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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 10 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case
study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one question in
Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A

1. In p-type semiconductor,

A. major current carrier are electrons

B. major carrier are mobile negative ions
C. major carrier are mobile holes
D. the number of mobile holes exceeds the number of acceptor atoms
a) Option C
b) Option A
c) Option D
d) Option B

2. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular cross-section of 1cm ×1 cm is connected to a battery across opposite
2
faces. The resistance will be

a) same irrespective of the three faces

b) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm ×1 cm
c) maximum when the battery is connected across 1cm2×1 cm
d) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm ×1 cm
2

3. An experiment is performed to find the refractive index of glass using a travelling microscope. In this experiment,
distances are measured by

a) a metre scale provided on the microscope

b) a screw gauge provided on the microscope
c) a vernier scale provided on the microscope
d) a standard laboratory scale

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4. Magnetism in substances is caused by

a) hidden magnets
b) orbital motion of electrons only
c) due to spin and orbital motions of electrons both
d) spin motion of electrons only

5. Dielectric constant of a medium is also known as:

a) permeability
b) relative permeability
c) relative permittivity
d) permittivity

6. A current of 10 A is flowing from east to west in a long straight wire kept on a horizontal table. The magnetic field
developed at a distance 10 cm verticaly above the wire is:

a) 1.2 × 10-5 T, acting towards south

b) 3 × 10-5 T, acting downwards
c) 2 × 10-5 T, acting towards north
d) 2 × 10-5 T, acting upwards

7. On a cylindrical rod two coils are wound one above the other. What is the coefficient of mutual inductance if the
inductance of each coil is 0.1H?

a) 0.15H
b) 0.05H
c) 0.20H
d) 0.10H

8. A bar magnet is cut into two equal halves parallel to its magnetic axis. The physical quantity that remains unchanged is:

a) moment of inertia
b) pole strength
c) magnetic moment
d) magnitude of magnetisation

9. Interference is possible in

a) light waves only

b) sound waves only
c) neither light nor sound waves
d) both light and sound waves

10. Two identical charged spheres suspended from a common point by two massless strings of lengths l, are initially at a
distance d(d << l) apart because of their mutual repulsion. The charges begin to leak from both the spheres at a constant
rate. As a result, the spheres approach each other with a velocity v. Then v varies as a function of the distance x between
the spheres, as
1
a) v ∝−x2

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b) v ∝
x-1
c) v ∝ x
1
d) v ∝ x2

11. In the following figures, which one of the diodes is reverse biased?

a)

b)

c)

d)

12. Figure shows PO as the ray of light incident normally on the mirror AB. The mirror is then turned through 30° to the
position CD. What will be the angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray?

a) 120°
b) 30°
c) 15°
d) 60°

13. Assertion (A): When a certain wavelength of light falls on a metal surface it ejects electrons.
Reason (R): Light has wave nature.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): All the charge in a conductor gets distributed on the whole of its outer surface.
Reason (R): In a dynamic system, charges try to keep their potential energy minimum.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): Thin film such as soap bubbles or a thin layer of oil on water show beautiful colors when illuminated by
white light.
Reason (R): It happens due to the interference of light reflected from the upper and lower face of the thin film.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion: Faraday’s laws are consequences of conservation of energy.

Reason: In a purely resistive AC circuit, the current lags behind the emf in phase.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Section B

17. Poynting vectors S⃗ is defined as a vector whose magnitude is equal to the wave intensity and whose direction is along
the direction of wave propogation. Mathematically, it is givenS⃗by =1 E⃗ ×B⃗⃗ . Show the nature of S vs t graph.
μ0

18. A rectangular coil of sides 'l' and 'b' carrying a current I is subjected to a uniform magnetic field B⃗⃗ , acting perpendicula
to its plane. Obtain the expression for the torque acting on it.

19. A semiconductor is known to have an electron concentration of 8 × 1013 per cm3 and a hole concentration of 5 × 1012
per cm3,

i. Is the semiconductor n-type or p-type?

ii. What is the resistivity of the sample if the electron mobility is 23,000 cm2 / Vs and hole mobility is 100 cm2/ Vs?

20. In a Geiger-Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of Z = 80, when an a-particle
of 8 MeV energy impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction.

21. Derive an expression for the torque on a rectangular coil of area A, carrying a current I and placed in a magnetic field B.
The angle between the direction of B and vector perpendicular to the plane of the coil is 0. Indicate the direction of the
torque acting on the loop.

OR

A circular coil of closely wound N turns and radius r carries a current I. Write the expressions for the following:

i. The magnetic field at its centre.

ii. The magnetic moment of this coil.

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22. State Kirchhoff's rules of current distribution in an electrical network. Using these rules determine the value of the
current I1 in the electric circuit given below.

23. Using the concept of electron and hole current, derive an expression for the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor.

24. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted is doubled when the wavelength of light incident on the
photosensitive surface changes from λ1 to λ2. Deduce expressions for the threshold wavelength and work function for
the metal surface in terms of λ1 and λ2.

25. The radionuclide 11C decays according to 11C→11

5B + e+ + v: T1/2 = 20.3 min. The maximum energy of the emitted
6
positron is 0.960 MeV. Given the mass values: m (116C) = 11.011434 u and m (115B) = 11.009305 u, calculate Q and
compare it with the maximum energy of the positron emitted.

26. a. Draw the energy level diagram for the line spectra representing Lyman series and Balmer series in the spectrum of
hydrogen atom.
b. Using the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of hydrogen atom, calculate the largest and shortest wavelengths of the
emission lines of the Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. (Use the value of Rydberg constant R = 1.1 ×
107 m-1)

27. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, are used to obtain interference fringes in a Young's
double slit experiment.

a. Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.
b. What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide?

28. How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when:

i. separation between the coils is increased?

ii. the number of turns of each coil is increased?
iii. A thin iron sheet is placed between the two coils, other factors remaining the same?

OR

Two concentric circular coils X and Y of radii r1 and r2 (r1 > r2) having N1 and N2 turns respectively are placed
coaxially with centres coinciding. Obtain an expression for

i. the mutual inductance for the arrangement, and

ii. the magnetic flux linked with coil Y when current I flows through coil X.
Section D

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29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
An electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfers a
total energy U to a surface in time t, then total linear momentum delivered to the surface is p = U.
c When an
electromagnetic wave falls on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface. In 1903, the American scientists Nichols and
Hull succeeded in measuring radiation pressures of visible light where other had failed, by making a detailed empirical
analysis of the ubiquitous gas heating and ballistic effects.

i. The pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave of intensity I(W m-2) on a non-reflecting surface is ( c is the
velocity of light)

a) Ic
b) I
c2
c) Ic2
d) Ic

ii. Light with an energy flux of 18 W/cm2 falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. The pressure
exerted on the surface is:

a) 2 N/m2
b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2
c) 2 × 10-4 N/m2
d) 6 N/m2

iii. Radiation of intensity 0.5 W m-2 are striking a metal plate. The pressure on the plate is

a) 0.212 × 10-8 N m-2

b) 0.132 × 10-8 N m-2
c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2
d) 0.083 × 10-8 N m-2

OR

The radiation pressure of the visible light is of the order of

a) 10-4 N/m
b) 10-6 N/m2
c) 10-8 N
d) 10-2 N m2

iv. A point source of electromagnetic radiation has an average power output of 1500 W. The maximum value of
electric field at a distance of 3 m from this source (in V m-1) is

a) 500
b) 500
3
c) 250
3
d) 100

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30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Electric field lines as a path, straight or curved in an electric field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction
of electric field intensity at the point. Electric field lines are continuous curves they start from a positive charged body
and end at the negatively charged body. (Refer image)

i. Electric field due to a single charge is:

a) cylindrically symmetric
b) symmetric
c) asymmetric
d) spherically symmetric

ii. The SI unit of electric field intensity is:

a) N/C
b) N
c) C/m2
d) N/m2

iii. Pick the wrong statement.

a) Electric field lines are continuous curves.

b) Electric field lines can intersect each other.
c) Electric field lines are always normal to the surface of a conductor.
d) The electrostatic field does not form a closed loop.

iv. A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by electric
field lines?

a) path 'd'
b) path 'c'
c) path 'a'
d) path 'b'

OR

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Pick the true statements about electric field lines.

a) Electric field lines provide information about the field strength.

b) Electric field lines provide information about the type of charge.
c) All of these.
d) Electric field lines provide information about the direction of the electric field.
Section E
31. i. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror. It is observed that a virtual image is formed. Draw the ray diagram
to show the image formation and hence derive the mirror equation 1=1+1.
f u v
ii. An object is placed 30 cm in front of a plano-convex lens with its spherical surface of radius of curvature 20 cm. If
the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5, find the position and nature of the image formed.

OR

i. State Huygen's principle. With the help of a diagram, show how a plane wave is reflected from a surface. Hence
verify the law of reflection.
ii. A concave mirror of focal length 12 cm forms a three times magnified virtual image of an object. Find the distance of
the object from the mirror.
32. a. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C when charged up to voltage
V. How is this energy stored in the capacitor?
b. A capacitor of capacitance 1 μF is charged by connecting a battery of negligible internal resistance and emf 10 V
across it. Calculate the amount of charge supplied by the battery in charging the capacitor fully.

OR

What is an electric dipole and electric dipole moment? Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to an
electric dipole. Also discuss the special cases.

33. A series LCR circuit with L = 0.12 H, C = 480 nF, R = 23 Ω is connected to a 230 V variable frequency supply.

a. What is the source frequency for which the current amplitude is maximum? Obtain this maximum value
b. What is the source frequency for which average power absorbed by the circuit is maximum? Obtain the value of this
maximum power.
c. For which frequencies of the source is the power transferred to the circuit half the power at resonant frequency? What
is the current amplitude at these frequencies?
d. What is the Q-factor of the given circuit?

OR

In an ac circuit, is then applied instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the instantaneous voltages across the
series elements of the circuit? Is the same true for rms voltage?
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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 10 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) Option C
Explanation:

In p-type semiconductors, holes are the majority charge carriers.

2. (c) maximum when the battery is connected across 1cm ×1 cm

2
Explanation:
l
As we know R=ρ⋅ , where length is constant l=10cm.So resistance is directly proportional to 1/A. The maximum
A
resistance will be when the value of 1 is maximum, i.e., ‘A’ must be minimum, it is minimum when the area of cross-
A
section is 1cm ×1cm
2

3. (c) a vernier scale provided on the microscope

Explanation:

a vernier scale provided on the microscope

4. (c) due to spin and orbital motions of electrons both

Explanation:

due to spin and orbital motions of electrons both

5. (c) relative permittivity

Explanation:

As we know that,
k = εr = εε0 = Relative permittivity

6. (c) 2 × 10-5 T, acting towards north

Explanation:

2 × 10-5 T, acting towards north

7. (d) 0.10H
Explanation:

As one coil is wound over the other so that coupling is tight i.e. k = 1
M=k√12L L = 1√0.1 × 0.1 = 0.1 H

8. (d) magnitude of magnetisation

Explanation:

magnitude of magnetisation

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9. (d) both light and sound waves
Explanation:

Interference is possible both in light and sound waves.

1
10. (a) v ∝−x2
Explanation:

From △ACO of forces,

F
AC
= mg
OC
2
kq mg
2 x = √2(x2
2) )2
l −
x (
2kq2
x3
= mg [ x2 << l]
l
mg
2 x3
∴q = 2kl ⋅
⇒ q2 ∝ x3
⇒ q ∝ x3/2
1
⇒ d ∝ x32 dx
dt
q 2 1

⇒ d
∝ x32 ⋅ v
t
d 2
As q is constant for both spheres, so
1

v∝ ⇒ v ∝ x− 2
d 1
1
tx 2
d
q
d

t
11. (c)

Explanation:

The p-n junction is said to be reverse biased, when the positive terminal of the external battery in the circuit is connected
to n-section and the negative terminal to p-section of the junction diode.

12. (d) 60°

Explanation:

60°

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13. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

But a photoelectric effect can be explained only on the basis of the quantum nature of light.

14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

16. (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

Explanation:

Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction are consequences of conservation of energy. It involves only transformation
of energy into electrical energy. In purely resistive circuit, current and voltage are in the same phase.

Section B

17. Poynting vectors S is defined as a vector whose magnitude is equal to the wave intensity and whose direction is along the
direction of wave propagation. In an electromagnetic wave, let E⃗ be varying along y-axis, B⃗⃗ is along z-axis and
propagation of wave be along x-axis. Then E⃗ ×B⃗⃗ will tell the direction of propagation of energy flow in
electromagnetic wave, along x-axis.
Let E⃗ = E0 sin (ωt - kx) j
B⃗⃗ = B
0 sin (ωt - kx) k
S=1(E⃗ ×B⃗⃗ ) =1E 0B0sin2 (ωt− kx)(×)
j k
μ0 μ0
E0B0sin2 (ωt−kx)i (As j×k=i)
⇒S= μ
0
Since sin2 (ωt - kx) is never negative, S⃗ (x, t) always points in the positive X-direction, i.e, in the direction of wave
propagation.
The variation of |S| with time T will be as given in the figure below:

18. Equivalent magnetic moment of the coil,

M⃗⃗ =IAn
 ⃗ (n = unit vector ⊥ to the plane of the coil) , Area is given lb
∴ M⃗ = Ilbn by
Torque = M⃗⃗
× B⃗
∴
= Ilbn×B⃗
= 0 (as n and B⃗⃗ are parallel or antiparallel to each other)

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19. Here n = 8 × 1013 cm-3, n = 5 x 1012 cm3, μ = 23,000 cm2 V-1-1
e h e s , μh = 100 cm2 V-1s-1

i. As ne > nh, the semiconductor must be n-type.

ii. Resistivity,
1+
ρ=
(
eneμe nhμh)
1
= ( 8×1013×23×10+5×10
−19 3 12 2Ω) cm
1.6×10 ×10
1
= 14) Ω cm
1.6×10 −19 ( 184×10 16 +5×10
1 Ω
= −5
1.6×10 ×18405
Ω cm = 3.395 cm

20. Here Z = 80, K = 8 MeV = 8 ×1.6 × 10-13 J

1 2Ze2
r0 = 4πε0 K
= 9×109×2×80×(1.6×10 −192)
−13 m
= 28.2 × 8×1.6×10
10-15m = 28.2 fm

21.

A rectangular loop ABCD of dimensions l and b, carrying a steady current is placed in uniform magnetic field as shown
in fig; such that normal of the plane is at angle θ with the magnetic field lines.
The force FBC and FAD on arms BC and AD are equal, opposite and along the axis of the coil, so they cancel each other.
The forces FAB and FCD are also equal and opposite, but are not collinear, so they constitute a couple, and the magnitude
of the torque can be given as
b b
τ = FAB 2 sinθ + FCD 2 sinθ
Since,
|FAB| = |FCD| = BIℓ
∴= BIℓ × b sinθ
= BI (ℓb) sinθ
= BI Asinθ [A = ℓb = area of the rectangle]
Since magnetic moment m = I|A|

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τ = mB sin θ
×
⃗ B⃗
In vector from τ =m⃗

OR

i. The expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular current-carrying coil,
B=μ0NI/2r
where N is the number of turns of coil, I is current flowing in the coil, r is the radius of circular coil and μo is
permeability of free space.
ii. Magnetic moment is given by,
M=NIA=NI(πr2)
M=πNIr2
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22. For electrical network, Kirchhoff's rules are as follows:

i. Junction rule: At any junction, the sum of the currents entering the function is equal to the sum of currents leaving
the junction.
∴∑ = 0
ii. Loop rule: The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed loop involving resistors and cells in the loop
is zero.
∴∑IR+∑E=0

According to Kirchhoff's rule, I1 + I2 = I3

Applying loop rule to both the lower and upper loops, we get
40 I3 + 20 I1 = 40 (In loop ABCF)
40 I3 + 20 I2 = 80 + 40 ( In loop CDEF)
By addition of two equations, we get
80 I3 + 20(I1 + I2) = 160
or 80 I3 + 20 I3 = 160
160
or I3 = 100 =1.6 A
Substituting in eq(i), we get
40×1.6+20 I1 =40
20 I1 = 40 - 64 = -24
I1 = − 2
4
= 1.2A
2
0
23. Consider a block of semiconductor of length l, area of cross-section A and having number density of electrons and holes
as ne and nh respectively. Suppose that on applying a potential difference, say V, a current I flows through it as shown in
Fig.

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The total current in the semi-conductor will be the sum of current due to electrons as well as holes, i.e.
I=Ie+Ih ...........(i)
If ne is the number density of conduction band electrons in the semiconductor and ve, the drift velocity of electrons, then
electron current is given by
Ie = neeAve
Also, the hole current,
Ih = nheAvh
So, I = neeAve + nheAvh
I = eA[neve + nhvh]
I =e[neve+nhvh] ......(ii)
A
As we know that E = V (in magnitude)
l
Also, R= lρ
A
Thus, ρ=RA
l
where ρ is resistivity and R is resistance.
So,
E = Vl × l
ρ RA
or E=I ...(iii)
ρ A
Putting eq(iii) in eq(ii) we get,
E
=e[nv+nv]
ρ e e h h
⇒1=e[nve+nhvh]
e
ρ E
Also, 1 = σ is called the conductivity of the material of semiconductor.
ρ
⇒σ=e[ne e vE +n vh
h E ]
Now, mobility (m) = Drift velocity
Electric field
Thus, σ=e[neme+nhmh]
This is the expression for the conductivity of a semiconductor.

24. Given that

Initial kinetic energy of photoelectrons is given by = K1
Final kinetic energy of photoelectrons is given by K2 = 2K1
Wavelength of light changes from λ1 to λ2
Let the threshold frequency is ν0 and work function is ϕ0
Now, we know that:-
hc
λ
= ϕ0+ KE
hc = ϕ0+ K ...(i)
λ1 1
hc
λ2
= ϕ0+ K ...(ii)
2
K2 = 2K1
hc
λ2
= ϕ0+ 2K ...(iii)
1

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2hc
=2
ϕ + 2K1 (eq (i) × 2)
λ1 0
2hc hc
λ1
− λ2
= ϕ0
(λ2λ1)
2 −
⇒ ϕ0=hc
λ1λ2
We know
hc
work function is given by ϕ0= λ0
hc ( 2λ2 −λ1)
=hc
0 2λ1λ
λ1 2λ2 −λ1
λ0
= λ1λ2
λ1λ2
λ0 = 2λ2− λ1

25. Important: We must consider electron mass in β decays, this mass is no more negligible.
The nuclear reaction is given by:
6C→115B
11 e ++
+ v : T1/2 = 20.3 min

e)]m×2c
Hence Q value for this reaction is given by = [11.011434 - (11.009305 + 2 ×
We know, me = 0.000548 u
Q = [11.011434 - (11.009305 + 2 × 0.000548)] × c2
= 0.001033 u × c2, as( 1u = 931.5 MeV/c2)
= 0.962 MeV maximum energy of emitted positron.
Hence the Q value is comparable with the maximum energy of the positron emitted.

26. a.

{ }
1 1 − 1 = R5
b. = R
λlonge st n2f n2C 36
36
λ max = 5R
36
= 7m
5×1.1×10
= 6.5 × 10-7m
}
1
=R { 1
− 1
λ Sm alle st 22 ∞2
=R
4

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λ =4 = 4
1.1×107m
mm R

= 3.6 × 10-7m

27. Here, λ1 = 650 nm = 650 × 10−9m

−9
λ2 = 520 nm = 520 × 10 m
Suppose, d = distance between two slits
D = Distance of screen from the slits

a. For third bright fringe, n = 3

D
x = nλ1 ⋅ d
=3×650× D = 1950 D
d d
b. Let nth bright fringe due to wavelength 650 nm coincide with (n -1)th due to wavelength 520 nm.
Therefore, nλ2 =( n −1) λ1
or, n ×520=( −1)×650⇒
n n =5
Hence, the least distance from the central maximum can be obtained by the relation:
x = nλD
2
d
=5×520 D
d =2600 dD nm
Note: The value of d and D are not given in the question.
28. i. Mutual inductance (M) decreases because the quantity of flux linking to a coil due to the other one will decrease.
ii. M increases because as the number of turns increase, the overall flux density also increases and hence the mutual
inductance will also increase.
iii. M increases because iron is ferromagnetic in nature hence, it will increase the flux density.

OR

i. Magnetic field of coil 'X'

B = N1μ0I1
1 2r1

As the inner coil placed co-axially has very small radius, therefore B1 may be taken as constant over its cross-
sectional area. Hence flux associated with inner coil is
( N1μ0I1) ...(i)
Φ2= N 2πr2 B = N 2πr2
2 1 2 2r1
But Φ2 = M21I1 ...(2)
From (1) & (2)
2
μ
M
21= oπN1N2r2
2r1
2
μ oπN1N2r2
M12
= M 21 = 2r1
Section D
29. i. (a) I c
Explanation:
Pressure exerted by an electromagnetic radiation, P=Ic

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ii. (b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2
Explanation:

Energy flux 18 W/cm2

Prad = Speed of light = 8
3×10 m/s
18×104 W/m2
= 8
3×10 m/s = 6 × 10-4 N/m2

iii. (c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2

Explanation:

P=I= 0.5 = 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2

c 3×10 8

OR

(b) 10-6 N/m2

Explanation:

The radiation pressure of visible light

= 7 × 10-6 N/m2

iv. (d) 100

Explanation:

Intensity of EM wave is given by I= P Vav= 12 ε0E02 × c

√ 4πR2
⇒ E0 =√ P
= 2×3.14(3)2
1500
−12
0 2πR2εc ×8.85×10 ×3×10 8

= √10,000 = 100 V m-1

30. i. (d) spherically symmetric

Explanation:

spherically symmetric

ii. (a) N/C

Explanation:

N/C

iii. (b) Electric field lines can intersect each other.

Explanation:

Electric field lines can intersect each other.

iv. (a) path 'd'

Explanation:

path 'd'

OR

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(c) All of these.
Explanation:

All of these.

Section E
31. i.

Here, Δ ABC ∼ ΔA'B'C,

AB CB CP−BP −2f+u
A′B′
= CB′
= ′ = −2f+v ...(i)
CP+PB
Also, Δ
MPF ∼ ΔA′B′F, therefore,
MP FP
′
AB′
= FB′ = FP
FP+PB′
−f [ MP = AB] ...(ii)
∴ A′B′ =
AB
−f+v ∵
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
−2f+u −f
−2f+v = −f+v

⇒ -fv - fu + uv = 0
uv = fv + fu
Dividing both sides by uvf, we get,
1
f
=1+1 , this is the required result.
u v
ii. By using the Lens-maker formula, we get
1 [1 1]
f =( μ−1) −
R1 R2
1 1∞]
f =(1.5−1) [ 1
20
−
1
f
=0.5=1
20 40
⇒ f = 40 cm
1 1
Now, 1 = −
f v u
1 1− 1
40
= v ( − 30)
− 40× 30
v = 10
v = -120 cm
Image is virtual, and enlarged in front of lens 120 cm away.

OR

i. Huygen’s principle Each point of the wavefront is the source of a secondary disturbance and the wavelets emanating
from these points spread out in all directions with the speed of the wave. These wavelets emanating from the
wavefront are usually referred to as secondary wavelets, a common tangent to all these spheres gives the new
position of the wavefront at a later time.

Verification of law of reflection

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In △AEC & △CBA
EC = AB (c x t each)
∠AEC = ∠CBA (90o each)
AC = AC (common side)
By RHS congruency △AEC≅ΔCBA
⇒∠i=∠r
Hence the law of reflection is verified.
ii. m = +3, f = -12 cm, u = ?
m = −v = 3 ⇒ v = -3u
u
using mirror formula
1 + 1 = 1
u f
v
1 + 1
u
= 1
−3u −12
u = -8 cm
Hence the distance of the object from the mirror is 8 cm
32. a. Work done in adding a charge dq = dW
= Vdq
= qdq
c
∴ Total Amount of work(W) in charging a capacitor
1∫Q
W = ∫ dW= C 0 qdq
W = Q2
2C
= ( CV)2 =1CV2
2C 2
The electrostatic Energy/ potential energy is stored in the electric field between the plates.
b. C = 1μF = 1 × 10-6 F; V = 10 volt
Q = CV
= 1 × 10-6 × 10
= 10-5 coulomb
hence, the amount of charge supplied by the battery in charging the capacitor fully is 10-5 coulomb.

OR

Electric dipole:- A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a certain distance is called an electric dipole.
Electric dipole moment:- It is defined as the product of either charge and the length of the electric dipole.

Consider an electric dipole AB having charge -q at point A and charge +q at point B. Let O be the centre of the dipole
and P be any point at a distance r from its centre, where electric potential due to the dipole is to be determined. Let
∠POB = θ as shown in Fig.
The potential at point P due to charge -q,
1 q
V1=− ⋅ PA
4πε0

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and the potential at point P due to charge +q,
1 q
V=2 4πε0 ⋅ PB

Therefore, net potential at point P due to the dipole,

V = V1+ V =2 −14πε0 ⋅ PA + 4πε0
q 1 q
⋅ PB
1 ⋅q[1−1] ......(i)
or V= 4πε0
PA PB
From the diagram, we have
cosθ=OM=OM or OM = a cos θ
OA a
PA ≈ PM = PO + OM = r + a cos θ
Similarly, it can be obtained that
PB = r - a cos θ
In the equation (ii), substituting for PA and PB, we have
]
V =
1
4πε0
⋅q[ r−acosθ
1 1
− r+acosθ
= 1 ⋅q[ r+acosθ−r+acosθ ]
4πε0 r2−a2cos2θ
1 2acosθ
= ⋅
4πε0 ⋅q (r2−a2cos2θ)

Since q(2a) = p,
1 pcosθ
V= 4πε0 ⋅ (r2−a2cos2θ)

Special cases:
When point P lies on the axial line of the dipole. In such a case, θ = 0o and cos 0o = 1
Therefore, the equation
1
Vaxial= 4πε0 p
⋅ (r2−a2)

In case a << r, then

1 ⋅ r2 p
Vaxial= 4πε0
When point P lies on the equatorial line of the dipole. θ = 90o and cos θ = cos 90o = 0
Vequi = 0

33. Inductance, L = 0.12 H

Capacitance, C = 480 nF = 480 × 10-9 F
Resistance, R = 23 Ω
Supply voltage, V = 230 V
Peak voltage is given as:
V0=√2×230 = 352.22 V

a. the source frequency for which the current amplitude is maximum is given by:-Current flowing in the circuit is given
V0
by the relation, I0= √R2
+( ωL− 1 )2
ωC

Where,
I0 = maximum at resonance
At resonance, we have
1
ωRL− ωRC =0
Where,
ωR = Resonance angular frequency
∴ ωR =
1
√LC
1
= √ 0. 12×480×10 −9
= 4166.67 rad/s

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Resonant frequency, vR=
ωR
= 4166.67
∴ 2π 2×3.14 = 663.48 Hz
V0 325.22
And, maximum current in he given circuit (I)0Max= R
= 23
= 14.14 A
b. Maximum average power absorbed by the circult is given as:
(Pav)Max= 1 (I) 2
2
R
0 Max
=1×(14.14)2×23 = 2299.3 W
2
Also ,the resonant frequency (νR) is 663.48 Hz.
c. The power transferred to the circuit is half the power at resonant frequency.
Frequencies at which power transferred is half, =ωr±△ω
= 2π(v R±△v)
where,
△ω= R
2L
23
= 2×0.12 = 95.83 rad/s
Hence, change in frequency, △v=1△ω=95.83 = 15.26 Hz
2π 2π

∴νR + △v = 663.48 + 15.26 = 678.74 Hz

And, νR - △v = 663.48 - 15.26 = 648.22 Hz
Hence, at 648.22 Hz and 678.74 Hz frequencies, the power transferred is half.
At these frequencies, the current amplitude can be given as:
I′ = 1 × ( I0) Max
√2
= 14.14
=10A
√2
d. Q -factor of the given circuit can be obtained using the relation, Q=ωR L
R
=4166.67×0.12 = 21.74
23
Hence, the Q -factor of the given circuit is = 21.74

OR

Yes; the statement is not true for rms voltage.

It is true that in any ac circuit, the applied voltage is equal to the average sum of the Instantaneous voltages across the
series elements of the circuit. e = eL +eC +eR , where e is the instantaneous voltage. However, this is not true for rms
voltage because voltages across different elements may not be in phase.
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