broad leaves.
iii. The vegetation is evergreen.
iv. Trees have thick undergrowth.
v. The forests form a canopy.
vi. Trees take long to mature e.g. 70 years.
vii. Trees have buttress roots standing above the ground.
viii. Tree trunks are straight and have branches at lower parts.

Some of the trees found in the Equatorial forests are:

i. Mahogany. v. Ebony.
ii. Mvule vi. Sepele.
iii. Rose wood. vii. Obeach
iv. Green heart.

The economic activities carried out in equatorial forests include;

i) Lumbering ii) Tourism. iii) Farming iv) Mining v) Rubber / latex tapping

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Uses of hard wood:

i. For making furniture.

ii. For construction of houses
iii. For making boats.
iv. For making coffins.
v. For fuel
vi. For poles, etc.

Advantages of living near thick forests:

i) A lot of rainfall is received in the area.
ii) People can access herbs.
iii) The soil is fertile for farming.
iv) People can get meat through hunting.
v) People can easily access timber.
vi) People can easily access wood fuel.

Disadvantages of forests to people:

i. Forests are breeding places for vectors.
ii. They promote insecurity in an area since wrongdoers hide there.
iii. Forests keep animals that destroy crops and lives.

2. Savannah Grasslands.
The Savannah is also known as tropical grasslands.
It covers the biggest / largest part of Africa.
There are two types of savanna vegetation namely:
a) Savanna grassland.
b) Savanna woodland.
The wooded Savannah like the Miombo woodland of southern Tanzania has many Tsetse flies,
which makes cattle keeping and human settlement almost impossible.
Tsetse flies can be controlled by spraying with insecticides and clearing the bushes.
Savanna woodlands are also found in Angola, Malawi and Zambia.

Questions: Describe woodland savanna.

Woodland savanna has thick tall thorny bushes with short grass.

The grass grows to a height of about 2 metres. During the dry season, the grass turns yellow
and dry up. The roots remain dormant in the ground until it rains. Most trees in the Savannah
shed their leaves during the dry season to reduce transpiration.
Trees that shed their leaves are called deciduous trees while trees that don‟t shed their leaves
are called evergreen.

Some of the trees found in the Savanna are:

- Acacia.
- Baobab.

Some trees have thin leaves that also help in the reducing transpiration.
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The trees also have long taproots to absorb water from deep underground.
Savannah grasslands are a major source of pasture for animals.
Savannah grasslands also have open space for free movement of game.
That is why there are many game parks on the Savannah.

Characteristics of savanna vegetation:

i. It has tall and scattered trees.

ii. The grass is short in areas that receive little rainfall and tall grass in areas that receive a
lot of rainfall.
iii. The trees shed their leaves during dry season.
iv. The trees have long roots, which they use to tap underground water.
v. The woodlands have thorny thickets.

The economic activities carried out in savanna lands include;

i) Tourism
ii) Farming i.e. animal rearing and crop growing.
iii) Mining

3. Mediterranean Vegetation.
The Mediterranean vegetation is found in the extreme Northwest ( along the coast of Morocco,
Algeria, and Tunisia) and extreme South West of Africa (around Cape Town area in South Africa).
Mediterranean vegetation consists of woodland and scrub.
Mediterranean forests have softwood.
Some of the trees in the Mediterranean vegetation are;
- Conifers
- Pine
- Rose wood / cedar
- Cypress
- Oak etc.
Most of the trees of this vegetation have wax covered leaves to control transpiration i.e. reduce
the loss of water.

Characteristics of Mediterranean Vegetation:

- The roots are widely spread.

- The stems are thick to store water.
- Leaves are covered by wax and hairy.

The economic activities carried out in Mediterranean Vegetation include;

- Growing of citrus fruits e.g. oranges, lemon, tangerines, vines, grapes, etc.
- Sheep and cattle rearing.
Other crops grown are; wheat, maize, barley and vegetables.

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4. Montane forests (mountain vegetation).
Montane forests are also known as mountain vegetation.
Montane forests grow in semi-temperate regions in the highlands.
Semi-temperate regions have cool temperatures.
It changes with the difference in altitude.
Montane forests grow taller in wetter areas.

At the foot of the mountain there is tropical grassland / savanna grassland.

Equatorial forests occur from about 1500 metres – 3000 metres. The trees that grow in such
areas have softwood. Such trees include cedar, pine, spruce and fir.

Above 3,500 metres,you find there bamboo, heath and moorland.

Above heath and moorland is too cold for plants to grow. It is mainly covered by snow or is just
bare rock.
Above 4,500 metres there is a snowline.
Montane vegetation is common on the Ethiopian Highlands, Drakensberg, Mt. Rwenzori, Mt.
Elgon, etc.

Diagram of Mountain Vegetation

5. Semi-Desert Vegetation.
The semi-desert vegetation consists of scrub, thorny trees, scattered tough grass and bushes.
This vegetation has few trees because of very little rainfall received.
Trees are mainly found along rivers.
The trees have thick bark, thin leaves and thorns, which reduce the loss of water through
transipiration.
Most of the land is bare with drought resistant trees like cactus (cactuses / cacti)
Semi-desert vegetation is close to deserts like the Sahara, Namib and Kalahari etc.
It covers the biggest part of northern and northeast Kenya.
It also covers northeast Uganda (Karamoja).
Nomadic pastoralism is the major economic activity.

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6. Desert Vegetation.
Desert areas have bare rock and a lot of sand.
Sand dunes are heaps of sand found in deserts.
The area where water is found in the desert is called Oases.
Few crops can grow near the oases.
Some of the crops grown in the desert are;
i) Dates.
ii) Wheat.
iii) Barley.
iv) Olives.
v) Vegetables.

Few trees grow in the desert region, have very long roots, have thick barks and thin leaves to
control transpiration.
Some of the trees in the desert are;
- Cactus
- Baobab
- Poppies

Camels are used as a means of transport in deserts.

Camels are suitable for desert conditions because:

i. Camels have huge humps that store fats.

ii. Camels have huge hoofs that move more easily on sand.
iii. Camels have hard and long eyelids that protect the eyes from the desert sand / dust..

The economic activities carried out in desert lands include;

i) Tourism
ii) Nomadic pastoralism.
iii) Oil Mining e.g. in Libya
iv) Irrigation farming.

7. Mangrove Forests.
Mangrove forests grow along the coast in coastal waters i.e. salty conditions.
They are not as thick and dense as equatorial forests.
Mangrove forests grow in or near water that‟s why they are sometimes referred to as mangrove
swamps.
Mangrove forests provide hard wood and waterproof timber that is used for ship building.
They are mainly found in Western, Eastern and southeastern coast of Africa.
They are also found in the Western part of Madagascar.
Kenya exports mangrove timber to Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Apart from mangrove swamps, there are other swamps that grow in low lands mainly along
rivers and around lakes.
Swamps reduce the flow of water, which increases the rate of evapo-transpiration (evaporation
and transpiration) leading to rain formation.
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8. Temperate Grasslands.
Temperate grasslands are found in temperate regions i.e. outside tropics.
The temperate grasslands of Africa are called the Velds or High Veld.
They are called the High Veld because they are located on the high plateau of South Africa.
They are commonly found in areas where moisture is not enough for plant growth.
The temperate grasslands cover areas around Transvaal and Orange Free State in South
Africa.
Short grass is the main vegetation in this region with some scattered trees, which are also
evergreen.
The economic activities in the temperate grasslands are;

a) Farming mainly;
- Sheep rearing, the sheep reared include; Merino sheep – for wool.
- Dairy farming and maize growing.
- Goats are also kept for wool (mohair). The main goats kept are Angora goats.
b) Lumbering.
c) Mining.
d) Tree planting e.g. growing of oak trees.

Factors that influence vegetation distribution in Africa.

i. Rainfall
It is the major factor that determines vegetation distribution. The amount of rainfall received in
an area determines the type of vegetation that will be in that area. Thick forests are found in
areas with heavy rainfall while grasslands are found in areas with low rainfall.

ii. Soil.
Fertile soil supports more plant growth that the infertile soil.

iii. Temperature.
Some plants can withstand high temperatures while others like medium or low temperatures.
High temperatures increase the rate of evapo-transpiration.

iv. Human activities.

Human activities such as lumbering, fish smoking, industrialization, etc do not favour vegetation
growth instead they lead to deforestation while human activities such as agro-forestry,
afforestation and re-afforestation promote vegetation growth.

v. Altitude \ Relief.

Relief is the nature of land formation. Different vegetation appears on different altitudes.

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 Forests:
A forest is a group of trees. There are two types of forests in E. Africa.

i. Natural forests.
ii. Plantation forests.
Natural forests.

Natural Forests are the forests that grow up on their own. Natural forests in Uganda include;
Mabira forest, Budongo forests and Bugoma forest, etc.

Plantation forests.
Plantation forests are forests that are planted by people. Most of these forests have soft wood
trees such as ceder, pine, spruce and fir.

Trees from plantation forests grow tall to reach the sunshine but these forests are not as thick as
the Equatorial.

Softwood from these forests is used for making soft boards, paper, pencils and matches etc.

Some of the plantation forests in Uganda are;

Namunve, Lendhu, Muguga etc.

Importance of forests /vegetation to people and animals.

i. Forests provide timber to man for construction purposes.
ii. Natural vegetation is a tourist attraction, which generates revenue to a country.
iii. Forests are habitats of wild life and people e.g. pygmies.
iv. Forests help in the formation of rainfall.
v. Forests provide employment to the people e.g. forests rangers.
vi. Forests are a source of wood fuel i.e. firewood and charcoal.
vii. Forests are used for study purposes (research centers).
viii. Forests are a source of herbal medicine.
ix. Forests provide fruits to people.
x. Forests are a source of raw materials like rubber.
xi. Forests control global warming i.e. remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen.
xii. Forests provide man with fibre.
xiii. Forests protect houses and plants from strong winds.
xiv. Savannah grasslands are grazing areas for cattle.
xv. Bamboo is used to make musical instruments.
xvi. Swamps filter sewage and water.
xvii. Forests control soil erosion.
xviii. Forests are hunting areas.
xix. Vegetation conserves soil fertility.
xx. Swamps are a source of craft materials.
xxi. Swamps are water catchment areas.
xxii. Swamps control floods.

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Economic / commercial importance of forests /vegetation.
i. Forests provide timber to man for construction purposes.
ii. Forests are tourist attraction for income.
iii. Forests are a source of building materials like poles.
iv. Provides firewood for sale.
v. Forests provide employment to the people e.g. forests rangers.
vi. Forests are a source of raw materials like rubber.
vii. Source of herbal medicine for sale.

Disadvantages of forests.
i. Forests harbour vectors like Tsetse flies.
ii. Forests harbour deadly wild animals.
iii. Forests harbour wrong doers.
iv. They occupy farmland for cultivation and settlement.
v. Forests are a barrier to transportation and communication.
vi. Forests provide poisonous herbs.

Swamps.
Importance of swamps:

i. For growing crops.

ii. For fishing.
iii. For controlling floods (water catchment areas).
iv. They filter water.
v. They are water sources.
vi. They are homes of wild animals.
vii. They provide pastures for livestock (grazing).
viii. They are mining areas i.e. sand and clay.
ix. They are research areas.
x. They are tourist attractions.
xi. They are dumping areas.
xii. They help in rainfall formation.
xiii. They are a source of fruits.
xiv. They are a source of craft materials.
xv. They are a source of local medicine.
xvi. They a source of fibre.
xvii. They are hunting areas.

Disadvantages of swamps:
i. They harbour disease carriers e.g. snails, mosquitoes.
ii. They harbour wrong doers.
iii. They are communication barriers.
iv. They welcome only a few crops that need a lot of water.
v. They encourage dumping.
vi. They are difficult to plough.

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Activities carried out in swamps:

i. Crop farming.
ii. Mining e.g. clay, sand, etc.
iii. Tourism
iv. Collection of craft materials.
v. Fishing e.g. mudfish.

Crops grown in swamps.:

i. Sugar canes. iv. Sweet potatoes.

ii. Rice. v. Maize
iii. Yams vi. Vegetables.

Swamp reclamation.
Swamp reclamation is the draining of swamps for economic activities.

Why people reclaim/drain swamps:

i. For crop growing.

ii. For industrialization.
iii. For settlement.
iv. For construction of infrastructure.

Effects of swamp drainage/reclamation:

i. It leads to the reduction of rainfall.
ii. It leads to drought.
iii. It leads to destruction animal habitats.
iv. It leads to the lowering of the water table.
v. It leads to environmental degradation.

How swamp drainage affects the climate of an area?

- Swamp drainage reduces the amount of rainfall received in an area.

- Swamp drainage leads to drought.

Human activities that have caused the destruction of swamps / wetlands in Uganda.

i. Crop farming.
ii. Brick making.
iii. Sand and clay mining.
iv. Road construction.
v. Construction of industries.

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Destruction Of Forests/Vegetation.
People destroy/ misuse forests by:
i. Bush burning.
ii. Cutting down trees for timber, charcoal and firewood.
iii. Using poor farming methods e.g. over grazing and overstocking, shifting cultivation, etc.
iv. Clearing vegetation to construct roads, industries, etc.

Why people cut down forests.

i. To create land for settlement due to population increase.
ii. To create land for agriculture.
iii. For firewood (smoking fish/cooking/brick baking, etc.)
iv. For making charcoal.
v. For timber.
vi. For poles for electricity.

Human activities that lead to deforestation.

i. Charcoal making
ii. Firewood making.
iii. Lumbering.
iv. Fish smoking.
v. Industrialization.
vi. Poor methods of farming e.g. shifting cultivation

Effects of deforestation.
i. It leads to reduction of rainfall (drought)
ii. It leads to desertification.
iii. It leads to global warming.
iv. It leads to loss of animal habitats.

Ways to conserve forests.

i. By afforestation.
vi. By re-afforestation.
iii. By applying appropriate farming methods e.g. bush fallowing, agro-forestry, crop rotation.
iv. By teaching people on the value of forests.
v. By rural electrification.
vi. By encouraging people to use alternative sources of energy e.g. coffee husks, solar
energy, biogas, banana peelings, etc.
vii. By enacting strong laws protecting forests.

How the environment is degraded.

i. By deforestation.
ii. By swamp reclamation.
iii. By mining e.g. sand.
iv. By brick making.
v. By bush burning.
vi. By pollution.
vii. By construction of infrastructure.

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Causes of environmental degradation.

i. High population growth.

ii. Industrialisation.
iii. Search for land for settlement.
iv. Search for land for farming / agriculture.

How does vegetation influence population distribution.

(Effects of vegetation on population distribution)

i. Dense equatorial rain forests are unfavourable for human settlement because of many
fierce animals, many disease vectors like tsetse flies and mosquitoes, difficult to construct
transport and communication facilities, hence there are few people living in equatorial
forests.
ii. Most people live in savanna lands because there is enough open space for settlement and
farming.
iii. Desert areas are sparsely populated because of unreliable rainfall i.e. very hot and dry.

Effects of vegetation on animals.

Influence of vegetation on animals.
a) Different types of animals need different types of habitats.
b) A habitat is a place in which animals usually live in nature.
c) A habitat should have pasture, water, shelter and space suitable for the animal needs.
d) Habitats include; deserts, savannas, rainforests and mountains.
e) The distribution of animals in Africa is greatly determined by the type of vegetation.
f) Vegetation greatly influences animals and their grazing patterns.
g) Animals move looking for pasture in different national parks.
h) Areas with thick vegetation are good for animals like monkeys, baboons, apes and
chimpanzees since there are fruits and berries that they eat.
i) Savanna with scattered tall trees is good for bush bucks, gazelle, lions, zebras,etc.
j) The Savannah or tropical grassland provides good pasture for animals and it‟s the reason
why there are many national parks on the Savannah.
k) Animals need plenty of grass, shelter, protection, and favourable weather conditions.
l) Animals use the vegetation for:
 Pasture that they can feed on i.e. herbivorous like Buffalos, etc.
 Shelter, i.e. the vegetation provides them with shade, shelter from sunshine, rainfall, etc.
 Protection e.g. monkeys climb trees when attacked, gorillas climb mountains, etc.
 Savanna vegetation also has open space for free movement of game.

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m) Animals e.g. bush bucks, gazelle, lions, zebra, etc enjoy living in the savanna.
n) The vegetation is a habitat/home for wild animals i.e. they stay there, meat-eaters
(carnivores) also stay in the vegetation as they hunt for herbivores.
o) Deserts with little or no rainfall have poor vegetation therefore only few small animals and
camels live there due to scarcity of grass and water.
p) The animals found in particular national parks are determined by the features in the area. For
example, there are no hippos, crocodiles in Kidepo valley National Game Park because the
place is semi- desert.
If the game park is on water body, then water animals should be there.
q) Areas with thick vegetation are good for animals like monkeys, baboons and chimpanzees
because there are fruits that they eat.

LOCATION OF GAME PARKS OF AFRICA.

Game Parks:
These are gazetted areas where wildlife is protected by the government.

Wildlife:
This refers to the animals, birds, insects that are wild and live in a natural environment.

Marine Parks.

They are places where some fish, lizards and water birds can be cared for. Most marine parks in
E. Africa are found along the coast of E. Africa.

The Zoo.

A zoo is a place where wild animals and birds are kept on a small scale for public viewing.

A National Sanctuary.

They are natural habitats where birds are protected and encouraged to breed.
An example of a national sanctuary is Lake Nakuru for flamingoes.

Game rangers:

These are armed people who are employed in game parks to provide security to the wild animals
against poachers.

Game wardens:

These are armed people who guide the tourists around the game parks while looking at the wild
game.
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The governments of the African countries have ministries that are responsible for wild life and
tourism whose work is to improve tourism.
The Ministry of tourism and Wildlife is in charge of tourism in Uganda.
Hotels are constructed near national parks to provide food, accommodation, transport and
entertainment to the tourists.

Importance of game parks in Africa

i. They employ people as game rangers, guides etc.
ii. They attract tourists who pay foreign exchange to the country.
iii. They provide market for locally manufactured goods such as handicrafts etc.
iv. They are used for educational purposes and research (study purpose).
v. They preserve different animal species for future generations.
vi. They lead to the development of infrastructure like roads and hotels.

Problems facing national parks.

i. Poaching.
ii. Drought leading to shortage of pasture and water.
iii. Occasional floods.
iv. Wild bush fires during dry seasons.
v. Animal diseases e.g. nagana, anthrax etc.
vi. Wars (insecurity).
vii. Deforestation (land encroachment) due to increasing human population clearing land
for settlement
viii. Pollution of parks e.g. cans, bottles and paper kills animals.

Solution to problems:
i. Enforce laws against poaching and use game rangers.
ii. Ensure that there is peace and security in the country.
iii. Sensitise / teach the public about the values of game parks / tourism.
iv. Employ more veterinary personnel.
v. There should be fire-fighting equipment.
vi. Discourage deforestation and encourage afforestation.
vii. Resettling people far away from game parks.

Types of animals in African game parks.

There are Mammals, Reptiles, Birds and other smaller organisms.
The main animals in the African parks are classified:
 The grass eaters (herbivores) e.g. antelopes, elephants, giraffes, buffaloes etc
 The meat eaters (Carnivores) e.g. lions, leopards, cheetahs etc.
 There are both meat and grass eaters (omnivores) e.g. wild pigs etc.
 Those that eat the rotting meat (scavengers) e.g. hyenas, vultures.

There are also big birds e.g. the ostrich, which is the biggest bird in the world, the flamingos with
their famous sanctuary of Lake Nakuru of Kenya.
Some animals live in and around water e.g. the crocodiles, rhinos etc.

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Others animals prefer forests e.g. the monkeys, chimpanzees and gorillas etc.
The grass eaters like the antelopes prefer open grasslands.

How to maintain national parks.

i. There should be vegetation to provide food for animals.
ii. There should be security for both tourists and animals.
iii. There should be a variety of animals and birds.
iv. There should be good transport and communication.
v. There should be good accommodation i.e. hotels, lodges, comp sites, etc.

Disadvantages of national parks:

i. Game parks occupy farmland.
ii. Game parks displace people.
iii. Animals escape and kill people.
iv. Some animals e.g. cause deserts.
v. It‟s expensive to maintain parks.

TOURISM INDUSTRY:
Tourism is the act of travelling to see new and interesting places for purposes of pleasure and
having a rest.

Tourism is referred to as an industry because:

i. It generates income.
ii. It creates employment.
iii. It develops remote areas.

Tourism is also called invisible trade because it generates income but there‟s no physical
exchange of goods.
Tourism is also called invisible export because it generates foreign exchange but no physical
goods are taken outside the country.
There‟s domestic tourism and international tourism.
Domestic tourism is done by local people while international is by foreigners.

African tourist attractions:

i. Game parks /wild life / game reserves.
ii. Climate.
iii. Culture e.g. dressing, musical instruments, etc.
iv. Historical sites e.g. Luzira, Nyero Rock Paintings, Sango Bay, Magosi Stone Age sites, etc.
v. Vegetation / forests.
vi. Physical features e.g. lakes, rivers, the rift valley, mountains especially the snow-capped.
vii. Industries.
viii. Museum.
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Reasons why tourists come to Africa.

i. For research / learning / study purposes.

ii. For leisure / recreation / adventure.
iii. For mountain climbing, boat racing, water rafting.
iv. To see wild life.
v. To enjoy good climate.

Importance of the tourism industry.

i. It brings foreign exchange. It‟s one of the leading foreign exchange earners in East Africa.
ii. It has promoted the protection of wild game, natural sites, historical sites, historical
monuments and cultural activities.
iii. It has encouraged the construction and maintenance of tourist facilities. E.g. hotels, inns,
guesthouses, lodges, H.E.P, sanitation, etc.
iv. It has provided market for local goods mainly from the craft industry.
v. It‟s a source of educational information.
vi. Tourism creates employment
vii. It promotes friendly relations between countries.

Problems faced by the tourism industry.

i. Poaching
Poaching is the illegal hunting of animals in national parks. Animals are hunted for their
teeth, skins, horns, ivory and meat etc. people who hunt in national game parks are
poachers. However, the government has employed game rangers to protect the animals.
ii. Poor accommodation i.e. hotels, lodges etc.
iii. Shortage of funds to promote the tourism industry.
iv. Poor managerial skills of people involved in the tourism industry.
v. Poor transport i.e. bad roads and vehicles in dangerous mechanical conditions.
vi. Poor publicity leaves many tourists attractions unknown.
vii. Political instability, which causes insecurity, may scare away tourists and make animals
migrate (flee the war zone).
viii. Similarities of wild life of the E. African countries.
ix. Hostility of the local people to the tourists.
x. Animal diseases kill animals.
xi. Diseases like Aids, Ebola scare a way the tourists.
xii. Wild bush fires drive away animals.
xiii. Encroachment on game parks for settlement and farming.

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Disadvantages of tourism:

i. Tourists bring in diseases.

ii. Tourists bring in their culture.
iii. Tourism hinders the development of infrastructure dams on waterfalls.
iv. Some tourists come in as spies.

Solution to problems of tourism:

i. Poaching should be controlled (employment of game wardens and better-trained and

equipped game rangers).
ii. Infrastructure like roads should be developed.
iii. Security should also be improved.
iv. Africa should advertise /publicise her tourist potential.
v. The masses should be sensitized on the value of conserving wild life.
vi. The local people should handle tourists in a friendly manner.
vii. New national parks should be gazetted.
viii. Bush burning should be discouraged.
ix. Income generating activities should be set up to reduce poaching.
x. New species of animals should be introduced.
xi. Fire fighting equipment and personnel should be set up.
ix. Veterinary services should be provided to animals in

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TOPIC 5: (Term II)
The People of Africa:
After the discovery of many of the oldest tools, weapons and remains of early man in Africa, historians
believe that Africa is the cradle land of man.

Qn: Why is Africa referred to as the cradle land of man?

The earliest / oldest / first man lived in Africa.

The oldest human skull was discovered in Africa.

The peoples of Africa are grouped according to the language they speak, Origin (craddleland), skin colour,
etc.
Africa has many ethnic groups e.g. Bantu, Nilotics, Nilo-Hamites, Hamites, Arabs, Khoisan and Berbers
etc.

Other people of Africa include; Mongoloid people e.g the Chinese and Indians commonly found in
Mauritius and some urban areas of East Africa, Indonesians found in the Island of Madagascar.

MIGRATIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA.

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THE PEOPLES OF EASTERN AFRICA
a) Bantu e.g. Nyamwezi, Baganda, Kikuyu, Basoga, He he etc.

b) Plain Nilotes (Nilo Hamites) e.g. Iteso, Karimojong, Tepeth, Kakwa, Pokot, Jie, Masai, etc.

c) River lake Nilotes (Nilotics) e.g. Acholi, Alur, Jaluo, Jophadhola, Nuer and the Dinka in South
Sudan, etc

d) Highland Nilotes. e.g. Sabiny ,Pokots, Nandi, Tugen, etc.

e) Hamites (Cushites) e.g. Bahima, Galla, Rendille,Somali, Tutsi etc.

f) Semites e.g. Arabs, Egyptian.

The Peoples Of Southern Africa.

Southern Africa consists of Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.
The Southern part of Africa is mainly inhabited by the:

i. Bantu. iv. Europeans (Boers (Dutch farmers).

ii. Khoisan i.e. the Khoikhoi and the San v. Asians (Indians, Chinese, Malaysians)
iii. Coloureds.

The Bantu is the largest ethnic group in South Africa and in Africa.

The Bantu include:

i. Tswana of Botswana
ii. Basuto of Lesotho.
iii. Swazi of Swaziland.
iv. Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele, Venda, etc. of South Africa
v. Ovambo and Herero of Namibia.

The available evidence shows that the Bantu originally lived either in:

i. The Cameroon Highlands.

ii. The confluence of the Niger and Benue.
iii. The Congo Forests.

It‟s from these places that the Bantu moved to Southern Africa and even East Africa.

Causes of the Bantu migration:

i. Shortage of food (famine).
ii. Epidemics.
iii. Shortage of land for farming.
iv. Shortage of rainfall.
v. Internal and external conflicts.
vi. Love for adventure.

The Bantu mainly settled in areas with fertile soils and were receiving reliable rainfall ( had good
climate).
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Problems faced /met by early migrants:
i. They were attacked and killed by wild animals and diseases.
ii. They lost their property on the move.
iii. They faced shortage of food and water.
iv. There was harsh climate in some parts.
v. Difficult terrain i.e it was difficult to cross rivers, lakes, swamps, mountains etc.
vi. Resistance from indigenous people they found on the way and in the places they settled.
vii. There was poor means of transport i.e difficulty in movements.

The Khoisan.
The Khoisan lived in South Africa before the coming of the Bantu.
The Khoisan are the earliest and oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa.
The Khoisan are made up of the Khoikhoi who were formerly called the Hottentots by the European
settlers and the San who were formerly called the Bushmen.
The KhoiKhoi are pastoralists living in Namibia.
The San are hunters and kept some goats and sheep.
The San mainly live in the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and Namibia.
When the Bantu and the Europeans came to South Africa, they drove the Khoisan to the Kalahari
Desert where they live today.

The Coloureds.

The intermarriages between the Whites, Asians and Africans produced a mixed race of people known as
the Coloureds.
The Coloureds mainly lived in towns. They work in mines and farms in South Africa.

The Asians.

The Asians were mainly people who came from India, China and Malaysia.
They were workers or traders. They intermarried with Africans and formed the Coloureds.

The Afrikaners:

Afrikaners are descendants of the Dutch settlers who migrated and settled in South Africa.
South Africa was first colonized by the Dutch but when the British came, the Dutch moved northwards
into the interior and founded Transvaal and Orange Free State.
Their language is known as Afrikaans.
In 1948, Nationalist Party (party of the Boers) came to power bearing their own version of racial rule they
called apartheid.

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The Peoples Of Northern Africa.
North Africa includes Egypt, Morocco, Libya, Algeria Western Sahara and Tunisia.
The groups of people who live in Northern Africa includes;

i) Berbers.
ii) The Egyptians.
iii) The Arabs in Libya, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria.
iv) The Semites.
v) Tuaregs found in Ahaggar Plateau of the Sahara Desert in Algeria.

The Egyptians, Semites and Berbers are light skinned and look like Arabs. The three fall under the
Cushites. The Cushites are said to have been the original inhabitants.
The Semites are a mixture of Arabic and Jewish blood.

Most people in North Africa are Arabs who came from Saudi Arabia, Syria and Persia to spread Islam and
to carry out trade.
The Arabs attacked North Africa by force and defeated the Berbers.
Northlands are referred to as Maghreb.
The blacks in North Africa (Africans) intermarried with the Arabs to produce the Semites.
The Semites speak Arabic
Before the coming of the Arabs, Black people lived in Egypt.
The Berbers practised cultivation, hunting and nomadic pastoralism.
After defeating people in Egypt and the Maghreb, the Arabs settled there and intermarried with them.
Most of the Berbers became Muslims due to the influence of the Arabs.

The Peoples Of Central Africa.

Countries that form Central Africa are:
i. DR Congo. vi. Zimbabwe.
ii. Zambia. vii. Rwanda.
iii. Malawi. viii. Burundi
iv. Cameroon. ix. Central African Republic.
v. Angola.

The Bantu.

Before the coming of the Bantu, Central Africa was inhabited by the Khoisan.
The Bantu who settled in Central Africa came from the Cameroon highlands.
Others came from South Africa due to the wars of Shaka the Zulu.
The Bantu of Central Africa were the Ndebele, Lozi, Luba, Ovimbulu, Shona, Tonga, Bemba, Lunda,
Chewa
Those who came from South Africa were the Ngoni, Gaza and the Ndebele.

The Pygmies.

The Pygmies are believed to be the earliest people to occupy Africa.

They live in the Ituri forests of Congo.
The Pygmies are also known as Bambuti.
The Pygmies are short, dark-skinned with broad noses.
Their main occupation is hunting and gathering fruits.
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The Pygmies are found in Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Congo
Brazzaville.
The Pygmies have been reduced by intermarriages and migrations.

The Peoples Of West Africa.

West Africa covers countries of Cameroon, Nigeria, Chad, Mali, Benin, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Senegal,
Cote D‟Ivore, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Mauritania.
This region was formerly called Western Sahara / Land of Negroes / Land of Black People.
West Africa has many tribes. They have much in common with the Bantu of Eastern, Central and Southern
Africa.

The main groups of people in West Africa are,

i) The Mande/ Mandikas who commonly live in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Sierra
Leone.
ii) Kwa in Ghana, Togo, and Nigeria.
Iii) The Fulani of Northern Nigeria.
iii) Afro-Asiatic e.g. Hausa, Tuaregs, etc.
v) Voltaic, Nilo-Saharan people and West Atlantic People.

How African People Organized themselves:

The people of Africa were organised into:

i. Empires.
ii. Kingdoms.
iii. Chiefdoms.

People were engaged in many traditional activities:

i. Trade.
ii. Farming.
iii. Hunting.
iv. Gathering.
v. Animal keeping.
vi. Rock painting.
vii. Iron working.
viii. Fishing.

Trade helped people improve their well being.

The Trans-Saharan Trade.

The word trans- Sahara means across Sahara Desert.
Trans- Saharan Trade was the trade carried across the Sahara Desert.
Traders from North Africa crossed the Sahara desert to areas of West and Central Sudan.
Arabs and North Africans called the areas from the West African coast to the Nile valley, Sudan.
The traders were looking for:
i. gold iv. Slaves.
ii. salt. v. Skins and hides.
iii. Ivory.
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The North Africans and the Arabs brought the following:

i. Weapons. V. Glass.
II. Swords. VI. Beads.
III. Camels. VII. Cloth.
IV. Copper ware. VIII. Household items.

Salt was on high value because it was used to preserve meat.

Salt was got from Taghaza and Tadmekket in Ghana.
Traders rested around the oases to get water.
The Berbers were the middlemen in looking for the customers.
Camels were used for transport. Camels were brought from Saudi Arabia.
The trade routes ran across the Sahara Desert that‟s why it was called the Trans- Saharan trade.
The traders used to rest / camp at the Oases.
The traders used to travel in convoys or caravans while crossing the desert because there were hostile
people.

Problems faced during the Trans-Saharan trade:

i. Language barrier.
ii. Poor transport.
iii. Harsh climate.
iv. Thefty of property.
v. Lack of proper medium of exchange.

Results of the Trans-Saharan trade:

vi. It brought North and West Africa closer.

vii. People‟s wealth improved.
viii. Kings and chiefs became richer and more powerful.
ix. Kingdoms of Ghana, Songhai, Mali and Kanem developed.
x. Towns and cities developed.
xi. Many people were attracted to towns.
xii. Many people converted to Islam.

ANCIENT / OLD KINGDOMS OF WEST AFRICA.

Ghana.

Ghana was the oldest, biggest and richest of all the West African kingdoms.
Ghana was founded by the Soninke people and its capital was Kumbi-Saleh.
Gold was the chief export of old Ghana kingdom that‟s why the Europeans called it Gold Coast.
Ghana was the centre of trade routes during the Trans-Saharan trade.
It covered the present-day Senegal and Mali.
There were also a lot of salt and iron.

Reasons for the rise of Ghana

i) Large supplies of gold.

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ii) Used iron to make better weapons.
iii) Strong army.
iv) Fertile land.
v) Trade with the Arabs.

Reasons for the fall / decline of Ghana

i) Attacks from the Muslim states.

ii) Rebellions from kings of small states.
iii) Disunity.

Mali Kingdom.

The kingdom of Mali developed as Ghana declined.

It controlled part of former Ghana. It had a large and well-trained army.
Mansa was the title of the king of Mali. The most famous Mansa was Mansa Musa Kankan.
Timbuktu and Goa were its major towns.
Mansa Musa Kankan built the first university in Africa.
The first university in Africa was built in Timbuktu.
The visit of Mansa Musa to Mecca strengthened co-operation between Mali and Arab countries.
Mali declined because of constant power struggle and external attacks.

Qn: How is Timbuktu important in the history of education in Africa?

___________________________________________________________________

Songhai.

Songai kingdom broke away from Mali.

It developed from Goa, a town of Mali.
The kings of Songhai were called Askias.
Askias strengthened Islam in the kingdom.
The last of the greatest Askias of Songhai was Mohammad Toure.
Songhai had valuable salt deposits.
Songhai declined due to rivalry in the royal family, weak military and external attacks.

Benin.

Benin also depended on trade.

The title of the king of Benin was Oba.
It exported precious stones, Leopard skins and slaves.
They imported iron bars, cloth, and cowrie shells from the Portuguese who were the first Europeans to
come to Benin.
Cowrie shells were used as a form of money.

The Luba-Lunda Kingdom.

The Luba and Lunda are Bantu. They are said to have originated from the West of Congo forests. The
Luba were the first to form a kingdom. Their chief married a Lunda girl and later became the king of the
Lunda also.

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OTHER ANCIENT / OLD KINGDOMS OF AFRICA.

Great Zimbabwe.

It was the greatest Bantu kingdom in Central and Southern Africa.

They mined salt, copper, gold and iron.
They made weapons from the iron they smelted.
Monomotapa was the title given to the king of Zimbabwe.
The chiefs and the rich made stone enclosures around their homes to protect their animals.
The founder of the Graet Zimbabwe was Mutola one of the Shona people.
The coming of the Portuguese and the introduction of Christianity weakened the kingdom.

Kanem Bornu Kingdom.

This kingdom was found around Lake Chad and it had very little wealth.

THE KINGDOM OF AXUM.

It was located in the Tigre region of Ethiopia.

It was the center of civilization and architectural work.
Iron was the most important commodity of trade.
Axum was a Christian kingdom and the first African state to adopt Christianity.
The people of Axum adopted iron smelting from the Cushites of Meroe.

N.B: Discuss the values / advantages and disadvantages of ancient kingdoms.

POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION IN AFRICA.

a) Definition of terms:

i. Population is the number of people in an area.

ii. Population size is the specific number of people living in an area.
iii. Population density is the number of people per square kilometre (km2)
iv. Population distribution is how people are spread in an area.
v. Over population is when the population is bigger than the resources in an area.
vi. Under population is when the population in an area is less than the resources.
vii. Optimum population is the number of people that can be supported by the resources.
viii. Sparse population is when the people are few in an area compared to the resources.
ix. Dense population is when the population is high compared to the area.
x. Even population is when the number of people per square kilometre is the same.
xi. Population explosion is the sudden rapid increase of population.
xii. Population census is the general counting of people in an area after every 10 years.

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 Population distribution:
Population distribution refers to how people spread in an area. I.e. In some areas/ places, there are
very many people compared to other areas where there are very few people.
Highly populated areas include;
a) Lake Victoria Basin due to reliable rainfall, abundant water supply and fertile soils i.e. this is an
areas of good supply of food.
b) Highland areas e.g. Kabale, Mbale District, Kenya Highlands, etc.
c) Major African towns and cities e.g. Cairo, Khartoum, N‟djamena.

Note:
Khartoum is found in the confluence of White Nile and Blue Nile.
Cairo is found where the River Nile split into many channels. The delta has rich fertile soils.

b) Factors influencing population distribution:

i. Rainfall (climate ) – reliable rainfall attracts settlement while dry climate causes migration.
ii. Nature of soils / Fertility of the soils- fertile soils attracts settlement.
iii. Employment opportunities- people flock to towns, mining areas and industrial areas in search of
employment.
iv. Government policy – e.g. family planning, settlement schemes, forest reserves and game parks
have an impact on population.
v. Vegetation distribution – Thick vegetation discourages settlement.
vi. Social services – e.g. education, medical care, etc attract settlement of people.
vii. Cultural beliefs – e.g. having many children is fame.
viii. Religious factor e.g. Muslims marry up to four wives tend to produce more children.
ix. Power supply – people want to settle where there‟s H.E.P for lighting, cooking, etc.
x. Infrastructure – e.g. roads promote development so a good road network attracts settlement.
xi. Disasters – e.g. famine, drought, floods, earthquakes, etc reduce population.
C) Factors influencing population increase:

Population increase refers to population growth i.e. when people become more.

The increase in population is caused by:

i. Availability of food.
ii. Improved medical services.
iii. High fertility rate among women.
iv. Pre-marital sex.
v. Early marriages.
vi. Increased birth rate and low death rate.
vii. Cultural beliefs e.g. people want boys.

Population density:

Population density refers to the number of people per square kilometre.

Some of the densely populated areas of E. Africa are;

- Shores of Lake Victoria.
- Slopes of mountains – Elgon, Mufumbiro and Kilimanjaro, etc.
- Towns like Kampala, Jinja, Nairobi, Dar-Es-salaam, etc.

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Advantages of an increasing population:

i. Offers a large / ready market for goods. v. Maximum utilization of natural resources.
ii. Availability of enough / cheap labour.
iii. For security /protection in the country.
iv. A lot of money is collected in form of taxes /
High tax base.

Problems/effects of a high population:

i. It leads to moral decay.

ii. It leads to unemployment.
iii. It leads to poor accommodation facilities / Overcrowding.
iv. It leads to shortage of food.
v. It leads to easy spread of diseases
vi. It leads to shortage of land (land fragmentation).
vii. It leads to high crime rate.
viii. It leads to inadequate social services.
ix. It leads to low standards of living.
x. It leads to poor sanitation.
xi. Environmental degradation.
Effects of a high population on land:

a) It causes deforestation resulting from increased demands for land for cultivation leading to;
- Soil erosion.
- Soil exhaustion.
- Drought.
- Soil pollution - .
b) It causes land fragmentation leading to low agricultural production.
c) It causes swamp drainage leading to;
- Drought.
- Lowering of the water table, which causes deforestation.
- Destruction of animal habitats.

Solutions to problems of a high population:

i. By family planning campaigns.

ii. Supporting girl child education.
iii. By encouraging voluntary migration to low population areas.
iv. By encouraging self-employment to control rural –urban migration.
v. By setting up settlement schemes for landless people.
vi. By constructing storied houses especially in towns.
vii. By guaranteeing peace and security.
viii. By carrying out massive immunisation to curb infant mortality and disability.
ix. By providing entandikwa schemes to improve standards of living.

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1. Natural hazards (disasters):

i. Epidemics iv. Strong winds

Earthquakes v. Famine
ii. Volcanic eruptions. vi. Drought.
iii. Floods

2. Man-made hazards (disasters):

i. Wars.
ii. Toxic industrial wastes.
iii. Radiation.
iv. Radioactive wastes.

3. Government legislation:

i. Family planning campaigns.

ii. Government policy e.g. four children per family.

How to control population increase:

i. Through family planning campaigns.

ii. By discouraging early marriages.
iii. By educating people on the dangers of a high population.
iv. By discouraging pre-marital sex.
v. Promoting girl- child education.

Family planning:

Family planning is a measure taken by parents on the number of children to produce.

Birth control methods used in family planning:

i. Injecta plan. iii. Condoms v. Withdraw.

ii. Pill plan. iv. Abstinence.

Advantages of family planning:

i. It enables parents to space children for easy management.

ii. It enables the mothers to become productive as they may engage in income generating activities.
iii. It enables the country to budget for the people according to the resources.

NB: Child spacing is allowing enough spaces between the births of a family‟s children.

Sparsely populated areas of E. Africa:

a. Karamoja sub-region due to drought.

b. Kalangala District – no H.E.P, poor transport. Etc.
c. Northern and North Eastern Kenya – due to drought (semi-desert).
d. Miombo Woodlands (Tanzania) –infested with tsetse flies.

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 Disadvantages of sparse population:

i. Scarcity of labour
ii. Shortage of market.
iii. Low revenue collection.

POPULATION CENSUS:
A population census is the general / official counting of people in an area/country.
Census night is the night before the counting of people is done.
It‟s carried out by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development.
In Uganda the population census is conducted every after 10 years.

Qn: Why is a population carried out every after 10 years in Uganda?

i. To allow adequate planning.

ii. It‟s expensive since materials have to be bought.
iii. It is difficulty to realize considerable population change within a short period of time.

Importance of a population census:

i. Helps to know the number of people in the country.

ii. Helps to get information about the population e.g. number of men, women, children, etc.
iii. Helps to be able to plan for the citizens of the country.
iv. To be able to compare growth rates after every 10 years.

Information gathered during population census includes; Age, sex, race, marital status, religion, language,
level of education, type of housing, occupation etc.

Qn: Why is information on age needed during the population census?

i) For planning.
ii) To know the age structure.
iii) To determine birth and death rates.
iv) To know the life expectancy.

Qn: Why is information on gender (sex) needed during the population census?

i. For planning.
ii. To know the population structure.
iii. To know the number of males and females.
iv. To provide services.

Duties of Enumerators.

i. They count people.

ii. Record information about people.

Difficulties faced during census:

i. Lack of skilled enumerators.

ii. It‟s expensive since materials have to be bought.
iii. Wide spread illiteracy.
iv. Language barrier.
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Rural – Urban Migration:
Rural – urban migration is the movement of people from villages to towns.

Causes of rural-urban migration:

i. To look for jobs (employment).
ii. To look for businesses.
iii. To look for better standards of living.
iv. To look for better social services e.g. education, medical care, etc.
v. To look for better security.

Effects of rural – urban migration:

i. It leads to low agricultural production.
ii. It may cause famine.
iii. It causes corruption in offices.
iv. It causes depopulation in villages.
v. It causes over population in towns.

How to control rural-urban migration:

i. By setting up small-scale industries in villages to create employment for people.
ii. By increasing the prices of crops.
iii. By rural-electrification.
iv. By providing soft loans to village people to start income generating activities.
v. By subsidizing agricultural inputs.

Urban-Rural Migration:

Urban – rural migration is the movement of people from towns to villages.

Causes of urban- rural migration:

i. Poor pay and poor working conditions.
ii. Old age.
iii. Inadequate qualifications (low levels of education).
iv. Insecurity.

How to control urban-rural migrations:

i. By providing people with jobs.
ii. By avoiding retrenchment.
iii. By providing good social services.
iv. By providing enough security.

How the government can encourage urban- rural migration.

i. Providing better security in rural areas.
ii. By setting up small-scale industries in rural areas / building industries in rural areas.
iii. By carrying out rural electrification.
iv. By setting up better social services / social amenities in rural areas i.e. Improve on medical and
education services in villages.

Rural –Rural Migration:

It‟s the movement of people from one village to another e.g. the Bakiga from Kabale to Kibale.

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Causes of rural-rural migration:

i. Searching for fertile land.

ii. Searching for pasture.
iii. Fleeing local conflicts.
iv. Over population.
v. Civil wars/political instability.
vi. Fleeing disasters e.g. drought, famine, earthquakes.

Effects of rural- rural migration:

i. It leads to population increase.

ii. It causes local conflicts.
iii. It leads to loss of culture.
iv. It leads to land shortage.
v. It leads to intermarriages

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TOPIC 6:
FOREIGN INFLUENCE ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT.

Foreign influence is the effect of the coming of the outsiders to the African continent.
A foreigner is a person who does not belong to that country. He / she does not enjoy full rights in that
particular country.
The Arabs were the first foreigners to come to Africa.
Most of the Arabs who came to Africa came from Saudi Arabia.
THE COMING OF THE ARABS.

Arabs are natives of countries found in the Middle East.

Middle East is part of the continent of Asia.
They entered Africa through Egypt and occupied the Northern part Africa.
They forced people to become Muslims.

Qn: How did the Arabs acquire land in Africa?

By force.

Qn: Why didn‟t the early Arabs spread too much to Western, Central Africa and South of
the Sahara?

i. The Sahara desert was too large to cross.

ii. They feared to cross the thick forests.
iii. There were no clear routes.

Qn: Why did the early Arabs come to Africa?

i) To carry out trade.
ii) To spread Islam.
iii) To settle.

Qn: Why did Christianity spread faster in the interior of Africa than Islam?
____________________________________________________________________
Qn: Why did the people of African hate the Arab traders?
____________________________________________________________________

Causes of the migration of the Arabs:

i. They were trying to spread Islam to the new lands.
ii. Some were looking for areas for settlement.
iii. Some Arabs came to trade.
iv. Some were fleeing religious conflicts.

How the coming of the Arabs affected the people of Africa:

i. Many Africans converted to Islam.
ii. Better ways of building were introduced.
iii. The interior of Africa was made known to other lands.
iv. Guns were introduced.
v. New crops e.g. cloves were introduced.
vi. New dressing was introduced e.g. kanzu.
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vii. They introduced slave trade.
viii. They introduced cowrie shells that were used as a form of money.
ix. Better methods of farming were introduced.

Effects / Results/ contributions of the earliest Arabs to Africa.

Positive results of the coming of Arabs to Africa.

i) They spread Islam.

ii) They introduced new crops like rice, dates, cloves, coconuts, etc.
iii) They introduced Zebu cows.
iv) New items of trade were introduced e.g. cloth, mirrors, beads, jewellery, guns, etc.
iv) They introduced stone buildings.
v) They built Koran schools.
vi) Rise of Islamic states e.g. Mali, Songai, etc.

Negative effects \ results of the coming of Arabs to Africa.

i. They introduced slave trade.
ii. Arabs caused inter-tribal wars.
iii. Destruction of property.
iv. Decline of ancient Ghana Kingdom.
v. Africa was depopulated.
vi. Loss of culture and identity.

Problems faced by earliest Arabs in Africa.

i. Language barrier.
ii. Poor transport.
iii. Harsh climate.
iv. Hostile tribes.
v. Attacks from dangerous wild animals.

THE COMING OF EUROPEANS TO AFRICA.

The first group of Europeans to come to Africa was the explorers.
The Portuguese made the first exploration journeys to Africa.

THE PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA:

The Portuguese come from Portugal.

In the 15th century, the Portuguese wanted to find a sea route to India.
Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of sailors at Port Sagress.
He wanted to send the sailors to India to trade.
The first Europeans to come to South Africa were the Portuguese on their way to India.
The first attempt by Denis Diaz ended in West Africa in Sierra Leone.
Bartholomew Diaz made the second attempt and ended at the Southern tip of Africa were his ship got
wrecked at Cape Colony and called the place „Cape of storms‟ after starting his journey from Lisbon in
1487 via Atlantic Ocean.
The king of Portugal was full of hope that the sea route would soon be found and changed the name to
“Cape of Good Hope”.
Vasco Da Gama who came after Bartholomew Diaz succeeded in finding the sea route to India.
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Later other Portuguese had a resting-place called Cape of Good Hope in South Africa where they could get
fresh water, fruits and vegetables.

Problems experienced by Portuguese sailors.

i) Powerful storms.
ii) Shortage of food.
iii) Diseases e.g. scurvy.

Qn: Which other continent did Vasco Da Gama go to?

__________________________________________________________
Qn: How was Ahmad Bin Majid helpful to Vasco Da Gama?
___________________________________________________________

OTHER EUROPEAN EXPLORERS TO AFRICA.

Before the coming of explorers, much of Africa remained unknown to the outside world.
The outline of Africa was now known but the interior of tropical Africa remained unknown.
The Portuguese had limited themselves to trade along the coast.
Africa was known as a “Dark Continent”.

Qn: Why was Africa known as a Dark Continent?

The Europeans knew little about the interior of Africa.

Why did the early Europeans fear to enter the interior of Africa?
i. There were thick forests in the interior.
ii. There were dangerous wild animals in the interior.
iii. There were hostile tribes in the interior.
iv. There were no routes to be followed by the travellers.
v. It was difficult for the travelers to cross the Sahara desert.
vi. Tropical diseases in the interior.
Qn: Why did the early explorers carry guns?

For protection.

Qn: Why did the early explorers come to Africa?

i. To find the source of River Nile and other great rivers of Africa like River Congo, River Niger
and River Zambezi.
ii. To discover trade opportunities.
iii. To find about the interior of Africa.
iv. For adventures.
v. For prestige.
vi. To identify areas for settlement.
vii. To find out the customs and traditions of Africans i.e. write reports about the people of Africa.
viii. To open way for the coming of missionaries.
ix. To discover economic resources e.g minerals.
x. To accomplish the work of other explorers.

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Qn: Name any two societies that sent explorers to Africa:

i. African Association.
ii. The Royal Geographical Society.( RGS)

Qn: How helpful were the societies named above to the European explorers?

The societies financed / funded / sponsored exploration journeys to Africa.

EUROPEAN EXPLORERS TO WEST AFRICA

Explorers to West Africa wanted to find the source of River Niger.
They also wanted to find / discover trade opportunities in West African region.

Famous explorers to West Africa:

1. Mungo Park (1795-1806)

a) Mungo Park was a British explorer who made two journeys to West Africa.
b) Mungo Park was sent by the African Association of Britain.

Qn: Why was Mungo Park sent to Africa?

- To find the source of River Niger.

- To find out about the interior of Africa.

c) His first journey took him 2 years and was attacked by Arabs who stole his supplies.
d) In 1805, Mungo Park came back on his second journey to find more about River Niger with
some soldiers to protect him from the people who attacked and robbed him.
e) Many soldiers died of tropical diseases.
f) He made a report on West Africa about the natural resources, size of population and
navigation.
g) Mungo Park later drowned at Bussa Falls on River Niger.
2. Richard Lander and John Lander.

Two brothers i.e. Richard Lander and John Lander solved the problem of the Niger.
The two brothers were sent to West Africa to find out whether transportation of goods was
possible on River Niger.
Richard Lander and John Lander also had great difficulties and hardships.
John Lander died in 1834 in Africa on their way after being attacked by Africans on River Niger at
Fernando Po.
Richard Lander succeeded in finding the source of River Niger.
Richard Lander made a report on trade in West Africa recommending British companies to open
links with West Africa and deal in ivory, palm oil and vegetable oil.

3. Major Gordon Liang

Gordon Liang was the first European to reach Timbuktu, a trading centre in present day Mali.

4. Gaspard Mollein
He was a French explorer.
He saw the sources of river Senegal and River Gambia in 1818.
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Famous European explorers to North Africa:

1. Clapperton

a) Clapperton was sponsored by the British government and came to Africa in 1823.
b) Clapperton set off from Tripoli in North Africa across Sahara Desert.
c) Clapperton succeeded in crossing the Sahara Desert and arrived at Lake Chad.
d) Clapperton became the first explorer to cross the Sahara Desert.

2. James Bruce

a) James Bruce set off from Cairo in 1768 to find the source of River Nile.
b) James Bruce arrived at Lake Tana in 1770 confirming the origin of the Blue Nile, one of the
tributaries of the Nile

3. Dr. Heinrich Barth

a) Dr. Heinrich Barth was a German explorer working for the British government.
b) Dr. Heinrich Barth‟s first journey (1844- 1845) was from Rabat in Morocco across the coast
of North Africa to Alexandria in Egypt.
c) Dr. Heinrich Barth‟s second journey (1850-1855) was from Tripoli in Libya across the
Sahara Desert to Lake Chad, River Benue, Timbuktu and back across Sahara Desert.
d) Dr. Heinrich Barth is the longest travelled explorer in Africa.
e) He wrote detailed reports on the lands, peoples and resources of the areas he travelled
through.
f) Dr. Heinrich Barth signed treaties with chiefs in West and Central Africa.
g) These treaties were a basis for the British to eventually declare protectorates over the
territories.
h) Dr. Heinrich Barth led the fight against slave trade in West Africa.

4. SIR SAMUEL BAKER AND HIS WIFE (THE BAKERS) (1863- 1865).

a) Sir Samuel Baker was also sent by the RGS to find the source of the Nile.
b) Sir Samuel Baker was the European explorer to come to Africa with his wife.
c) The main purpose of their journey was to find the source of River Nile.
Sir Samuel Baker is the European who tried to find the source the Nile from its mouth
(Mediterranean Sea).
d) When Sir Samuel Baker met John Speke and James Grant at Gondokoro, he did not move
back but continued to Uganda.
e) Sir Samuel Baker became the first European to tour the land of Bunyoro.
f) Omukama Kamurasi welcomed Sir Samuel Baker at his palace in 1864.
g) The Bakers went to Lake Mwitanzigye which they re- named Lake Albert after the husband
of Queen Victoria of England.
They also visited Murchison falls in March 1864.
h) On his way back to England, Khedive Ismail of Egypt sent Sir Samuel Baker back to
Uganda to be the 1st governor of Equatoria province.

Famous European explorers to East, Central and South Africa:

The first people to sail around „Cape of Good Hope‟ were the Portuguese
They were carrying out trade between Europe, India and the East Indies.
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1. Dr David Livingstone.

Dr. David Livingstone arrived in Southern Africa in Botswana in 1841.

Dr. David Livingstone was a doctor, missionary and an explorer.
Dr. David Livingstone made three journeys in Africa.
Dr. David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary working with the London Missionary Society.
Dr. David Livingstone became the first missionary to walk across Africa from coast to coast.
Having travelled much in Africa, he was able to make detailed reports about Africa on:
i. Physical features. iii. Vegetation
ii. Climate. iv. Soil and other possible resources.
He persuaded European countries to establish their rule in Africa as away to control slave trade and
develop Africa.
Dr. David Livingstone‟s courage and example caused many other explorers, missionaries and traders to
Africa.

Achievements of Dr David Livingstone:

i. Dr David Livingstone fought against slave trade i.e. His letters, books and journals engineered
public support for the abolition of slave trade.
In 1870, the Universities Mission to Central Africa started a school Bishop Tozer‟s School for
children of freed slaves.
ii. Dr David Livingstone was the first white man to see River Zambezi.
iii. He was the first white man to see Victoria Falls (smoke that thunders)
iv. Dr David Livingstone spread Christianity in Southern and Central Africa i.e. He set up mission
stations in central and southern Africa.
v. Dr David Livingstone treated sick people.

Dr David Livingstone died at Ilala in Chief Chitambos‟s village South East of Lake Bangweulu in
Zambia on 01/05 /1873 ( 1st May 1873).
Dr David Livingstone‟s body together with his journals was carried by his two faithful servants (loyal
attendants), Chuma and Susi up to the coast where it was shipped to England for burial in West
Minster Abbey, a burial place for important people only.

2. Ludwig Krapf

Ludwig Krapf was a German explorer as well as a missionary.

Ludwig Krapf was the first White man to see Mountain Kenya.

3. Johann Rebmann.

Johann Rebmann was a German explorer as well as a missionary.

Johann Rebmann was the first White man to see Mountain Kilimanjaro.

4. JOHN SPEKE AND RICHARD BURTON. (1856- 1858).

John Speke and Richard Burton were British soldiers serving in India.
John Speke and Richard Burton came with an aim of finding the source of R. Nile.
The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) in England sent them to East Africa.
The two explorers first reported to Zanzibar Island in the Indian Ocean before moving into the interior
of E. Africa at the end of 1856.

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Qn: Why did most explorers pass via Zanzibar before entering the interior of East Africa?

i. To get permission from the sultan to move through his territory.

ii. To learn some Kiswahili language.
iii. To get porters to carry their supplies.

John Speke and Richard Burton left for the interior of East Africa along the Arab trader route from the
coastal town of Bagamoyo in June 1857 and traveled across Tanganyika with the aid of two Yao guides
called Sidi Bombay and Mwinyi Mabruki.

Qn: Why didn‟t the early European explorers use the direct route through Kenya?

i. There were hostile tribes in Kenya.

ii. There were fierce wild animals in Kenya.

They followed the caravan route through Tabora to Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika in 1858.
They came back to Tabora and Burton fell sick.
At Tabora, John Speke heard of a big lake in the north and went there.
When John Speke reached Mwanza, he saw the big Lake, which he named Victoria after the Queen of
England, Queen Victoria on 03/08/1858.
John Speke believed that it was the source of the Nile but when he returned to Tabora, he told Richard
Burton about his new findings but Burton did not accept.
The two-army men returned to Europe in disagreement.

5. JOHN SPEKE AND JAMES GRANT (1860- 1863).

John Speke did not have sufficient proof that the Lake he had seen was the source of the Nile.
He then convinced the Royal Geographical Society to finance another expedition for the purpose of
proving his conviction.
John Speke made his second journey to East Africa in order to prove whether L. Victoria was the actual
source of the Nile.
In September 1860, John Speke accompanied by his friend James Grant set off with a caravan of over 200
people to the interior of East Africa from the coastal town of Bagamoyo.
In the interior, they got hostile reception and got involved in fighting between Arabs and Africans.
They continued to Tabora then northwards to the kingdom of Karagwe.
At Karagwe, king Rumanika gave them a warm welcome.

Qn: How was King Rumanika helpful to John Speke and James Grant?

i. King Rumanika gave them guides.

ii. King Rumanika protected them.
iii. King Rumanika allowed them to rest in his kingdom.
James Grant fell sick and remained in Karagwe.
John Speke continued northwards and moved on to Buganda where he was very well received by Kabaka
Mutesa I of Buganda.
Kabaka Mutesa I was pleased because his visitors gave him guns, which he badly needed to fight his
enemies like Bunyoro.
In July 1862, John Speke was taken to Jinja and shown the source of the Nile on 28th\07\1862 and named
the place where the river leaves the Lake in series of rapids, Rippon falls.
Its wrong to say that John Speke discovered the source of the Nile because the natives just showed him
the source of river Nile.
When James Grant joined him, they decided to follow the river downward to Sudan and Egypt.

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John Speke and James Grant followed the Nile downward to Egypt to be sure that it‟s the Nile whose
source they had seen.

4. HENRY MORTON STANLEY (1st Journey 1871-73)

Henry Morton Stanley made three journeys in Africa.

In his first journey, Henry Morton Stanley was sent to look for Dr. David Livingstone who was not heard of
in England.
Henry Morton Stanley was sent and sponsored by two news papers i.e.
- The Daily Telegraph of London.
- The New Herald of U.S.A.

He spent many years in central, Southern and Eastern Africa.

Henry Morton Stanley met Dr. Livingstone in October 1871 at Ujiji on the shores of L. Tanganyika.
Henry Morton Stanley failed to convince Livingstone to go back to England so; they parted at Kazeh on
14/03/1873.
Unfortunately, Dr. Livingstone died on 01/05/1873 in the village of Chitambos near L. Bengwelu.

HENRY MORTON STANLEYS 2ND JOURNEY (1874-76).

On his second Journey Henry Morton Stanley was sent by the Daily Telegraph and the New York
Herald of the USA.
The main aim of this journey was to clear the mystery of the Nile i.e. prove whether Speke was right to
say that L. Victoria was the source of the Nile.
So, Henry Morton Stanley had to;
i. Circumnavigate L. Victoria to prove whether it was the source of the Nile as was said by
John Speke using a canoe for 28 days.
ii. Circumnavigate Lake Tanganyika also for the same reason.
iii. Trace the course of River Congo to the sea.

It was on this Journey that Henry Morton Stanley entered Uganda in 1875 and received by Kabaka
Mutesa I of Buganda.
Henry Morton Stanley told Kabaka Mutesa I about the missionaries.
Kabaka Mutesa I picked interest and requested Henry Morton Stanley to write a letter on his behalf
inviting the missionaries to come to Uganda.
The letter was published in the Daily Telegraph newspaper on 15/11/1875.

Henry Morton Stanley was the first white man to;

a) See Mt. Rwenzori which he named mountains of the Moon because of it snow capped looked like
arising moon.
b) See lakes Edward and George.
c) See Lake Katwe. (1875).

HENRY MORTON STANLEYS‟ 3RD JOURNEY.

On his 3rd journey, he had come to rescue Emin Pasha who was caught up in the Mahdist revolt in
Northern Uganda.
Emin Pasha was not heard of in European (German).
Henry Morton Stanley took long to convince Emin Pasha to go back after getting him at Kavalis (South of
L. Albert).
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Emin Pasha later decided to go but Arab slave traders in Congo killed him in 1892.
H.M Stanley also later worked in Congo with the Belgians as an administrator.

NB. Germany had also sent Dr. Carl Peters to look for Emin Pasha but he had not travelled in Africa so
he didn‟t know where to go.
He however, started signing agreements with the local chiefs and kings establishing the German rule in
East Africa.

5. JOSEPH THOMSON.

Joseph Thompson was a young doctor from Britain.

Joseph Thompson was sent by the RGS to find a direct and shorter route from the coast to L. Victoria.
Joseph Thompson became the first explorer to pass through Masailand and Nandi land.
Joseph Thompson was the first white man to see Mt. Elgon.
Joseph Thompson‟s coming made Kabaka Mutesa I hate missionaries in Buganda as he was coming
towards Buganda from the East.

Problems / difficulties faced by early explorers in Africa.

i. Tropical diseases.
ii. Thick forests.
iii. Language barrier / difficulty.
iv. Hostility of some African tribes.
v. Harsh weather / harsh climatic conditions.
vi. Thefty of property.
vii. Epidemics.
viii. Inaccurate information given to them.
ix. Poor transport and communication.
x. Shortage of food / supplies.
xi. Shortage of funds.

Effects/ results of the coming of explorers.

i. Made Africa to be known to the outside world i.e. opened the interior of Africa to the outside
world.
ii. Paved way for the coming missionaries e.g. Dr. Livingstone‟s reports about slavery.
iii. Explorers renamed some lakes, rivers, and mountains.
iv. They provided information, which helped other Europeans to plan for their journeys i.e. they
drew maps that guided other groups that came to Africa e.g. Jacob Erhardt.
v. They prepared / paved way for the colonization of Africa.

Qn: How did the explorers pave way for the colonization of Africa?

Explorers wrote reports about the wealth and resources of Africa that stimulated the colonialists‟
interests in Africa

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OPENING WAY INTO AFRICA FROM THE SOUTH:
The first people from Europe to sail around “Cape of Good Hope” were the Portuguese from Portugal.
They were carrying out trade between Europe, India and the East Indies.
Later, other countries joined e.g. Holland whose people are the Dutch.

THE DUTCH IN AFRICA:

Another country that later joined to stop at Cape of Good Hope was Holland (Netherlands) whose people
are the Dutch.
The Dutch used to get fresh water and collect wild fruits or vegetables at Cape of Good Hope.
In 1647, a Dutch ship called Harleem hit a rock and capsized but most of the sailors swam to the coast
and survived.
The sailors were rescued after one year and during that time they had built houses to live in and grew
their food.

John Van Riebeck was among those who rescued the sailors and saw how well plants had grown in the
gardens of the sailors.
In 1652, John Van Riebeck came back and settled.
He built houses and made farms.
John Van Riebeck suggested to the Dutch East India Company.
The Dutch East India Company appointed John Van Riebeck to be in charge of the Dutch settlers at the
Cape of Good Hope.

John Van Riebeck encouraged his fellow Dutch men to construct temporary houses and grow crops
since the land was fertile and the climate was good.
Cape of Good Hope was later known as Cape Colony.
The Dutch established settlement at Cape of Good Hope.
Qn: Who were the first foreigners to settle to South Africa?

The Dutch.

Cape Colony was the first colony to be founded in Africa.

The Dutch settlers were farmers called „Boers‟.
The Boers were the Dutch farmers.
In 1806, the British took over the Cape Colony and forced the Boers to stop treating the Africans like
slaves. The Boers had made laws enslaving Africans, which were very unfair.
The British occupied Cape Province and Natal.
The Boers were not happy with the decision made by the British and so decided to leave the Cape Colony.
They moved northwards in a journey called the Great Trek.

Qn: What was the Great Trek?

The Great Trek was the movement of the Dutch farmers (Boers) from Cape Colony northwards with all
their property.

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Qn: Name the two states / places that were founded /formed / occupied by the Dutch
after the Great Trek.

i. Orange Free State.

ii. Transvaal.

During the Great Trek, the Boers mixed and intermarried with Africans and Asians. They adopted a new
language called Afrikaans, which was a mixture of Portuguese, Dutch, and Bantu languages.
The Boers displaced the Khoisan and the Bantu communities from their farmlands and pushed them to
drier lands.
Later, the French who introduced the growing of grapes for making wine joined the Dutch in the Cape
colony.

Qn: Why did the Dutch ( Boers), Bantu and Khoisan fight?

They were fighting for land.

The enmity and hatred between the British and the Boers did not end there. The Boers formed their own
party, The Nationalist Party that believed in racial separation.
The nationalist party won the 1948 elections leading to the establishment of Apartheid rule in South
Africa.

Results of the Great Trek.

i. There were many wars between the Boers and the African tribes i.e. Many Africans lost their lives
in the wars and those who were captured were enslaved.
ii. A lot of property was lost on the way.
iii. The Boers took Land belonging to Africans.
iv. New states were formed e.g. Transvaal and Orange Free sate.
v. There were intermarriages between the Africans and the Dutch.
vi. It led to the discovery of gold and diamonds.
Gold was discovered in Wit waters Rand in Transvaal and diamonds in Kimberly in Orange Free
State in 1871.

Problems experienced by the Dutch during the Great Trek.

i) Attacks from hostile people.

ii) Poor transport and communication.
iii) Shortage of food.
iii) Tropical diseases.

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 EUROPEAN MISSIONARIES.
After the explorers had provided information about the people of Africa, missionaries decided to bring the
Gospel of Jesus Christ to Africa.
The missionaries formed many societies to sponsor them to Africa.
The missionary societies in Africa included;

i. The Church Missionary Society (CMS) i.e. operated in Uganda, Kenya and in West Africa.
ii. The Universities Mission to Central Africa i.e. operated in Zanzibar (Tanzania) and also in
Central Africa.
iii. The Holy Ghost Fathers i.e. set up mission stations in Zanzibar (Tanzania) and also in West
Africa (Sierra Leone).
iv. London Missionary Society i.e. operated in Central Africa and also in Tanzania.
v. The White Fathers i.e. operated in Uganda.
vi. The Methodist Episcopal Church i.e. worked in Liberia under Reverend Cox.
vii. Sisters of Sacred Heart.
viii. The Comboni Missionaries.
ix. The Verona Fathers.

Examples of missionaries who came to Africa.

i. Ludwig Krapf.
ii. Johann Rebmann.
iii. Jacob Erhardt.
iv. Dr. David Livingstone.
v. Reverend C. T. Wilson.
vi. Shergold Smith.
vii. Alexander Mackay.
viii. Father Lourdel Simeon.
ix. Brother Amans Delmas, etc.

Qn: Why did the missionaries come to Africa?

i. To spread Christianity (Christian gospel).

ii. To build schools to teach reading, writing and Arithmetic.
iii. To improve on the health of the people i.e. by building hospitals.
iv. To suppress the spread of Islam.
v. To fight against slave trade.

Effects / Results/ contributions of the missionaries.

Positive results of the missionary work.

i. They spread Christianity (Christian gospel).

ii. They built mission stations.
iii. They fought against slave trade.
iv. They resettled freed slaves i.e. set up centers for freed slaves.
v. They introduced cash crops.
vi. They opened schools.
vii. They built hospitals and health centers.
viii. Built roads.
ix. Taught education e.g. formal education.
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Negative results of the missionary work in Africa.

i. Led to loss of culture.

ii. Caused religious conflicts.
iii. Led to death of people e.g. at Namugongo.
iv. This opened way for European colonisation of Africa.

Problems / difficulties faced by missionaries in Africa.

i. Tropical diseases.
ii. Thick forests.
iii. Language barrier / difficulty.
iv. Hostility of some African tribes.
v. Harsh weather / harsh climatic conditions.
vi. Epidemics.
vii. Poor transport and communication.
viii. Shortage of food / supplies.
ix. Shortage of funds.

European Traders in Africa.

The great industrial revolution was responsible for the coming of the Europeans traders to Africa.
During the industrial revolution, manual labour and animal labour changed to machine based economy.
Machines were invented. Factories were built and a lot of goods were produced.
There was fast and rapid economic development. This led to high demand for raw materials and market
for manufactured goods.
The industrial revolution started in Britain and spread to other European countries.

Reasons why European traders came to Africa:

i. The Europeans traders came to look for raw materials for their industries.
ii. To find market for their goods.
iii. To find new places to invest their surplus capital i.e. to find trade opportunities.

The first European trader to reach China and India (Asia) was Marco Polo.
Qn: Why did Marco Polo go to India?
To get spices and silk.

European trading companies that conducted trade in Africa.

These included;

i. International African Association

It was started by King Leopold II of Belgium to trade in Central Africa.
ii. The Royal Niger Company:
It traded in West Africa under Sir George Goldie Taubman.
iii. The British South Africa Company (BSAC)
Founded by Cecil Rhodes in Central and Southern Africa in Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia),
Zambia (Southern Rhodesia) and in Botswana.
Cecil Rhodes signed treaties with African chiefs in Central and Southern Africa.
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 iv. The Imperial British East Africa Company.
v. The German East Africa Company.
vi. The Livingstonia Central Africa Trading Company.
- Founded by James Stevenson.
- Set up a steamer ship on Lake Tanganyika.
- Built roads to join Lake Malawi to Lake Tanganyika.

Main items of trade got from Africa

i. Ivory.
ii. Gold.
iii. Coffee.
iv. Cotton.
v. Palm oil.
vi. Rhinoceros horns.
vii. Slaves.

Items of trade from Europe:

i. Cloth.
ii. Sugar.
iii. Guns.
iv. Gunpowder.
v. Shoes.
vi. Plates and cups.

Problems faced by the trading companies

i. Shortage of funds.
ii. Poor transport.
iii. Wars / rebellions.

Effects of the coming of European Traders:

Positive effects.

i. Developed modern means of transport.

ii. Built industries to process raw materials before being taken to Europe.
iii. Built roads.
iv. Increased income for Africa from exports.

Negative Effects:

i. Led to overexploitation of resources e.g. minerals.

ii. Led to loss of lives during the capture of slaves.

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The Triangular Trade (Trans-Atlantic Trade).
a) The Triangular Trade was carried out among Africa, America, and Europe across the Atlantic Ocean. It
involved West and Central African Coast, Europe, North and South America.
b) The Portuguese and the Spaniards wanted human labour in their newfound lands (colonies)
of Mexico in South America and in Central America where they had found many gold and silver mines.
c) Slaves from West Africa were taken to Cuba, Brazil, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela where they worked in
mines and on plantations of coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco and sugarcane.
d) The Europeans also wanted things like gold, ivory etc.
e) The colonies were also suitable for crop growing e.g. growing sugarcane, tea, etc.
f) The population there was small and so they wanted human labour.
g) The Gore Islands in Senegal was the most famous Slave market in West Africa.
h) The Trans-Atlantic trade was called triangular trade because it had three main trade routes forming
a triangle:

i. From West Africa to America (slaves).

ii. From America to Europe (raw materials) e.g. sugar, tobacco, tea, cotton, etc.
iii. From Europe to Africa (finished goods) e.g. cloth, guns, house hold items, cigarettes, etc.

i) The main item of trade in the Triangular trade got from Africa to America was slaves.
Other goods got from Africa to Europe directly included; gold, ivory.

1. Slaves were got from Africa and taken to America to work in:

i. sugarcane plantations.
ii. Ranches.
iii. Gold and silver mines.

2. The produce from plantations and minerals from mines were taken to Europe as raw materials for
industries.
3. Manufactured goods from Europe like clothes, spirits, guns, cigarettes and household items were
brought to Africa. Ivory and gold from Africa were taken to Europe directly.

Slaves were mistreated. They were given heavy load to carry. They were given little food. They worked
without pay.

Slave trade made African chiefs richer so they supported it but slave trade was responsible for the under
development of Africa because:

i. Young strong men and women were taken away as slaves.

ii. Africa was depopulated.
iii. People lost their lives, property and identity.
iv. Agriculture and other economic activities came to a standstill.
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Effects of Trans- Atlantic trade.

i) People lost culture and identity.

ii) It led to high demand for slaves.
iii) There was reduction in the number of people in West Africa.
iv) Opened West Africa to the Europe and America.
v) New trade items were introduced e.g. cloth, iron, etc.
vi) Towns grew e.g. Timbuktu, Goa.
vii) It caused a lot of suffering to the captured slaves to America.
viii) Cocoa was introduced from Amazon Forest in South America.

THE TRIANGULAR TRADE (TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE).

a) Raw materials.
b) Finished goods.
c) Slaves

The Fight Against Slave Trade.

i. Sir William Wilberforce was the leader of the anti-slavery movement in East Africa.
ii. Sir Heinrich Barth led the fight against slave trade in West Africa.
iii. Dr David Livingstone preached against slave trade and its evils in Central and Eastern Africa.
iv. Abraham Lincoln, the then president of United States of America also worked hard to abolish
slavery in America.

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OTHER FOREIGNERS TO AFRICA:

ASIANS:

Many Asians came to Africa to build the Uganda Railway.

They were mainly Indians.
After the construction of the Uganda Railway, many stayed behind.

Contributions of Asians in Uganda / Africa.

i) Built shops e.g. Aldina Visram built the first shop in Kampala in 1898.
ii) Indians introduced rupees.
iii) The Banyans were money lenders.
iv) Mehta and Madhivan started industries in Uganda.

Qn: Which group of people helped to develop social services in Uganda?

________________________________________________________________________________

Settlers in Africa:
Settlers came mainly to settle.
They took Africa‟s land and settled on it.
The first settlers were the Arabs i.e. they settled in North Africa and East African Coast.
Europeans also settled at Cape Town in South Africa.
Many other Europeans from Britain settled in Kenya and Zimbabwe.
Indians also came and settled in Africa.

Reasons for the coming of the settlers.

i) To settle
ii) Fleeing religious conflicts

Effects of settlers:

Positive effects.

i. Introduced modern farming methods e.g. Lord Baron Dalamere.

ii. Built roads, industries, schools, hospitals and railway lines.

Negative Effects:

i. Grabbed land from Africans.

ii. Forced Africans to work (Forced labour).
iii. Some Africans were made slaves.
iv. Led to high level of discrimination e.g. apartheid in South Africa.

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Colonialists to Africa:
Colonialists / Imperialists were European individuals who helped their countries to get territories in Africa.
They did so by making treaties with the traditional leaders and fought against those who resisted.
The colonialists took over power from the local chiefs and kings.
This marked the beginning of the loss of African independence.
The kings, chiefs and their subjects were now under the rule of the foreigners.
The traditional rulers lost their powers and those who tried to protest against the colonialists were fought

COLONIAL TERMS:
a) A protectorate;

A protectorate is a country that is generally controlled and defended by another more powerful one.
Protectorates were for pure economic exploitation.
Uganda was a British protectorate.

b) A colony;

A colony is a country politically controlled and developed by another more powerful one.
Such colonies were for permanent settlement for the excess population in Europe.
Some of such countries include; Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia etc.

c) A mandate;

Mandates were countries (colonies) that belonged to Italy and Germany before World War I but as a
punishment for starting the 1st World War, they were removed from them and given to the League Of
Nations (LOW), which appointed some powers to look after them. Tanganyika was a mandate.

d) Trusteeships;

Trusteeships were former colonies of Italy and Germany, which were handed over to the United Nations
Organisation.
The UNO was to oversee the smooth process towards the independence of those countries.
Examples are Togo, Tanzania, Namibia, etc.

AFRICAN REACTIONS TO COLONIAL RULE;

 Some people collaborated.

 Some formed rebellion and fought.

Why Africans failed to resist colonial rule.

i. Africans were not united against the colonialists.

ii. Africans had inferior weapons as compared to those of the Europeans.
iii. Many African traditional leaders collaborated with the European colonialists.
iv. Many African traditional leaders were not aware of the intentions of the Europeans and the results
of the signing of the agreements.

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THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL POWERS.

The major European powers that took part in colonising Africa were;

1. Britain. 4. Italy. 7. Belgium.

2. France. 5. Portugal.
3. Germany. 6. Spain

Questions:

1. Which African country tried to colonise Uganda?

2. Why did that country named above want to colonise Uganda?
3. Name the leader of that country by then.
4. Name the three governors of the Equatoria Province.
5. What was the Equatoria Province?

Reasons for the European interest in African colonies /Why European countries colonized
Africa?

i. To get raw materials.

ii. To get market for their manufactured goods.
iii. To abolish / stop slave trade.
iv. To protect missionaries.
v. For prestige.

Methods used by Europeans to get / acquire colonies in Africa.

i. By use of force / through military means.

ii. Through signing treaties.

Colonialists whose activities and policies contributed to changing the traditional

administrative set up in Africa.

SIR GERALD PORTAL.

 Sir Gerald Portal worked as a British consul in Zanzibar.
 Sir Gerald Portal arrived in Uganda in 1893 and raised the Union Jack in Kampala to show that Uganda
was under the British (1894).
 Sir Gerald Portal had been sent to assess the situation in Uganda and make a report to the British
about the future of Uganda.
 Sir Gerald Portal made a report on the activities of IBEACO and made a recommendation urging the
British to take over the administration of Uganda
 Sir Gerald Portal declared Uganda a British protectorate.

CECIL RHODES:
Signed treaties with a number of African chiefs in central and Southern Africa.

SIR GEORGE GOLDIE:

Signed treaties with local chiefs in Nigeria.
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SIR HARRY JOHNSTONE.
Sir Harry Johnstone made treaties with chiefs in Malawi, which the British used to declare a protectorate
over the area.
Sir Harry Johnstone was sent to Uganda in 1899 as a representative of the British government.
Sir Harry Johnstone signed the Buganda agreement of 1900 on behalf of the British.

DR. CARL PETERS.

 Carl Peters was the first German Imperialist in East Africa.
 Carl Peters was the founder of the GEACO.
 Carl Peters signed treaties with local chiefs in Tanganyika.

Some of the colonial collaborators;

 Laibon Lenana (Masai).
 Nabongo Mumia (Luhia – Kenya)
 Semei Kakungulu (Buganda – Uganda)
 Omukama Kasagama (Toro - Uganda) etc.

The Scramble And Partition Of Africa.

The reports of the explorers and the missionaries encouraged the colonisation of Africa. Many European
countries developed interest in Africa.

Qn: What was the scramble for Africa?

The scramble for Africa was the struggle for colonies in Africa by European powers.

Qn: What was the Partition of Africa?

The partition of Africa was the division of Africa among European powers.

Qn: How was Africa partitioned?

Through signing agreements / treaties.

These agreements were a basis for the British to eventually declare protectorates over the territories.

Before the scramble for Africa could amount to a war, the chancellor of Germany, Otto Von Bismarck
organised a conference in the Berlin City of Germany
It was called the Berlin conference. The conference encouraged European powers to get colonies in Africa
i.e. partition Africa.

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THE BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884).

It was called the Berlin Conference because it was held in the Germany city called Berlin. It was held in
1884 from November to February 1885.
Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck, the leader of Germany, chaired the Berlin Conference.
It gave European powers freedom to partition Africa.

Reasons for the Berlin Conference.

i. To claim protectorates and colonies.

ii. To agree on how European countries could divide Africa among themselves.
iii. To start trading companies.

Resolutions of the Berlin conference.

i. Any European country was free to claim land in Africa.

ii. Once claimed, land was effectively governed, and no country had to claim it.
iii. For any extension of rule, the other European powers had to be informed.
iv. The colonial powers had to stop slave trade in the colony.

Qn: How did the Berlin Conference affect Africa?

- Led to the colonization of Africa.

- It led to the partition of Africa.

Qn: In which country did the Berlin Conference take place?

The main struggle was among Britain, France, Germany, Portugal and Belgium.
Britain had the largest number of colonies in Africa.

Later, more treaties were signed by the European powers for peaceful partition of Africa e.g. the Anglo-
German agreement of 1886, which gave Kenya to Britain and Tanganyika to Germany, the Anglo- German
agreement of 1890 (Heligoland treaty) also gave Uganda to Britain in exchange for Heligoland Island in
the North sea in Europe which was given to Germany.

Effects of colonial rule in Africa.

Positive (good) effects of colonial rule:
i. Slave trade was stopped.
ii. New crops like cotton were introduced.
iii. Law and order were maintained.
iv. Schools were built for formal education.
v. Towns e.g. Fort Portal developed.
vi. Hospitals were built.
vii. New transport systems were established e.g. air, railway and road.

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Negative (bad) effects of colonial rule:

i. African culture was destroyed.

ii. African political system (kingdoms) was destroyed i.e. Africans lost independence.
iii. The Europeans took a lot of Africa‟s wealth.
iv. Many Africans lost their lives during rebellions.
v. Irrelevant education system was introduced.
vi. Africans were forced to work on white man‟s plantations in order to get money for paying taxes.
vii. Led to the introduction of racial segregation.
viii. Boundaries established during the partition of Africa separated tribes.

EUROPEAN COLONIES IN AFRICA:

BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY PORTUGAL

1. Uganda 1. Madagascar 1. Tanganyika. 1. Angola.
2. Egypt 2. Chad 2. Rwanda 2. Mozambique.
3. Sudan 3. CAR 3. Burundi. 3. Guinea.
4. Kenya. 4. Algeria. 4. Namibia. 4. Cape Verde.
5. Zambia. 5. Cote D‟ Ivoire. 5. Togo.
6. Zimbabwe. 6. Mali 6. Cameroon.
7. Botswana. 7. Congo Brazzaville. 7. Gambia.
8. S. Africa. 8. Burkina Faso. ITALY
9. Nigeria. 9. Senegal. 1. Libya.
10. Ghana. 10. Morocco. 2. Somalia.
11. Sierra Leone 11. Tunisia. 3. Eritrea.
12. Lesotho 12. Mauritania.
13. Malawi 13. Benin. SPAIN
14. Swaziland. 14. Niger. 1. Western Sahara.
15. Seychelles. 15. Comoros. 2. Equatorial Guinea.
16. Mauritius. 16. Gabon.
17Tanganyika(mandate) 17. Re-Union. BELGIUM
18. Gambia 18. Djibouti 1. DR Congo
19. Somaliland 2. Rwanda

NB: Ethiopia and Liberia were not colonised.

i. Liberia was not colonised because it was a centre for freed slaves.

ii. Ethiopia was not colonised because:

i. It had strong rulers like Menelik, Haile selassie etc.

ii. It is mountainous.
iii. It lacked resources
iv. The people were united.
v. It had a strong army.

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TOPIC 7:
NATIONALISM AND THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE OF AFRICA.

Nationalism is the love and pride in one‟s country or it‟s one‟s devotion to one‟s country. Nationalists
express the desire for their countries to develop politically, socially and economically.

Pan- Africanism:

Pan-Africanism is the love for Africa as a whole and the belief in the unity for Africa.
It is the desire, willingness and determination of Africans to remove foreign oppression and create a free
society.

The Earliest Leaders Of Pan-Africanism:

These were Pan Africanists who were Black people from outside the African Continent.

a) Booker T. Washington.

He was a black American who lived in the slave state of Alabama. He encouraged Africans to co-operate
and improve their welfare through education.

b) Dr.Williams Du Bois

Dr. Williams Du Bois was a black American (American Negro).

Du Bois was the Pan-African founder who encouraged Africans to unite and oppose White domination.
He organized a Pan African Congress in Paris in 1918.

c) J. E. K. Aggrey.

Aggrey was a learned Ghanaian. He spread the ideas of Booker in Africa.

Aggrey encouraged Africans to value education.

d) Marcus Gurvey.

He was a Jamaican.
Marcus Gurvey formed the United Negro improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914.
Marcus Gurvey advised Africans to start business to gain economic power in order to get political power.

e) Henry Silvester Williams.

He was a wealthy Trinidad lawyer who used his wealth to sponsor the course of Pan-Africanism. He
sponsored the first Pan-African congress in London in 1900.

f) George Padmore:

Padmore was one of the founders of Pan Africanism.

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Others Pan Africanists and nationalists who lived in Africa were;
g) Namdi Azikiwe.
h) Kwame Nkrumah.
i) Leopold Senghor.
j) Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser.
k) Jomo Kenyatta.
l) Julius Kambarage Nyerere.
m) Haile Selassie.
n) Ahmed Sekou Toure.
o) Patrice Lumumba.etc.

The Pan-African Congress.

The first Pan-African Congress was first held in London in 1900.
A series of Pan African Congresses were held to unite blacks and solve some common problems they were
facing world wide e.g. slavery, forced labour, racism, etc.
Another Pan-African Congress was held in Manchester in 1945.
The Pan African movement was formed to promote the welfare of Africans within and outside Africa.
Some people who attended the congress were Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah.

The Pan-African Awareness in Africa.

In 1935, Mr. Benitto Mussolini of Italy ordered his army to attack Ethiopia. The Africans and the blacks
from America and Caribbean decided to help the Ethiopians to fight the Italians.
Pan-Africanism got more support when Ghana got her independence in 1957.
Ghana‟s leader, Dr Kwame Nkrumah supported it so much that he even suggested the formation of the
United States of Africa.
In 1958, Kwame Nkrumah organized the first Pan African Congress in Africa.
Kwame Nkrumah brought together an array of political parties, trade unions, and student groups from
across the African continent with the aim of co-ordinating „ the African non-violent resolution”.
The “All African People‟s Conference” was held in Accra, Ghana and was attended by many prominent
people. E.g
i. Julius Nyerere – from Tanganyika.
ii. Joshua Nkomo – from Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
iii. Kenneth Kaunda – from Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
iv. Hastings Kamuzu Banda – from Nyasaland (Malawi)
v. Patrice Lumumba – from Belgian Congo.
vi. Amilcar Cabral – from Portuguese Guinea.
vii. Holden Roberto – from Angola.

Tom Mboya, the young Kenya trade Unionist was chosen as the Conference chairperson.

The Pan African People‟s Conference was attended by eight leaders of the then independent African states
in Accra, Ghana in 1958 and the leaders were;

No LEADER COUNTRY YEAR OF INDEPENDENCE

1 Kwame Nkrumah Ghana 1957
2 Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt 1922
3 General Ibrahim Abboud Sudan 1956
4 King Hassan II Morocco 1956
5 Bourguiba Muhammed Tunisia. 1956
6 Muhammed Idris. Libya 1951
7 Haile selassie. Ethiopia. Not colonised
8 William Tolbert. Liberia. Not colonised

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The Need For Independence.
Independence is the political freedom from colonialism.

Why Africans wanted independence:

i. Africans didn‟t want to be ruled by foreigners.

ii. Africans didn‟t want foreign culture that was causing conflicts in society.
iii. Africans wanted to control resources like minerals in their own land.
iv. Foreigners mistreated Africans in their own land.
v. Due to over exploitation.i.e. Paying low wages, under pricing their crops, unfair taxation,etc.
vi. Africans wanted to share economic opportunities.
vii. Lack of respect for African rulers.
viii. Africans wanted to regain their lost land.

Factors that brought about serious demands for independence:

i. African Christian converts preached against colonialism.

ii. War veterans returning from different parts of the world after the Second World War became
fearless and got courage to fight for independence.
iii. Workers increased riots and demanded for better pay.
iv. After being trained in missionary schools, some Africans went to Europe for further studies where
they acquired experiences, which made them realize that they were being sidelined and exploited
by the Europeans.

How higher education helped in the struggle for independence?

i. Higher education enabled Africans to acquire a language, which could be understood by the
colonialists.
ii. Many learned Africans started newspapers, which they used to spread their ideas on how to fight
colonialism.
iii. Learned Africans were more respected than those who were less educated.
v. Learned Africans could organize their ideas and convince people.
vi. Africans learnt how to organize people into associations and political parties.

Why colonial powers gave independence to Africans:

i. The political parties formed united people to struggle for independence.

ii. The U.S.A as a world power opposed colonialism.
iii. The UNO urged Britain, France and Belgium to give independence to trusteeships and mandates.
iv. The world wars left many European powers with many economic problems so they couldn‟t
support their colonies.
v. The force of African nationalism.
vi. The involvement of Africans in the world wars gave them courage to fight for their independence.

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THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE.
CASE STUDY:
Ghana (Gold Coast)

Ghana was colonised by Britain. In 1947, Dr. Joseph Danquah formed the first political party, The United
Gold Coast Convention (UGCC).
Kwame Nkrumah was the secretary general of the UGCC. Kwame Nkrumah split away forming the
Convention People‟s Party (CPP).

The CPP organised nationwide strikes and boycotts but the British responded by:

i. Imprisoning Kwame Nkrumah.

ii. Banning the CPP newspaper called the Accra Evening News.
But riots and strikes increased and the colonial government was forced to organise elections in 1951.
Kwame Nkrumah became the first Prime Minister of Ghana after being released from prison on 12th
February 1951.

The CPP again won the 1956 elections and on March 06, 1957, Ghana got her independence with Kwame
Nkrumah as its first president. The Gold Coast was re-named Ghana after the ancient kingdom of Ghana.
In 1960, Ghana became a republic with Kwame Nkrumah as president.

Nigeria.

Nigeria was also colonised by the British.

Many Nigerians who went abroad for the Second World War came and demanded for more responsibilities
in the affairs of their country.
The leading politicians of that time were Dr. Namdi Azikiwe and Abubaker Tafawa Balewa.

The first political party in Nigeria was the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroonians (NCNC)
which was the leading outspoken group against the British.
Other political parties were the Action Group (AG) and the National People‟s Congress (NPC). The
NCNC joined with the NPC to form a federal government.

On 1st October 1960, Nigeria got her independence with Dr Namdi Azikiwe as the first president and
Abubaker Tafawa Balewa as the Prime Minister.

Malawi (Nyasaland)

Malawi, formerly Nyasaland was also colonised by the British.

The Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was the first political party to be formed in Malawi in 1944.
The Nyasaland African Congress was formed to resist the Central African Federation i.e. the joining of
Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
NAC started demanding for the independence of Malawi and its leaders were Makumbi Chipembere and
Kanyama Chiume.
The two i.e Makumbi Chipembere and Kanyama Chiume invited Hastings Kamuzu Banda to head
Nyasaland African Congress but Kamuzu Banda was imprisoned.
A new party, Malawi Congress Party (MCP), replaced the Nyasaland African Congress.
Hastings Kamuzu Banda was released from prison and he led Malawi to independence on 6th July
1964.

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Zambia (Northern Rhodesia).

Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia during colonial rule.

Zambia was colonised by the British.
The first political party, to be formed in Zambia in 1948 was Northern Rhodesia Congress (NRC). The
NRC was re-named the Northern Rhodesia African National Congress (NRANC) in 1951 after getting Harry
Nkumbula as its new leader. The NRANC organised strikes and boycotts to fight colonial oppression.

The Lumpa church, which was founded by Alice Lenshina also, helped in the struggle against colonial
oppression.
The Zambia African National Congress (ZANC) was formed in 1958. It was led by Kenneth Kaunda
and Simon Kapwepwe. ZANC was banned in 1959 and its leaders imprisoned for demanding for full
independence.
United National Independence Party (UNIP) was formed.
The first elections were held in 1962 and most seats in the LEGCO were won by NRANC and UNIP.
Zambia got her independence on 24th October 1964 with Kenneth Kaunda as its first president.

Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

The former name for Zimbabwe was Southern Rhodesia.

Zimbabwe was colonised by Britain.
Zimbabwe had a large population of the white settlers who took control of the politics and the economy of
Zimbabwe.
The white settlers occupied the most fertile lands. They used the Africans to work in industries, mines and
in their farms.
The All African Convention (AAC) was formed in 1951 to oppose the proposed Central African
Federation.
In 1960, the National Democratic Party ( NDP) was launched as a new organization to address land
problems and discrimination with political power as well. One of the founders was Leopold Takawira.
In 1961, the government banned the National Democratic Party (NDP).
One week later, a new nationalistic organization, the Zimbabwe African People‟s Union (ZAPU) was formed
under the leadership of Joshua Nkomo with identical aims and tactics with the former political parties.
Violence increased and targeted mainly the whites.
In September 1962, ZAPU was banned and its officials placed under restriction.
In 1963, the ZAPU split into camps with Joshua Nkomo launching the People‟s Caretaker Council (PCC).
Nkomo‟s critics formed Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) choosing Ndabaningi Sithole as its
leader with Robert Gabriel Mugabe as the secretary general.
Both ZAPU and ZANU continued to seek for foreign support and coordinated foreign activities and
recruited members for guerilla training outside the country.
In 1962, the Rhodesia Front (RF) a new right wing party supported by white workers who were worried
about the rights and fearing competition from the Blacks was formed.
In December 1962, the Rhodesia Front swept victory in the elections that had been organized.
The first Prime minister whom Rhodesia Front had installed was Winston Field. His successor was Ian
Smith.
Ian Smith was ready to deal forcefully with any opponents who stood in his way whether African
nationalists or the British government.
After months of war in 1964, Ian Smith banned ZAPU and ZANU and sent Nkomo, Sithole, Mugabe amd
hundreds of others to detention camps.
The White rebels determined to keep Southern Rhodesia in white hands supported by Prime Minister Ian
Smith declared independence from Britain in 1965 and they were against the African demand for
independence and still suppressed the Africans.
A guerilla war was fought until white rule was weakened and majority (black) rule was gained in 1980
with Robert Mugabe as the first black president.
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NB: Robert Mugabe has of recent been evicting the white settlers and giving the land to the Africans. This
has made the Europeans to hate him.

Rwanda.

Rwanda was colonised by Germany.

The people of Rwanda include the Tutsi, Hutu and the Batwa.
After the First World War, Rwanda was given to Belgium as a mandate by the League of Nations. It was
known as the territory of Rwanda – Urundi.
After World War II, Rwanda became a trusteeship of the United Nations but the Belgians continued ruling
it through the Tutsi chiefs.
In 1950, the Hutu politicians portrayed the Tutsi minority as enemies who imposed their rule over
Rwanda.
The feeling of hatred had grown from the myth written by European travelers that the Tutsi are
descendants of “ Hamitic” people with siperior culture who migrated from the Horn of Africa.
Fighting broke out between the Tutsi and the Hutu in 1959 and the Hutu leader was Gregoire Kayibanda.
The Tutsi king and his royals fled the country in 1960.
The Hutu revolution gained power. Hutu leaders continued to use the language of hatred and division
against the minority Tutsi who remained in Rwanda.
Rwanda was declared a republic in 1961 and granted independence on 1st July 1962 with Gregoire
Kayimbanda as the first president.
In 1973, the army commander General Juvenal Habyarimana in a bloodless coup overthrew Kayimbanda.
The Tutsi continued to face discrimination and those in exile were never allowed to return to Rwanda.
In 1987, leading exilists launched the Rwanda Patriotic Front ( RPF) to promote the return of the Tutsi to
Rwanda by force, overthrow the regime and establish a democratic government.
In 1990, the Tutsi and the moderate Hutu under the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) attacked Rwanda.
On 6th April 1994, habyarimana attended a one-day meeting of African leaders in Dar es Salaam.
On his return to Rwanda, Habyarimana‟s jet was struck by two missiles fired from a hill outside the airport
and crashed in the grounds of the Presidential palace.
All on board were killed including Cyprian Ntaryamira the then Burundi‟s president.
The death of Habyarimana was the trigger for the genocide that had long been planned.
Gangs of the Interahamwe (those who work together) armed with clubs, spears, sharpened sticks and
machetes went from door to door searching for Tutsi victims and killed them with moderate Hutus.
Over 700,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed.
On 4th July 1994, the RPF took over Kigali and Pasteur Bizimungu became the president but resigned in
2000 and was replaced by Major General Paul Kagame.
The RPF victory brought to an end the genocide.

MOZAMBIQUE

It was difficult for Portuguese colonies to get independence since Portugal was a poor country and had to
get most of her resources from her colonies.
From 1930 – 1960, workers had to go on strike to demand for better living standards. They also wanted
to be supervised by blacks not whites.
The Portuguese put down these strikes harshly so, nationalist organizations had to be formed outside
Mozambique.
The fight against the Portuguese forces was started by FRELIMO guerillas in Mozambique in 1964.
The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique ( FRELIMO) i.e Frente Libertacao de Mozambique was a
nationalistic movement started in 1962 to fight for the independence in Mozambique.
Edwardo Mondalene was the first president of FRELIMO whose headquarters were in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania.

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At first, guerilla attacks were confined to border areas and hundreds of White settlers in rural areas,
fearing revenge by the guerillas and frightened by FRELIMO fighters abandoned their homes and fled to
the coast.
Edwardo Mondalene was killed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in 1969.
Edwardo Mondalene was replaced by Samora Machel in whose leadership FRELIMO was able to weaken
the Portuguese forces.
Mozambique got her independence on 25th June 1975 with Samora Machel as the first president and
Joachin Chissano was the prime minister.
When Samora Machel died in a plane crash, Joachin Chissano took over as the president.

Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic Of Congo).

Belgian Congo was Belgium‟s largest colony in Africa.

Belgian Congo was colonised by Belgium.
The Congolese demanded for independence in tribes, grouped according to tribal regions.
The largest political party in the Katanga region was Confederations Des Associations Tribales Du
Katanga (CONAKAT).
A new nationalist party, the Movement Nationale Congolais (MNC) was founded in October 1958
under Patrice Lumumba.
The MNC demanded for immediate independence and wanted to control the activities of the Belgian
settlers in Congo. More political parties were formed when independence was anticipated.

General elections were held in 1960 and the MNC, which made an alliance with other parties, won the
elections.
On 3rd June 1960, Patrice Lumumba led Congo to independence with himself as the first Prime Minister
and Joseph Kasavubu as the president.

French West Africa.

All French colonies were in a federation whose headquarters were in Dakar, Senegal. Some of the
members were Senegal, Cote D‟ Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mauritania, Guinea and Benin.

In 1946, a constitution that extended French citizenship to all Africans in the French colonies was made.
Later in 1946, a federation was made by French colonies in Bamako, Mali to oppose French rule.
It was led by Felix Houphouet Boigny of Tunisia.
It was called the Resemblement Democratic African (RDA).
In 1958, General de Gaul wanted the French colonies to get independence but within the French
community in order to get French aid. Sekou Toure of Guinea rejected the idea and on 1st October 1958,
Guinea became independent and by 1960, most French colonies had got their independence.
Leopold Sedar Senghor was the first president of Senegal.

Ethiopia.
Ethiopia was formerly called Abyssinia.
Ethiopia is found in the Horn of Africa.
Ethiopia is found where the old kingdom of Axum once existed.
Axum was the first kingdom of Africa to adopt Christianity.
Ethiopia was formed by Emperor Menelik II who united many kingdoms of Axum.
Ethiopia is the country found in North Eastern Africa that was not colonized.
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Reasons why Ethiopia was not colonised:
i. Ethiopia is a mountainous country.
ii. It had strong rulers e.g. Emperor Menelik II, Emperor Haile Selassie.
iii. It had a strong army.
iv. The people of Ethiopia were united.
v. Poor roads made it difficult for the Italians to move troops.
vi. It lacked mineral resources

The Early Rulers Of Ethiopia.

a) Frumentius.

He converted Ethiopians to Christianity at around 333 AD.

b) Theodore III.
He became the emperor in 1885. He welcomed European missionaries and traders. He imprisoned
Europeans who interfered. When war broke out with Britain, he committed suicide before he could be
captured.

c) Emperor Menelik II.

He made a treaty with Italy where Italy was to strengthen him. He modernised his army with arms from
Britain, France and Russia. He expanded his kingdom. He declared war on the Italians and defeated them
in the battle of Adowa on 1st March 1896. He constructed roads and railways and united Ethiopians.

d) Lidj Lasu.
Britain and Russia started to look at Ethiopia at his time as prone to colonialism.

e) Ras Tafari Makonnen.

He became the emperor in 1913. He named himself Haile Selassie (Power of Trinity). He developed social
services like education and also modernised his army. The Italians attacked and defeated him in 1934-35
and he was exiled to Britain. Britain fearing Italy, helped Ethiopia to defeat Italy in 1941 and Haile
Selassie was back as a leader.
After the second world war, Ethiopia negotiated with the UNO to annex Eritrea that had been under Italy.
Italy also lost her colonies for supporting Germany in the world wars.

The Eritreans resisted until 1993 when the UNO organised a referendum in which the Eritreans voted for
independence, which they got in May 1993 therefore making Ethiopia landlocked.
The headquarters of OAU (AU) are in Ethiopia in recognition of Ethiopia‟s resistance to colonialism. Haile
Selassie constructed the OAU headquarters and chaired the founder OAU meeting in Addis Ababa.
ACHIVEMENTS OF EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE.

i. He abolished slave trade and slavery.

ii. He developed social services like education.
iii. He built a modern army.
iv. He constructed roads, hospitals, schools and a railway line to the Red Sea.
v. Emperor Haile Selassie was the first chairman of the Organisation of African Unity.

NB: Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by Haile Mengistu Mariam in 1974 and starved to death in
1975.

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Somaliland.
Parts of Somaliland belonged to the old Ethiopian kingdom of Axum from 2nd century to the 7th century.
The Somalis were originally pastoral nomads well adapted to surviving harsh, arid terrain of the Horn of
Africa. The Somalis possessed a common language and a culture on pastoral customs and traditions.
During the scramble for Africa, the Somaliland was divided into five separate territories consisting of five
clan families i.e the Darod, Hayiwe, Isaq, Dir and the Digil-Mirifleh.
Britain was the first European power to acquire North Somaliland.
Britain wanted to protect her trade route through the Red Sea to India.
The Italians had the Italian colony of Somalia with a capital Mogadishu.
The French occupied French Somaliland surrounding Port Djibouti at the Southern entrance to the Red
Sea, which they wanted as a coalition station.
After the Second World War, Italy lost all her colonies.
At independence on 1st July 1960, British Somaliland and Italian Somalia were joined to form the Somali
Republic with Aden Abdullah Osman as the first president.
The Somalis re-united the Somali communities in the „lost lands‟ of Kenya‟s Northern Frontier District, the
Ogaden and Djibouti to form the “Greater Somalia”
The Somali flag with its emblem, a five-point star represent the five clans of its people was hoisted.
In 1967, Aden Osman was defeated in an election by Abdu Rashid Ali Shirmaka .
On 15th October 1969, Shirmaka was assassinated and a military group led by General Muhammad Siyyad
Barre took over power.
Rebel groups were formed to fight Siyyad Barre in 1982 and in 1990 clans opposing Barre formed a united
front to fight him. Barre was ousted in January 1991 and was given asylum in Lagos, Nigeria where he
died of heart attack in 1995.
In June 1995, one of the clan leaders, Muhammad Farrah Aideed declared himself the president of
Somalia but he was not recognised by other clans.
Farrah Aideed died of bullet wounds in July 1996.
His son, Hussein Muhammad Aideed, replaced him.
Somalia remains a war torn country.

South Africa.
The Republic of South Africa (formerly Azania) is located in the Southern tip of the continent of Africa.
South Africa was colonised by the British.

The first foreigners to settle in South Africa were the Dutch from Holland (Netherlands).
The Dutch came to South Africa when their ship, Harleem, capsized near the present day town of Cape
Town. Some sailors swam to the coast and started to grow vegetables until they were collected after one
year. They later returned there to settle and grow vegetables to supply other sailors who were dying of
scurvy which is caused by lack of vitamin C.
The British also came with the intentions of settling in the same place.
After a few scuffles, the Dutch, also known as the Boers (Dutch farmers) left and formed their own states
of Transvaal and Orange Free State.
The Dutch discovered gold in Witwaters Rand in Transvaal and diamonds in Kimberley in Orange Free
State in 1871.
The British were interested in the exploitation of these resources (minerals) so they saw the need to unite
with the Dutch. Talks were held and in 1910, the Union of South Africa was formed.
The British occupied the Cape Province and Natal while the Dutch occupied the Orange Free State and
Transvaal. They started to build a strong modern state using the mineral wealth.
The Black majority provided the labour.

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INTRODUCTION OF APARTHEID.
Apartheid means racial segregation or separateness.
Apartheid was a system of of racial segregation that formerly existed in South Africa.
There are many races in South Africa, some of which are British (whites), Indians, Chinese, Malaysians,
Dutch and Bantu.

Apartheid was developed by Dutch professors in Stellensbosch University and was advocated for by
Boer leaders such as Dr F.D Malan.
The apartheid policy was adopted by the Nationalist Party (party of the Boers).
The laws passed put the whites in a superior position that had special economic status and opportunities
for economic development than any other race.

In 1950, the group area act was passed. The blacks were restricted to stay in separate areas. The blacks
were regarded as foreigners who had gone to South Africa to look for employment. The government
therefore created ten homelands for the blacks according to their tribal grouping. The black homelands
were called Bantustans.
The whites restricted the blacks to stay there only to move out with pass identities. The whites even
wanted to declare the Bantustans independent countries inside South Africa (Enclaves).

The ten homelands were:

i. Transkei (first to be iv. Venda. viii. Kwandebele.
formed). v. QwaQwa. ix. Kwangwamwa.
ii. Ciskei. vi. KwaZulu. x. Bophuthatswana.
iii. Lebowa. vii. Gazankulu.

Most of the homelands were overpopulated with shortage of food and increasing disease and poverty.
Townships were set up to accommodate people who were working in big cities like Pretoria and
Johannesburg. Townships were also far away from white settlements and some of the main townships
were Sharperville and Soweto.

The biggest township was Soweto.

Many demonstrations against apartheid were staged in Soweto.
On 16th June 1976, the government of South Africa massacred children on the streets of Soweto, the
black township in South Africa.
The Africa Child Day celebrated on 16th June every year commemorates the rememberance of the
massacres.
The apartheid policy made people poor, angry and caused a lot of suffering, pain and death.
More than 3 million people were uprooted from their homes to satisfy government planners.
Apartheid was opposed strongly by the blacks, Coloureds and Asians. The church leaders preached
against apartheid and people wrote in newspapers, magazines etc against apartheid. Chief Albert
Luthuli wanted to change the government using peaceful means but was banned from holding public
meetings and was imprisoned.
Africans protested by using peaceful demonstrations and strikes but the government went violent.
In 1959, Africanists broke away from ANC to form their own group, the Pan-Africanist Congress ( PAC) to
protest against hated pass laws and a requirement for every African of 16 years to carry a pass card.
Millions of Africans were imprisoned for breaking apartheid regulations.
Residence, employment, education, public amenities and politics were regulated to restrict African
involvement.
The civil service, the universities, the banks, the media and agriculture were all dominated by the Whites
i.e the entire system was largely designed to serve White interests.
Apartheid developed nationalism in the South Africans.

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The leaders of the Anti Apartheid struggle in South Africa were:

i. Nelson Mandela.
ii. Oliver Thambo.
iii. Robert Sobukwe.
iv. Chris Hani.
v. Izaka Seme
vi. Chief Albert Luthuli.

The Indians, Coloureds and some whites later joined the struggle.
On 21st March 1960, police in Sharper Ville, a black township opened fire on a crowd of Pan Africanist
Congress (PAC) demonstrators and killed many. It provoked a storm of African protest marches,
demonstrations, strikes and violence.
The United Nations Security Council made a resolution blaming South Africa.
The government of South Africa ordered a massive crackdown blaming ANC and the PAC and detained
thousands of the anti-apartheid dissidents.
The failure of strikes, boycotts, demonstrations, civil disobedience plus continued protest actions
convinced Mandela Nelson i.e one of the leaders of ANC to start an armed group to engage in guerilla
warfare to fight against apartheid using violent form of political struggle.
In 1961, Nelson Mandela formed a new organization the “ Umkhonto We Sizwe” meaning „Spear of
the Nation‟ and became its chairman to try an armed struggle and encounter apartheid militarily.
The police started searching for Nelson Mandela and was later arrested.
On 12th June 1964, Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment for his involvement in an armed
rebellion against the South African government.
That night, Nelson Mandela with 8 colleages like Robert Sobukwe and Chief Luthuli were flown to Cape
Town and taken by ferry to Robben Island.
Mandela spent his time labouring in the island‟s lime quarry, collecting sea weed for fertilizers and
studying Afrikaan.
Later ANC‟s leader became Joshua Nkomo.
The government banned the ANC on grounds of inciting black population.
Political activists were harassed and imprisoned.
Organisations were banned.

How apartheid was practised:

i. The Africans were not allowed to travel out of their homelands without pass identities.
ii. Intermarriages between the whites and Africans were criminal offences.
iii. Sporting clubs catered for the whites only.
iv. Laws made it difficult to share schools, hospitals, hotels, housing estates, churches, sports
grounds, cinemas and transport centres.
v. The Africans were not to play any role in government.
vi. African political organizations were banned.

The apartheid policy made people poor, miserable, angry and caused a lot of suffering, pain and death.

AFRICAN REACTIONS TO APARTHEID:

( How Africans opposed apartheid policy in South Africa)
i. Africans made riots and demonstrations on streets.
ii. Africans fought guerilla wars.
iii. Africans wrote articles in newspapers and magazines against apartheid.
iv. Africans composed songs against apartheid.
v. Africans formed political parties.
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 Political parties (organizations) formed to counter apartheid included;
a. African National Congress (ANC) founded in 1912 by Izaka Seme.
b. Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP).
c. Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) founded in 1959 by Robert Sobukwe.

Reasons why the people of South Africa fought against Apartheid:

i. The rights of the blacks were violated.

ii. Blacks were mistreated i.e. segregated / the system was oppressive.
iii. Blacks lost lives and property.
iv. Africans had to move with pass cards.
v. Africans had their own land (Bantustans)

How the world helped to stop apartheid:

i. The Organisation of African Unity put sanctions on South Africa.

ii. Many countries severed relations with South Africa e.g. trade, diplomatic etc.
iii. The Commonwealth put sporting links with South Africa on sanctions. South Africa then pulled out
of the Commonwealth.
iv. The OAU provided finance to the ANC.
v. The Frontline States formed by the countries of Angola, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe
helped in training and facilitating the freedom fighters.
Julius Nyerere was the chairman of the Frontline States.
vi. The UNO forbade member states to supply weapons to South Africa.

MULTI RACIAL ELECTIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA:

President F.W De Klerk who replaced Botha came under a lot of local and international pressure so:

i. F.W De Klerk released all the political and the anti apartheid prisoners including Nelson Mandela in
1990.
ii. He allowed all anti apartheid organizations to operate.
iii. He organised multi racial elections in South Africa in 1994 where Nelson Mandela became the first
democratically elected black president of South Africa.

Mandela Nelson formed a national unity government that involved all races and all political parties. He
discouraged the blacks from revenging against the whites. South Africa was then recalled to the
international organizations.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) chaired by Bishop Desmond Tutu was set up in 1995
to allow both the white and black politicians to apologize to one another for the past evils in order to
forgive and forget the atrocities committed on both sides i.e fostering unity.
Nelson Mandela voluntarily left power in 1999 and Thabo Mbeki was elected president.
Nelson Mandela gave up presidency to President Thabo Mbeki after one term in office.

How Europeans prepared Africans for self rule.

i. Europeans involved Africans in Legislative Councils that later became parliaments.

ii. Europeans organized independence conferences to arrange independence constitutions.

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TOPIC 8:
POST INDEPENDENCE AFRICA.
THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.

Pan Africanism is a concept that stresses spiritual unity of the black people, upholds the rights and self-
determination in Africa and the need to be treated as equals of the other races in the world.

The idea was taken up by the rising nationalists like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana who spearheaded the
formation of the Union of African States i.e United States of Africa in the 1960s as well as the subsequent
attempts to unite Africa.
Independent African states led the Pan African Movement in 1958 and by 1960, 26 African countries had
got their independence.
The Pan African Movement was formed to promote the welfare of Africans within and outside Africa.
The Europeans were not happy with the Pan African Movement and they used some Africans to cause
divisions among the Pan Africanists.

In 1961, Ghana, Morocco, Mali, Libya, Egypt, Algeria and Guinea met in Casablanca and they were known
as the Casablanca Group.

The 12 French speaking countries (former colonies of France) formed the Brazzazille Group. The
Brazzaville group (French speakers) opposed the Casablanca group (English speakers).

The Monrovia group had also been formed.

The conference that was held in Addis Ababa in 1963 decided that all these groups should join and form
the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
President Herbert Maga of Benin suggested the name OAU.

The Organization of African Unity was formed by 32 independent African countries on 25th May 1963.
The headquarters of the OAU were in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

All independent African countries qualify to be members. There are 55 independent countries in Africa but
only 54 were members.

Morocco pulled out in 1984 after the OAU had recognized Western Sahara (Saharawi Arab Democratic
Republic), which was part of Morocco as a member state.

The OAU CHARTER.

In the OAU charter, it was agreed that:

i. All member states are equal and sovereign.
ii. There would not be interference in the internal affairs of other states.
iii. There had to be respect for territorial integrity of member states.
iv. Disputes had to be settled peacefully by means of negotiations, mediations etc.
v. All independent African states would apply for membership.

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Founder members of the OAU with their presidents:
NO COUNTRY LEADER YEAR OF INDEPENDENCE
1 Ethiopia Haille Salassie Not colonised
2 Liberia William Tolbert Not colonised
3 Egypt Colonel Abdel Nasser 1922
4 Libya Mohammed Idris 1951
5 Sudan General Ibrahim Abboud 1956
6 Morocco King Hassan II 1956
7 Tunisia Bourguiba Mohammed 1956
8 Ghana Kwame Nkrumah 1957
9 Guinea Sekou Toure 1958
10 Cameroon 1960
11 Togo Olympio 1960
12 Mali 1960
13 Senegal Leopold Sedar Senghar 1960
14 Madagascar 1960
15 D R Congo Patrice Lumumba 1960
16 Somalia 1960
17 Benin Herbert Maga 1960
18 Niger 1960
19 Burkina Faso 1960
20 Cote D‟ Ivoire Felix Houphouet Boigny 1960
21 Chad 1960
22 Central African 1960
Republic
23 Congo Brazzaville 1960
24 Gabon 1960
25 Nigeria Namdi Azikiwe 1960
26 Mauritania 1960
27 Sierra Leone Siaka Stevens 1961
28 Tanganyika Julius Nyerere 1961
29 Rwanda 1962
30 Burundi 1962
31 Algeria Ben Bella 1962
32 Uganda Apollo Milton Obote 1962

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The last countries to join OAU were:

 Eritrea joined in 1993 after gaining independence Ethiopia.

 South Africa joined in 1994 after the collapse of apartheid.
 The Republic of South Sudan joined in 2011 after separating from Sudan.

Aims of the OAU ( Why OAU was formed in 1963)

i. To unite all African countries into one big family.

ii. To eliminate colonialism in Africa.
iii. To help African countries get independence.
iv. To prevent re-colonization of Africa.
v. To maintain peace and solve disputes among member states.
vi. To enable the different people of Africa live together co-operatively.
vii. To foster political, social, economic and scientific development in Africa.
viii. To promote friendship between Africa and the rest of the world i.e promote international co-
operation between Africa and the rest of the world.

The Flag Of The OAU / AU:

Meanings of the features of the OAU / AU emblem / flag:

i. The palm leaves:
The palm leaves shooting at either side of the circle stand for peace.

ii. The green colour:

The green colour stands for Africa‟s hopes and aspirations.

iii. The gold / yellow colour:

The gold / Yellow colour stands for Africa‟s wealth and bright future.

iv. The white colour:

The white colour represents Africa‟s desire to have genuine / real friend all over ( throughout)
the world.

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Note:
The red interlinked rings stand for African solidarity and the blood shed for the liberation of
Africa.
To symbolize African unity, the silhouette of Africa is drawn without internal borders.

The OAU / AU Emblem

Organs / bodies Of The OAU:

Assembly of
Heads of state

O
Special O A U The council
Committees U of ministers

The
Secretariat

The OAU operates through various bodies called organs each with duties to perform:

a) The Assembly of Heads of state.

The Assembly of Heads of state was made up of Heads of state of member states. They met
once a year in different countries

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During the meeting the Heads of state:

i. Discussed problems affecting Africa.

ii. Decided how they were going to work together the following year.
iii. Elected the chairperson for the next year. In most cases the president of the host country
becomes the next chairperson.

OAU meetings have been held twice in Uganda.

First, it was in 1975 under the chairmanship of Idi Amin Dada, the then president of Uganda. Secondly
in 1990 under the chairmanship of Yoweri Kaguta Museveni.

Some Of The Past Chairpersons Of The OAU:

CHAIRPERSON COUNTRY TOWN YEAR

Haile Salassie Ethiopia Addis Ababa 1963
Iddi Amin Dada Uganda Kampala 1975
Y. K. Museveni Uganda Kampala 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Col. Muamar Gaddaffi Libya Sirte 1999
2000
2001
Thabo Mbeki South Africa Durban 2002
Joachim Chissano Mozambique Maputo 2003
Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria Lagos 2004
2005
2006
John Kuffour Ghana 2007
Jakaya Kikwete Tanzania 2008
Colonel Muamar Gaddafi Libya Sirte 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

b) The Secretariat.
The secretariat was very important and was located in Addis Ababa. The Secretariat was headed
by a Secretary General who was assisted by five secretaries from different regions of Africa i.e.
Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Southern Africa, Northern Africa and Central Africa.

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The secretary general performed the following duties:

i. To prepare the budget for the OAU.

ii. To prepare for the Assembly of Heads of State, Council of ministers and special committees i.e.
booking conference halls, hotels etc.
iii. To keep the important documents of the OAU.
iv. To prepare the agenda of any meeting concerning OAU.
v. To monitor the day to day affairs of the OAU.

Secretary generals of OAU since its formation:

NO NAME COUNTRY TERM

1 M. Diallo Telli Guinea 1963 – 1972
2 Nzo Ekangaki Cameroon 1972 - 1974
3 Eteki Mboumoua Cameroon 1974 – 1978
4 Edem Kodjo Cameroon 1978 – 1983
5 Ide U- Oumarou Niger 1983 – 1989
6 Dr Salim Ahmed Salim. Tanzania. 1989 – 2002
7 Amara Essy Cote D‟ Ivoire 2002 - 2003
8 Alpha Omar Konare Mali 2003 _ 2008
9 Jean ping 2008 - 200

NOTE:
i. Amara Essy was the last secretary general of the OAU and the first Interim president of the
African Union Commission.

ii. Alpha Omar Konare, former president of Mali was elected president of the African Union
Commission on 10th October 2003 at the Maputo summit

c) The council of ministers.

The council of ministers is made up of the ministers of foreign affairs from member states.
They meet twice a year to prepare for the assembly of Heads of State and special committees.

Special Committees.

Special committees were set up to deal with special problems e.g. border disputes, liberation struggles… e
Some of the special committees were:

i. Economic and social commission. vi. Communication commission.

ii. Education and cultural commission. vii. Liberation commission.
iii. Health, sanitation and nutrition viii. Africa civil aviation commission.
commission. ix. Union of African railways.
iv. Defence commission. x. Organization of African trade unions.
v. Scientific, technical and research xi. Supreme council for sports in Africa.
commission. xii. Pan African postal union.

Membership Of The OAU.

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An African country automatically qualified to become a member state on attainment of independence.
OAU was started by 32 member states but by the time it was replaced the African Union, it had 53
member states.

COUNTRIES OF AFRICA AND YEAR OF MEMBERSHIP TO THE OAU:

NO COUNTRY YEAR
1 Ethiopia Not colonised
2 Liberia Not colonised
3 Egypt 1922
4 Libya 1951
5 Sudan 1956
6 Morocco 1956
7 Tunisia 1956
8 Ghana 1957
9 Guinea 1958
10 Cameroon 1960
11 Togo 1960
12 Mali 1960
13 Senegal 1960
14 Madagascar 1960
15 D R Congo 1960
16 Somalia 1960
17 Benin 1960
18 Niger 1960
19 Burkina Faso 1960
20 Cote D‟ Ivoire 1960
21 Chad 1960
22 Central African Republic 1960
23 Congo Brazzaville 1960
24 Gabon 1960
25 Nigeria 1960
26 Mauritania 1960
27 Sierra Leone 1961
28 Tanganyika 1961
29 Rwanda 1962
30 Burundi 1962
31 Algeria 1962
32 Uganda 1962
33 Kenya 1963
34 South Africa 1994
35 Malawi 1964
36 Zambia 1964
37 Gambia 1965
38 Lethoso 1966
39 Botswana 1966
40 Mauritius 1968
41 Equatorial Guinea 1968
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42 Swaziland 1968
43 Guinea Bissau 1974
44 Mozambique 1975
45 Angola 1975
46 Comoros 1975
47 Sao Tome & Principe 1975
48 Cape Verde 1975
49 Western Sahara 1976
50 Seychelles 1976
51 Djibouti 1977
52 Zimbabwe 1980
53 Namibia 1990
54 Eritrea 1993
55 Republic of South Sudan 2011

Achievements (successes) of the OAU:

i. OAU had achieved a certain degree of unity among African countries.

ii. OAU had managed to eliminate colonialism (de-colonise) Africa.
iii. OAU had settled some border disputes e.g. between Libya & Chad, Morocco & Algeria etc.
iv. OAU had helped to resist, condemn and bring to an end, the apartheid policy in S. Africa.
v. OAU had funded the African Development Bank whose headquarters are in Abidjan, Cote d‟Ivoire.
vi. OAU had preserved African culture through All Africa Games.
vii. OAU had helped in the setting up of regional economic groupings to foster economic developments
e.g. COMESA, ECOWAS, BADEA, SADC etc.

Failures of the OAU:

i. OAU had failed to create a standing army to keep peace.

ii. It had failed to stop civil wars in Africa and therefore solving the problem of refugees.
iii. It had failed to establish democracy and good governance since there were still many coups in
Africa.
iv. It had failed to achieve economic integration in Africa.
v. It had not been able to form a common front of Africa on international policies.
vi. It had also failed to save Africa from over dependence on foreign aid.
vii. OAU had failed to liberate Africa from neo-colonialism.
viii. OAU had failed to stop the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.

Problems/ Challenges of the OAU:

i. Shortage of funds to run its programmes, as member states were unable to pay membership fees.
ii. Lack of a standing army i.e. no peace-keeping force.
iii. African countries have many internal problems that divert their attention from the OAU.
iv. There are many military coups in Africa that affect development in Africa.
v. Most member states still depend on developed nations for assistance due to poverty.
vi. Many civil wars that affected development in Africa.
vii. Many refugees.
viii. Ideological differences among African leaders.

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Reasons for the failures of the OAU:

(i) There is diversity of languages in Africa.

(ii) Unfavourable geographical location.
(iii) Artificial colonial political units.
(iv) Economic rivalry of African states.
(v) There are personal differences between African leaders.
(vi) There are different levels of nationalism in African countries.
(vii) Lack of co-operation among member states.
(viii) Shortage of funds.
(ix) There is no standing army.

THE AFRICAN UNION (AU):

The Africa Union (AU) is an intergovernmental organization consisting of 55 African states.
Critics argued that the OAU in particular did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from
their own political leaders, often regarding the OAU as a „club for dictators‟
The African Union (AU) was formed as a successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
The AU was set up to face the challenges of modern Africa.
The idea of creating the AU was revived in the mid-1990s under the leadership of Libyan head of state
Muammar Gaddafi who spearheaded for its formation.
The heads of state and government of the OAU issued the Sirte Declaration (named after Sirte, in
Libya) on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of an African Union.
The Declaration was followed by summits at Lomé in 2000, when the Constitutive Act of the African
Union was adopted, and at Lusaka in 2001, when the plan for the implementation of the African Union
was adopted.
During the same period, the initiative for the establishment of the New Partnership for Africa's
Development (NEPAD) was also established.
The African Union was launched / established in Durban on 9 July 2002, by its first chairperson, South
African Thabo Mbeki, at the first session of the Assembly of the African Union.
The second session of the Assembly was in Maputo in 2003, and the third session in Addis Ababa on 6
July 2004.
The headquarters of the AU are located in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, which is also the main administrative
capital of the African Union.

Personalities who advocated for the African Union:

i. Colonel Muammar Gadaffi -- Libya.

ii. His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta Museveni -- Uganda.
iii. His Excellency Levi Patrick Mwanawasa -- Zambia.
iv. His Excellency Daniel Arap Moi -- Kenya.
v. His Excellency Joachim Chissano -- Mozambique.

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 Objectives of the AU:

i. To speed up the process of bringing African states together.

ii. To promote economic integration among member states through regional trade.
iii. To promote peace and security in Africa.
iv. To promote democracy and good governance.
v. To promote stability on the African continent.
vi. To promote and protect human rights.
vii. To promote development among member states.
viii. To defend African states from foreign rule.
ix. To promote co-operation in all areas in order to raise the living standards of Africans.
x. To promote research especially in science and technology in order to enable Africa develop.
xi. To work with the international community to get rid of the preventable diseases and promote
good health in Africa.
xii. To promote regional trade among member states.
xiii. To accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the African continent.

Organs Of The AU:

a) Assembly of the African Union

The highest decision making organ of the African Union is the Assembly of the African Union
The Assembly is composed of heads of state and heads of government of AU states, the Assembly is
currently the supreme governing body of the African Union.
The chairmanship rotates among the member states as was in the OAU. The first chairman of the
Assembly of the Union was His Excellency Thabo Mbeki of South Africa.
The current chair of the AU is President Bingu wa Mutharika.

LIST OF THE PAST CHAIRMEN OF THE AFRICAN UNION

African Union
Name Beginning of Term End of Term Country
Thabo Mbeki 9 July 2002 10 July 2003 South Africa
Joaquim Chissano 10 July 2003 6 July 2004 Mozambique
Olusegun Obasanjo 6 July 2004 24 January 2006 Nigeria
Denis Sassou-Nguesso 24 January 2006 24 January 2007 Republic of the Congo
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor 30 January 2007 31 January 2008 Ghana
Jakaya Kikwete 31 January 2008 2 February 2009 Tanzania
Muammar al-Gaddafi 2 February 2009 31 January 2010 Libya

Bingu wa Mutharika 31 January 2010 31January 2011 Malawi

Teodoro Obiang Nguema

31 January 2011 29 January 2012 Equatorial Guinea
Mbasogo
Yayi Boni 29 January 2012 Incumbent Benin

a) The Executive Council of the Union.

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It is made up of the ministers of foreign affairs from member states, which prepares decisions for the
Assembly. It coordinates and takes decisions on policies of common interest.

c) Pan-African Parliament (PAP)

To become the highest legislative body of the African Union. The seat of the PAP is at Midrand,
South Africa.
The Parliament is composed of 265 elected representatives from all 53 AU states, and intended to
provide popular and civil-society participation in the processes of democratic governance.
The current President of the Pan African Parliament is Hon. Dr. Idriss Ndele Moussa of Chad.
Uganda‟s representatives in the Pan-African Parliament are;
i. Hon. Loyce Biira Bwambale.
ii. Hon. Abdu Katuntu.
iii. Hon. Miria Matembe.
iv. Hon. Mike Kennedy Sebalu.
v. Hon. Jochan Mandir Omach.

The African Union Commission replaced the OAU secretariat. It is composed of ten commissioners and
supporting staff and headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The first president of the African Union
Commission (AUC) was Amara Essy (Cote D‟Ivoire).
He was the last secretary general of the OAU. The headquarters of the African Union Commission are in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The current Commission Chairperson is Jean Ping of Gabon

e) The Peace and Security Council:

This is meant to bring an end to all forms of conflicts in the African continent. Its main role is to create a
standing army to provide peace-keeping forces in areas of conflict like Somalia.
Other organs of the AU are:

f). The court of justice of the Union.

It consists of a few respected judges from some African countries but this organ has not yet been fully
established.

Future prospects of the African Union:

i. To set up financial institution (banks) e.g.

 The African Central Bank (ACB).
 The African Monetary fund (AMF).
 The African Investment Bank (AIB)
ii. To have regular meetings of the African leaders to discuss problems affecting the continent.
iii. To strengthen regional economic groupings to promote trade and co-operation among member
states.
iv. To promote and strengthen democracy in order to reduce civil wars and coup de tats in
Africa.
v. To promote peaceful negotiations and conflict-resolution among member states.

Achievements of the African Union:

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 i. The African Union has deployed a peace-keeping force to Somalia of which the peace-keeping
troops are from Uganda, Burundi and Kenya.
ii. Has promoted democracy i.e. The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance
(2007) oversee elections on the African continent.
iii. The African Development Bank gives loans to member states.

Problems/ Challenges of the African Union:

i. Shortage of funds.
ii. Most member states still depend on developed nations for assistance due to poverty.
iii. Many civil wars that affected development in Africa.
iv. Many refugees.
v. Human rights abuses.
vi. High levels of illiteracy on the African continent.
vii. Rampant diseases on the African continent e.g. AIDS, malaria, etc.
viii. Famine and desertification.

Factors hindering co-operation in Africa:

i. Differences in political and economic ideologies.

ii. Influence of neo colonialism.
iii. Differences in levels of economic development among member states.
iv. Political instability in some countries.
v. Diversity of languages in African countries.
vi. Different currencies in African countries.
vii. Similarities in economic activities i.e. mainly agriculture.

REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN AFRICA:

General objectives of the regional bodies:

i. To promote trade among member states.

ii. To promote industrialization among member states.
iii. To lessen dependence on overseas imported goods among member states.
iv. To finance developmental projects among member states.
v. To promote transport and communication among member states.
vi. To curb smuggling of goods among member states.
vii. To ease the movement of people with their goods and services among member states.

Common Market For Eastern And Southern Africa (COMESA).

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COMESA replaced the preferential trade area (PTA) as a trading organization. It is the largest economic
grouping in Africa. It was formed in 1994. It is made up of 19 member states:

i. Uganda viii. Eritrea. xv. Swaziland.

ii. Kenya. ix. Djibouti. xvi. Mauritius.
iii. Egypt. x. Madagascar. xvii. Comoros.
iv. Zambia. xi. Seychelles. xviii. Sudan
v. Malawi. xii. Rwanda xix. Namibia
vi. Zimbabwe. xiii. Burundi.
vii. DR Congo. xiv. Angola.

The headquarters of COMESA are in Lusaka, Zambia. The current secretary general of COMESA is Mr.
Erastus Mwencha. The secretary general is appointed for a five-year term. The secretary general heads
the secretariat of COMESA. The chairmanship of COMESA rotates among the heads of state of member
states. The COMESA bank is located in Bujumbura, Burundi.

Reasons for the formation of COMESA:

i. To promote trade among member states.

ii. To unite member states.
iii. To reduce the trade tariffs among the member states.
iv. To allow free movement of people, goods, money and services among the member states.
v. To promote economic development among member states.
vi. To provide market for goods produced by member states.
vii. To improve on transport and communication among member states.
viii. To raise the standards of living of people in member states.

MAP SHOWING MEMBER STATES OF COMESA.

Organs Of COMESA:

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a) The Authority.

It is made up of the heads of state and government of COMESA. It is the supreme policy organ of
COMESA.

b) The council of ministers.

It is made up of ministers responsible for trade in the member states. It is the second highest policy organ
of COMESA.

c) The secretariat.

The secretariat of COMESA is located in Lusaka, Zambia. It is headed by the secretary general. It runs the
daily affairs of COMESA.

d) The committee of governors of central banks.

It is made up of the governors of the central banks of member states.

e) The court of justice of COMESA.

It is the judicial organ of COMESA.

Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS).

ECOWAS is an organization formed by the West African states. The headquarters are in Lagos, Nigeria.
The following are the member states:

i. Nigeria. vii. Guinea - Conakry. xiii. Mali

ii. Mauritania. viii. Cape Verde. xiv. Burkina Faso.
iii. Togo. ix. Benin. xv. Senegal.
iv. Gambia. x. Sierra Leone. xvi. Liberia
v. Cote d‟Ivoire. xi. Ghana.
vi. Guinea -Bissau. xii. Cameroon.

Reasons for the formation of ECOWAS:

i. To promote trade among member states.

ii. To encourage economic development among West African states.
iii. To unite West African states.
iv. To promote political stability in West African states.
v. To provide easy transport and communication in the region.
vi. To facilitate free movement of people, goods, services and money in the region.

Achievements of ECOWAS:

a) ECOWAS bank has been established in Lome, Togo.

b) ECOWAS has encouraged trade among member states.
c) The military wing of ECOWAS called the Economic Community Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) has been
formed to maintain peace in the region.

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d) Power stations like the Akosombo dam in R. Volta and the Kainji dam on R. Niger have been
completed.
e) It has united West African states.
f) It removed tariffs and obstructions to trade among member states.
g) Inter-state telecommunications network has been put up in the following states:

i. Ghana and Burkina Faso.

ii. Nigeria and Niger.
iii. Benin and Burkina Faso.
iv. Mali and Cote D‟ Ivoire.

Problems affecting ECOWAS:

i. Shortage of funds.
ii. Political instability in some member states e.g. Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Gambia.
iii. Divisions among member states since some member states are Francaphone (French speaking)
while others are Anglophone (English speaking).
iv. Some member states belong to more than one economic grouping and this has led to divided
loyalty and commitment.
v. There are different levels of development among member states.
vi. Member states use different currencies.
vii. Economic dominance of Nigeria as a regional super power threatens small states like Togo, Benin
Gambia etc.

Economic Community Monitoring Group (ECOMOG).

ECOMOG is the military wing for ECOWAS. It was formed in 1990 by the third conference of heads of
state and government from the member states of ECOWAS. ECOMOG is made up of 10,000 soldiers from
the member states of ECOWAS. The member states of ECOWAS are the automatic member states of
ECOMOG.

Duties of ECOMOG:

i. To maintain peace and security among West African states.

ii. To mediate on disputes that may arise between member states.
iii. To broker cease-fire between rival member states.
iv. To defend member states from any external attack.
v. To ensure respect for human rights.
vi. To improve relations among member states.

Duties of ECOWAS to ECOMOG

i. To provide soldiers to the military group.

ii. To make financial contributions for the maintenance of the soldiers.
iii. To provide weapons, drugs and food to the soldiers.
iv. To put in place a standing mediation committee that will help to settle disputes between member
states.

Achievements of ECOMOG:
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i. It has promoted peace and security in West Africa.
ii. It has mediated for peace in Liberia, Gambia and Sierra Leone.
iii. It has made it possible for people and goods to move across borders of member states especially
the refugees fleeing the war zones.
iv. Member states have been active in making their contributions the monitoring group.

Failures of ECOMOG:

i. It has failed to maintain peace and security in West Africa.

ii. It has failed to disarm the national patriotic rebels. In Liberia.
iii. It failed to prevent the capture and killing of the Liberian president Samuel Doe in 1990.
iv. It has failed to stop Nigeria from exercising her military and economic strength the region.

Southern African Development Community (SADC).

It was formerly called the Southern Africa development coordination conference when it was formed in
1971. It became the Southern Africa Development Community in 1992. Its headquarters are in
Gaborone, Botswana. It is mainly a training organization formed by the countries of the Southern part of
Africa.

The following are the member states of the Southern Africa Development Community:

i. Tanzania. viii. Botswana.

ii. South Africa. ix. Mauritius.
iii. Zambia. x. Lethoso.
iv. Zimbabwe. xi. Mozambique.
v. Namibia. xii. Malawi.
vi. Angola. xiii. Seychelles.
vii. Swaziland xiv. DR Congo.

Reasons for the formation of SADC:

i. To promote trade among member states.

ii. To unite member states.
iii. To provide market for goods produced in member states.
iv. To promote economic development among member states.
v. To improve on regional communication.
vi. To help landlocked member states to access seaports.
vii. To encourage free movement of people, goods, services and money in the region.
viii. To remove trade and border barriers.

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MAP SHOWING MEMBER STATES OF SADC:

Achievements of SADC:

i. The SADC helped to end apartheid in South Africa through the following ways:
 Training guerilla fighters in member states.
 Giving financial and moral support to the fighters.
 Giving technical and material support to the fighters.
 Providing homes for refugees from South Africa.
ii. It has promoted trade among member states.
iii. It has promoted unity among member states.
iv. It has rehabilitated roads and railways in order to improve transport and communication.
v. It has improved port facilities in Luanda (Angola), Maputo and Machola (Mozambique) and Dar Es
Salaam (Tanzania).
vi. It has promoted economic development among member states.
vii. It has settled disputes in member states like Angola, Mozambique and South Africa.

Problems facing SADC:

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i. Most members of SADC depend on foreign financial aid for economic development.
ii. Differences in levels of economic development.
iii. Shortage of skilled labour.
iv. Shortage of machines and equipment.
v. The transport network is poor because the existing roads are poorly maintained.
vi. Some member states have direct trade links with their former colonial masters and this affects
trade in the region.
vii. Shortage of market for goods produced in the region due to the low population in the region and
member states produce similar goods.
viii. Fluctuation of prices for goods produced by the member states.
ix. The corrupt nature of the leaders of the organization and Africa in general.
x. SADC also faces a challenge in competing with other regional groupings e.g. COMESA, ECOWAS,
EAC etc.

Intergovernmental Authority On Development (IGAD).

It was formerly called Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development.

The headquarters are in Djibouti. The member states are:

i. Uganda. iv. Djibouti. vii. Kenya

ii. Ethiopia. v. Sudan.
iii. Somalia. vi. Eritrea.

Reasons for the formation of IGAD:

i. To fight drought in the region.

ii. To deal with problems caused by drought among member states.
iii. To promote development among member states.
iv. To unite member states.
v. To promote peace among member states.
vi. To promote agricultural development in the region.
vii. To encourage trade among member states.

Achievements of IGAD:

i. It has united member states.

ii. It has encouraged trade among member states.
iii. It has helped to organize peace talks between the Sudan people‟s Liberation army and the
government of Sudan.
iv. It has established a data centre to benefit member states on matters concerning drought.

Failures of IGAD:

i. It has failed to find a lasting solution to the drought in the area.

ii. It has failed to encourage member states to use collective effort to solve problems in the region.
iii. It has failed to solve some border disputes e.g. between Ethiopia and Eritrea and

Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

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Oil exporting countries like Nigeria, Libya and Algeria are member states. It was formed to unify
petroleum policies and to stabilize the price of oil in the world market.

Arab Bank For Economic Development In Africa (BADEA).

The North African Arab countries like Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Sudan are
member states. It finances developmental projects.

Economic Community Of Central African States (ECCAS).

It aims to create a common market with free movement of goods, people, services and money
among member states.

Challenges facing regional bodies:

i. Shortage of funds.
Regional bodies do not have enough funds to run their activities.
ii. Political differences.
There are political differences that can be traced to colonial times. These political
differences hinder co0operation and commitment to regional co-operation.
iii. Desire for prestige.
Some countries desire to be looked at as superior in the region. This hinders co-operation.
iv. Political instability.
Constant civil wars hinder economic development.
v. Language barrier.
Communication and co-operation are limited by lack of a common language.

Solutions to problems of regional bodies:

i. Regional bodies should encourage proper accountability to ensure proper use of the
available resources.
ii. Political differences should be avoided if possible.
iii. Political differences should not be mixed with regional co-operation and trade.
iv. Regional bodies should work together to promote unity and interdependence.
v. Regional languages that are spoken by large section o people e.g. Kiswahili should be
taught in schools to that they are developed.

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TOPIC 9: (Term iii)

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN AFRICA.

The term economy refers to the relationship between people, trade and the supply of money in a
particular country.

Major Economic Resources In Africa.

A resource is a feature in the environment that man can use to meet his needs.

There are two types of resources:

i. Renewable resources.
ii. Non renewable resources.
Africa‟s resources include ; land, waterbodies, the Sun, vegetation, etc.
Land
Uses of land:

i. Land is used for growing crops.

ii. Land is used for rearing animals.
iii. Land is used for building on roads, railways.
iv. Land is used for settlement.
v. Land is used for industrialization.
vi. Land is used for tourism.
vii. Land is used for mining.
viii. Land is used for recreation.
ix. Land is used for burial etc.

Problems facing land:

i. Soil erosion especially hilly areas.

ii. Soil exhaustion due to the poor methods of farming.
iii. Land pollution e.g. polythene papers, charcoal, bottles, plastics etc.
iv. Aridity i.e. deserts, semi deserts etc.
v. Mining.

Most fertile areas of Africa:

i. Lakes shores e.g. L. Victoria.

ii. Mountain slopes e.g. Mt. Elgon, Mt. Kilimanjaro.
iii. Deltas e.g. Nile delta, Niger delta etc.

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Minerals.
Minerals are chemical substances that are found beneath the earth. Minerals are mined from the
earth. Mining is the process of extracting minerals from the earth.

Africa‟s major minerals:

NO MINERAL LOCATION USES

1 Gold Witwaters Rand (S. Africa) For making jewelry, medals artificial teeth etc.
2 Diamonds Kimberly (S. Africa), Mbuyi For making jewelry, cutters, reducing friction etc.
Mayi & Tshikapa (DRC),
Shinyanga (Tanzania)
3 Petroleum Niger delta, Libya, Algeria, For making petrol, diesel, kerosene, drugs, plastics,
Morocco etc.
4 Soda ash L. Magadi (Kenya) For making glass.
5 Copper Copperbelt (Zambia), For making telephone & electric wires, coins, pipes,
Katanga (DRC) heaters, alloys etc.
6 Phosphates. Tororo, Arusha For making artificial fertilizers.
7 Limestone Hima (Uganda), Tororo For making cement
(Uganda)
8 Wolfram (got Kabale, Kisoro, Mityana For making cutting tools, rock drills, gun burrels,
from rocket engines etc
tungsten)
9 Salt l. Katwe (Uganda), L. For human consumption and chemical industry.
Magadi (Kenya)
10 Aluminum Ghana For making aeroplanes.

Why some minerals are not mined in Africa:

i. Shortage of capital.
ii. Shortage of skilled labour.
iii. Some mineral deposits are too small.
iv. Some mineral deposits are scattered.
v. Lack of political will from the leaders.
vi. Some mineral deposits are in no man‟s land.

Importance of mining to a country:

i. It creates employment.
ii. It earns foreign exchange through exportation.
iii. It leads to industrialization.
iv. Mining companies pay taxes to the government.
v. Remote areas are developed e.g. roads, HEP etc.

Disadvantages of mining:

i. It leads to environmental degradation.

ii. It leads to pollution of air, water and land.

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Labour.
Labour in this case refers to the people who do the work or the workers.

There are two types of labour:

i. Skilled labour i.e. trained workers.

ii. Unskilled labour i.e. untrained workers.

Expatriates are highly skilled people hired from outside countries.

Problems affecting labour:

i. Poor pay.
ii. Poor working conditions.
iii. Corruption.
iv. Tribalism.
v. Diseases e.g. AIDS.
vi. Irrelevant education (.bookish)
vii. Brain drain i.e. trained people going abroad to look for better pay.
viii. Sectarianism i.e. differences in religious beliefs.

Industrial expansion:
Industrial expansion refers to the rate at which industries are set up in an area. Most industries in
African countries manufacture essential consumer goods like sugar, textiles, soap etc. Most of the
machinery like panes, cars, motor cycles etc are imported. The imported goods are expensive
and yet African countries export raw materials that are cheap and unreliable.

Factors that have led to rapid industrial expansion in some African countries:

i. Availability of raw materials.

ii. Availability of funds especially loans.
iii. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
iv. Availability of large markets for goods.
v. Availability of land.
vi. Availability of power (HEP).
vii. Political stability.
viii. Favourable government policies.
ix. Presence of good communication system.

Water Bodies.
Water bodies are a source of fish, water for industrial use, water for irrigation and tourism.

Forests.
Forests are important for tourism, provision of timber etc.

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Wild Animals.
Wildlife attracts tourists who bring in foreign exchange to African countries.

Climate.
The climate of Africa supports agriculture and tourism.

1. ZAMBIA.

a) Location/ position of Zambia.

Zambia lies between 220E and 340E and 90S & 170S.
Zambia is a landlocked country.
The capital city of Zambia is Lusaka.
Zambia is a former colony of the British.
The current president of Zambia is Rupiah Bwezami Banda.

Zambia‟s neighbours are:

NE- Tanzania.
E- Malawi.
SE- Mozambique.
S- Zimbabwe, Namibia & Botswana.
W- Angola.
N- DR Congo.

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MAP OF ZAMBIA SHOWING POSITION:

b) Relief:
Most of Zambia is covered by a plateau. There are highlands towards the Northeast. R. Zambezi
is the only main river that flows through Zambia. There is L. Banguelu (swampy) in the North.
Zambia shares L. Tanganyika with Tanzania, L. Mweru with DR Congo and L. Kariba (man-made)
with Zimbabwe.

C) Climate:
Zambia has a tropical climate i.e. long wet seasons with short dry periods becoming hottest when
the sun is overhead (22nd December) and it is wettest at the same time. Its vegetation is wooded
Savannah with stunted trees.

d) Agriculture:
There is mainly subsistence farming i.e. the growing of crops and rearing of animals mainly for
home consumption. The main food crops are:

i. Maize- staple food. iii. Rice. v. Groundnuts.

ii. Millet. iv. Cassava. vi. Sweet potatoes etc.
The main cash crop is tobacco. Others are tea, coffee and sugarcanes.
Cattle keeping is hindered by the presence of tsetse flies.

e) Mining in Zambia:
The economy of Zambia depends on mining i.e. copper mining. Zambia produces 15% of the
world‟s copper. Copper is mined from the Copper belt that is on the border with DR Congo. The
Copper belt is about 160 km long and 50 km wide. Another mining area is Brokenhills.

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Other minerals mined in Zambia include:

 Cobalt  coal  uranium

 Lead  zinc  Tin etc.

Most industries in Zambia smelt copper. Hydro electricity power is got from Kariba and Kafue
dams on R. Zambezi.
The main sources of power used in copper smelting include;
i. Coal.
ii. Running water.
iii. River Zambezi.

f) Copper mining in Zambia:

Copper is mined using two methods in Zambia:

i. Open cast method- when the copper ore is extracted from just on the top of the earth.
ii. Shaft method- it is when the copper ore is found deep in the earth‟s surface. The miners
are taken there in cages. Copper ore is smelted and cast into ingots.

g) Uses of copper:

Copper is malleable i.e. it can be made into different shapes easily. It is a good conductor of heat
and electricity.
Copper is used for making:

i. Copper wires. iv. Helmets. vii. Coins etc.

ii. Bullets. v. Cookers.
iii. Pipes. vi. Refrigerators.

h) Benefits of copper mining to Zambia:

i. It creates employment for the people of Zambia.

ii. It generates revenue through taxation.
iii. It has promoted industrialization.
iv. It has led to the development of towns in the Copperbelt e.g. Ndola, Kitwe, Chingola &
Luanshya.
v. It earns foreign exchange through exportation.

i) Problems facing the Zambian copper industry:

i. Fluctuation of copper prices on the world market.

ii. Stiff competition from other copper producers.
iii. Lack of capital to acquire modern mining equipment.
iv. Mismanagement of mining companies.
v. Flooding of mines during heavy rains.
vi. Collapsing of mines.
vii. Exporting copper through neighbouring countries is expensive.

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a) Ports used by Zambia:

i. Lobito in Angola but was blocked by UNITA (National Union for Total Independence of
Angola) rebellion.
ii. Beira and Maputo in Mozambique but were blocked by FROLIMO insurgency.
iii. Cape Town in South Africa.
iv. Dar Es Salaam through the TANZAM/ TAZARA.

b) Problems caused by copper mining:

i. It causes overpopulation on the Copperbelt.

ii. It has attracted many migrant workers from neighbouring countries.
iii. It has retarded agriculture causing famine.

c) Problems of landlocked countries:

i. Delays of goods on the way.

ii. They pay taxes for using neighbours‟ seaports thus raising the prices of goods.
iii. Political instability in neighbouring countries blocks routes to seaports.
iv. Lack of privacy especially on security matters.
v. Goods may get spoilt on the way.
vi. Goods may get lost/ stolen on the way.

d) How landlocked countries can solve their problems:

i. By promoting railway transport.

ii. By promoting air transport.
iii. By promoting industrialization and modernizing agriculture (self-sustaining economy)
hence reducing importation.

e) Similarities between Uganda and Zambia:

i. Both of them are landlocked countries.

ii. Both of them are former colonies of Britain.

f) Differences between Uganda and Zambia:

Uganda depends on agriculture while Zambia depends on mining.

2. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (D.R.C).

a) Position:

It was a Belgian colony.

It was first called Congo Leopold Ville.
Later it was called Zaire and now it is called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
The capital city of DRC is Kinshasa.
The current president is Joseph Kabila.

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DRC‟s main seaport is Matadi at the estuary of River Congo.
It is the third largest country in Africa after Sudan.
Most of her people are Bantu.
D.R. Congo lies between 150 E & 240 E and 50 N & 120 S

Her neighbours are:

N- Central African Republic (CAR).

NE - Sudan.
E – Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi & Tanzania.
S – Zambia
SW – Angola & Atlantic ocean.
W – Congo Brazzaville.

MAP SHOWING POSITION OF D.R. CONGO:

b) Relief:

It is in the Congo basin that is drained by R. Congo and its tributaries.

R. Congo carries more water to the ocean than all other rivers of Africa put together because:
i. It has many tributaries.
ii. It flows through thick forests that receive heavy rainfall.

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c) Climate and Vegetation:

The D.R Congo experiences equatorial climate i.e. hot and wet throughout the year. 1/3 of
D.R.Congo is covered by thick forests and the rest by Savannah.

d) Agriculture:

The climate is good so both food and cash crops are grown.
The main cash crops are:
i. Rubber iii. Cotton. vi. Tobacco.
trees. iv. Cocoa. vii. Sisal.
ii. Coffee. v. Palm oil. Etc.

The main food crops are:

i. Bananas. iv. Sweet vi. Groundnuts. ix. Plantains.
ii. Maize. potatoes. vii. Millet. x. Sorghum
iii. Yams. v. Pineapples. viii. Cassava. etc

The number of cattle kept is limited by the presence of tsetse flies and the poor climate i.e.
heavy rainfall throughout the year that is not favourable for cattle keeping.
Some thick forests like the Ituri forests are inhabited by primitive people called the Pygmies.

Some people in the thick forests carry out shifting cultivation i.e. clearing an area for crop
farming and moving to clear another area when this one is exhausted.

Every year the following exports contribute 50% of the exports:

i. Oil palm.
ii. Cocoa. / Coco
iii. Rubber.
iv. Cotton.
v. Timber.
vi. Coffee
iv. Cobalt.
e) Mining:

D.R. Congo mainly depends i. Gold.

on mining. Her main ii. Diamonds. v. Zinc.
minerals are: iii. Copper. vi. Tin.

Diamonds:

D. R. Congo is the world‟s leading producer of diamonds. They are alluvial diamonds i.e. they are
mined from the riverbeds. They are mainly mined from Mbuyi Mayi and Tshikapa.

Gold

It is mined from Southeastern D R Congo in Kilo-moto and Kiou region

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Copper:

It is mainly mined from Katanga province (formerly Shaba) which lies at the border with Zambia.

f) Problems slowing the mining of minerals in DRC:

i. Shortage of capital / poverty.

ii. Shortage of skilled labour.
iii. Poor roads / Poor road network.
iv. Corruption.
v. Thick forests.
vi. Heavy rainfall.
vii. Low level of technology / Lack of better machinery.
viii. Poor leadership / poor governance / poor government policy.

g) Transport:

Water transport is mainly used but air transport is also used. All the big towns like Kisangani,
Lubumbashi, Bunia and Goma have airports.

It‟s difficult to construct roads and railways because:

i. There are many rivers.

ii. There are many thick forests.
iii. The area receives heavy rainfall throughout the year.

Hydro electricity power is got from Nzilo Dam on R. Congo and Inga Dam on R. Kasai.

D. R. Congo uses many different seaports for her overseas trade:

i. Matadi.
ii. Mombasa – Kenya.
iii. Dar Es Salaam – Tanzania.
iv. Cape Town – South Africa.

h) Lumbering:

Lumbering is the cutting of trees for timber.

Lumbering faces the following problems:
i. Lack of good transport.
ii. Lack of modern cutting equipment.
iii. Plenty of rainfall throughout the year hampers lumbering.
iv. Trees grow close to each other making cutting difficult.
v. There are fierce wild animals in the forests.

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3. RWANDA.
a) Position:
The republic of Rwanda is located in Central Africa.
Rwanda was removed from Germany and given to Belgium after the First World War.
It is a small country with an area of 26,338 km2 .
The capital city of Rwanda is Kigali.
The current president is HE Paul Kagame.
Her neighbours are:

i. N – Uganda.
ii. E – Tanzania.
iii. S – Burundi.
iv. W – D. R Congo.

MAP OF RWANDA SHOWING POSITION:

b) Relief:
Much of Rwanda is covered by a hilly plateau. There are Virunga Mountains to the North. They
are volcanic mountains with Karisimbi as the highest volcano.
There is Lake Kivu on the border with Congo and River Kagera flows through it.

c) Climate and Vegetation:

Rwanda experiences tropical climate. Lake Kivu areas have natural forests while the rest is
covered by Savannah.

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d) Population:

Rwanda is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa with a population density of 260
persons per km2.
There are three main groups of people i.e. the Hutu, Tutsi and the Twa. The Hutu are the
majority.
The main languages spoken are Kinyarwanda, French and English.

e) Economic activities:

Most people in Rwanda are farmers (subsistence farmers). The main cash crop is Arabica coffee.
Others are tea and pyrethrum. Cattle, goats and sheep are also kept.

f) Problems faced by Rwanda:

i. Rwanda is landlocked.
ii. It‟s mountainous hence roads and railways are poor.
iii. There is strong soil erosion since the area is hilly.
iv. There are civil wars.
v. There is shortage of land since there is dense population.
vi. Many people move to neighbouring counties to provide cheap labour and for better
education.

4. BURUNDI.

a) Position:

Burundi is also a small Central African state.

It was also given to Belgium from Germany as a mandate after the First World War.

It has a high population density also. The main people of Burundi are the Hutu, the Tutsi and the
Twa.
There is a small river that flows through Burundi and L. Tanganyika is partly in Burundi.
Bujumbura is the capital city.

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MAP OF BURUNDI SHOWING POSITION:

b) The economy of Burundi:

Burundi depends on agriculture. The main cash crop is coffee.

It has a good road network that is used to transport goods to Tanzania for export through Dar es
Salaam.

c) Problems hindering development in Burundi:

i. Burundi is landlocked.
ii. There‟s a civil war between the Hutu and the Tutsi.
iii. There is soil erosion that is caused by population pressure.
iv. Low life expectancy (40 years).
v. The valleys of Burundi are tsetse infested.
vi. There is high crime rate.
vii. Diseases like AIDS, TB, Kwashiorkor etc.
viii. Shortage of land due to over population.

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5. SOMALIA.
a) Position:

Somalia was formerly called Somaliland. The earliest name was Horn of Africa.
It was colonised by Italy.
It is located in Eastern Africa in the Horn of Africa.
The capital city is Mogadishu.

Somalia‟s neighbours are:

SW – Kenya.
W – Ethiopia.
NW – Djibouti.
N – Gulf of Aden.
E & S – Indian Ocean.

MAP OF SOMALIA SHOWING POSITION:

b) Climate:
Somalia is semi arid with R. Shabele and R. Juba flowing through it.
The highest temperature goes as high as 470 C. the vegetation is poor.
Most people in Somalia are Muslims.
The main languages spoken are Somali, English and Arabic.

c) Economic activities:
They keep, cattle, sheep and goats that were exported to the Arab world but was hit by a severe
famine in the early 1980s in which many people and animals died.
There have been a number of civil wars.
The government had to resettle people in the South along rivers.
The Somalis then changed to mixed farming.

153
Fishing villages were also set up along the coast for the resettled people.
Mineral deposits are there but are not yet exploited e.g. Petroleum, copper, manganese, gypsum,
iron, marble, tin, uranium and salt.

6. SOUTH AFRICA.

a) Brief history:

The coming of the Europeans:

The first Europeans to come to South Africa in the C15th were the Portuguese. The first to arrive
was Bartholomew Diaz who named the Southern tip of Africa, „Cape of storms‟ because of the
violent storms that attacked him there.

The king of Portugal renamed it, „Cape of good hope‟ because he was full of hope that the sea
route to India would soon be found.

In 1497, Vasco da Gama also passed there on his way to India. He spent the Christmas night of
1497 at Natal, coming from the Latin word, „Dies natalis‟, meaning, „Christmas day‟. He wanted
fresh food and water for his sailors. Many sailors used to suffer and die of scurvy, which is
caused by lack of vitamin C.

The first foreigners to settle in South Africa were the Dutch from Netherlands/ Holland. When
their ship Harleem capsized off the coast, some sailors swam to the coast and started growing
vegetables until they were collected after one year. They later returned and settled to grow
vegetables. They were called „Boers‟ meaning „Farmers‟. They were led by John Van Riebeck.

When the British later came with the intention of settling in the same place, there was a brief
fight before the Boers left for the North in a journey called, „The Great Trek‟ in about 1834- 1839.
They set up independent states of Orange Free State and Transvaal (across river Vaal).

They intermarried with Africans and adopted a new language called Afrikaans which, was mixture
of Bantu, Dutch and Portuguese.

The Dutch who hated the British formed their own party, The Nationalist Party, which believed in
apartheid. The nationalist party won the 1948 elections leading to the establishment of apartheid
government in South Africa.

b) Location of South Africa:

The Republic of South Africa (Azania) is found in the Southern tip of Africa. South Africa has an
area of about 1,221,036 km2. It is about the seventh largest country in Africa.
Lesotho and Swaziland are inside South Africa and such countries are called enclaves.
The capital city of South Africa is Pretoria.

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South Africa has nine provinces:

i. Natal. vi. Western cape.

ii. Transvaal. vii. Gauteng.
iii. Orange Free State. viii. Mpulalanga.
iv. Northern cape. ix. N. W. province
v. Eastern cape.

South Africa lies between 220S & 350 S and 150 E & 320E. It is crossed by the tropic of Capricorn.

Her neighbours are:

N – Botswana and Zimabwe.

NW – Namibia.
NE – Mozambique.
E – Indian ocean.
W – Atlantic ocean.

MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA SHOWING LOCATION:

c) Relief:

Most of South Africa is plateau. There are Drakensberg mountains in the Southeast. It is
bordered by the Indian and the Atlantic oceans. The main rivers are Limpopo and Orange.

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d) Climate and vegetation:

South Africa has four main types of climate:

i. Mediterranean – near Cape Town.

ii. Temperate – West of Drakensberg.
iii. Desert – Kalahari desert.
iv. Tropical climate.

Wooded grasslands cover the coastal plains. The great Karoo (treeless uplands) covers the
Southern end where a lot of agriculture takes place i.e. the growing of maize, rearing of Merino
sheep and Angora goats. Northwestern is drier and it becomes desert as we move further North.

e) The people of South Africa:

About 2/3 of the South Africans are Bantu but the original inhabitants were the San (Bushmen)
and the KhoiKhoi (Hottentonts). Intermarriages between the various races led to the formation of
the Coloured.

f) Economic activities:
The economy of South Africa depends on mining.

The main minerals mined are:

i. Gold. ix. Zinc.

ii. Diamonds. x. Lead.
iii. Copper. xi. Oil.
iv. Tin. xii. Tungsten.
v. Iron. xiii. Limestone.
vi. Coal. xiv. Phosphates.
vii. Uranium. xv. Nickel.
viii. Silver. xvi. Flourspar.

Uranium is extracted as a by-product of gold. It is used in the production of atomic energy.

g) Gold:

It was discovered in the WitwatersRand (Rand) near Johannesburg (Transvaal) in 1886. It‟s
found in rocks called bankets. More was discovered in Orange Free State in 1946.
Gold is a yellowish bendable metal. It very valuable. South Africa is the world‟s leading producer
of gold with about 70% of the world‟s gold. It is exported through Durban and Cape Town.

h) Diamonds:
Diamonds are the hardest minerals ever known to man. They are formed by great heat during
volcanicity. They are found volcanic pipes in the blue rock. The blue rock is called kimberlite.

Diamonds were discovered in South Africa in 1871 in Kimberley and another was discovered in
Finsch. Diamonds are the used in various ways including reducing friction in machines.
Iron is mined at Thabasimbi and copper is found in Transvaal.

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MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA SHOWING MINERALS:

i) Importance of mining:
i. It provides foreign exchange to the government.
ii. It employs about ¾ of the population.
iii. It funds developmental projects.
iv. It has raised the standards of living.
v. It has created better wages for the workers.

j) Factors that have contributed to the development of mining in South Africa:

i. Presence of large deposits of minerals e.g. gold, diamonds etc.
ii. Availability of capital.
iii. There is a good transport network South Africa has the best railway network in Africa.
iv. There is enough labour (both skilled and unskilled).
v. There is market for minerals in USA, Europe and Japan.
vi. There is water and power.
vii. There is scientific equipment and technology.

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k) Negative effects of mining:

i. It has contributed to the pollution of air, water and land.

ii. It has caused climatic changes.
iii. It has led to the destruction of vegetation and environment.
iv. It reduces farmland.
v. It has attracted many foreigners to work in Sooth Africa.
vi. It has caused overpopulation in mining areas.

l) Agriculture:

There is maize growing in the maize triangle in the High Veld. It is used as the staple food by the
blacks in South Africa.

There is citrus fruit growing in the Cape Province where the climate is Mediterranean.
Sugarcane is grown at Natal under irrigation. Most sugarcane is refined at Durban.

Cattle keeping takes place at the temperate grasslands.

The sheep reared include:

i. Merino sheep – for wool.

ii. Afrikander – for meat.
iii. Karakul – for skins. It is killed before it is a day old.

Goats are also kept for wool (mohair). The main goats kept are Angora goats.
The economic activities listed above depend on the climate and natural resources.

The main sea ports of South Africa are:

i. Cape Town.
ii. Durban.
iii. Port Elizabeth.
iv. East London.

7. GHANA.
a) Brief history:

Ghana was the oldest kingdom in West Africa. The British called it Gold Coast because of the
presence of large deposits of gold.
The country was re-named Ghana after the Old Kingdom when it gained independence from the
British under Kwame Nkrumah, its first president.
Ghana got her independence on 6th March 1957 and became the first West African country to get
independence. The official language is English.

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b) Climate of Ghana:

Ghana has both the equatorial and tropical climates as it lies in the tropics and is close to the
equator. The average temperatures are 250C- 270C throughout the year. The Southwestern
receives heavy rainfall and is therefore forested.

c) Vegetation:

The main vegetation types of Ghana are Savannah and tropical rain forests. Along the coast are
mangrove forests. Mangrove forests survive in salty conditions.

d) The people of Ghana:

Ghana has a population size similar to that of Uganda.

There are many ethnic groups i.e. Ewe, Fante, Asante, Akwapim, etc.
The main language spoken is Akan.
Most people of Ghana are Christians with a few Muslims.

e) Location and size:

Ghana is located in the geographical region called West Africa.

Ghana lies to the North of the equator i.e. 50N and 120N.
The Prime Meridian / Greenwich meridian passes through Ghana‟s capital Accra.
Ghana is not landlocked because it has a sea coastline along the Atlantic Ocean.
Ghana is a small country with an area 238,600 km2.
The capital city of Ghana is Accra.
Her neighbours are:
North – Burkina Faso.
East – Togo.
West – Cote D‟ Ivoire ( Ivory Coast).
In the South, Ghana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean.

MAP OF GHANA SHOWING POSITION:

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f) Physical features of Ghana:

Most of Ghana is a plateau that is divided into two parts, the Northern and the Northwestern
plateau.

The Eastern plateau lies in the Volta basin. The main river in Ghana is R. Volta with the Black and
the White Volta as its main tributaries.

The construction of the Akosombo dam led to the formation of L. Volta, which is the largest man-
made lake in the world.

There are also lagoons at the coast. A lagoon is a body of water separated from the sea by sand
and silt. The biggest lagoon is the Keta lagoon.

MAP SHOWING GHANA PHYSICAL:

g) Cocoa growing in Ghana:

Cocoa is a native crop of Brazil and was first grown in Africa in Sao Tome Islands. It was
introduced to Nigeria in 1874 and to Ghana in 1879. It was brought by a man called Tetteh
Quarshie.

The main cocoa growing area in Ghana is Kumasi in the SouthWest where rainfall is heavy and
the altitude is high. There is another cocoa growing area to the East of L. Volta.

Ghana is one of the leading cocoa producers in the world. It produces 1/3 of the world‟s cocoa.
The economy of Ghana depends on agriculture. The main cash crop is cocoa but since it is
dangerous for a country to depend on one cash crop, the government is encouraging farmers to
grow other cash crops also like rubber, bananas, coffee, tobacco, cotton and oil palm.

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h) How cocoa is grown:
i. Cocoa seeds are put in nursery beds.
ii. They grow up 30- 40 cm high.
iii. They are transplanted after 5 months.
iv. They take 5-7 years before they mature and start bearing fruit.
v. Pods grow from the tree trunk ad branches.
vi. The pods become yellow orange when ripe.
vii. There are two main harvesting seasons i.e. October- February (main harvest) and May-
August.

i) Conditions that favour cocoa growing:

i. Well drained porous fertile soils.
ii. High temperatures of 20 – 250 C.
iii. Heavy rainfall ranging from 1,000 – 1,500 mm.
iv. High humidity.
v. Proper (timely) pruning.
vi. Shelter from strong winds and sun shine.

j) Harvesting and processing cocoa:

i. The pods are cut off the trees.

ii. The pods are split open and beans scooped out by hand. There are about 40 beans in
each pod.
iii. The beans are put in a heap and covered with leaves to remove the slimy substance and
to give the beans flavour.
iv. The beans are dried and taken to buying centres where it is taken to ports for export.
The main sea ports are:
i. Takoradi (chief port). ii. Tema. iii. Accra.
Most of the cocoa is exported to Britain, USA and Germany. It is transported by water.

k) Importance of cocoa:
The beans are ground and mixed with other ingredients to make:

i. Chocolate bars. vi. Cocoa also creates employment.

ii. Cocoa powder. vii. It is a source of income.
iii. Drinking cocoa. viii. The old cocoa trees are used as fuel.
iv. Butter. ix. Cocoa is also eaten as food.
v. Cakes/ bread.

l) Problems facing cocoa growers:

i. Diseases – cocoa is attacked by black pod and swollen shoot. The affected plants are
uprooted and burnt to control the spread of the disease.
ii. Poor transport – most roads flood making transport impossible.
iii. Shortage of inputs – most farmers can‟t afford fertilizers and insecticides.
iv. Hazards – bush fires may burn down the plantation during the dry season.
v. Drought.
vi. Price fluctuations on the world market.
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Other cocoa growing countries in Africa are Cote D‟ Ivoire, Cameroon and Nigeria.
Other crops grown in Ghana include:

i. Maize. iii. Cocoa iv. Sweet vi. Yams.

ii. Sorghum. yams. potatoes. vii. Cassava.
v. Rice. viii. Plantains.

MAP SHOWING COCOA GROWING IN GHANA:

m) Hydro power production in Ghana:

Ghana gets her power from the Akosombo multipurpose power project on R. Volta.

n) Transport in Ghana:
Ghana is located in a geographically strategic place. It has a coast line on the Atlantic Ocean.

The seaports of Takoradi, Tema and Accra are all served by railways and roads.

There is some water transport on L. Volta and on some rivers. Most of the roads are affected by
the heavy rains.

o) Mining:

Ghana was once famous for gold and salt but today there are deposits of Bauxite, diamonds,
manganese and oil. Aluminum is got from Bauxite.

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There are large deposits of bauxite at Awaso. Ghana exports Bauxite and imports Aluminium
from USA.
The Aluminium is smelted at Tema by VALCO. Smelting Bauxite to Aluminum takes a lot of HEP.

p) Similarities between Ghana and Uganda:

i. Both countries were colonised by the British.

ii. Both depend on agriculture.
iii. Both carry out fishing.
iv. Both use English as the official language.
v. Both hare almost the same size.
vi. Both have almost the same population size.
vii. Both grow cocoa.
viii. Both lie on the plateau.

q) Differences between Ghana and Uganda:

i. Uganda is in East Africa while Ghana is in West Africa.

ii. Uganda is landlocked while Ghana has sea ports.
iii. Uganda is on a higher altitude than Ghana.

8. NIGERIA.
a) Brief history:

Nigeria is a former colony of the British. English is the official language spoken.
The capital city is Abuja.

Nigeria has been until recently ruled by military dictators leading to her suspension from the
Commonwealth of Nations until recently. Nigeria has the biggest population in Africa of over 136
million people (2007 figures).

b) Location of Nigeria:

Nigeria is found in West Africa. It lies to the North of the Equator and to the East of Greenwich.
It is not landlocked since it borders the Atlantic Ocean.
Her neighbours are:
N – Niger. W – Benin.
E – Cameroon. S – Atlantic Ocean.
NE _ Chad.

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MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING LOCATION:

c) Climate and vegetation:

The Southern Margin and the coastal plain have thick mangrove forests. The equatorial zone also
has thick forests. The forests turn into open grasslands as one moves to the North.

d) The people of Nigeria:

The main people of Nigeria are:

i. Ibo. iii. Nupe. v. Fulani.

ii. Yoruba. iv. Hausa.

The Fulani are nomadic pastoralists who live in the North of the Country.

e) Mining in Nigeria:

Nigeria has large deposits of mineral wealth.

Some of her minerals are:
i. Petroleum (oil). iii. Coal. v. Salt.
ii. Gold. iv. Lead. vi. Tin.

f) Oil mining in Nigeria;

Oil is the most important mineral of Nigeria. It is found between layers of rocks in certain parts of
the world. It was formed millions of years ago by Dead Sea creatures that sank to the seabed
and rotted forming oil and gas. The oil then moved upwards through porous rocks until non-
porous rocks stopped it.

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The search for oil in Nigeria started in 1937 but oil was discovered in 1956. Areas where oil is
found are called oil fields and oil fields found in the sea are called offshore oil fields.
A place where oil is got out from is called an oil well.
Oil is drilled out by use of a derrick. Oil is mined in its natural form called Crude oil.
Oil is transported to the refinery by use of pipelines.

Nigeria‟s oil is refined at:

i. Wari. ii. Kaduna. iii. Port Harcourt.

In the refinery, oil is pumped into a fractionating column where it is heated and separated in to
various products in a process known as fractionating distillation.
The various products from oil are:

i. Petrol (Gasoline). vi. Oil paints. x. Fertilizers.

ii. Diesel. vii. Lubricants e.g. xi. Plastics.
iii. Aviation fuel. grease. xii. Drugs.
iv. Kerosene. viii. Dyes. xiii. Tar (bitumen)
v. Vaseline. ix. Insecticides.

Nigeria is the leading oil producer in Africa. Nigeria exports her oil in huge tankers to:

i. USA. iii. Britain. v. Netherlands.

ii. France. iv. Italy

Other oil producers in Africa are:

i. Libya. iii. Egypt. v. Angola.

ii. Algeria. iv. Morocco. vi. Gabon etc

g) Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):

The oil exporting countries are united by the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC). OPEC was formed in 1960.

The African members of OPEC are:

i. Nigeria. ii. Algeria. iii. Libya.

h) Objectives of OPEC:

i. To unite all oil producing countries.

ii. To co ordinate its members for better oil production.
iii. To regulate oil production and prices.
iv. To advocate for the rights of the members in matters relating to oil production and
marketing.

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i) Positive effects of mining to Nigeria:
i. Oil is the leading mineral export and foreign exchange earner.
ii. Oil industries have created employment.
iii. Social services have improved.
iv. Primary education was made free and compulsory.

j) Negative effects of mining to Nigeria:

i. Many foreigners have flocked to look for employment making Nigerians unemployed.
ii. Rural Urban migration has increased.
iii. Oil mining has caused pollution of air, water and land.
iv. There are fires from pipeline bursts.

Some of the oil companies in Uganda are:

i. Shell Uganda Ltd. v. Petro.

ii. Total. vi. AGIP.
iii. Caltex. vii. GAPCO etc
iv. Kobil.

k) Hydro energy in Nigeria:

Nigeria is one of the leading industrialised countries in Africa. Nigeria gets most of her hydro
electricity power from Kainji dam on R. Niger. It was constructed in 1957. L. Kainji was formed
after the construction of the Kainji dam.

l) Importance of Kainji dam:

i. It provides hydro electricity power.
ii. It controls floods.
iii. It has created employment.
iv. It led to the formation of L. Kainji for fishing.
v. It led to the formation of L. Kainji for transport.
vi. It led to the formation of L. Kainji for tourism.
vii. It led to the formation of L. Kainji for recreation.

Note:
Transport has been improved on River Niger after the destruction of the Bussa Falls.

m) Agriculture in Nigeria:
Agriculture is the growing of crops or the keeping of animals.
Agricultural exports form an important part of Nigeria‟s exports.

Nigeria produces:

i. Palm oil.
ii. Rubber.
iii. Cocoa.
iv. Groundnuts
Oil palm is the chief cash crop of Nigeria.

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n) Oil palm growing in Nigeria:

i. It requires heavy rainfall and high temperature.

ii. The soil should be sandy, acidic and well drained.
iii. The trees take three years to mature and the fruits take 6 months to ripen from flowering.
iv. The tree grows up to 14 – 16 metres tall.
v. Its fruits grow in bunches.
vi. During harvesting, the farmer climbs the tree with help of a belt and cuts the bunch.

The oil is found in the nuts. The nuts have a hard orange skin followed by a fibre like substance.
In the pericarp are the shell and the kernel. The kernel is pounded into pulp and boiled. The oil is
then skimmed off.

Palm oil is used for making:

i. Margarine.
ii. Candles.
iii. Palm wine.
iv. Materials for thatching and fuel.

o) Problems facing oil palm growing in Nigeria:

i. Harvesting needs a lot of labour (climbing trees).

ii. Pests and diseases.
iii. Changing climatic conditions.
iv. Fire outbreaks.
v. Poor transport of the produce.
vi. Farmers use wasteful local methods to obtain palm oil.

p) Rubber:

Nigeria is the second largest producer of rubber after Liberia in Africa. It does well in hot and wet
lands. It requires heavy rainfall throughout the year with well-drained soils.
The bark of a rubber tree is cut and the white milky substance called latex is processed for
export. It is used for making tyres and other rubber materials.

q) Cocoa:

Nigeria is the fourth largest producer of cocoa in the world.

r) Groundnuts:

Groundnuts are an important source of vegetable oil. It is produced in Northern Nigeria.

s) Pastoral farming in Northern Nigeria:

The Fulani and the Hausa occupy Northern Nigeria. The Fulani are nomadic pastoralists.
They spread up to Senegal and Chad.
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The Fulani also practise transhumance i.e. the seasonal movement of people with their animals
from one place to another.
They use horses for transport as they survey for pasture.

Cattle are used for:

i. Prestige.
ii. Bride price.
iii. Paying fines.
iv. Hides for shelter and foot wear.

The government wants the Fulani to settle so it‟s helping them ton fight tse tse flies and is
encouraging them to take up mixed farming and irrigation.

t) Similarities between Nigeria and Uganda:

i. Both of them are former colonies of Britain.

u) Differences between Nigeria and Uganda:

i. Nigeria is in West Africa while Uganda is in East Africa.

ii. Nigeria is much larger than Uganda in size.
iii. Nigeria has a seaport whereas Uganda doesn‟t have.
iv. Nigeria mines oil while Uganda doesn‟t.
v. Nigeria is more industrialised than Uganda.
vi. Nigeria has a higher population than Uganda.
vii. Nigeria is on a lower altitude than Uganda.

9. LIBYA.
a) Brief history:

Libya was colonised by Italy in 1911but when the Italian army was defeated in the Second World
War in 1943, Britain and France took over the control of Libya.

Libya got her independence on 24th December 1951 under the leadership of King Muhammad
Idris Al- Serussi. Idris was overthrown by army officers led by Col. Muamar Gadhafi who is the
current president.

b) Position:

Libya is located in North Africa. It is crossed by the Tropic of cancer.

The capital city is Tripoli.

Libya is not a landlocked country because it borders the Mediterranean Sea to the North. There
are no lakes and rivers in Libya apart from the man made river that is in pipeline form.

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Libya‟s neighbours are:
E – Egypt.
S. E – Sudan.
S – Chad.
W – Algeria.
N W – Tunisia.
N- Mediterranean Sea.
S W _ Niger

MAP OF LIBYA SHOWING POSITION AND MINING:

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c) Climate and vegetation:
Libya lies in the desert so there‟s mainly desert climate. There is also Mediterranean climate at
the coast that is suitable for citrus fruit growing. Only 1% of Libya is suitable for farming and that
is at the coast.

In the desert, life is only possible at the Oases where some little water and vegetation can be
found. The vegetation is mainly cactus, which have thick leaves to store water.

Camels are mainly used for transport in the desert and air transport is also used to fly some
supplies to the oil fields in the desert.

d) The people of Libya:

Most people in Libya are Muslim Arabs. The population is about 5 million (1993).
The population density is 2. 9 persons per km2

The income par capita is estimated at $ 30,000.

The language spoken is Arabic.

The Tuaregs are nomadic pastoralists who move from oasis to oasis to find water for their
animals i.e. sheep, goats and camels.

Crops grown include dates, olives, oranges, wheat, vines etc.

e) Oil mining in Libya:

Before the discovery of oil in 1959, Libya depended on fishing along the coast. Other people just
wandered over the vast Sahara desert with their sheep, goats and camels.

Libya depends on oil only. Oil is pumped to the coastal ports for refining and export.

Libya exports her oil to:

i. USA. ii. France. iii. Italy. iv. Britain.

Most countries buy Libya‟s oil because:

i. It is of high quality i.e. it contains less sulphur that causes pollution.
ii. Libya is nearer to Europe so it is cheaper.

Libya‟s main ports are:

i. Marsa El Brega iv. Ras Landof. viii. Sidi Belal.

(main). v. Benghazi. ix. Zuetina.
ii. Tripoli. vi. Barce. x. Beida.
iii. Es Sidor. vii. Tobruk.

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f) Benefits of oil mining in Libya.

i. It is a major foreign exchange earner.

ii. It has led to the development of infrastructure.
iii. It has led to the industrialization of Libya.
iv. It has created employment for the people of Libya.
v. It supplies cheap fuel to the nation.
vi. It has enabled Libya to offer her people free social services like transport, medical care,
housing and education that is free and compulsory from primary up to university.
vii. It has enabled Libya to construct a man-made river to supply fresh water for domestic use
and irrigation.
Libya has been able to develop faster than Nigeria because Libya has a lower population.

g) Problems faced by Libya:

i. Most European countries think that Libya supports terrorism.
ii. Some countries are unhappy about the Sharia rule in Libya. .
iii. Sometimes trade sanctions / embargoes are imposed on Libya.

h) Problems caused by the oil industry:

i. It has attracted many foreign workers to work in Libya but they siphon foreign exchange
to their home countries.
ii. Her earnings are affected by price fluctuations on the world market since it depends
entirely on oil.
iii. It is expensive to extract oil.
iv. Most people work in the oil industry so there is shortage of labour in other sectors like
agriculture.
v. Oil mining leads to air, water and land pollution.

Note:

Fossil fuels are Petroleum, Natural gas and Coal.

i) Tourism in Libya:
Tourists are attracted to Libya by:

i. The man-made river. iv. Camels.

ii. The desert (sand dunes). v. Mediterranean climate.
iii. Oases.

Most people in Libya live in the North along the coast because:

i. There is employment in the oil industries.

ii. There is trade.
iii. There is fishing.
iv. There is favourable climate.
v. There are better social services.

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There are no similarities between Libya and Uganda.

j) Differences between Libya and Uganda:

i. Uganda is in East Africa while Libya is in North Africa.

ii. Uganda is landlocked while Libya is not.
iii. Libya mines oil while Uganda doesn‟t.
iv. Uganda was colonised by Britain whereas Libya was colonised by Italy.
v. Uganda has a better climate than Libya.
vi. Uganda has a higher population than Libya.

THE NILE VALLEY COUNTRIES:

The Nile valley countries consist of the countries through which the Nile and its tributaries flow
i.e.

i. Uganda, ii. Sudan. iii. Egypt. iv. Ethiopia.

There are several economic activities carried out in the Nile valley:

i. Crop farming. iv. Fishing.

ii. Hydropower production. v. Transport.
iii. Tourism. vi. Industrialization.

Importance of the Nile to the Nile valley countries:

i. It is used for the generation of hydro electricity power.

ii. It is used for navigation (transport).
iii. It provides water for domestic, industrial use and irrigation.
iv. It generates foreign exchange through tourism.
v. It provides fish.

The leading cash crop of the Nile valley is cotton.

The Nile is called the White Nile in Sudan. The while Nile begins from the border with Uganda
(Nimule) and is full of suds.

The volume of water in the Nile is ever constant because its source is in a place that receives
heavy rainfall throughout the year.

Egypt depends on the Nile so much so that it has been called the „Life blood of Egypt‟.

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10. EGYPT.
a) Brief history:

Egypt is officially known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Egypt is said be where ancient civilization
in Africa started along the Nile valley.

The Egyptians are believed to be the first people to make a calendar by studying the sun, moon
and the stars. They also had a picture handwriting called Hieroglyphics. They used a shadoof for
irrigation.

Egypt was colonised by the British in 1882 but gained her independence in 1922 becoming the
first country to get independence in Africa.

b) Location of Egypt:

Egypt is found in North Africa. The capital city is Cairo, the most populated city in Africa
(6,663,000 people). Most of the people in Egypt are Muslims. Arabic is the official and national
language.

Egypt is not landlocked. It has coast lines on both the Red and Mediterranean seas.
Her neighbours are:
N – Mediterranean Sea.
E – Red Sea.
NE – Israel.
S – Sudan.
W – Libya.

MAP OF EGYPT SHOWING LOCATION:

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c) Climate of Egypt:

The climate is mainly desert climate since 96% of Egypt is desert. The deserts in Egypt include
the Sahara desert and Arabian desert.

Vegetation in Egypt is found along the:

i. Nile delta. ii. Nile valley. iii. Oases.

d) Agriculture:

Many Egyptians carry out crop farming and animal rearing. The peasants are called Fellahin.
The leading cash crops are:

i. Cotton. vi. Millet. xi. Mangoes.

ii. Sugar canes. vii. Barley. xii. Dates.
iii. Water melons. viii. Onions. xiii. Figs.
iv. Tomatoes. ix. Vegetables. xiv. Grapes etc.
v. Maize. x. Citrus fruits.

Farm yields in Egypt are very high because:

i. The government has reclaimed more land.

ii. The government has used the Aswan high dam water for irrigation.
iii. Fertilizers are applied.
iv. Agriculture has been mechanised.

e) Mining in Egypt:
The chief mineral of Egypt is oil. It is mainly mined from the Gulf of Suez. The biggest oil field is
called Ramathan. Oil and gas are transported using pipelines.
Egypt also mines:

i. Natural gas. iv. Uranium.

ii. Salt. v. Phosphates (for making fertilizers).
iii. Iron ore.
Iron ore and Uranium are mined at Aswan.

f) Importance of mining in Egypt:

i. It provides employment to the people of Egypt.

ii. It provides raw materials for industries.
iii. It earns foreign exchange through exportation.

g) Industrial development in Egypt:

Egypt is the second most industrialised nation in Africa after South Africa.
Most o f the industries are located in

i. Port Said. ii. Cairo. iii. Alexandria.

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Egypt encouraged industrialization by creating free trade zones in the Suez and Delta regions.
Industrial exports are used to buy food.

The big population of over 60 million people provides market for goods and labour industries.
Some of Egypt‟s most important industrial products are:

i. Textiles. iv. Steel. vii. Cement.

ii. Sugar. v. Fertilizers. viii. Motor vehicles.
iii. Sulphuric acid. vi. Paper. ix. Tele vision sets.

Other industrial activities in Egypt include:

i. Motor vehicle assembling.
ii. Petroleum refining.
iii. Steel making.
There are also small-scale industries:

i. Leather tanning. iv. Handicrafts.

ii. Brewing. v. Flour milling.
iii. Pottery. vi. Food processing etc.

h) Factors that led to the industrial expansion in Egypt:

i. The supply of hydro electricity by the Aswan high dam.
ii. The discovery and the exploitation of oil.
iii. The large population has provided market for local goods.
iv. The government policy to expand the industrial sector.
v. The availability of raw materials e.g. cotton, iron etc.
vi. There is political stability.
vii. Good working relations with Israel, USA and the European countries.
viii. The high population has provided labour.
ix. The provision of technical education at both primary and secondary levels.

i) Transport and communication in Egypt:

i. There is a railway line that links the Aswan to areas of Alexandria.
ii. There is water transport on the Nile, L. Nasser, Mediterranean and Red seas.
iii. The Suez Canal was opened to connect the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was
opened in 1969 by Queen Elizabeth of England.

The main seaports of Egypt are:

i. Port Said. ii. Alexandria. iii. Port Suez.

There are some roads. Camels are also used.

There is air transport also. The country has over 75 airfields.

Egypt‟s communication is one the most developed in the world.

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11. SUDAN.
11. Brief history:
Sudan was colonised by Anglo-Egyptians (British and Egyptians).
Sudan got her independence in 1956 under the leadership of General Ibrahim Abboud.
Today, Sudan is a member of the Arab league. It‟s an Islamic state ruled by the Sharia.

12. Position:
Sudan is the largest country in Africa with an area of 2,506,000 km2. It is found to the North of
Uganda. It is not landlocked because it borders the Red Sea.
The chief seaport is Port Sudan. The capital city is Khartoum.
Her neighbours are:

N – Egypt.
NW – Libya.
W – Chad.
SW – Central African Republic.
NE – Red Sea.
S – DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya.
E – Eritrea, Ethiopia.

LOCATION OF SUDAN:

13. Relief and climate:

Most of Sudan lies on the plateau and there are some mountain ranges towards the Red Sea.
There are no lakes in Sudan. River Nile and its tributaries flow through it. It has a coastline with
the Red Sea therefore it‟s not landlocked.

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The North lies on the desert and has desert climate. There is a small area in the South with
tropical climate.

14. Transport:

There is a railway line and there is water transport also on the Nile where there are no suds.
There is an international airport at Omdurman. Camels are the chief means of transport. The
Janglei canal was constructed to avoid the suds on the White Nile.

15. Farming:

Farming in Sudan is dependent on the Nile. Dams have been constructed on the Nile and its
tributaries to supply water for irrigation.
Cotton is the main cash crop and export crop. It is mainly grown on the Gezira irrigation scheme.
Most industries in Sudan deal with the processing of cotton.
Other cash crops grown are:
i. Gum Arabic. iii. Sugar cane (Kenana)
ii. Groundnuts (Managil extension) iv. Wheat (Rahad)
Cattle, goats and sheep are also kept.

12. ETHIOPIA.
a) Brief history:

Ethiopia was not colonised. The Italians who had tried were defeated in the battle of Adowa.
The headquarters of the OAU / AU are in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in recognition of Ethiopia‟s
resistance against colonial rule.

b) Location:

Ethiopia is found in Northeast Africa. It became landlocked in 1993 when Eritrea became
independent.
Ethiopia lies between 30 N & 180N and 330E & 480E.

Her neighbours are:

N – Eritrea.
W – Sudan.
S – Kenya.
E – Somalia.
N E – Djibouti.

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 LOCATION OF ETHIOPIA:

c) Relief and climate:

80% of Ethiopia is covered by highlands (mountains) making the most mountainous country in
Africa. Most parts receive mountain climate with cool temperatures and plenty of rainfall.

There are some rivers that start from the Ethiopian highlands e. g. the Blue Nile that starts from
L. Tana in Ethiopia. There are two lakes i.e. L. Tana and L. Abaya.

Road and railway transport are not developed in Ethiopia because.

i. The place is mountainous.

ii. There is a rift valley.
iii. There are thick forests.
iv. There are many waterlogged areas.

Forests are being cleared in Ethiopia resulting in the recent/ current drought that has hit Ethiopia.
Air transport should be developed, animals should be used and winding roads should also e
constructed.

d) Farming:

Ethiopia is an agricultural country. Ethiopia has rich volcanic soils with reliable rainfall throughout
the year. The main cash crop is coffee. Other crops are barley and wheat.

Food crops are maize, beans, millet, fruits and cassava etc.
Ethiopians were traditionally pastoralists but they changed to mixed farming. They keep cattle,
sheep, goats and donkeys.

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e) Problems faced by the farmers in Ethiopia:

i. Lack of near and ready market for farmers‟ produce.

ii. The mountainous terrain does not permit modern/-mechanized agriculture.
iii. There is soil erosion.
iv. Processing industries are not enough so:
 Farmers should be taught and helped to control soil erosion.
 Investors should be attracted to set up processing industries.

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AFRICA‟S CHALLENGES:

Africa is one of the least developed continents of the world. The continent is less industrialised.
Many people are illiterate. Medical care is not enough. Diseases are rampant and few people eat
balanced diet.

The continent exports unprocessed goods that are cheap and unreliable while on the other hand
the continent imports manufactured goods that are expensive.

The Gross National Produce per person is low (GNP). The GNP par capita is the total value of
goods produced and services provided divided by the total number of people.

The GNP is assessed by considering the country‟s health conditions, life expectancy, education,
diet, population growth etc.

However, Africa‟s major challenges are:

i. Illiteracy:

Most people can‟t read and write. This makes modern development difficult.

How illiteracy may lead to poor farming;

a) People will not know how to practice modern farming.
b) People may not be able to identify proper drugs for controlling crop diseases /
crop pests.
c) People will not be able to keep farm records.
d) Farmers may fail to interpret and use printed information on farming.
e) People will resist changing from traditional to modern farming methods.

ii. Famine:

Many parts of Africa are hit by famine e.g. Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan etc.
Causes of famine:

i. Long droughts. viii. Poor farming methods.

ii. War. ix. Climatic change.
iii. Poor attitude towards farming. x. Natural disasters e.g. floods,
iv. Laziness. earthquake, etc.
v. Infertile soils xi. Pests and diseases.
vi. Illiteracy. xii. Cultural beliefs.
vii. Poverty. xiii. Religious beliefs.

iii. Foreign debt:

Most African countries depend on foreign donors. The loans have to be paid but government
officials misuse the money.

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iv. Civil wars:

Many African countries are engaged in border conflicts, civil wars, etc. wars lead to loss of life
(Rwanda genocide), destruction of infrastructure, refugees and disruption of economic activities.

v. Refugees:

They are people who have been forced to leave their homeland due to problems beyond their
control. The main cause of refugees in Africa is civil wars. UNHCR takes care of the refugees.

vi. Low life expectancy:

Life expectancy refers to the number of years an average person born in a certain country is
expected to live. Poor medical care and poor feeding are main causes of low life expectancy.
HIV/ AIDS is just worsening.

vii. Poor transport and communication:

Poor roads hinder development by making the transportation of farmers‟ produce to the buying
centres impossible leading to the rising of food prices in urban areas.

viii. Low technology:

Africa can‟t do things like heart transplant etc. most of the work is still done by hand labour.

ix. Biting poverty:

Most people in Africa carry out subsistence farming that doesn‟t generate income. There is also a
lot of unemployment.

x. Rampant diseases:

There are many diseases affecting people in Africa the worst being HIV/ AIDS.

Indicators of development in a country:

i. Heavy industrialization.
ii. Long life expectancy.
iii. Controlled inflation.
iv. Good social services.
v. Increased income per person.
vi. Wide spread urbanization.
vii. Political stability.
viii. Maximum utilization of resources.

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Indicators of underdevelopment in a country: (Reasons why most African countries
continue to depend on foreign countries)

i. Poverty.
ii. Rampant diseases.
iii. Corruption.
iv. Bad / poor leadership.
v. Famine.
vi. Low technology.
vii. Unemployment.
viii. Low attitude towards work.
ix. Constant civil wars.
x. Poor roads.
xi. High levels of illiteracy/ Ignorance / unskilled labour.

Comparison between the poor and rich countries:

NO POOR COUNTRIES RICH COUNTRIES

1 Produce less manufactured goods and Produce more manufactured goods and
services services
2 Depend on loans and grants from Have a lot of income due to manufacturing.
developed countries.
3 There is a lot of unemployment. There are a lot of employment opportunities.
4 Have abundant resources but can‟t exploit Most of their resources have been exploited;
them. have to buy from poor countries.
5 Depend on crafts in industries. Have developed industries.
6 Use a lot of manual labour Use modern technology
7 People work for long hours a day but gain People work for short periods a day and gain
little. much.

Africa‟s way forward (How to solve her problems):

i. By promoting good governance:

Most of Africa‟s problems are caused by bad leadership. Democratically elected presidents should
protect people‟s rights and promote good governance.

ii. By modernising agriculture:

Africa largely depends on farming but farmers still use poor traditional methods. Farming should
be modernised. Research stations should be set up in farming areas and research findings should
be delivered to farmers.

iii. By promoting unity among people:

Leaders should avoid nepotism; tribalism and corruption etc. public jobs should be given to
people with the right qualifications.
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iv. By modernising infrastructure:

It‟s difficult for Africa to develop without infrastructure. Roads and communication lines should be
extended to all parts of the continent and especially rural areas. More power stations should also
be set up to promote industrialization.

v. By promoting education:

Education forms the foundation of development in a country. More schools technical institutions
and colleges should be established. Universal primary education and adult literacy campaigns
should be promoted.

vi. By improving life expectancy:

Governments lose a lot when their citizens die at an early age. Health and diet sensitization and
creation of a healthy environment and promotion of nutritious food production, and using
peaceful means of solving conflicts should be encouraged. Medical care and political stability also
promote life expectancy

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TOPIC 10:
MAJOR WORLD ORGANISATIONS:

African countries are members of the United Nations Organization (UNO), Commonwealth of Nations,
Non-aligned Movement and the Arab League.

The Commonwealth of Nations / Commonwealth Independent States:

After the 2nd World War, the British Empire was gradually dismantled and the commonwealth succeeded.
The Commonwealth of Nations was first officially formed in 1949 by Queen Elizabeth of England. Its
headquarters are in London, England (United Kingdom).
The Queen of England is the head of the commonwealth.
The Commonwealth of Nations is an Association that comprises Britain and her former colonies,
protectorates, mandates and Dominion states.

Membership:

All countries that were once ruled by Britain (i.e. her colonies, protectorates, mandates) and Dominion
states qualify to be members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

However, Portuguese speaking Mozambique and French speaking Cameroon applied to join and were
admitted. Rwanda (former colony of Belgium) has also applied to join.

Dominion states are those independent states that have the Queen of England as their head of state e.g.
i. Canada. vii. Greneda. xii. Antigua and Barbuda.
ii. Australia. viii. Papua New Guinea. xiii. Belinze.
iii. New Zealand. ix. Solomon Islands. xiv. Saint Lucia.
iv. Jamaica. x. Tuvalu. xv. St Kitts and Nevis.
v. Barbados. xi. St Vicent and the
vi. Bahamas. Grenadines.
The Queen is also the Paramount Chief of Fiji Islands and the Supreme governor of the church of
England.
Queen Elizabeth the II was born on 21st April 1926. She got married in 1947 and became the Queen in
1952 when her father died.

There were altogether 54 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations but Zimbabwe pulled out in
2003 at the Abuja CHOGM and Pakistan was suspended in the Kampala CHOGM of 2007.
There are different races among member states e.g. Arabs, Blacks, Whites and Indians.
There are also different religions among member states e.g. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism etc.

The oldest Commonwealth member states include:

i. Britain. iii. Australia. v. Pakistan

ii. Canada. iv. India.

The African member states of the commonwealth include:

i. Uganda. vi. Zimbabwe. xi. Mauritius. xvi. Seychelles.

ii. Kenya. vii. Ghana. xii. Swaziland. xvii. Mozambique
iii. Tanzania. viii. Nigeria. xiii. S. Africa. xviii. Cameroon.
iv. Botswana. ix. Malawi. xiv. Gambia.
v. Zambia. x. Lethoso. xv. Sierra Leone.
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Note:
i. Mozambique was the first African country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any
former link to Britain.
ii. Rwanda is the second country to be admitted to the commonwealth without any former
colonial or constitutional link to Britain.
Rwanda joined on 29th November 2009.
iii. Among the former British protectorates and mandates that didn‟t join the Commonwealth are;
Egypt, iraq, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, etc
iv. Through applying, a country may join the commonwealth.

Characteristics of Commonwealth member states:

i. The education systems of these countries are similar.( Have similar education system)
ii. English is the official language spoken in these countries.
iii. They were once ruled by Britain

Aims of the Commonwealth of Nations:

i. To unite Britain and her former colonies, dominions and protectorates.

ii. To promote good governance and democracy among member states.
iii. To provide markets for products of the member states.
iv. To assist former colonies of Britain that had just got their independence.
v. To promote education, technology, agriculture, health and sports.
vi. To enable member states to exploit their resources to promote industrialization.
vii. To uplift the standards of living among member states.
viii. To carry out joint ventures in matters like trade and solving political problems of member states.
ix. To promote co-operation among member states.

Institutions/ Organs/ Structures Of The Commonwealth Organisation.

(a). The Commonwealth secretariat:

The headquarters of the Commonwealth are in London.

It‟s headed by the Secretary General who performs the following duties:

i. Heads the secretariat.

ii. Prepares the agenda for the meetings.
iii. Supervises the Commonwealth committees.
iv. Chairs the meetings of the Commonwealth foreign ministers.

The first secretary general from Africa was Chief Emeke Anyauku from Nigeria and the current secretary
general is Mr Kamalesh Sharma from India. MR Ramsford Smith is the deputy Secretary General.

(b). THE Commonwealth fund and technical co-operation:

It provides funds for a number of projects in member states.

(c). Commonwealth parliamentary Association:

It works to improve relations between parliamentarians of the member states.

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(d). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau:

It promotes co-operation in the field of agriculture.

(e). Organization of the Commonwealth of Nations:

This organ is made up of ministers of foreign affairs from member countries. They meet annually
to discus matters of common interest e.g. trade, technological development, political stability,
health and education.

NB:
A diplomat representing a Commonwealth country in another Commonwealth country is called a high
commissioner. And a diplomat representing any country in another country is called an ambassador.

Duties of the High Commissioner:

i. To attend High Commission meetings in the headquarters, London.

ii. To issue visas to people who want to visit the country he represents.
iii. To discus matters of common interest.
iv. To renew passports of their citizens in the country he operates.

There are different races among member states e.g. Arabs, Blacks, Whites and Indians.
There are also different religions among member states e.g. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism etc.

The benefits of the Commonwealth Organisation to her member states:

i. Member countries get loans, grants from commonwealth funds.

ii. Training programmes have been organized to train personnel on how to solve some of their
problems e.g. agriculture, army.
iii. Commonwealth associations have been formed where professionals exchange ideas, advice and
experiences etc.
iv. Commonwealth scholarships are organized in different parts of the world.
v. Participation in commonwealth games.
vi. Member countries discuss common political problems and find solutions.

NB:
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting is held after every two years. Uganda is hosted the
Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting (CHOGM) in 2007.

Benefits of hosting CHOGM:

i. Infrastructure is developed.
ii. Security is strengthened.
iii. It creates employment.
iv. it promotes tourism.

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PAST COMMONWEALTH MEETINGS:

SN DATE CITY HOST STATE HOST HEAD OF STATE

1 1st -15th May 1944 London Britain Sir Winston Churchill
2 4th –13th April 1945 London Britain Sir Winston Churchill
3 23rd Apr-25th May 1946 London Britain Clement Richard Atlee
4 11th –22nd Oct 1948 London Britain Clement Richard Atlee
5 22nd-27th April 1949 London Britain Clement Richard Atlee
6 4th –13th Jan 1951 London Britain Clement Richard Atlee
7 3rd –9th Jun 1953 London Britain Sir Winston Churchill
8 26th Jan-9th Feb 1955 London Britain Sir Winston Churchill
9 27th Jun-6th July 1956 London Britain Anthony Eden
10 26th Jun-5th Jul 1957 London Britain Harold Macmillan
11 3rd –13th May 1960. London Britain Harold Macmillan
12 8th –17th March 1961 London Britain Harold Macmillan
13 19th –19th Sept 1962 London Britain Harold Macmillan
14 8th –15th July 1964 London Britain Sir Alec Douglas Howe
15 17th –25th June 1965 London Britain Harold Wilson
16 12th Jan 1966 Lagos Nigeria Dr Benjamin Namdi Azikiwe
17 6th –15th Sept 1966 London Britain Harold Wilson
18 15th Jan 1969 London Britain Harold Wilson
Re-named Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM).
19 14th –22nd Jan 1971 Singapore Singapore Benjamin Henry Sheares
20 2nd-10th Aug 1973 Ottawa Canada Pierre Elliott Trudeau
21 29th Apr –6th May 1975 Kingston Jamaica Michael Norman Manley
22 8th –15th Jun 1977 London Britain James Calagan
23 1st –7th Aug 1979 Lusaka Zambia Kenneth Kaunda
24 30th Sept-10th Oct 1981 Melbourne Australia Malcolm Fraser
25 23rd –29th Nov 1983 New Delhi India Indira Gandhi
26 16th –22nd Oct 1985 Nassau Bahamas Lynden Oscar Pindling
27 #rd –5th Aug 1986 London Britain Margaret Thatcher
28 13th –17th Oct 1987 Vancouver Canada Martin Brian Mulroney
29 18th –24th Oct 1989 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Mahathir Bin Mohamad
30 16th –21st Oct 1991 Harare Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe
31 21st –25th Oct 1993 Nicosia Cyprus Glafcos LoannouClerides
32 10th –13th Nov 1995 Auckland New Zealand James Brendan Boiget
33 24th –27th Oct 1997 Edinburgh Scotland John Major
34 11th –20th Nov 1999 Durban South Africa Thabo Mbeki
35 6th –9th Oct 2002 Coolum Australia Hon John Winston Howard
36 5th –8th Dec 2003 Abuja Nigeria Gen Olusegun Obasanjo
37 25th 27th Nov 2005 Valetta Malta Dr Edward Fenech Acami
38 23rd –25th Nov 2007 Kampala Uganda Yoweri Kaguta Museveni
39
40
41
42
43

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THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UNO).

The UNO is the largest organisation in the world. It was formed to replace the League of Nations (LON).
The League of Nations was formed after the Second World War. It was formed to prevent the outbreak of
another war.

The First World War (1914-1918):

It took place between 1914 and 1918. It was started by Germany, which wanted to conquer and control
the nations of the world at the beginning of the C20th . France, Britain ad Russia prepared to defend
themselves if attacked by Germany.

On 28th June 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria called Franz Fardinand was killed by a Serbian
student called Gavril Principi. Austria declared war on Serbia and Russia supported her ally, Serbia.
Germany then declared war on Russia and France. Britain fought alongside Russia and France thus the
first world war had started. Germany was defeated in the war.

Effects of the war:

i. Millions of people lost their lives. ii. A lot of property was destroyed.

As a punishment for starting the world war, Germany was made to lose all her colonies. The League of
Nations decided that all German colonies be given to other powers as mandates.
Due to the great negative effects of the war, President Wilson Wardro of the USA proposed that the
League of Nations be formed to prevent the outbreak of another war. The LON was formed I 1919 to
maintain world peace and to find peaceful solutions to political problems.

Aims of the League of Nations:

i. To avoid other wars.

ii. To promote friendship.
iii. To reduce the productions of arms.
iv. To establish economic linkage where nations were to be partnered.

The League of Nations however failed and the Second World War broke out in 1939 and it ended in 1945.

Reasons for the failure of LON:

i. Lack of military strength i.e. the LON had no army.

ii. Some powerful countries like USA refused to join.
iii. Continued absence of Germany and Russia.
iv. It was difficult to achieve unanimous decisions.
v. Lack of will among member states
vi. Economic crisis i.e. unemployment, inflation, bankruptcy etc.
vii. Extremism by the governments of Italy, Germany and Japan (non-members of the LON).
viii. The LON failed to control the arms race.

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The Second World War (1939-1945)

Adolf Hitler who became the leader of Germany in 1933 wanted to regain her former lost glory. He was
supported by people called the Nazis. Hitler rebuilt the German army in preparation for another war and
allied with Ben Mussolini of Italy.

The Second World War started when Germany attacked Poland on 1st September 1939. France and Britain
straight away declared war on Germany on 3rd September 1939.
This war was also fought in some African countries like Algeria, Somalia, Ethiopia and Tanzania etc.

Results of the Second World War:

i. Millions of people were killed in the war.

ii. A lot of property was destroyed.
iii. Japan‟s two cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed with atomic bombs.

The bombing of these cities marked the end of the Second World War.

Formation Of The UNO:

After the second world war, the LON was seen as too weak to maintain world peace so a new organisation
called the United Nations Organisations (UNO) was formed on 24th October 1945 by 51 countries from
around the world that met in San Francisco, USA.

Today the headquarters of the UNO are in New York (USA). There are 194 member states. Every peace-
loving nation is free to become a member.

The UNO has a flag that is blue in colour with a world map in the middle surrounded by olive branches.
The olive branches symbolise peace.

Aims of the UNO:

i. To maintain world peace.

ii. To promote and encourage respect of human rights.
iii. To settle international disputes by the international law.
iv. To take a collective stand against any attack by one country on another.
v. To encourage good governance among member states.
vi. To improve the standards of living worldwide.

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The UNO Flag:

Organs of the UNO:

General Assembly International Court of Justice

Security Council Economic and Social council

The Trusteeship Council. Secretariat

The General Assembly.

The General Assembly is made up of representatives from all member states. They meet annually from
the end of September to the middle of December in the headquarters in New York.

Functions of the Assembly:

i. Discusses important world issues related to peace and resolutions are passed.
ii. Approves the UNO annual budget.
iii. Elects one member nation to chair for one year.
iv. Elects the 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council tat serve or a two-year term. Each
member nation has one vote.

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The meetings of the General Assembly are conducted in six languages:
i. English.
ii. Russian.
iii. Chinese.
iv. Arabic.
v. French.
vi. Spanish

When for example, an Arab is speaking; an Englishman switches on the button for English and gets the
translation immediately.
The Security Council:

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security. It‟s the first to take a decision on
any matter relating to peace. It meets whenever necessary.

It has 15 members of which five are permanent members i.e. USA, Britain, China, Russia and France. The
other 10 members are elected by the General Assembly to work for 2 years.

Duties of the Security Council:

i. It receives the applications from countries wishing to join the UNO. If acceptable, it forwards the
application to the General Assembly.
ii. It receives the applications for the post of Secretary General when it falls vacant.
iii. It meets immediately in case of trouble/ war and decides appropriate action.
iv. It sends peacekeeping forces to countries that have political conflicts to keep apart the opposing
forces.

During voting in the Security Council, each member has one vote and a major decision needs 9 votes out
of 15 to be passed. The 5 permanent members have veto powers that they can use to turn decisions.

The Secretariat:

The Secretariat is responsible for the day to day affairs of the UNO. It is headed by the Secretary General.
Its headquarters are in New York, USA. The Secretary General is elected to serve for a term or terms of
five years after the approval of the Security Council. He /she can be elected for a second term.

The Uno Secretary Generals Since Its Formation:

NO NAME COUNTRY TERM
1 Trygve Lie Norway. 1946-1953
2 Dag Hammarskjold Sweden. 1953-1961
3 U Thant Burma 1961-1971
4 Kurt Waldheim Austria. 1971-1981
5 Javier Perez De Cuellar Peru 1981-1991
6 Boutros Boutros Ghali Egypt 1991-1996
7 Koffi Annan Ghana 1996- 2007
8 Ban Ki Moon South Korea 2007 -
NOTE:
Dag Hammarskjold died in DR Congo when he was struggling to bring peace into Congo in the 1960s.

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The first secretary general from Africa was Boutros Boutros Ghali from Egypt. He is the only secretary
general who served for one term. The second secretary general from Africa was Koffi Anan from Ghana.

Functions of the Secretariat:

i. It organises all the UNO international conferences.

ii. It compiles and keeps the records of the organisation.
iii. It interprets the UNO international speeches.
iv. It translates the UNO international documents.
v. It makes the agenda for the General Assembly.
vi. It makes the budget for the General Assembly and other committees.
vii. It finds solutions to international disputes.
viii. It monitors peacekeeping operations.

The International Court Of Justice:

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has its headquarters in The Hague in Netherlands. It consists of
15 judges who are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council to serve for a term of 9
years subject to re-election. It settles disputes over borders etc between countries e.g. the ICJ settled a
border dispute between Botswana and Namibia in 1999.

The Trusteeship Council:

Countries that were removed from Germany and Italy and given to the UNO to look after were called
Trusteeships.
The trusteeship council is responsible for:

i. Protecting the interests of the trusteeships.

ii. Preparing the trusteeships for independence.

The last trusteeship was Namibia that got her independence in March 1990. The Trusteeship finished its
work and is non-operational today.

The Economic And Social Council:

The council works through the specialised agencies of the UNO e.g.:

i. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO).

ii. World Health Organisation (WHO).
iii. International Labour organisation (ILO).
iv. United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR).
v. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
vi. United Nations International Children‟s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) etc.

Every member makes a financial contribution to the running of the UNO. The UNO in turn makes the
member countries happy and peaceful. A UNDP representative is sent to help each country to use her
resources properly.

United Nations International Children‟s Emergency Fund (UNICEF):

It was formed in 1946.

It aims at providing the children of the world with Clean water, Shelter, Food, Free education and
Protection against exploitation.
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The UNICEF in Uganda has:

i. Carried out immunization of children.

ii. Promoted children‟s rights.
iii. Provided protein rich foods for children.
iv. Provided scholastic materials.
v. Drilled bore holes and made protected wells to provide clean water.

The UNICEF emblem:

193
Some specialized agencies of the UNO:

NO AGENCY ABBR HQRS FUNCTIONS

1 International IMF Washington i. It gives short term loans to countries with
Monetary DC (USA) deficit budgets
Fund ii. It helps countries to establish their economies.
2 United UNESCO Paris i. It improves standards of education worldwide.
Nations (France) ii. It promotes scientific advancement in research.
Education iii. It promotes preservation of the cultural
Scientific and heritage.
Cultural
Organization
3 World Health WHO Geneva i. It approves newly invented drugs for
Organization (Switzerland) international use.
ii. It carries out research in the field of drugs and
diseases.
iii. It provides medical support to underdeveloped
countries.
iv. It prevents and fights the outbreak of
epidemics.
4 Food and FAO Rome i. It improves and promotes food production in
agriculture (Italy) poor countries.
Organization ii. It sends experts to teach better nutrition in
rural areas of developing countries.
5 International ILO Geneva i. It defends the rights of workers worldwide.
Labour (Switzerlan ii. It works to improve the wages and the working
organization. d) conditions of workers worldwide.
iii. It advocates for better housing of workers.
6 United UNHCR Geneva i. It registers refugees in affected countries.
Nations High (Switzerland) ii. It helps to resettle refugees.
Commission iii. It provides basic needs for refugees.
for Refugees iv. It protects the rights of refugees.
v. It funds the education of refugees.
7 United UNDP New York i. It promotes industrialization in poor countries.
Nations (USA) ii. It gives grants to improve infrastructure in poor
Development countries.
Programme iii. It sends experts to improve the economies of
poor countries.
8 International IDA Washingto i. It gives soft loans to developing countries.
Development n DC (USA) ii. It provides technical and financial assistance in
Association the field of economy.
9 United UNFPA Geneva i. It prepares and keeps population data.
Nations Fund (Switzerlan ii. It provides technical assistance to national
for d) population departments.
Population
Activities.
10 United UNEP Nairobi i. It conserves the existing forests and swamps.
Nations (Kenya) ii. It sensitizes people about the importance of a
Environment clean environment.
al
Programme

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Achievements of the UNO:

i. It supported the liberation forces in Africa and ended colonialism.

ii. It established peace in countries that had continued unrest e.g. Kosovo, Lebanon etc.
iii. Its specialized agencies have helped to uplift the standards of living in developing countries.
iv. Its continued appeal for good governance and democracy has helped many nations get rid of
dictatorship.
v. It has managed to convince super powers limiting the production of nuclear weapons.
vi. It has managed to prevent the outbreak of another war.

Failures of the UNO:

i. It has failed to bring everlasting peace in the whole world.

ii. It has failed to reconcile Arab countries with Israel.
iii. It has failed to make superpowers to destroy their weapons of mass destruction.
iv. It has failed to bring developing countries to the level of developed countries.
v. It has no standing army of its own.
vi. It failed to stop genocide in Rwanda in 1994.

Challenges facing the UNO:

i. Shortage of funds / limited funding.

ii. It is influenced by super powers like USA.
iii. Conflicts among member states.
iv. World dictators.
v. It is slow to react to African problems.

CASE STUDY (RELATED TO UNICEF)

Children‟s rights:

i. A right to food.
ii. A right to education.
iii. A right to shelter / Home.
iv. A right to protection.
v. A right to medical care.
vi. A right to play.
vii. A right to worship.
viii. A right to have a name.
ix. A right to life, etc.

Reasons why children should know their rights and responsibilities.

i. To live peacefully and happily.

ii. To grow up as responsible citizens.
iii. To have a sense of belonging.
iv. To develop skills / life skills/ practical skills.
v. So that they are not exploited / abused.

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Child abuse:

Child abuse can be defined as:

i. The violation of children‟s rights.

ii. An offence committed against the child.

How children‟s rights are commonly violated:

i. By defilement.
ii. By denying the child food.
iii. By denying the child education.
iv. By giving the child corporal punishments e.g. beating.
v. By over working the child.
vi. By raping the child.
vii. By beating children.
viii. By forcing the child into marriage etc.

Causes of child abuse:

i. Poverty.
ii. Ignorance of children‟s rights.
iii. Culture/ tradition e.g. the Karimojong chase and rape.
iv. Environmental factors e.g. clubs, slums etc.
v. Drug abuse.
vi. Neglect by parents.
vii. Family set up e.g. extended families, single parents.
viii. Alcoholism.
ix. Poor accommodation etc.

Preservation of children‟s rights (Ugandan case):

i. Representation of children in the L.C. executive i.e. the vice-chairperson is in charge of children‟s
affairs.
ii. Creation of the ministry of Ethics and integrity to follow up and oversee children‟s cases.
iii. Sensitization of people on children‟s rights.
iv. Imposing heavy punishments against the offenders of the children‟s rights.

Effects/ results of child abuse:

i. Deformity.
ii. Early pregnancies.
iii. Street children.
iv. Early marriages.
v. Traumatisation.
vi. Death e.g. rapists kill.
vii. Dropping out of school.
viii. Spread of diseases e.g. HIV/ AIDS etc.

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Causes of street children:

i. Harsh parents.
ii. Lack of education.
iii. Orphanage.
iv. Bad peer groups.
v. Poverty.
vi. Parental neglect etc.

Dangers of street children:

i. They pick pocket.

How the government can assist street children:

i. The government should offer them free vocational education.

ii. The parents (if there) should be traced and punished.

Children‟s responsibilities.

i. Obeying parents / respecting others.

ii. Keeping law and order / Living peacefully with family members.
iii. To do housework.
iv. Caring for themselves and their property.
v. Going to school / study.
vi. Promoting discipline.
vii. Caring for the environment.
viii. Love and protect family property.

THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU):

It comprises most of the European countries e.g. Britain, France, Germany, Sweden, Spain etc.
Most of Africa‟s produce especially raw materials are exported to the European Union.

On the other hand:

i. The European Union has encouraged African countries to adapt and exercise democracy.
ii. It also gives loans and grants for developmental projects in Africa.

The European Union has developed a currency, the Euro.

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ECONIMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
The term economy refers to the way goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed in a
country.
Major Economic Resources in Africa.
A resource is a feature in the environment that man can use to satisfy his needs.
There are two types of resources:
i. Renewable resources
ii. Non-renewable resources
The main Africa‟s resources include;
i. Land
ii. Water bodies
iii. Vegetation
iv. Minerals
v. Climate
vi. Human labour

Economic Activities done in Africa include;

i. Farming
ii. Fishing
iii. Trade
iv. Lumbering
v. Mining
vi. Pottery
vii. Tourism

Examples of goods produced in Africa include;

Minerals , timber , animal products , fish and crops.

Services provided in Africa.

The services produced in Africa include; transport , education , security health, tourism , baking,
communication and insurance.
Human Labour
Labour in this case refers to the people who do the work.
Expatriates are highly skilled people hired from outside countries.

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There are three types of labour in Africa:
i. skilled labour
ii. Semi-skilled labour
iii. unskilled labour

Importance of Labour.
i. To operate machinery. ii. To work.
iii. To provide services. iv. To manage factories.

How to improve on Labour in Africa

i. Training people or workers.
ii. By constructing vocational schools.

Problems affecting labour.

i. Poor pay. ii. Poor working conditions.
iii. Corruption iv. Tribalism
v. Diseases e.g AIDS
vi. Brain drain ie trained people going abroad to look for better pay.
vii. Sectarianism ie difference in religious beliefs.

Industrial Expansion
This refers to the rate at which industries are set up in an area.
Industrialisation refers to the development of industries in an area.

Factors that have led to rapid industrial expansion in sone African countries.
i. Availability of raw materials.
ii. Availability of funds especially loans.
iii. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour.
iv. Availability of large markets for goods.
v. Availability of land.
vi. Availability of power (HEP)
vii. Availability of instability
viii. political instability
ix. Favourable government policies.
x. Presence of good communication system.

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Advantages of industrialisation
i. Promotes economic development.
ii. It is a source of income to the government.
iii. Provides employment to the people.
iv. Leads to the development of infrastructure.
v. Controls brain drain in a country.
vi. Develops remote areas.

1. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (DRC)

(a). Position
o o o o
Democratic Republic of Congo lies between 15 E and 24 E and 5 N and 12 S.

It is the second largest country after Algeria in Africa.

It was colonized by Belgium.
It was formerly called Zaire and now it is called the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
The capital city of DRC is Kinshasa.
The current president is Joseph Kabila.
DRC‟s main sea port is Matadi as the astuary of river Congo.

The neighbours of DRC are;

i. Central African Republic (CAR) in the North.
ii. South Sudan in the North East.
iii. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania in the East.
iv. Zambia in the South.
v. Angola and Atlantic Ocean in the South West.
vi. Congo Brazzzaville in the West.

A MAP SHOWING POSITION OF DR. CONGO.

200
(b). Relief
Democratic Republic of Congo is in the Congo basin that is drained by River Congo and its tributaries.

River Congo carries more water to the Ocean than all other rivers of Africa because:
i. it has many tributaries.
ii. it flows through thick forests that receive heavy rainfall throughout the year.

(c). Climate
The Democratic Republic of Congo experiences equatorial climate.
(d). Vegetation
Democratic Republic of Congo is covered by thick equatorial rainforests and the rest by Savannah.
(e). Population
Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the most populated counties after Nigeria, Egypt and
Ethiopia.
Most people are Bantu.
(f). Transport
Democratic Republic of the Congo mainly uses water transport and air transport.
All the big towns like Kisangani, Lubumbashi, Bunia and Goma have airports.
Road and railway transport is not well developed because;
i. There are many rivers.
ii. There are many thick forests.
iii. The area receives heavy rainfall throughout the year.
DR Congo uses many different seaports for her overseas trade that include;
i. Matadi
ii. Mombasa - Kenya
iii. Dar-es-Salaam - Tanzania
iv. Cape Town – South Africa

Hydro Electric Power is got from Nzila Dam on R. Congo and Inga Dam on R. Kasai.
(g). Agriculture
The climate is good for both food and cash crops.
The main cash crops are;
i. Rubber trees ii. Cocoa iii. Sisal
iv. Coffee v. palm oil vi. Cotton
vii. Tobacco

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The main food crops are:
i. Bananas ii. Millet iii. Sweet potatoes
iv. Maize v. Pineapples vi. Cassava
vii. Plantains viii. Yams ix. Groundnuts
x. Sorghum

The number of cattle kept is limited by the presence of tsetseflies and the heavy rainfall received throughout
the year.
Some thick forests like the Ituri forests are inhabited by primitive people called the pygmies.
(h). Mining
DRC mainly depends on mining.
DRC‟s main minerals are;
i. Copper ii. Gold iii. Diamonds
iv. Cobalt v. Zinc vi. Bauxite
vii. Oil

Diamonds
Democratic Republic of the Congo is the world‟s leading producer of diamonds.
Diamonds are mined from the riverbeds.
They are mainly mined from Mbuyi Mayi and Tshikapa.
Gold
It is mined from South Eastern DR Congo in Kilo-mata region.
Copper
It is mainly mined from Katanga province (formerly Shaba), which lies at the boarder with Zambia.

Problems showing the mining of minerals in DRC.

i. Shortage of capital.
ii. Shortage of skilled labour.
iii. Low level of technology.
iv. Poor Leadership.
v. Poor roads.
vi. Corruption.
vii. Thick forests.
viii. Heavy rainfall.

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(i). Lumbering
Lumbering is the harvesting of mature trees for timber.
Lumbering faces the following problems:
i. Poor transport.
ii. Lack of modern cutting equipment.
iii. Plenty of rainfall throughout the year hampers lumbering.
iv. Trees grow close to each other making cutting difficult.
v. There are fierce wild animals in the forests.
Solutions to the problems facing Lumbering.
i. Selective cutting of trees.
ii. Improving on security.
iii. Improving on transport.
iv. Modern methods of feeling trees should be used.

Importance of Lumbering to the economy of DRC.

i. Source of income.
ii. Source of employment to the people.
iii. Provides raw materials to industries.

2. SOUTH AFRICA
(a). Brief history
The coming of the Europeans.
The Republic of South Africa was formerly known as Azania.
The first Europeans to come to South Africa were the Portuguese.
The first to arrive was Barthalomew Diaz who named the Southern tip of Africa; Cape mof storms
because of the violent storms that attacked him there.

The second Portuguese explorer to reach South Africa was Vasco Da Gama on his way to India.
The first foreigners to settle in South Africa were the Dutch from Netherlands Holland.
They were led by John Van Riebeck.

When their ship Harleem capsized off the coast, some sailors swam to the coast and started growing
vegetables until they were collected after one year. They later returned and settled to grow vegetables. They
were called „Boers‟ meaning “Farmers”.
The French later came and introduced the growing of vines for wine.

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The British later came and there was a brief fight and the Boers left for the North in a journey called
„Great Trek”.
The Boers set up independent states of Orange Free State and Transvaal.

(b). Brief history:

o o o o
South Africa lies between 22 S & 35 S and 15 E & 32 E. It is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn.

South Africa‟s neighbours are:

i. Botswana – North
ii. Zimbabwe and Mozambique – North East
iii. Namibia – North West
iv. Indoan Ocean - East
v. Atlantic Ocean - West

South Africa has nine provinces:

i. Natal ii. Transvaal iii. Orange Free State
iv. Northern Cape v. Eastern Cape vi. Western Cape
vii. Gouteng viii. Mpulalanga ix. N.W province

South Africa has a coast line with the Indian and Atlantic Ocean.
The main sea ports of South Africa are:
i. Cape town ii. Durban iii. Port Elizabeth
iv. East London v. Richard‟s Bay

The capital city of South Africa is Pretoria.

The commercial city of South Africa is Johannesburg.
South Africa has an enclave called Lesotho.

A MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA SHOWING ITS LOCATION

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(c). Relief
Most of South Africa is plateau.
There are Drakensberg mountains in the South East. It is bordered by the Indian and the Atlantic
Oceans.
The main rivers are Limpopo and Orange.
(d). Climate
South Africa has four main types of climate:
i. Mediterranean – near Cape Town
ii. Temperature - West of Drakensburg
iii. Desert - Kalahari desert
iv. Tropical climate
(e). Vegetation
Wooded grasslands cover the coastal plains.
The great Karoo covers the Southern end where a lot of agriculture takes place.
Northwestern is drier and it becomes desert as we move further North.
(f). The People of South Africa
Most people in South Africa are Bantu.
The original inhabitants were the San (bushmen) and the Khaikhai (Hottentants).
Intermarriages between the various races led to the formation of the coloureds.
(g). Economic Activities
The economy of South Africa depends on mining.
The main minerals mined are:
i. Gold ii. Zinc iii. Diamonds
iv. Lead v. Copper vi. Oil
vii. Tin viii. Tungsten ix. Iron
x. Limestone xi. Coal xii. Phosphates
xiii. Uranium xiv. Nickel xv. Silver
xvi. Flourspar
Uranium is extracted as a by-product of gold.
Uranium is used in the production of atomic energy.
(h). Gold
Gold was discovered in the Witwaters Rand (Rand or Gold Arch) near Johannesburg in 1886.
Gold is very valuable.
South Africa is the world‟s leading producer of gold in the world.

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(i). Diamonds
Diamonds are the hardest minerals ever known to man.
Diamonds were discovered in 1867 at Kimberly.
Diamonds are used in various ways including reducing friction in machines.
KEY:
- Uranium
- Vanadium
- Zinc

A MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA SHOWING MINERALS.

(j). Factors that have contributed to the development of mining in South Africa.
i. Presence of large deposits of minerals.
ii. Availability of capital.
iii. There is a good transport network.
iv. There is enough labour (both skilled and unskilled).
v. There is market for minerals.
vi. Availability of power.
vii. Availability of advanced technology.

(k). Importance of mining.

i. It provides foreign exchange / income to the government.
ii. It provides jobs to people.
iii. It has led to development of infrastructure.
iv. It has raised the standards of living.
v. Mining is a source of raw materials to industries.

(l). Negative effects of mining.

i. It has led to pollution of the environment.
ii. It has caused climatic changes.
iii. It has led to destruction of vegetation.
iv. It reduces formland.
v. It has attracted many foreigners to work in South Africa.
vi. It has caused over population in mining areas.

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(j). Agriculture
There is maize growing in the maize triangle in the High Veld.
There is citrus fruit growing in the Cape Province where the climate is Mediterranean.
Sugarcane is grown at Natal under irrigation.
Cattle keeping takes place in the temperature grasslands called the High Veld.
Sheep is also reared.
Goats are also kept for wool (mohair).

RWANDA
Rwanda is located in East Africa.
It was colonized by Germany and later ruled by Belgium after the First World War.
It capital city is Kigali.
The current president of Rwanda is H.E Paul Kagame.
Rwanda‟s neighbours are;
i. Uganda - North
ii. Burundi - South
iii. Tanzania - East
iv. Democratic Republic of Congo - West

A MAP LOCATING RWANDA.

Relief of Rwanda
Much of Rwanda is covered by hills.
Rwanda has the Virunga Volcanic Mountains in the North.
It has L. Kivu on the boarder with Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
It has River Kagera that flows through it.

Climate and Vegetation of Rwanda.

Rwanda experiences tropical climate and its vegetation is savannah grasslands.

Population of Rwanda
Rwanda is a densely populated country.
The main groups of people in Rwanda are:
i. Hutu ii. Tutsi iii. Twa

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The main languages spoken in Rwanda are:
i. Kinyarwanda
ii. French
iii. English

Economic activities in Rwanda

Most people in Rwanda are farmers.
The main cash crop of Rwanda is Arabic Coffee.
Other cash crops include;
i. Tea
ii. Pyrethrum

Animals kept include;

i. cattles
ii. Goats
iii. Sheep

Problems faced by Rwanda

i. Rwanda is landlocked.
ii. Shortage of land since it is hilly.
iii. Strong soil erosion.
iv. Poor transport and communication.

BURUNDI
Burundi is located in East Africa.
It was colonized by Germany and later ruled by Belgium after the First World War.
Burundi‟s neighbours are;
i. Rwanda - North
ii. Tanzania - South
iii. Tanzania - East
iv. Democratic Republic of Congo - West

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A MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF BURUNDI.
Relief of Burundi
Burundi has Lake Tanganyika in the South West.
It has River Kagera flowing from the Burundi highlands.

Population in Burundi
Burundi is also densely populated.
The main tribes of Burundi are;
i. Hutu
ii. Tutsi
iii. Twa

Economy of Burundi
Burundi mainly depends on agriculture.
The main cash crop of Burundi is Arabica coffee.

Problems hindering the development of Burundi

i. Burundi is land locked.
ii. Low life expectancy.
iii. Shortage of land due to high population.
iv. Civil wars
v. Diseases like AIDS.
vi. Disunity

THE REPUBLIC OF LIBYA

Libya is located in North Africa.
It has got the following neighbours;
i. Mediterranean sea - North
ii. Chad - South
iii. Algeria - West
iv. Egypt - East
v. Tunisia - North West
vi. The Republic of Sudan - South East
vii. Niger - South West

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Libya is not a landlocked country because it has a sea coastline with the Mediterranean sea.
Libya‟s capital city is Tripoli.

Climate of Libya
995 of Libya is covered by desert climate.
1% of Libya is covered by Mediterranean climate.
This is in the North of Libya.
Vegetation of Libya
Libya‟s vegetation is mainly desert vegetation but it has the Mediterranean vegettion in the North.

The people of Libya

i. Arabs (main group)
ii. Tuaregs
iii. Berbers

The main language spoken in Libya is Arabic.

Libya‟s population is very low compared to other countries of Africa.

Economic advantages of a low population

i. There is easy provision of social services.
ii. There is less pressure on resources.
iv. There are high chances of getting jobs.
v. It eases government planning.

Economic disadvantages of a low population

i. There is low labour force.
ii. Less taxes are collected.
vi. There is low market for goods produced.
vii. There is under utilization of resources.
Most people in Libya live in the North.
This is due to;
i. Due to the presence of the capital city.
ii. Presence of job opportunities.
iii. Presence of better social services.
iv. Presence of a sea coastline.
v. Presence of favourable climate for crop growing.

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Historical background of Libya
Libya was colonized by Italy and it got independence in 1951, 24th December.
King Muhammad Idriss-el-Serussi led Libya to independence.
He was overthrown by Colonel Muammar Gadaffi in 1969.
He was also killed in 2011 in a revolution led by the NATO forces.
NATO in full North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

NB: Libya was mandated to France after the Second World War.

LOCATION OF LIBYA.

Transport in Libya
The main form of transport used in Libya is air transport.
Camels are also used for transport in Libya because;
i. Camels have strong eye lids that protect their eyes from sand dust.
ii. Camels have not flat heaves that can move well on sand.
iii. Camels have a fatty hump for energy.
iv. Camels have a long loop of Henley that stores water for a long period of time.

Agriculture of Libya
Libya mainly carries out agriculture under the irrigation method.
This was made possible after the construction of the Great Man-made river by Colonel Muammar Gadaffi.
A lot of agriculture is carried out in the North due to the Mediterranean Climate in the North.

Oil mining in Libya

Oil exploration in Libya began in 1950 and the first production came in 1961.
The economy of Libya mainly depends on oil mining.
Libya‟s oil is mainly cash crops.

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Facts about oil
i. Oil
this is formed from dead creatures that lived long ago.
ii. Crude oil
This is oil in its natural form.
It is thick, black and sticky.
Oil in gas form is known as natural gas.
iii. Oil Field
This is a place with very many oil wells.
iv. Oil well
This is a place where oil is found.
v. On shore oil wells
These are oil wells found on land.
vi. Offshore oil wells
These are oil wells found in water.
vii. Oil refinery
An oil refinery is a place where crude oil is turned into various products for use: diesel, keresone,
petroleum, etc
viii. Drilling
Drilling is the method used while mining oil.
ix. A Derrick
A derrick is a machine used while drilling oil.
x. Natural gas
This is oil in gas form.

Other oil producing countries in Africa

i. Nigeria ii. Angola iii. Algeria
iv. South Africa v. Morocco vi. Chad
vii. Equatorial Guinea viii. South Sudan ix. Egypt
x. Gabon xi. DRC xii. Tunisia

Libya‟s oil wells are found in the following areas;

i. Dahra ii. Hofaa iii. Ghat
iv. Sarir v. Amal vi. Raguba
vii. Sammah

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The main oil field in Libya is called Zelten.
Oil refineries in Libya include the following;
i. Marsa-el-Brega (Largest)
ii. Tabruk
iii. Ras Lanuf
iv. Sidra
v. Beida
vi. Benghazi
vii. Zuara
The scientific method used when refining oil is known as Fractional distillation.

Products from oil include;

i. Aviation fuel ii. Petroleum iii. Diesel
iv. Kerosene / Paraffin v. Dyes vi. Fertilisers
vii. Drugs viii. Plastics ix. Bitumen
x. Tar xi. Asphalt xii. Paint

Every oil field in Libya has an airfield. Why?

i. For easy transportation of workers.
ii. To link oil fields to towns.

Libya‟s oil is on high demand in Europe because;

i. Libya‟s oil is pure.
ii. Libya is near Europe.

Libya‟s trading partners include;

i. Germany ii. France iii. Italy
iv. United States of America

The organization that unites all oil exporting countries is called Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC).

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Duties of OPEC
i. To fix oil prices in the whole world.
ii. To regulate oil production.
iii. To coordinate its members for better oil production.
iv. Gives licenses to oil exporting countries.
v. To unite all oil exporting countries.

Oil extraction is very expensive that‟s why it is done by Multi National Companies e.g
i. Caltex ii. Total iii. Shell
iv. Tullow v. Heritage vi. China National Company

Benefits of oil mining in Libya

i. It‟s a foreign exchange earner to Libya.
ii. It has promoted industrialization in Libya.
iii. It has created employment for the people of Libya.
iv. It has helped Libya to provide better social services.

Problems caused by mining in Libya

i. It has caused environmental pollution.
ii. It has increased the number of foreigners in Libya.
iii. It has led to loss of lives through pipe burst.

Problems faced by Libya in the International Community

i. Trade Sanctions / Embagoes are always put on Libya.
ii. Some countries are unhappy with the Sharia rule in Libya.
iii. Some European countries think that Libya supports terrorism.

Tourism in Libya
Tourists are attracted to Libya by the following;
i. Great man-made river (R. Gadaffi) ii. Sand dunes (heaps of sand)
iii. Sahara Desert iv. Oases
v. Coastal beaches vi. Camels
vii. Oil wells

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Differences between Libya and Uganda
i. Libya has a sea coastline while Uganda is landlocked.
ii. Libya was colonized by Italy while Uganda was colonized by Britain.
iii. Uganda‟s population is larger than Libya.
iv. Uganda‟s main climate is tropical while that of Libya is desert.

NIGERIA
Nigeria was colonized by Britain and it gained its independence in 1960 under a statesman called Namdi
Azikiwe.
Nigeria‟s official language is English.
Nigeria‟s capital city is Abuja but it was formerly called Lagos.

Location of Nigeria
Nigeria is located in West Africa.
Nigeria has a sea coastline with Atlantic Ocean in the South.
Nigeria‟s neighbours include;
i. Niger - North
ii. Atlantic Ocean - South
iii. Cameroon - East
iv. Benin - West
v. Chad - North East

Nigeria has the following sea ports;

i. Port Lagos
ii. Port Harcourt
iii. Port Warri

Climate of Nigeria
Nigeria‟s main climate is Tropical Climate.
In the South, Nigeria receives equatorial climate and in the North, Nigeria receives semi arid climate.

LOCATION OF NIGERIA.

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Vegetation of Climate
The equatorial zone has the equatorial rain forests.
In the North, Semi desert vegetation.
The Savannah grassland covers the largest area of Nigeria.

Population of Nigeria
Nigeria is the most populated country in Africa.
The main groups of people living in Nigeria include;
i. Igbo / Ibo
ii. Yaruba
iii. Nupe
iv. Hausa
v. Fulani

Most people in Nigeria live in South.

This is due to:
i. favourable climate that supports crop growth.
ii. presence of better social services.
iii. presence of seaports like Lagos, Harcourt and Warri.
iv. Availability of job opportunities in the Niger delta.

Mining in Nigeria
Nigeria has large mineral deposits.
Some of her minerals are:
i. Oil iv. Tin
ii. Gold v. Salt
iii. Coal vi. Lead

Oil is the most valuable mineral for Nigeria.

The search for oil started in 1937 and was discovered in 1956.
Nigeria‟s oil is both onshore and offshore.
Oil mining in Nigeria is mainly done in the Niger delta.
Nigeria‟s oil is referred at the following places.
i. Harcourt ii. Warri (main) iii. Kaduna

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Nigeria is the leading producer of oil in Africa.

Positive effects of mining in Nigeria

i. Oil is the leading foreign exchange earner for Nigeria.
ii. Oil mining has promoted industrialization in Nigeria.
iii. Oil mining has created employment in Nigeria.
iv. It has led to the improvement of infrastructure.
v. It has led to the improvement of better social services.

Agriculture in Nigeria
Agricultural exports in Nigeria take the second position in foreign exchange earnings.
Nigeria produces the following;
i. Oil palm
ii. Rubber
iii. Cocoa
iv. Food crops e.g groundnuts

Oil palm is the chief cash crop of Nigeria.

Conditions that favour oil palm growing

i. Heavy rainfall throughout the year.
ii. High temperatures throughout the year.
iii. Well-drained sand acidic soils.

Oil palm takes three years to mature.

Oil palm is harvested by cutting using machetes.
Oil palm produces two types of oil.
(a). Palm oil from the flesh of eh fruit
(b). Kernel oil from the kernel.

Diagram of an open oil palm nut.

Palm oil is used in the making;

i. Margarine ii. Palm wine iii. Candles
iv. Materials for thatching and fuel. v. Cooking oil

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Other oil palm growers include;
i. Ghana ii. Cote D‟Ivoire iii. Liberia
iv. Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) v. Uganda

Rubber tree
Nigeria is the second largest producer of rubber after Liberia.

Conditions that favour rubber growing

i. Heavy rainfall throughout the year.
ii. High temperatures.
iii. Drained fertile soils.
iv. Gently slopping land.

Rubber takes 5 – 7 years to mature and harvesting continues up to 35 years.

Rubber is harvested by to mature and harvesting continues up to 35 years.
Rubber is harvested by tapping.
During harvesting, a white milky substance called latex is given out.

DIAGRAM

Rubber is used in the making of;

i. car tyres ii. Shoe sales iii. Erasers
iv. Water proof materials like rain coats v. Matresses
vi. Gumboots vii. Carpets

Cocoa
Nigeria is among the largest producers of cocoa in the world.
The leading producer in Africa is Ivory Coast followed by Ghana.
In Uganda, cocoa is mainly grown in Bundibugyo and Mukono district.

Conditions that favour cocoa growing

i. Heavy rainfall throughout the year. ii. High temperatures.
iii. Well drained fertile soil. iv. High humidity.
v. Timely pruning.

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Cocoa takes 5 years to mature and it is harvested by cutting.
After harvesting, it is fermented to;
i. Give it a good flavour.
ii. Prevent it from germinating again.
iii. To remove the white sticky pulp.

Cocoa is used to make;

i. chocolate biscuits
ii. cosmetics
iii. cocoa beverages

Pastoralism in Nigeria
Pastoralism is the keeping of a large number of animals as a tradition.
Pastoralism in Nigeria is carried out in the North. This is due to the semi-desert climate.
The Fulani are the people who practice pastoralism in Nigeria.
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of pastoral tribes with animals looking for water and pasture.
The Fulani are founded in other West African countries like;
i. Benin ii. Chad iii. Mali
iv. Senegal

Animals kept include;

i. Camels ii. Sheep iii. Cattle
iv. Goats

Reasons why the Fulani keep large herds of animals

i. Its their culture.
ii. It‟s a sign of wealth.
iii. For prestige.
iv. For paying bride price.
v. For skins and hides.
vi. For settling disputes.
vii. For food.

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What the government of Nigeria has done for the Fulani to live settled lives.
i. The government has constructed valley dams.
ii. It has encouraged them to carry out mixed farming.
iii. It has encouraged them to set up permanent settlements.
iv. It has helped them to fight tsetseflies by use of aerial and ground spray.

Similarities between Uganda and Nigeria

i. Both Uganda and Nigeria were colonized by Britain.
ii. Both Uganda and Nigeria speak English.
iii. Both have oil.
iv. Both were founder embers of OAU and AU.
v. Both practice cocoa growing.

Difference between Uganda and Nigeria

i. Uganda is landlocked while Nigeria has a seaport.
ii. Uganda is located in East Africa while Nigeria is located in West Africa.
iii. Nigeria has a higher population than Uganda.
iv. Nigeria is more industrialized than Uganda.
v. Nigeria is a member of OPEC while Uganda is not a member.

Africa‟s challenges
Africa is one of the least developed continents of the world.
The continent exports unprocessed goods that are cheap and unrealible while on the other hand, the
continent imports manufactured goods that are expensive.

The major challenges of Africa are divided into;

i. Political challenges
ii. Economic challenges
iii. Social challenges

The Political Challenges are;

i. Corruption ii. Dictatorship iii. Civil wars
iv. Military coup v. Refugees

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The Economic Challenges are;
i. Debt burden ii. Lack of capital iii. Unemployment
iv. Foreign domination v. Inflation

The Social Challenges are;

i. Illiteracy ii. Low life expectancy iii. Poverty
iv. High population growth v. Poor health vi. Refugees
vii. Diseases viii. Famine ix. Infant morality rate

(a). Illiteracy
Illiteracy is the inability to read and write.

Causes of illiteracy
i. Poverty ii. Over population iii. Inadequate education services
Effects of Illiteracy
i. Poverty
ii. Unemployment
iii. Shortage of skilled labour
iv. Low industrial development
v. Diseases
vi. Low agricultural production

How Illiteracy may lead to poor farming

i. People will not know how to practice modern farming.
ii. People may not be able to identify proper drugs for controlling crop diseases / pests.
iii. People will not be able to keep farm records.
iv. Farmers may fail to interpret and use printed information in farming.
v. People will resist changing the traditional to modern farming methods.
(b). Famine
Famine is the shortage of food in an area.
Many parts of Africa are hit by famine e.g Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, etc.

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 Causes of famine
i. Long droughts . ii. Poor farming methods.
iii. War. iv. Poor attitude towards farming.
v. Laziness vi. Infertile soils
vii. Illiteracy viii. Poverty
ix. Climate change x. Pests and diseases
xi. Natural disasters e.g floods, earthquakes, etc xii. Cultural beliefs
xiii. Religious beliefs

(c). Foreign Debt

Most African countries depend on foreign donors.
The loans have to be paid but government officials misuse the money.
African countries spend a lot of money on paying back the debts.
(d). Civil Wars
A civil war is a fight between various groups of people within a country.

Causes of civil wars.

i. Disunity
ii. Tribalism
iii. Poor government policies
iv. Greed for power

Effects of civil wars

i. Death of people
ii. Destruction of property
iii. Famine
iv. Refugees
v. Destruction of economic activities

(e). Refugees
They are people who have been forced to leave their homeland due to problems beyond their control.
The main cause of refugees in Africa is civil wars.
UNHCR takes care of the refugees.
(f). Low life expectancy
Life expectancy refers to the number of years a person is expected to live.

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 Causes of low life expectancy
i. Poor medical care
ii. Poor feeding
iii. Diseases
iv. Over population
v. Civil wars
(g). Poor transport and communication
Poor roads hinder development by making the transportation of farmers‟ produce to the buying
centres impossible leading to the rising of food prices in urban areas.
(h). Low technology
Africa can‟t do things like heart transplant e.t.c most of the work is still done by hand labour.
(i). Poverty
Most people in Africa carry out subsistence farming that doesn‟t generate income.
(j). Rampant diseases
There are many diseases affecting people in Africa the worst being HIV / AIDS.
Solutions to challenges of Africa
i. By promoting good governance.
ii. By modernizing agriculture.
iii. By promoting unity among people.
iv. by improving on road and railway transport.
v. By promoting education.
vi. By improving on medical services.
Indicators of development in a country.
i. Heavy industrialisation.
ii. Long life expectancy.
iii. Controlled inflation.
iv. good social services.
v. Increased income per person.
vi. Wide spread urbanisation.
vii. Political stability.
viii. Maximum utilization of resources.

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Indicators of under development in a country / Reasons why most African countries continue to
depend on foreign countries / Foreign Aid.
i. Poverty
ii. Rampant diseases
iii. Corruption
iv. Bad / poor leadership
v. Famine
vi. Low technology
vii. Unemployment
viii. Low attitude towards war
ix. Constant civil wars
x. Poor roads
xi. High levels of illiteracy / ignorance / unskilled labour

Comparison between the poor and rich countries.

No POOR COUNTRIES RICH COUNTRIES
1 Produce less manufactured goods and services Produce more manufactured goods and services
2 Depend on loans and grants from developed Have a lot of income due to manufacturing.
countries
3 There is a lot of employment. There are a lot of employment opportunities.
5 Have abundant resources but cant exploit Most of their resources have been exploited; have
them. to buy from poor countries.
5 Depend on crafts in industries. Have developed industries.
6 Use a lot of manual labour. Use modern technology.
7 People work for long hours a day but gain People work for short period a day but gain much.
little.

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MAJOR WORLD ORGANISATIONS
African countries are members of the United Nations Organisation (UNO), Common Wealth of Nations and
the Arab League.
The United Nations Organisations (UNO)
The UNO is the largest organization in the world.
It is also known as the United Nations / UN.
It was formed to replace the League of Nations.
The League of Nations however failed and the Second World War broke out in 1939.

Reasons for the failure of LON.

i. Lack of military strength ie the League of Nations had no army.
ii. Some powerful countries like USA refused to join.
iii. Lack of will among member states.
iv. The LON failed to control the production of arms.

The Second World War (1939 – 1945)

Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany in 1933 and wanted to regain the last glory of Germany.
People called the Nozis supported him.
Hitler rebuilt the German army in preparations for another war.
Bennito Mussalin the Italian leader also supported him.
The Second World war started when Germany attacked Poland on 1st September, 1939.
France and Britain straight away declared a war on Germany on 3rd September, 1939.
This war was also fought in some African countries like;
i. Algeria
ii. Tanzania
iii. Ethiopia
iv. Somalia
Japan‟s two cities of;
i. Hirashima and Nagasoki were destroyed by atomic boms.
The boming of these two cities marked the end of the Second World War.

Effects of the Second World War

i. It led to the formation of the UN.
ii. USA and Russia became super power countries.
v. Death of people.
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vi. Destruction of property.

Why some Africans got involved in the Second World War

i. They were taken to defend their colonial masters.
ii. They were promised immediate independence.
iii. They were forced by their colonial masters.
iv. Some wanted to learn military tactics.
v. They were promised more representatives in LEGCO.

Formation of the UNO

The United Nations Organisation (UNO) was formed on 24th October, 1945 by 51 countries.
The meeting took place in San Francisco in USA.
The headquarter of UNO are in New York, USA.

Aims of the UN
i. To maintain world peace.
ii. To promote respect of human rights.
iii. To settle international disputes using international laws.
iv. To uplift the standards of living world wide.
v. To encourage good governance among member states.

The UN Flag
The UN has a flag that is in blue colour with a world map in the middle surrounded by Olive branches to
symbolize peace.

THE FLAG OF THE UN

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