1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the gas exchange system in humans.

trachea

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the names of the parts labelled X, Y and Z in Fig. 1.1

X ........................................................................................................................................

Y ........................................................................................................................................

Z .........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) The wall of the trachea contains rings of tissue.

State the name of this tissue and describe its function.

name ..................................................................................................................................

function ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) State the names of 2 types of cells responsible for protecting the breathing system
from particles.
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) A scientist estimated the pressure and volume in the thorax during one breath.

Fig. 1.2 shows a graph of the results.

one breath

pressure in
the thorax

A B

volume of air
in the thorax

time
Fig. 1.2

Describe and explain the changes in the thorax that occur during section A only in Fig. 1.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]
 (c) The gas exchange system provides the body with oxygen. Insufficient oxygen can lead to
an oxygen debt during exercise.

(i) State the reason why this oxygen debt develops.

(ii) Outline how the oxygen debt is removed after exercise.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 15]

2 (a) Define the term deamination.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Outline the role of the glomerulus and the nephron.

Glomerulus: ...............................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

Nephron: ......................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]