THEORY & SOLVED EXERCISE How can you show by simple experiment that there are two types of electric charges? «Take a plastic rod rubbed with fur and suspended horizontally ® Bring another plastic rod already rubbed with fur close to the suspended rod, © The suspended reds show repulsion. It means during rubbing they get same kind of charges. Now take a glass rod which is rubbed with silk It is brought nesr another plsstic rod (siready rubbed with fur) arid suspended. * Tt also shows attraction, « These two experiments confirm the presence of two What is the method of charging bodies by electrostatié induction? The process of charging an insulated conductor develops positive change at one end and negative charge at the cther end in the prasenes"ef a charged body is called electrostatic induction How does electrostatic induction differ from charging by friction? * In case of electrostatic induction the body is not physically in contact with the other body to be charged * The charged body is brought near to the:body to be charged, * But in case of friction the surfaces of the two bodies are rubbed with each ather, so there is mutual transfer of electrens: What is gold leaf electrostope? Discuss as working principle with a label diagram. An electroscone Is an instrument used for detecting and testing the nature of charge on a body. Gne spectal type of electroscope is gold leaf electroscope ae ae e Man object @ unehar he a Keeciinci renames me “Th em ae so moves | resunca afaiciiar change,‘Construction / Structure: - fy Tt consists of a brass rod which has a brass. disc connected to Its upper end. Wy) Two very thin gold leaves are attached to Its lower end li) By the help of cork this assembly is mounted inside 4 glass jer with a brass disc projected outside. Written/Composed by: ~ SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www downloadclassnotes,com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 13) iv) A thin foil of aluminium is pasted in the inner surface of jar. Use/Working of Electroscope; - i) First of all electroscope will have to be charged with +ev or -eve charge. il) In order to charge the elactroscopa positively, touch the disc with positively charged body and vice versa. iii) In order to detect the presence of charge on a body bring it near the dise. iv) If the divergence of leaves increases then the body has the same kind of charge as the electroscope carrying. v) If the divergence of leaves decreases then the body has the opposite charge as. tthe electroscope carrying. Suppose you have a glass rod which becomes positively Ge hapllcien! you rub it with wool. Describe, how would you charge ‘ope i) negatively ii) positively? «In order to produce positive charge on the electroscope, bring 3 negative charged rod near the disk of the electroscope. Positive charge will appear on the disk and negative chares will shift to the leaves, New connect the disk of electroscope ta the earthed aluminum foil by connecting wires, Charges of the leaves will flow to the earth’ through the wire Now if we first break the earth connections and then remove the nod the electroscope will be left with positive charges.With the help of electroscope how you can find presence of charge on a i body? + If a neutral rod is brought near the disk af electroscope, there is no deflection on the leaves of the electroscope. * When a positively or negatively charged rod is brought near the disk of electroscope then in, either case the gold leaves diverge or distance between the wo increases. Describe ‘would determine the nature of the charge on a body by wen We take a charged electrascope. The sign of charge positive or negative on its eaves is already known, Consider the electroscope is positively charged. * Now@ charged body is brought near the disk of the positively charged electroscope, *_ If the divergence of the leaves increases then the body carries positive. = Dn the other hand if the divergence decreases then the body carries negative ‘charge. What is meant by electric field and electric intensity? * An electric field is the region around any electric charge q within which it can exert coulumb’s force on any other electric charge when placed in it. ‘Visit www. downloadclassnotes.com fer Notes, Olt Papers, Home Tutors, Jobe, IT Courses & more, (Page 2 0f 6) \Written/Composed by: - SHAMZAD TFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www. downloadclasanotes.com , E-mail: raoshahzadiftikhar gmail.com PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 13) + The strength of electric field at any point in space is known as electric fieldExplain Coulomb’s law of electrostatic and write its mathematical form? + It states that the force of attraction of repulsion between two charges is directly propertional to product of the magnitudes of the paint carges, Mathematically F « qigz * And this force is inversely proportional to the square to the distance between these twa charges, Mathematically Foo ifr? Combining these two facts we get Foa qq? aa: 2 + The constant of proportionally K depends upon the nature of medium between the two point charges : FO - Is electric intensity a vector Quantity? What will be its direction? Electric intensity is a vector quantity.lts direction is the same as the direction of ‘Coulomb's force. Find the electric intensity due to a point charge q? Consider a charge q is placed at @ point, it is called field cherge and @ unit positive charge q. experiences a force F whenjplaced inside electric field of charge q. Mathematically: ‘The force experienced by unit charge is = F/as It is also known as value of electric field intensity - How would you define potential difference between two points? Define its unit. Electric potential at a point in electric field is equal to the amount of work done in bringing a.unit:positive charge from infinity to that point, Its unit is Volt. The electric potential is said to be one volt, if one joule work work is done in brining a ‘one'coulomb positive chargeCo the difference can be described as energy transfer per unit charge in the two paints. Tf W Is the amount of work done in moving a charge q from infinity to a certain point against in the field. So that W/q = work done on unit charge. It is converted into P.E. The electric potential is denoted by symbol V where V =W/q Visit www downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, [T Courses & more. (Page Sf 6) \written/ Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0312-5665666 Website: wwrwedownloadcassnotes.com , E-mail: PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 13) This shows that “electric potential is equal to electric potential energy per unit charge. It Is scalar quantity, Its SI unit is JC“. It is called Volt, Describe capacitor as an energy staring device? ‘We define capacitor is a charge storing device but in actual it is energy storing device. In order to store the charge on a capacitor work is to be done, due to which electric: otential is changed. So that energy Is stored in the capacitor. The formula for the ‘energy stored in a capacitor is given as E = ¥2 CV" ‘Where C is the capacitance and \/is the potential difference. What do you mean by the capacitance of a capacitor? Define units of capacitance, Capacitance of capacitor is the ability to store the charge. By the capacitor equation Q = &, o qv ‘SI Unit of capacitance is “farad”, One farad is the capacitance of that capacitor which an store an electric charge of one coulomb when the potential difference applied across the capacitor is one volt. Derive the formula for the effective capacitance fora series combination of a number of capacitors. * Each capacitor has the same charge across it. Q=O=G=O+ The potential difference across each capatitor is different due to different values of the capacitances. + The voltage V of the battery has been divided among the capacitors, we can write Ve +V2 + Vb. i, q) + The equations for three capacitors are Q=aMy, Vio = QC, Q=G\. “= YG Q=GVs = Vy = oc; + Adding the above equations, we get Vo 2 Vet + Vs Vio =) QI, + O/C: + QC Vo = | Otte, + 1/C2 + 1/3) «The equatian for the single equivalent capacitor is Q = Con Vv Cea + Putting value of V in equation (1) QiCoq = QCI/E) + 1/Cz + 1/Cs) WCeq = 1/0, + Ca + Cy Discuss different types of capacitors, Paper Capacitor: * Paper capacitor is an example of fixed capacitors. + The paper capacitor has a cylindrical shape. Visit yew slownloaciclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. {Page 4 of 6) Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-S665666 Website: www.dewnloadcassnotes.com , E-mail: PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 13) + Usually an oiled or greased paper or @ thin plastic sheet is used as dielectric medium between the two zluminum foils. + The paper or plastic sheet is firmly rolled in the form of cylinder and then it is,closed into a plastic case, Mica Capacitor: + It is another example of fixed capacitor, + In such kind of capacitor mica is used as dielectric between the two metal plates. « Wires are projected out of the case for making connections + If the capacitance Is to be increased large numbers of plates are piled-up, one over the other, Electrolyte Capacitor: + ‘Such capacitor is used to large amount of charge at relatively law voltage. + It consists of a metal foil in contact with an electrolyte-solution that conducts charge by virtue of the motion of the ions contained in it, + When voitage is applied between the foil and the soluticn, a thin layer of metal ‘oxide (an insulator) is formed on the foil, thus this layer serves as the dielectric ‘What is difference between variable and fixed type capacitor? Fixed Capacitor: The capacitor having the fixed capacitance. It Is due to its constant area of storing the charge is called fixed Capacitor. For example paper and mica are fixed capacitors, Variable capacitor: In variable capacitors some arrangement is made to change the area of the plates facing each other. _ Enlist some uses of ca Capacitors are widely used in electrical and electronic circuits. For example: + They are used in tuning circuits of T.V. and radio in electric motors/fans ete. + They are used in electronic circuits of computers etc. « They are used to) differentiate between high frequercy and low frequency signals. They in used as filters in the circuits of rectifiers. + The ceramic Capacitors are true durable and an: superiors in their use. Discuss one application of static electricity. Static electricity has wide application in our daily life like photocopying, car painting and extracting dust from dirty capes and from chimneys of industrial machinery. One ‘of them Is give below. * An electrostatic air cleaner is used in homes to relieve the discomfort of allergy “suffers « Air is mixed with dust and pollen enters the device names positively charged meshscreen, * Then they pass through a second negatively charged mesh screen, Visit wwww.ctownloadclassnotes com fer Notes, OM Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. {Page $ of 6) \Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: waar downloadClassnotes.com , &-mail: paoshahzadiftihardamall.com PHYSICS FOR 10™ CLASS (UNIT # 13) «The elactrostatic force of attraction batwaen the positively charged particles in the air and negatively charged screen causes the particles to precipitate outer the mm of the screen, + Through this process we car removes a very high percentage of contaminants from the air stream, What are hazards of static electricity? Lightening: ‘+ The phenamencn of lightening occurs due ta 4 large quantity of electric chare build up in the heavy thunderclouds. The thunderciouds are charged by friction between the water molecules in the thunderciouds and the air molecules When the charge on the thunderclouds is sufficiently high. It can produce pasitive and negative charges in the air. The huge amount of negative charge is discharged to the highest object and on the ground and can harm them. That is why it is dangerous to swim in the open sea, play In an open ground during a thunderstorm, Ta prevent the tall building from damaging, lightening conductors are used. The purpose of this conductor is to provide discharge path to flow charges from air top of building to earth. Fires or Explosions: A fire or explosion may eccur due te excessive build-up of electric charge produced oy friction. In case of fuel carrier (gasoline/petrél) truck gets charge through tires due to friction. This excess of charge can Cause fire or explosion. Ta avoid such accident a conducting chain is suspended from the truck touching oad, * So the excess of chay truck, In casa of aero pia There are quenchi falize the body of aeroPHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 14) Define electric current. ‘The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called electric current, If the charge Q is passing through an area A in time t second, then the ‘current flowing through it will be I, Current charge/time I git ‘The unit of current is ampere in S] system. ‘One ampere is the amount of electric current due to the flow of electric charge at the rate of one coulomb per second, What is meant by conventional current? A current produced due to flow of negative charges is equivalent to a current due to flow of an @qual amount of positive charge in opposite direction. This equivalent current of positive charge is known as conventional current. Which type of charge is responsible for the flow of current in metallic conductors? In metals or metallic conductors, the current is dué'to the flow of free electrons i.e. negative charges. For example in a copper) wire there are large numbers of free electrons which are in random motion. When we apply potential difference across the wire, these free electrons move through the wire. In electrolyte which charge are responsible for the flow of current? The molecules of the electrolyte are dissolved among positive and negative ions in a solution. Thus current in electrolytes is due to the flow of both positive and negative charges. ’ How energy is obtained due to flow of charges. ‘When a positive charge moves from a point of higher patential to the point of lower Potential, it gains the,energy from the electric field. During flow of electric current, positive charges flow continuously from a high potential to a low potential point. Thus the electric current becomes a centinuous source of energy.How a galvanometer is converted into voltmeter? The galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting suitable resistance in series with it. The value of the resistance depends upon the range of the voltmeter. Usually its value is several thousand ohms, Thus the resistance of a voltmeter is very high How a galvanometer is converted into ammeter? Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance Parallel to it. This small resistance is known as “shunt”. Shunt pron jes an alternative path for the current to flow. The major part of the current passes through the shunt and small fraction of it flows through the galvanometer, Written/ Composed by: - SHAHZAD IETIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www.dewnloadcassnotes.com , E-mail: ragshahzadiftikhar®amall.com PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 14) Why resistance of the ammeter is kept low? If the resistance of the ammeter is kept high, then high amount of current flows through the galvanometer. When high amount of current will flow through the galvanometer then galvanometer can be burnt. That is why resistance of the ammeter is kept low. Why resistance of the voltmeter is kept high? If the resistance of the voltmeter is comparatively low, it will draw more current from the circuit. Due to this the potential difference across the resistance for the measurement, of which the voltmeter was connected, would drop,On what factor reliability of voltmeter depend? Higher the resistance of the voltmeter, more reliable would be its readings. Therefore a good voltmeter should have such a high resistance so that no or very little current could pass through it, Differentiate between electromotive force and potential difference. Electromotive Force: ‘The electromotive force of a battery or cell is the total énergy supplied in driving one coulomb charge round a complete circuit in which cell is connected. Potential Difference: The potential difference determines the energy between any two points of the circuit which is required in moving a charge from,one point to another. State and explain Ohm's law. Write down its limitations. The value of current [ passing through a conductor Is directly proportional to the potential difference V applied across its ends, provided the temperature and the physical state of the conductor does not change. Voaiot v IR ns: Ohm's law is applicable only in case of metallic conductors when their temperature and physical state do not change. Define resistance and its unit. The property of a substance which opposes the flow of current through it is called its resistance, R ys NVA S Dunit of resistance is Ohm. ghm: Ifa current of one ampere passes through it when a potential difference of one volt is applied across its ends then resistance would be one Ohm. Ohm is usually represented by the Greek letter (2).PHYSICS FOR 10™CLASS (UNIT # 14) What are the factors upon which the resistance of u conductor depends? + Length of the conductor (L} + Area of cross-section of the conductor (A) + Nature of the conductor * Temperature, Why does the resistance of a conductor increase with the rise of its temperature? When the temperature of the conductor rises, average speed of the random motion of the free electrons increases which enhances the rate of collision of electrons and atoms. This causes an increase in the resistance of the conductor. Why do we always use metal wires for conduction of electricity? Because, they are good conductors of electricity and offer less resistance to the flow of current. What do you mean by insulators? The substances through which almost no current flaw are called insulators. For exemple glass, wood, plastic, fur, silk etc. State Joule's Law. The amount of heat generated in a resistance due to flow of charges is equal to the Product of square of current I, resistance R and the time duration t. Woo. PR Define electric power. The amount of energy Supplied by current in unit time is known as electric power. Work Qv Power 9 = wes Ps — = Wo = PR Time b= Define kilowatt hour? The amount of energy delivered by a power of one kilowatt in one hour is called kilowatt - hour, Mathematically: ‘One kilowatt - hour 1 kwh = 1000 w x 1 hourDiffer between A.C and D. The current which changes its direction again and again is called alternating current. AC current can transfer electrical energy over the long distance. ‘The frequency of AC is 50Hz. Direct Current (D.C.): A current which always flows only in one direction is called direct current. The DC cannot travel very far until it begins to lose energy. ‘The frequency of DC is zero. Visit rrww.downloadclassnotes.com fer Notes; Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 3 of 14) written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www.downlondclassnotes.com , E-mail: reshahzadittikhartamail.com PHYSICS FOR 10™CLASS (UNIT # 14) What are live and neutral wires? Neutral wire; ‘« One wire is earthed at the ower station, so it Is at zero potential. «This wire is called neutral wire. + This wire provides the retum path of current. «It isa black or blue in colour, jvesurees + The other wire on power station is at some certain potential called the live wire. + The potential difference between both wires is 220, * It is red or brown in colour. How electricity Is dangerous for us? + Our body is a good conductor of electricity through which current can easily pass.+ Therefore if a person holds live wire, then because of the presence of voltage in it, current will start flowing to ground through the human body which may prove fatal for the person. What is a cable? An insulated covered wire is known as cable, Define fuse and write down its principle. A small wire connected in series with the live wire is known as fuse wire or fuse. Principle: A specified amount of current can safély Pass through it. When the current following through it exceeds this limit, it gets so hot that it melts. What is Circuit Breaker? Also write down its principle. It is a safety device which is used in place of fuse. Due to any fault when the current exceeds the safety limit, then the button of the circuit breaker moves upward. Due to which the circuit breaks and the ‘low of the current is stapped in it. Tt works on the’principal of electromagnet. As soon as the current exceeds the limit, the magnetic for¢e of the electromagnet Is so increased that it attracts the Iron strip towards it. Hence the contact points are separated and the circuit breaks. How earth'wire is useful to us? Principal of earth wire. Whenever the metal casing of the appliance, due to faulty insulation, gets connected wit the live wire, the circuit shorts and a large current would immediately flow to ground through the earth wire and causes the fuse wire to melt or the circuit breaker breaks the circuit, Therefore, the person who is using the appliance is saved. What is mean by electromotive force? Write its equation and explain its unit. The electromotive force of a battery or cell is the total energy supplied in driving one coulomb charge round a complete circuit in which cell is connected. Visit www downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 4 of 14)In other words, it is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit charge when it flows through the closed circuit. Equation: Energy w em 0 m it Charge Q Unit of e.m.f. SI units of energy and charge are Joule and coulomb, then the unit of emf will be 3C* Explain the V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non Ohmic conductor. Ohmic Conductor: Ohmic conductors have a linear current-voltage relationship over a wide range of applied voltages, The straight line shows 8 constant ratio between voltage and current, So Ohm’s law is obeyed. For example most metals show Chmic behavior, Non-Ohmic Conductor: Non Non-Ohmic materials have @ non-linear current-Woitage relationship. For example, Filament lamp, Thermister, Filament lamp Define and explain the term specific resistance. Discuss different factors which affect the resistance of cond The resistance of ane meter cube of a substance is called its specific resistance. A short pipe offers less resistancesto) water flow than a long pipe. A pipe with larger cross-sectional area offers less resistance than the pipe having smalier cross-sectional area. Same is the case for resistance of wire that carry current the resistance of wire depends both on the cross-sectonal area and length of the wire, current flow also depends upon the naturé of the material of the wire a) Length of Conductor Longer wires have more resistance. b) Cross-Sectional Area Thick wires have less resistance. ¢) Nature of Conductor = — Copper wire has less resistance than steel wire. 4) TemperatureMathematically: g\"o oL Ri a A Roo YA R = pla Where (p) is the constant of proportionality and known as specific resistnace. Visit wwe. downloadclassnotes,com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 5 of 14) Written/ Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact * 0313-5665666 Website: www.downloadclassnotes.com , -mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 14) How are resistances connected in series? What are characteristics of this combination? i) In this method only one path is present for flow of current because resistances are connected end to end. li) The magnitude of current through each resistor is same. iil) The sum of voltages across each resistor is equal to the voltage of battery. VeVi + V2 + Va If current is passing through resistors Ri |Ry |Rs_ then V=IR; +IR2 +41R3 VsI(R: +R: +R) iv) The equivalent resistance R. of a series combination is that resistance which when substituted in place of the combination the same current would flow through the circuit. RE R ERI ERS toccedRyHow are resistances are connected in parallel. What are the characteristics of this combination? i) i) In this combination potential drop acrassvall the resistances is the samme. The sum of current fiawing through the various resistances is equal to the total current, h +h +b The equivatent resistance Re of the parallel combination is that resistance which when substituted in place of the parallel combination does not alter the total current of the circuit. AR, = 1/Ry + 1/Ry + 1/Rs U/Re = 1/R: + 1/R2 + 1/Rs -1/R, (For n resistances) Describe the Electric Enerdy 4nd Joule’s Law? i) i) tii) rr) We knew that during flow of current positive charges always flows towards negative. Thus electric current becomes a continuous source of energy, Consider two points having a potential difference of WV volts. If one coulomb’ of charge passes between these point, the amount of energy supplied by the charge would be V Joule. Hence when Q coulomb of charge flows between these two points then we will get QV joule energy. We can represent it as: Wwo= Ww. As current is rate of flow of charge so the energy gained during t second is: - Woo QV TREX VL ll) By ohm’s law v IR W = _FPRt Substituting the value of V in Equ (i) This energy can be utilized for different functions e.g, fan convert this ‘energy into mechanical energy. Visit www.dovnloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 6 of 14)Define Cycle. The set of all the value of current during one period is known as one cycle. The number of cycles completed by alternating current in one second Is calied its frequency, How Circuit become short? A short circuit occurs when circuit with a very low resistance is formed. The low resistance causes the current to 5e very large. a insulation damage? Electrical current exceeds the rated current carrying capacity of the conductor it can produce excess current that can damage insulation due to overheating of cables. + Constant friction may also remove the insulation from the wire. « Too much moisture also damages the insulation because moisture decrease resistance and increase the rote of current. The voltage chosen for the transmission of electrical power over large distances is many times greater than the j@ of the domestic supply. State two reasons why electrical power is tra! litted at high voltage. |) Sending power at high voltage would reduce the power loss in the form of heat dissipation i.e. I°Rt. For same power, high voltage means lower current and hence less power loss |) Sending power at high voltage means low current, It means we need thinner wires and also less number of repeater step-up transformers to send power over long destinations. Why is the voltage used jomestic supply much lower than the voltage i? at which the power is t Domestic appliances operate on low voltage because high voltage can damage these instruments. High voltage can 2lso be dangerous for users as it can cause electric shock. It may also damage property and other valuables as 2 result of some serious electric shock. Which metal is used as the filament of an electric bulb? Tungsten is used as the filament due to high resistance.A bag \as sit harmiessly on high tension wire. But it must not reach and grab neighboring wire. Do you know why? A bird can sit harmlessly on high tension wire as no current passes through its body, since the potential of the wire is constant. However, if the bird grabs the neighbouring wire, then due to potential difference of two wires, current will flow through the body ‘of the bird and can be fatal In order to measure voltage in a circuit, voltmeter is always connected in parallel. Discuss. ‘Visit www.downloadclassnotes.com fer Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 7 of 14) ‘WritteryComposed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact * 0313-56566 ‘Website: ww .downloadclassnotes.com, E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 14) In this way, voltmeter does not disturb the current and hence the voltage of the circuit. Due to high resistance of voltmeter, no current passes through it and hence voltage of the circuit remains unaffected. In order to measure current In a circuit, why ammeter Is always connected in series? In order to measure current ammeter is always connected in series with the cireuit so that all the current to be measured must flow through it (due to its low resistance). ‘What is difference between cell and battery? = Cell is the specific name of source of emf in which chemical energy Is converted into electrical eneray. = Battery is more general name of source of emf in which any kind of energy (heat, solar, chemical, mechanical) energy is converted into electrical energy.From your experience in watching cars on the roads.at night, are automobile headlamps connected in series or in parallel? Head lamps of automobiles are connected in paralléh because of the following reasons: + The potential difference between headlamps remains same. + Ifone head-lamp is out of order the other lamps still gow, Also we can turn ON or » OFF any individual head lamp independently, which is only possible if they are connected in parallel. It Is Impracticable to connect (an Glectric bulb and an electric heater in series. Why? » When appliances are connected in series, total resistance of circuit increases. This decreases the current and hence the power through each appliance. * In order to avoid this loss of current and power, through bulb and heater, they are connected in parallel Does a fuse in a circuit control, the potential difference or the current? « Fuse in a circuit is used to control the current in the circuit. » When current ‘exceeds the limited value as allowed by the fuse, it burns out, stops the current and beaks the circuit. ‘View yaw downloariclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IY Courses & more. (Page 8 of 14)Se PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 15) Question: Draw the lines of force in case of straight current carrying conductor? When electric current flows in straight conductor, then shape of lines of magnetic field is of concentric circles. Question: Describe the magnetic field of a current carrying solenoid? i) solenoid Is a closely wound cylindrical coll of insulated wire. ***Draw fig here from book here. ii) These lines emerge out from one end of solenoid and after encircling around it, enter into it through other end. iii) Inside the solenoid the lines of force are parallel andvall point in the same direction. iv) The pattern of these lines resemble with the lines of magnet. v) Due to this resemblance we can say that one end-of solenoid behaves lil Pole and other like South Pole. vi) The polarity of a current carrying solenoid canbe determined by the following ules. Hold the solenoid in your right hand by curling the fingers in the direction of the current, the stretched thumb would indicate towards the North Pole.” b) Hold down the end of the current carrying solenoid in front of you, if the direction of current flow through this end is anticlockwise, it would be North Pole, otherwise it would be a:south pole.” North Question: How direction of lines of force can be determined? The direction of lines of farce can be determined by the right hand rule. If we grasp the current carrying conductor in our right hand with the thumb being stretched in the direction of current, the fingers would curl in the direction of lines of force. Question: Defi teclthe nature of force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field’ When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field, it experiences a force, which is described in experiment below: - i) Take a large size cork and fix two iron nails into opposite faces. i) Nails should not touch each other in cork.Ti), ‘Clamp the cork on a stand so that the nails are horizontal. iv) Now take thick wire and bend it in U shape and make hooks at its tow ends. v) Now suspend U shaped wire such that it passed from horseshoe magnet. ***Draw Fig here from book. vi) Connect the two nails with battery and switch. vii) Press the switch key. Now current will start flowing in wire and wire will moves inwards. Visit veww.downloadclassnotes.com for N ‘Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 1 of 5) ‘Written/Compased by: - SHAHZAD LFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: wwwedownloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: roshahzadiftikharmamail.com PHYSICS FOR 10™ CLASS (UNIT # 15) viii] This movement of wire is cue to the farce, which is acting on the side AB of the wire, ix) The direction of force acting on side AB of the wire can be found by Fleming's left hand rule. “According to this rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger and the middle finger of the left hand mutually at right angles to each ather. If the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of the current, then the thumb would ind cate the direction of the force acting on the conductor.” x) Experiments shows that force acting upon the conductor in suctha case is directly proportional to sin 0. xi) ‘So, if the conductor is placed parallel to the field, no force would act upon ‘the conductor because the value of sin0 is zero in this case. Question: Write a detailed note on D.C Motor? ‘Structures - i) It consists of rectangular coil abed mounted on a spindle so that it can rotate between the poles of a permanent magnet. ii) A copper ring is fixed gp and Sz. ii) Two carbon brushed ito two halves Sy=**Draw fig from book here. i) Let the coil is in horizontal position when the current is passed ii) Ring S; is in contact with brush X and S; with Y. iil) According to Fleming's lef; hand rule, the force acting on side ab is directed upward and onside cd is directed downwards. iv) Under the action of these two forces, a couple acts on coil, which causes it to rotate clockwise. v) When coil reaches'the vertical position, the brushes reach to the vacant space between the~split rings and their connection with the coil is cut off and no current would flow. vi) But coll continue to move beyond vertical position due to momentum. vil) Connection of split rings with brushes is again established. vill] But this time brush X is in contact with the ring S2. ix) Now the direction of flow of current is reversed but coll continue its rotation clockwise. x) In this way D.C Motor converts the electrical eneray into mechanical energy, which is utilized for different types of work. Question: Explain the term Electromagnetic Induction? We know that the lines of force are in the form of concentric circles. In the case of bar magnet lines start from North Pole and end at South Pole. Then they pass from South Pole to North Pole through the magnet, thus making a closed loop. The number of Visit veww.do wnloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 2 of 5) \Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www.downloadclassnates.com , E-mail: roshahzadiftikhartamail.com PHYSICS FOR 10™ CLASS (UNIT # 15) magnetic lines of force passing through any surface is known as magnetic through that surface. If magnetic flux through A Q a f is induced in it. This can be explained by ane Experiment: - juxi) Take a solenoid and connect a galvanometer with its two ends. il) If North Pole quickly moved towards the end A of solenoid, the needle of galvanometer gets deflected, which shows that an emf has been generated in the solenoid. ili) Now stop the motion of magnet, we shall see that deflection: in the galvanometer gets zero. iv) This means that induced current flows only when magnet is moving. v) The amount of deflection in galvanometer depends upon the speed of magnet. vi) If North Pole moved away rom end A, again galvanometer Shows defiection but this time opposite in direction. vil) Similar results will be obtained if magnet is kept Stationary and solenoid is moved towards or away from magnet. From this experiment we conclude that an emf is induced in the coil when there is relative motion between coil and magnet. ‘This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. According to Faraday: - “The value of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux, This is knaws as Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic induction.” Question: Write a detailed mote on A.C Generator? A generator, which produces or cenerates alternating e.m.f. is called A.C Generator. Construction: - i) It consists of avrectangular coil, which is rotated between poles of a permanent magnet. i) The ends of wire of coil are soldered with two circular slip rings, These rings are fixed on.arm of the call. \il) Two carbon brushes are kept In contact with these slip rings. iv) At outside Surface of slip rings connections are taken out to draw electric current from the coil. \) “TR induced ame is generated when coil is rotated by applying machanical energy. (i) Suppose, at the start, coil is vertical with its side A upward. iii)’ In this position side A and B are moving along the direction of lines of magnetic field. Therefore rate of change of magnetic flux is zero, Hence induced emf is also zero. iv) After one quarter rotaten, direction of mi maximum and 7g iiilied le A and B are moving at right angle to the a ge of magnetic flux isAfter half quarter rotation, again side A and B move parallel to lines of magnetic field, so magnetic flux change and emf will be again zero. vi) After three quarter rotation, side A and B are moving at right angle to the direction of magnetic lines of force, so rate of change of magnetic flux is again maximum and again maximum emf is obtained. vii) Similar graph is completed for every next complete rotation of coil. Question: Write a note on mutual induction? ***Draw fig fram book. () In fig two coils X and Y are shown placed close to each other. ii) Coil X is connected to battery and coil ¥ Is connected to galvanometer. ili) When switch is closed galvanometer shows deflection showing that current is flowing. iv) Similarly when switch is open, galvanometer shows opposite deflection. v) We can explain these observations on the basis of magnetic fiux passing through passing through two coils. vi) So we can say that If a current is induced in a circuit due to a change of current in another circuit, this phenomenon is known as mutual induction. Question: Write a note on Self Induction? i) We know that when current passes through @ Coil, it produces magnetic field. ii) If the current passing through the coll changes, then the magnetic field produced by it also changes, which results in a change in the number of lines of force passing through the coil. ii) In other words, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. iv) ‘This causes an induced emf:in the coil which is known as Self induced emf and this phenomenon is called self induction. Question: Write a note on transformer? This is an electrical device, which is used to increase or decrease the value of alternating voltage. Structure: - 1) It consists of two coils, which are wound on two different sides of a rectangular iron core, ii) One coll iscalled primary other is called secondary. i) The alternating voltage, whose value is to be altered, is supplied to the primary due to which an att i) © This current created coil,IW} The iron core enhances the magnetic flux to a very large value. iv) As the flux is continuously changing, therefore, in accordance with the principal of mutual induction, an alternating voltage is induced across the secondary coil vv) The value of this voltage depends upon the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. vi) If Vieit yewwe stownloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Heme Tuters, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 4 of 5) Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: ww. dovnloaddlassnotes.com , f-rail: iaoshahzadiftikhargamail.com PHYSICS FOR 10™ CLASS (UNIT # 15) a. Np = No. of turns in the primary coil. b. Ny = No. of turns in the secondary coll. c. E, = Voltage applied across primary coil. d. E, = The required voltage generated Then E/E = Ne/ Np wil) According to this formula, if the voltage applied across primary coil isto be decreased, |.e. &, < D,, then Ns would also be smaller as compared to, N,. Such a transfer is called step down transfer. vill] On the other hand if voltage applied to the primary coil is to be increased, the number of turns in the secondary would be large as compared. toenumber of turns in the primary. Such a transfer is known as @ step up transformer.Describe using one simple diagram in each case, what happens when 2 narrow beam of electrons is passed through (a) a uniform electric field (b) uniform magnetic field, What do these results indicate about the cereal the electron? When an electron beam is passed through a uniform electric field it deflects and accelerates the electron beam u When an electron beam is passed through uniform magnetic field it only deflects the electron bearn ae The two above results show that electrons carry negative charge. Explain the working of different parts of oicilloscope. Tt is used to display the magnitude of rapidly Changing electric current or potentials as a function of time. The information isidisplayed on the face end of cathode ray tube called fluorescent screen. It consists of following components: « Itis essential and initial part Of cathode ray tube and consists of electron source which Is electrically heated cathode that ejects electrons, © It has an electrode calléd grid G for controlling the flow of electrons in the beam. The grid G is at negative potential with respect to cathode * By making It more negative with respect to cathode, so electrons are repelled and fewer electrons reaching the screen, * It controls thie number of electrons so Intensity of the beam and hence, the brightness of the luminous spot at the screen. «© The twoesnodes Al and A2 which sre at high positive potential with respect to. cathodesF Sccelerate as well as focus the electron beam to fixed spot on the screenit After leaving the elec plates * A pair of horizontal plates. A potential difference applied between these plates defects the beam in a vertical plane. This pair of plates provides the Y-axis or vertical movement of the spat on the screen. on gun, the electron beam passes between two pair of © Similarly, second pair of vertical plates provides the X-axis or horizontal movement ‘of the spot on the screen, rs, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 1 of 6) ‘Written/ Composed by: - SHAHZAD LETIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: wwy.dewnloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: raeshahzadiftikhardqmailcom PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 16) A fluorescent screen: «The screen of a cathode ray tube Consists of a thin layer of a phosphor, which is a material that gives light as the result of bombardment by fast moving electrons, «The phosphor is applied to the inside of the end of the tube by spraying, dusting or precipitation from a liquid. Write some uses of oscilloscope. Cathode ray oscilloscope is a versatile electrical instrument which Is in facta high speed graph plotting device, Voltage Measurement: Enter the unknown voltage at “Y-input” and the "VOLT/DIV” knob at the oscilloscope can be tuned to be used as voltmeter. ‘Time Measurement: By adjusting the “TIME/DIV" kno the oscilloscope can be used'to measure the time.Oscilloscope can display the time signal (voltage-time) or current-time) I output whether it can be shown in beat nigh frequency wave. ‘To show the x-y graph: The relation between two variatles can be displayed’by entering a horizontal signal and vertical signal. Considering an oscilloscope explain the followings. How the filament is heated? Filament is heated by a battery usually of 6 Volts, Why the filament is heated? Filament is heated to get the electrons by thermionic emission Why the anode potential is positive with respect to the cathode potential? ‘The anode potential is positive with respect to the cathode because I electrons being negatively charged particles are accelerated towards the anade (positive potential). Why large potential is applied between anode and cathode. The degree of deflection and acceleration produced in electrons is proportional to the strength of the electri€ field, so high potential will accelerate the electrons to high speed and they shoot straight through the hole of the anode in a fine beam of electrons. Why the tube is evacuated? The tube is evacuated because electrons could not collide with other gas to give rise other electrons and ions, What is electron gun? Describe the process of thermionic emission. + Electron gun is an important mean to pravide continuous beam of electrons. « “It consists of a evacuated glass tube at a very low pressure. * The electrons are produced by thermionic emission from a tungsten filament neated by a battery, usually 6 V supply. « Ahigh positive potential (several thousands) is applied to cylindrical anode (+). @) The electrons will be accelerated to a high speed and they shoot straight through the hole of the anode in a fine beam of electrons. Visit wow w.downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page Zot 6)What do you understand by digital and analogue quantities? Ansloque Quantities: The analogue quantities are those whose values vary continuously. For example the variation of temperature with time during a day, This shows that temperature variation with time is continuous. So we can say that temperature is an analogue quantity with respect to time. Similarly, pressure, distance covered by a moving car etc are all analogue physical quantities. The part of electronics which processes the data provided in the form of digits or numbers is known as “digital electronics”. Digital electronics uses only two numbers 1 (high) and © (low), the whole data is provided in binary systemdue to which processing has become very easy. Differentiate between analogue electronics and digital @lectronics. Write down names of five analogue and five digital devi at are commonly used in everyday life. Analoque Electronics: ‘The section of electronics, which is concerned with" €ircults processing analogue quantities like current, voltage etc, is called analogue electronics. Five analogue devices are: " 1) Refrigerators = 2)_—s Electric fans 3) Electric iran 4) Electric lamps 5) —_ Radio receiver, Digital electronics use the digital signal in a-sequence of voltage pulses represented in binary digits °O" and "1", Comauter operates by counting the digits. Fives digital devices are: 1) Computer 2) “EVs 3) Digital camera 4) Mobile Phone 5) Security system State and the explain each case whether the information given by the following devices i: nalogue or a digital form. It is analogue device which measure the value of emf of a cell, The deflection of the moving cail is continuous variation with time. It is analogue signal.b)__a microphone generating art-electric current, A public address system (loud speaker system) is an example of analogue electronic system: The microphone converts sound energy into continuously varying voltage/current. It is called analogue voltage/current signal. This signal is applied to an amplifier, which is also anzlogue electronic circuit, which amplifies the signal without changing its shape, which operates the loud speaker, thermostat cont the flow of trai ‘The thermostat depends upon the atmospheric temperature which varies continuously with time. It is an analogue signal. So the thermostat controlling the flow of traffic is an analogue device. Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. ge 3 of 6) Written/ Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: wnww.downloadclassnotes.com,, {-mail: moshahzadiftilkharSamail.com PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 16) It i a digital system which is being operated between two values “1” high (Present) and low “O” (Not present), Write down some benefits of using digital electrons over analogue electronics. Digital electronics use the digital signal in a sequence of voltace pulses represented in binary digits "0" and "1", Computer operates by counting the digits. The process with numbers becomes fast, reliable and less error as unpaired to analogue signal. Digital electronics is being used in every modern electronic device likeymodern telephone system, radar system, naval and other military controlling systems, modern cameras, control system of operation of industrial machines, medical equipment ete. Foca aNWhat are the three universal Logic gates? Give their symbols and truth tables. Logic Gates: ‘The electronic circuit which are designed to implement Various logic operations, These circuits are called logic gates. « The electronic circuit which implement AND operation is called AND gate. « In digital electronics 0 and 1 digits aré allotted to two potential levals O for minimum or low, and 1 far maximum or high. * Usually 0 is used for earth and 1 is. used for SV (typical value). The truth table and symbol for AND gate is shawn in figure below. A B x oO oO Q 1 io 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 OR Gate; + The electroni¢ circuit which implement the truth table of OR operation in called OR gate. The truth table and symbol for such a circuit is shown in figure. The gate also has two (or more than two) inputs and has only one output OR operation is represented as follows X= A+B. + [tls read as “output X is equal to input A or input B%. The truth table for OR operation is given below: Visit www .downloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papens, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses Senora, in 8MOR Gate: « In this type of operation there is only ane Boolean variable as Input. And has ane Boslean variable as output, Not operation always negates the sense of input for example if we have logic statement that. « Cis student of Loth class then its negative is the output, which is "X is not student of 10th class”. * This shows that if input is, 1 then output is, ©. and if input Is zero the output is equal to 1 «This operation is symbolically written as. Output = negation of single input A, It is written as x=A « It is read as a output is equal to negation of input A. It is elso read as “X equals A NOT". + The truth table for the NOT operation is shown in figure below. A X=A £ 0 oO ¥ Name two factors which can enhance thermionic emission. Tt cepends upon: ) The substance used as filament because different materials have different number of free available electrons. ii) The value of the battery used to make it heated. Give three reasons to support the evidence that cathode rays are negatively charged electrons. «The cathode rays are Geflected and accelerated towards positively charged plate. * The deflection of cathode rays is the presence of magnetic field shows that these are negatively charged particles, * Grid in the oscilloscope is negatively charged and the electrons are repelled by the grid G. Tt shows that cathode rays (electron beam) is is Megat vely charged particles.they a flected towards the positively charged plate. What important characteristics of the electron can be inferred from this? If electrons will deflect towards the positive charged plate it means electrons are negatively charged particles, When re dee pass through two parallel plates having opposite charges ee @ moving electron enters the magnetic field, it is deflected from its aight path. Name two factors which can enhance electron deflection. * Fast moving electrons pass through magnetic field, they are deflected fram their straight path shows that these are charged particles. * The deflection can be enhanced by increasing the velocity and magnetic field strength, Visit for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Pag ) \Written/Composed by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www.downloaddassnotes.com, E-mail; raeshahzadiftikharmamall.com PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 16) In what ways is an oscilloscope a voltmeter? Voltage Measurement: Enter the unknown voltage at “Y-input” and the “VOLT/DIV" knob at the oscilloscope can be tuned to be used as voltmeter.How can you compare the logic operation X = AB with usual Operation of multiplication, There is logic operation which Is give by the equation (X = A.B). It Is called AND gate. ‘The truth table of this gate is givan below. ticular gate holds the usual oper ion of multi ele lelole: NAND gate is the reciprocal of AND gate. Discuss NAND gate is not reciprocal of AND gate. We can say that NAND gate Is inversion of AND gate. If X is output of NAND gate then mathematically we can write as X = A.BPHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 17) REVIEW QUESTIONS What is difference between data and information? Data is raw information in the form of figures, alphabet, or graphics. But information is a processed data on some logical aperations that can be used for useful purposes, What do you understand by information and communication technology (mer)? Information and communication technology is electronic based system which deals with Scientific methods and means to store and process vast amount of information in seconds and of telecommunicaticn to transmit it almost instantaneously: It is combination of two fields, namely “Information Technology” (IT) and "Ccmmunication Technology” (CT). What are the components of information technology? Clearly indicate the function of each component. There are five parts (components) work tagether to produce Computer Based Information System (CBIS). ‘The term hardware refers to machinery. This includés the computer itself, which is referred as central processing unit (CPU), and ail of its supporting devices like input, output, storage and communication devices, The term software refers to camputer programs. Computer programs are machine- readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the CBIS to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are usually stored on disks. Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. It may in the form of graphic or figure that can be recorded. Data is usually stored on disk or tape. Procedure: ‘These ate set of instructions and rules to design and use information system. These ate written in manuals and documents for use, 5) People: Every CBIS, needs people if it 6 to be useful. The component “people” that most Influence the SUCCesS OF (2isti—nnios.s—.The data stored devices are gererally the secondary memory of the computer. It Is used to store data permanently in the computer. When we open a program data is moved from the secondary storage into the primary storage Visit wowwdownloadclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 1 of 5) Written/ Composed by: - SHAHZAD LETIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666 Website: www.cdownloadclassnotes.com , E-mail: raoshahzadiftikhargamail.com PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 17) ‘Name different information storage devices and describe their uses. Audio (related to sound) cassettes consist of magnetic tapes cn which sound is saved ina particular form by the help of magnetic field. Microphone changes sound waves into electric pulses which are made by amplifier. There are different types of magnetic disks, which are coated, with a layer of some magnetic material, The read/write head of disks is similar to the record replay head ‘on a tape recorder. ‘A floppy disc is made of flexible plastic wafer packed in plastic case. It is coated with magnetic oxide. Floppy disc is cheap, convenient, and reliable but lack the storage capacity and speed for many large jobs. It has storage capacity from 1 to 3 MB. Hard Disk: Hard disc is made of aluminum and is not flexible like floppy drive or CD's. It is enameled with a layer of a metal like Fe, Co, Kr, Ni which can be magnetized easily. Hard disk has higher speed and larger capacity of data storage. It is also called storage disk. A large amount of information can be read or write on the hard disk. Hard disk is made by joining many plates and each is @ctessed via read/write head on 3 moveable armature. This disc revolves inside a box with great speed about its axis. Tes enclosed in Dy 2 19¢ke asicCompact Dise (CD): Tt is molded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned by a laser beam for the reproduction of recorded sound or other information. A pit pattern is formed on it. This has billions of pits of varying lengths and spaces on a shiny disc. Shiny area between every two consecutive pits is called a “flat”. The pit pattern is read by fine laser beam. It is focused on a particular take. It is an electronic device that consists of data storage ICs, A flash drive is a small storage device that can be used to transport files from one computer to another. A flash drive is easy to. use. Once we have created a paper or other work. We can simply plug our flash drive into a USB port and the work can be saved in the flash drive. Explain briefly the transmission of radio waves through space? Information like sound, video clips, graphics etc. can be sent from one place to another plate. First by changing the information into electrical signals and then these signals are superimposed on electromagnetic waves which are called carriers waves. These carriers waves travel in space and then at the receiving end this information is demodulated into original information. ‘How light signals are sent through opticalfiber? As "Optics" means related to “Light” & “Fiber” means "Thread", Optical Fiber is a strand of glass or plastic not much thicker than human hair uses light signals to transfer information from one end to other. Principle: Visit www.downloadiclassnotes.com for Notes, Old Papers, Home Tutors, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 2 of 5)PHYSICS FOR 10" CLASS (UNIT # 17) Propagation of light signals in an optical fiber requires the light should be confined within the fiber. This is done by total internal reflection that the angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle. What is computer? What is the role of computer in everyday life? Computer is an, electronic, computing device. It makes analysis, operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication etc and arranges the- information given to it. Role of Computer: Computer has changed the world revolutionary. It has made the world into a global village. Computer is one of the base components of information technology. Using computer we can collect and share the knowledge through Internet. Almost all the offices have computer to manage their day-by-day work. What is the difference between hardware and software? Name different software. ‘Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware: Hardware of a computer is a solid device like keyboard, Mouse, monitor, motherboard ete, Software: Software refers to the instructions, or programs that tell the hardware what to do. For exemple operating systems, Microsoft application (MS Office) etc, It is essential for a computer having operating system. For example: Windows, Linux, Unix are the operating systems. What do understand by the term worn processing and data managing? Word Processing: Tt is a computer program, which helps us to write letters, reports and books. Hence, to type something by computes keyboard, to correct, to arrange, to amend the document, to add and delete the written portion when required is called the word processing Data Managing; The information about a subject can be stored in the computer in more than one interlinked files, which may be shared in different programs. This is called "Data Managing! Addition 894 (limites,