Department of

Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Report

Name of Course : Heat Transfer Laboratory

Course Code : 20ME301P

Semester : V

Branch : B.Tech. Mechanical Engineering

Batch (Division):

Name of Student :

Roll number :

Academic Year: 2024-25

 Certificate
This is to certify that

Mr./Miss._______________________________, Roll No: ________________

of Semester-V, B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering has satisfactorily completed

his/her laboratory work in Heat Transfer Laboratory (20ME301P) subject during

the semester from________________ to _______________ at School of

Technology, PDEU.

Date of Submission: ________________

Signature:

Faculty In-Charge Head of Department

 Index
Sr. Date of Date of Page Marks/ Teacher’s
Title of experiment CO
No. Performance Assessment no. Grade signature

Thermal Conductivity CO1, 4,

1
of Metal Bar 6

Thermal Conductivity CO1, 4,

2
of Insulating Powder 6
Emissivity
CO1, 3,
3 Measurement of Grey
6
Body
Stefan Boltzmann CO1, 2,
4
Constant Verification 6

Heat Transfer in CO1, 2,

5
Natural Convection 6

Heat Transfer in Forced CO1, 2,

6
Convection 6

Parallel Flow Heat CO1, 5,

7
Exchangers 6

Counter Flow Heat CO1, 5,

8
Exchangers 6

Shell and Tube Heat CO1, 5,

9
Exchanger 6

CO1, 5,
10 Plate Heat Exchangers
6
 Safety Hazards & Protection

HAZARD: Rotating Equipment / Machine Tools

Personal Protective Equipment: Safety Goggles; Standing

Shields, Sturdy Shoes.

Personal Care
1. Do not wear loose clothing, Neck Ties/Scarves; Jewelry
(remove).
2. Tie back long hair.

HAZARD: Heating - Burns

Personal Protective Equipment: High temperature gloves;

High temperature apron.

HAZARD: Electrical - Burns / Shock

Personal Care: Take Care while doing electrical connections,

particularly with grounding; do not use frayed electrical cords.

HAZARD: Water / Slip Hazard

Personal Care: Clean any spills immediately.

HAZARD: Noise

Personal Protective Equipment: Ear Plugs

COURSE OUTCOMES: On completion of the course, student will be able to

 CO1 - Understand the engineering examples of different modes of heat

transfer.
 CO2 - Evaluate and verify heat transfer modelling through
experimentation.
 CO3 - Understand and analyse emissivity of a given materials.
 CO4 - Understand and analyse thermal conductivity of a given insulating
powder.
 CO5 - Examine the performance of heat exchangers.
 CO6 - Compile and interpret the experimental data at steady state
condition
Experiment No: Thermal Conductivity of Metal Bar

OBJECTIVES

1. To measure the thermal conductivity of the metal bar.

2. To measure the temperature distribution along the length of metal bar.

THEORY

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction is most easily verified (or tested) in the one dimensional
configuration of this experiment. In equation form, Fourier’s Law is;
q = k.A. (dT/dx)
Where, q is the heat flowing through the rod of dimensions (W), k is the thermal conductivity
of the material of dimension W/(m·K), A is the cross sectional area m2), and ∂T/∂x is the
temperature gradient of dimensions (K/m).

The thermal conductivity of the metal rod is given as;

k = (q/A).(1(dT/dx))

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heating coil while
the other end is projected inside the cooling water jacket. The metal rod is surrounded by an
insulating material like asbestos to minimize lateral heat transfer from the rod and thus ensure
a more nearly constant temperature gradient along the length of the rod. The temperature of
the bar is measured along the length at six locations using thermocouples while the radial
temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouples at two different sections in
the insulating shell. The heater is provided with a dimmer stat for controlling the heat input to
the metal rod while the water flow rate through the jacket can be circulated by flow control
valve. The water flow rate and its temperature rise can be noted down.
 Figure1: System Line Diagram

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Metal Bar
 Material : To Find
 Length of metal bar : 0.25 m
 Diameter of metal bar : 0.025 m
Electric Heater
 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp
Thermocouples
 Type :K
 Numbers 08
 Temperature range : 0 – 200 C (+ 0.5 Celcius)

OPERATION PROCEDURE
1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
2. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust the
voltage e.g. say 50 V.
3. Start and adjust the cooling water flow rate through the jacket using flow control valve.
4. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
5. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel and
also the mass flow rate of water.
6. Change heat input to the metal rod and repeat the steps 1 to 5.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Table 1: Distance of thermocouple along metal rod
Temperature Distance X (m)
Sensor No.
1 0.035
2 0.075
3 0.115
4 0.155
5 0.195
6 0.235

Table 2: System measurements

Cooling water Coolant Mass
Time Electric Heater Thermocouple Readings (0C) temperature (0C) Flow rate
(Sec) V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 (cc/min)
 Cooling water Coolant Mass
Time Electric Heater Thermocouple Readings (0C) temperature (0C) Flow rate
(Sec) V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 (cc/min)
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Adjust the heat input to the metal rod to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Don’t turn off water circulation through the jacket until the temperature of the metal
rod reaches to the atmospheric condition.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

Under the steady state heat conduction, heat transfer through metal rod is equal to
heat carried by coolant.
Heat flowing out of the bar = Heat carried away by the cooling water

Where, mw is mass flow rate of coolant.

mw = Volumetric flow rate *density / time

Plot the variation of temperature along the length of the bar, from the plot determine dT/dx

From above equation;

RESULT TABLE

Time Heat gain by water Temperature gradient Thermal conductivity (k),

(Sec) (Qwater) - Watt (dT/dx) – (C/m) W/m.K
Time Heat gain by water Temperature gradient Thermal conductivity (k),
(Sec) (Qwater) - Watt (dT/dx) – (C/m) W/m.K
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Draw the steady state temperature on the bar Vs distance
Experiment No: Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder at various temperature.

2. To find temperature distribution across the radial direction.

THEORY
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction is most easily verified (or tested) in the one-dimensional
configuration of this experiment. In equation form, Fourier’s Law is;
𝑑𝑇
𝑞 = −𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑟
Where, q is the heat flowing through the insulating material of dimensions (W), k is the thermal
𝑑𝑇
conductivity of the material of dimension W/(m·K), A is the cross-sectional area (m2), and 𝑑𝑟 is

the temperature gradient of dimensions (K/m).

Consider the transfer of heat by conduction through the wall of a hollow sphere formed by the
insulating powdered layer packed between two thin copper spheres (Ref. Fig. 1). The heat
conduction through insulating power can be written as;
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑞 = 4𝜋𝑘𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜
(𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 )
The thermal conductivity of insulating powder can be written as;
𝑞. (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 )
𝑘=
4𝜋𝑘𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
Average inner sphere temperature,
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4
𝑇𝑖 =
4
Average outer sphere temperature,
𝑇5 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇7 + 𝑇8
𝑇𝑂 =
4
Heat input can be given as,
𝑞 = 𝑉. 𝐼
Knowing above parameters, the thermal conductivity of the insulating powder can be
determined.

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of two thin-walled concentric copper spheres of different size.
Heating coil is provided in the inner sphere. The space between the inner and outer sphere is
filled by the insulating powder (Asbestos) whose thermal conductivity is to be determined.
The heat input to the heating coil is adjusted by using dimmer stat. Thermocouples are used
to record the temperature of insulating powder which are embedded on the outer shell
surface.

Figure1: System Line Diagram

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Test section
 Radius of inner sphere : 0.05 m
 Radius of outer sphere : 0.1 m

Heating Coil
 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp
Thermocouples
 Type : “K” Type
 Numbers : 10
 Temperature range : 0-200C
 Temperature accuracy :  0.5 C
OPERATION PROCEDURE
1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
2. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust
the voltage e.g., say 50 V.
3. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
4. See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
5. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel.
6. Change heat input to the metal rod and repeat the steps 1 to 5.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Inner Sphere Surface Outer Sphere Surface

Time Electric Heater
Temperature Temperature
(Sec.)
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Adjust the heat input zero to electric coil.
2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

Under the steady state conditions the thermal conductivity of insulating power sample is
calculated as:

Average inner sphere temperature,

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4
𝑇𝑖 =
4

Average outer sphere temperature,

𝑇5 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇7 + 𝑇8
𝑇𝑂 =
4
Heat input,
𝑞 = 𝑉. 𝐼

The thermal conductivity of insulating powder;

𝑞. (𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 )
𝑘=
4𝜋𝑘𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )

RESULT TABLE
Heat Thermal
Time Average temperature (Ti) Average temperature (To)
Input conductivity (k)
(Sec.) (C) (C)
(W) (W/m.C)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
 Draw the graph of time Vs. average temperature (Ti)
 Draw the graph of average temperature (Ti) Vs. Thermal conductivity
Experiment No: Emissivity Measurement

OBJECTIVES

1. To measure the emissivity of gray surface at different temperatures.

APPARATUS
The experimental set up consists of two circular plates of identical dimensions. One of the
plates is made black by applying a thick layer of lamp black while the other plate whose
emissivity is to be measured is non-black. Heating coils are provided at the bottom of both
plates. The plates are mounted on asbestos cement sheet and kept in an enclosure to
provide undisturbed natural convection conditions. The heat input to the plates is varied by
a dimmer stat and is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter. Each plate is provided with
three thermocouples for temperature measurement. One thermocouple is kept in the
chamber to read the ambient or chamber temperature.

1) Enclosure 5) Black Plate Heater

2) Test Plate 6) Thermocouple Socket
3) Test Plate Heater 7) Acrylic Cove
4) Black Plate

Figure1: System Line Diagram

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Test section
 Test plate diameter : 21.5 cm
 Black plate diameter : 21.5 cm
 Thickness : 1.5 cm

Water Heater
 Voltage : 220 V
 Ampere : 5 – 15 A

Thermocouples
 Type : “K” Type
 Numbers 8
 Temperature accuracy : ± 0.5 °C
 Temperature range : 0 – 200 °C

OPERATION PROCEDURE

1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.

2. Switch on the main system.
3. Switch on two heaters and gradually increase the input to the heaters to some
value viz. 35 watt and adjust the heater input to test plate slightly less than the
black plate 32, watt.
4. Check the temperature of the two plates with small time intervals and adjust the
input of test plate only, by the dimmer stat so that the two plates will be
maintained at the same temperature.
5. When steady state is reached note down the temperatures of test plate and black
plate by rotating the temperature selection switch.
6. Note down the chamber temperature
7. Repeat the experiments for different surface temperature.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Gray Body Black Body Cabin
Time Gray Body Black Body Temperature Temperature Temperature
(Sec.) (°C) (°C) (°C)
V A W V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Turn off the electric heater.
2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

Tg – Gray surface temperature (°K)
Tb – Black surface temperature (°K)
T∞ – Cabin temperature (°K)

𝑬 𝑻𝟒𝒈 − 𝑻𝟒∞
𝜺= = 𝟒
𝑬𝒃 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻𝟒∞
RESULT TABLE
Time Tg, Gray Body Tb, Black Body T∞, Cabin
ε, Emissivity
(Sec.) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
 Draw the graph of Emissivity vs Temperature of the gray body and discuss the
variation in emissivity with change in temperature
Experiment No: Stefan Boltzmann Constant Verification

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the value of Stefan Boltzmann constant for radiation heat transfer.

APPARATUS
This test rig consists of a Semi-sphere surrounded by hot water. Hot water is obtained from a
insulated water-heating tank. When the specimen is inserted at the center of semi-sphere, heat
is transferred to the disc from semi-sphere by radiation and its temperature begins to rise, and
from temperature rise rate. All temperatures (as shown in schematic diagram) data are shown
in temperature scanner. Hot water Tank temperature controlling by temperature controller.
System power, Voltage, Ampere data shown in the Energy Meter.

The severity of water circulation depends upon temperature as well as time of exposure and
therefore, various time temperature combinations have been proposed for our System. Good
understanding of the equipment experiments of Stefan Boltzmann.

Figure1: System Line Diagram

 Figure1: Experiment Setup

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Sr.
Component Detail / Technical specification
No

Power : 0.25 HP
1 Vacuum Pump Capacity : 1.8 CFM
Voltage Range : 220 - 230V, – 50 Hz (1-Ph)

Make & Model : Lubi SMSJ-051

Power : 0.5 HP / 0.37 kW
SS Centrifugal pump
2 Max. Current : 3.0 A max.
Flow Rate : 30 LPM
Voltage : 230 (1-Ph)

3 Water Storage Tank 30 Litre SS 304 tank with Insulation

Temperature sensors
4 RTD Pt-100 Temperature Sensors
( 8 NOS )
MOC : SS316
5 Water Heater
Heating Capacity : 2 KW
 MOC : SS304
8 Semi-sphere
Dimensions : 200 mm Dia. & 100 mm Height
Material: Copper
Test Specimen Diameter: 2 Inch.
Thickness: 1.6 mm
MOC : SS304
Water Circulation Dimensions of Inner Cylinder : 300 mm Dia. & 150
9 Cylinder With Jacketed mm Height
Insulation Dimensions with Jacketed Cylinder : 350 mm Dia.
& 177 mm Height

OPERATION PROCEDURE
 Fill Water tank for circulation.
 Connect the system to the main power supply.
 Switch on the Main switch from the panel box.
 Set the water Temperature
 Switch on the water Heater. Wait until hot temperature achieved
 Switch on the vacuum pump and set vacuum pressure by closing the valve
 Switch off the Vacuum Pump
 Switch on the Water Pump
 Adjust the water flow by Bypass valve
 Note down Data as per requirements

OBSERVATION TABLE
Specimen
Chamber Temp. (C)
Time (Sec) Temp. (C) - TS
T4 T5 T6 TC (Avg.) T7
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
 After complete the experiment, Switch of the Heater and Pump
 Switch off the Main switch
 Remove Main Supply
 Drain the Water Tank.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

Energy supplied to test disk by hemisphere by radiation,

𝑬 = 𝜺𝑨𝒕 𝝈(𝑻𝟒𝑪 − 𝑻𝟒𝑺 )
At - Area of test disk
TC – Average Temperature of hemisphere (K) = (T4 + T5 + T6)/3
TS - Initial Temperature of test disk (K)

Increase in internal energy of the test disk by radiation energy,

𝒅𝑻𝑺
𝒖 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 ( )
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑻𝑺
Using the temperature vs time characteristics of test disk, plot curve.
𝒅𝒕

Under equilibrium conditions,

𝒅𝑻𝑺
𝜺𝑨𝒕 𝝈(𝑻𝟒𝑪 − 𝑻𝟒𝑺 ) = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 ( )
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻
𝒎𝑪𝒑 ( 𝑺 )
𝒅𝒕
𝝈=
𝜺𝑨𝒕 (𝑻𝑪 − 𝑻𝟒𝑺 )
𝟒
RESULT TABLE

Specimen
Time Average Chamber
Temp. – TC Qrad (W) σ (W/m2 k4)
(Sec) Temp. – TC
(C)
(C)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Plot the test plate temperature vs time graph.
 Compare experimental Steffen Boltzmann Constant with theoretical Steffen Boltzmann
Constant and write your results and discussion.
Experiment No: Heat Transfer in Natural Convection

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube losing
heat by natural convection.
2. Theoretical determination of the surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical
tube losing heat by natural convection.
3. Comparison of theoretical and measured surface heat transfer coefficient.

THEORY
Convection heat transfer occurs by the movement of fluid particles. If the motion of fluid
particles occurs by the variation of density of the fluid due to temperature difference, then the
heat transfer process is called free or natural convection.
The Newton’s law of cooling gives the rate of heat transfer in convection.
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )

Where h is Convective or film heat transfer co-efficient, h depends upon the fluid properties,
geometry of the surface, Ts is average surface temperature and T7, is ambient temperature. The
average surface temperature can be written as;

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇5 + 𝑇6
𝑇𝑠 =
6

The experimental heat transfer coefficient is given as;

𝑞
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )

Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficient (hth):

From dimensional analysis as per the Buckingham -  Theorem, a general relationship between
the Nusselt number (Nu), Prandtl number (Pr) and Grashoff number (Gr) been developed as
given below:
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑐(𝐺𝑟. 𝑃𝑟)𝑚
Where c and m are constants.
Nusselt Number:
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑢 = =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ℎ𝑡ℎ 𝐿
𝑁𝑢 =
𝐾𝑓
Where hth is theoretical heat transfer coefficient, kf is conductivity of air and L is characteristic
length of system.
Prandtl Number:
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑝𝑟 =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑐𝑝 𝜇
𝑃𝑟 =
𝐾
Where cp specific heat of air, µ is viscosity of air and k conductivity of air.

Grashoff Number:
(𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)(𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝐺𝑟 =
(𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝐿3 𝛽𝑔∆𝑇
𝐺𝑟 =
𝜐2
1
𝛽=
𝑇
Where 𝛽 is temperature coefficient, g is gravitational constant, ∆𝑇 is temperature difference
and 𝜐 kinematic viscosity of air and L is characteristic length of system.
Knowing above dimensionless numbers, the theoretical convection heat transfer coefficient can
be determined from above equation.

APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a vertical brass tube enclosed in a rectangular duct. The front side
of the duct is made of transparent section to facilitate visual observation, while the duct is
open at top and bottom. An electrical heating element embedded in a copper tube acts as the
heat source. The surface temperature is measured at different heights using thermocouples.
The surface of the tube is polished to minimize radiation losses. A voltmeter and an ammeter
enable the determination of wattage dissipated by the heater. The chamber temperature can
also be measured.
 Figure1: System Line Diagram

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Tube
Material : Brass
Diameter : 0.038 m
Length : 0.5 m

Electric Heater
Voltage : 220 V
Current : 5-15 Amp

Thermocouples
Type : “K” Type
Numbers : 07
Temperature range : 0-200 °C
Temperature accuracy : ± 0.5 °C

OPERATION PROCEDURE
1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
2. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust
the voltage e.g., say 50 V.
 3. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
4. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel.
5. Change the heat input and repeat the steps 1 to 4.

OBSERVATION TABLE
Ambient
Time Electric Heater Temperature on the surface of pipe (°C) Temperature
(Sec,) (°C)
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Adjust the heat input to the tube to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
3. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼

𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝐴𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4 ) … … … 𝜀 = 0.8 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠)

𝑤
𝜎 = 5.67 ∗ 10−8
𝑚2 ∗ 𝐾 4

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑄𝑇 − 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 Δ𝑇
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝐴𝑠 Δ𝑇

RESULT TABLE

Time Qconvection (W) hexperiment (W/m2.K) htheoretical (W/m2.K)

(Sec.)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Temperature on the surface of pipe (°C) Vs time (Sec.)
 Compare experimental and theoretical values of heat transfer coefficient and make your
comments
Experiment No: Heat Transfer in Forced Convection

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the convective heat transfer coefficient for air flows under forced
convection.
2. Theoretical determination of force convective heat transfer coefficient for above
conditions.
3. Comparison of theoretical and measured convective heat transfer coefficient.

THEORY
Convection heat transfer occurs by the movement of fluid particles. If the motion of fluid
particles occurs by the variation of density of the fluid due to temperature difference, then the
heat transfer process is called free or natural convection.
The Newton’s law of cooling gives the rate of heat transfer in convection.
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )
Where h is Convective or film heat transfer co-efficient, h depends upon the fluid properties,
geometry of the surface, Ts is average surface temperature and Tair,avg , is average ambient

temperature. The average surface temperature can be written as;

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇5
𝑇𝑠 =
5
𝑇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
The experimental heat transfer coefficient is given as;
𝑞
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )

Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficient (hth):

From dimensional analysis as per the Buckingham -  Theorem, a general relationship
between the Nusselt number (Nu), Reynolds number (Re) and Prandtl number (Pr) been
developed as given below:
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑐(𝑅𝑒)𝑚 (𝑃𝑟)𝑛
Where c, m and n are constants.
APPARATUS

The apparatus consists of a blower to supply air and test conduit. The air from the blower passes
through a flow passage, heater and then to the test section. Air flow is measured by an orifice
meter placed near the test section. A band heater placed around the tube heats the air and is
controlled by a dimmer stat. Temperature of the air at the inlet and outlet are measured using
thermocouples embedded in the walls at different distances from the entrance. Test section is
enclosed in a water jacket where the circulating water removes air. Water flow rate is
determined using a measuring jar. A bypass on the air system enables tests to be conducted at
different Reynolds numbers.

Figure1: System Line Diagram

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Test Section
 Outer diameter of tube : 48 mm
 Inner diameter of tube : 40 mm
 Length of test section : 500 mm
 Heating rod : 16 mm
 Electric Heater
 Voltage : 220 V
 Current : 5-15 Amp

Blower
 Capacity : 0.75 Hp

Thermocouples
 Type : K Type
 Temperature range : 0-200 °C
 Temperature accuracy : ± 0.5 °C

Flow Measuring Unit (Orifice Meter)

 Diameter : 30 mm
 Discharge Coefficient : 0.64

OPERATION PROCEDURE
1. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
2. Switch on the main system.
3. Switch on the blower.
4. Switch on the heater.
5. Adjust the heat input to the heater by slowly adjusting the dimmer stat and adjust
the voltage
6. Wait for sufficient time until study state condition is achieved.
7. Note down the temperature using thermocouple channel on the control panel.
8. Change the heat input and repeat the steps 1 to 5.
OBSERVATION TABLE

Electric Temperature on the Ambient Orifice

Time Heater (QT) surface of pipe (°C) Temperature (°C) Pressure
(Sec.) Cm of
V A W T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 In Out
H2 O
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Adjust the heat input to the tube to zero by adjusting dimmer stat.
2. Do not turn off the blower until the test section temperature reaches to atmospheric
conditions.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

Experimental Heat Transfer Coefficient

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4 + 𝑇5
𝑇𝑠 =
5
 𝑇𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2

𝜋 2
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑑
4

∆ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
∆ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = ∆ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 ×
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎√2𝑔∆ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑄𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 = , 𝐴𝑝 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝐴𝑝

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝑝(𝑎𝑖𝑟) (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝐴𝑠 𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4 ) … … … 𝜀 = 0.8 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠)

𝐴𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿

𝑤
𝜎 = 5.67 ∗ 10−8
𝑚2 ∗ 𝐾4
 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑄𝑇 − 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎexp 𝐴𝑠 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝐴𝑠 Δ𝑇

Theoretical

𝑁𝑢 = 0.023(𝑅𝑒)0.8 (𝑃𝑟)0.4

𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑘
 𝜇𝐶𝑝
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘

ℎ𝑡ℎ × 𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = , 𝐷 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝑘
RESULT TABLE
Time Percentage
Qconv mair Tair,avg hexp hth
(Sec.) difference (∆h %)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

 Draw graph of Avg. surface temperature Vs time

 Compare the experimental and theoretical values of the heat transfer coefficient and
make your comments
s
Experiment No: Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the effectiveness of heat exchanger under parallel flow and counter
flow condition.
2. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger under
parallel flow and counter flow condition.
3. Theoretical estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient for the experiment
conditions.
4. Comparison of experimental and theoretical heat transfer coefficient.
5. Determine NTU (no. of transfer unit for outer surface) for parallel flow
and counter flow conditions.

THEORY
A double pipe heat exchanger consists of two concentric, different diameter tubes with fluid
flowing in each as indicated in Figures 1. If the two fluids travel in opposite directions as illustrated
in Figure 1a, the exchanger is a counter flow type. If the fluids travel in the same direction as shown
in Figure 1b, parallel flow exists. The same apparatus is used for either flow configuration.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U):

The heat transfer in parallel and counter flow arrangement is given as;
𝑞 = 𝑈0 𝐴0 (∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Where, U0 is over all heat transfer coefficient, A0 is outer surface area of tube and (∆T)LMTD
is Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference.
𝑞
𝑈0,𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐴 (∆𝑇)
0 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

The heat exchange between the hot and cold water can be written as;
 𝑞ℎ = 𝑚̇ℎ,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

𝑞𝑐 = 𝑚̇𝑐,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

The average heat transfer can be written as;
𝑞ℎ + 𝑞𝑐
𝑞=
2

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD):

Parallel Flow -
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
(∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
l n (∆𝑇1 )
2

∆T1 and ∆T2 are shown in figure 1.

Counter Flow -
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
(∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
l n (∆𝑇1 )
2

∆T1 and ∆T2 are shown in figure 1.

Effectiveness -
It is defined as the ration of actual heat transfer to maximum heat transfer that could be
possibly be transferred from one fluid to the other.
𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝜀= =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

Effectiveness of parallel flow,

1 − exp[𝑁𝑇𝑈(1 + 𝐶𝑟 )]
𝜀=
1 + 𝐶𝑟
Effectiveness of counter flow,
(1 − exp[−𝑁𝑇𝑈(1 − 𝐶𝑟 ])
𝜀= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑟 < 1)
(1 − 𝐶𝑟 exp[−𝑁𝑇𝑈(1 − 𝐶𝑟 ])
𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜀= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑟 = 1)
1 + 𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝐴
𝐶𝑟 = , 𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where, Ch, Cc, Cmin, Cr and NTU represent heat capacity of hot, cold, minimum heat capacity
of fluid, Heat capacity ratio and Number of transfer units respectively.
APPARATUS
Multi Heat Exchanger is setup for test and compare the different type of heat exchanger by
vary the different parameter and conditions. This setup is consists of two centrifugal pumps,
two flow meter, two SS water storage tank, Water Heater, Heat Exchangers ( Tube in Tube,
Plate Heat Exchanger, and Shell & tube Heat Exchanger ), and Control Panel. The
components arrangement and flow diagram of the setup is as shown in below figure.

Figure-1 Schematic Diagram of Multi Heat – Exchanger Test rig

Figure-2 Multi Heat – Exchanger Test rig

In the Tube in tube heat exchanger user can select two type of flow circulation one is parallel
flow and second is counter flow. The Heat transfer Area of the Tube in Tube, Plate and Shell
& Tube heat exchanger area 0.15 m2, 0.5 m2 & 0.3 m2. Details of the all Components as
given in the list of components.

As shown in the Schematic Diagram from 65 ltr storage tank (heater in hot tank) Pump
circulate the water to the Heat exchanges. Electromagnetic Flow meter is used for the
measurement of the flow. Pump-1 is circulating the Hot water to the heat exchanger and
Pump-2 Circulate the Cold Water. Water flow is fully controllable by the VFD providing in
the control panel. For the temperature measurement RTD-pt100 Temp. sensor used. Flow
path, Temperature sensors & valves location and numbers are as shown in the above detail
schematic diagram.

Figure-3 Concentric Tube Arrangements

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Sr.
Part name Detail / Technical specification
No
Hot & Cold Water  Capacity : 65 litres
1
Storage tanks  MOC : SS304
 Capacity : 3 kW
2 Water Heater
 MOC : SS316
 Make & Model : Lubi SMSJ 051
 Power : 0.5 HP/0.37 kW
Centrifugal pumps  Voltage : 415 V ( 3-phase )
3
(2 NOS)  Contact part : SS
 Head : 18 m
 Current : 1.5 amp max
  Make : Accumax
 Type : Electromagnetic
4 Flow meter (2 NOS)
 Range : 0-150 LPM
 Line size : 1/2”
 Heat Transfer Area : 0.15 m2
 Internal Tube Dia : 1”
 Internal Tube Material : Copper
 Internal tube Thickness : 1.5 mm
Tube in Tube Heat
5  Internal Tube Length : 1500 mm
Exchanger
 External Tube Dia : 2”
 External Tube Material : SS304
 External tube Thickness : 2 mm
 External Tube Length : 1500 mm
Temperature Sensor
6
( 17 NOS )  RTD pt-100 type

OPERATION PROCEDURE

• Ensure that all drains are off.

• Fill the Water tank.
• Connect system to main supply and switch on the system
• Switch on the main switch of the control panel
• Set the hot water temp. in the Temp. Controller
• Switch on the heater
• Open only bypass valve for water circulation in hot tank during heating (Close other
discharge valve of pump-1)
• Switch on the Pump-1 (hot tank pump)
• Wait until temp. achieve and then switch off the pump-1 ( Keep heater switch on )
• Now Select and Open the valves for the Circulation path in Heat exchanger for both Hot
and cold side (valves no. are given in the schematic diagram).
• After Open the valves, Switch on the both Pump-1 & 2.
• Now select the Pumps speed in the VFD controller
• Then press Run button in the VFD controller for both pumps.
• Temp. Data are seen and logged to the Data logger
• After completing the experiment; Switch off the Heater, Pump VFD, And Pump
switches ( Do not switch off the Main switch )
• Plug pen drive to the data logger and wait for 10-15 seconds.
• Remove Pen drive and store data to laptop or desktop.
• Switch off the Main switch
• Switch off the Main Supply
• Drain The System.
OBSERVATION TABLE
A. Parallel Flow
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid
Time Flow Flow
T2 T3 T4 T5 T10 T11 T12 T13
(Min) Rate Rate
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
(LPM) (LPM)
 B. Counter Flow
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid
Time Flow Flow
T2 T3 T4 T5 T10 T11 T12 T13
(Min) Rate Rate
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
(LPM) (LPM)
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Turn off the electric heater.
2. Allow cold water to flow through electric geyser till its temperature
goes down to room temperature.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS: Reading No:________

A. Experimental value of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝜀= =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
(1 − exp[−𝑁𝑇𝑈(1 − 𝐶𝑟 ])
𝜀= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑟 < 1)
(1 − 𝐶𝑟 exp[−𝑁𝑇𝑈(1 − 𝐶𝑟 ])
𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝜀= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑟 = 1)
1 + 𝑁𝑇𝑈
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝐴
𝐶𝑟 = , 𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
(∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
l n (∆𝑇1 )
2
𝑞
𝑈0,𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐴 (∆𝑇)
0 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

𝑞ℎ = 𝑚̇ℎ,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

𝑞𝑐 = 𝑚̇𝑐,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

𝑞ℎ + 𝑞𝑐
𝑞=
2

B. Empirical value of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

The heat transfer rate from hot fluid to cold fluid is given as;

∆𝐓
𝒒 = 𝐔𝐨 𝐀 𝐨 ∆𝐓 =
∑𝐑

Ignoring the resistance of wall of pipe

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝐔𝐨 𝐡𝐢 𝐡𝐨

For Internal Forced Convection through Tube (Hot fluid):

𝑵𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝑹𝒆𝟎.𝟖 𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑

And

𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝑵𝒖 =
𝑲

For flow through annulus area (Cold fluid):

𝑵𝒖𝑫𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝑹𝒆𝟎.𝟖 𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑

Where Dh = do-di
RESULT TABLE
A. Parallel Flow
Time mh mc qh qc q U-Exp ε, U-th
LMTD NTU
(Min) (kg/s) (kg/s) (W) (W) (W) (W/m2K) Effectiveness (W/m2K)
 B. Counter Flow
Time mh mc qh qc q U-Exp ε, U-th
LMTD NTU
(Min) (kg/s) (kg/s) (W) (W) (W) (W/m2K) Effectiveness (W/m2K)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: (Discuss the results on following graphs)
1. Plot results of experimental value of Overall heat transfer vs Flow rate for both
parallel and counter flow
2. Plot results of theoretical and experimental value of Overall heat transfer vs Flow
rate for both parallel and counter flow
3. Plot results effectiveness vs Flow rate for both parallel and counter flow
Experiment No: Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the effectiveness of heat exchangers

2. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger
3. To determine effectiveness of the heat exchanger
4. Determine NTU (no. of transfer unit) for parallel flow and counter flow conditions.

THEORY

A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs. It is the most

common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical processes, and is
suited for higher-pressure applications. As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger
consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs
through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat
between the two fluids. The set of tubes is called a tube bundle, and may be composed of
several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of shell and tube heat exchanger

APPARATUS

The setup consists of two centrifugal pumps, two flow meters, two SS water storage
tank, a water heater, heat exchangers (tube in tube, plate heat exchanger, and shell & tube
Heat exchanger ), and a control panel. The schematic arrangement and flow diagram of
the setup are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of heat exchanger set up

 Figure 3: Flow diagram of heat exchanger setup

As shown in the schematic diagram, from the 65-liter storage tank (heater in hot tank)
pump circulates the water to the heat exchanges. An electromagnetic flow meter is used
for the measurement of the flow. Pump-1 circulates the hot water to the heat exchanger
and pump-2 circulates the cold water. Water flow is fully controllable by the VFD provided
in the control panel. For the temperature measurement, RTD-pt100 temperature sensors
are used. Figure 3 shows the flow diagram of the setup and the corresponding
nomenclature are given in Table 1.
TC : Hot water tank temperature controller (oC)
T1 : Ambient temperature (oC)
T2 : Heat exchangers hot water inlet temperature (oC)
T3 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s hot water inlet temperature (oC)
T4 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s hot water outlet temperature (oC)
T5 : Tube in tube heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T6 : Plate heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T7 : Shell & Tube heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T8 : Customize heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T9 : Cold water tank temperature (oC)
T10 : Heat exchangers cold water inlet temperature (oC)
T11 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s external tube cold water inlet temperature (oC)
T12 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s external tube cold water outlet temperature (oC)
 T13 : Tube in tube heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)
T14 : Plate heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)
T15 : Shell & Tube heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)
T16 : Customize heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)

Table 1: Technical Specifications

Sr.
Part name Detail / Technical specification
No
Hot & Cold Water  Capacity : 65 litres
1
Storage tanks  MOC : SS304
 Capacity : 3 kW
2 Water Heater
 MOC : SS316
 Make & Model : Lubi SMSJ 051
 Power : 0.5 HP/0.37 kW
Centrifugal pumps  Voltage : 415 V ( 3-phase )
3
(2 NOS)  Contact part : SS
 Head : 18 m
 Current : 1.5 amp max

 Type : Electromagnetic
4 Flow meter (2 NOS)  Range : 0-150 LPM
 Line size : 1/2”

 Heat Transfer Area: 0.3 m2

 MOC : SS304
 No of pass : two pass
Shell & Tube Heat  Tube Diameter : ID-16.63 mm, OD-19.05 mm
5
Exchanger  Tube Thicknesses : 1.21 mm
 Shell Thicknesses : 10 mm
 Shell Diameter : OD-141 mm, ID-121mm (5”)
 Shell Length : 500 mm

Temperature
8  RTD pt-100 type
Sensor

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U):

A two tube pass and one shell pass shell and tube heat exchanger is investigated in this
experiment. The cross flow shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) is treated as counter flow
with introduction of correction factor. Temperature profile of shell and tube heat exchanger
is shown in Figure 3. The hot fluid is pass to the shell side while cold fluid passes through
the tube side.

Figure 4: Temperature profile for shell and tube heat exchanger

The heat transfer in cross flow STHE is obtained by considering it as a counter flow
arrangement with introduction of correction factor and given as;
𝑞 = 𝐹 𝑈0 𝐴0 (∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Where, F is the correction factor, U0 is over all heat transfer coefficient, A0 is outer surface
area of tube and (∆T)LMTD is Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference.
𝑞
𝑈0,𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐹 𝐴
0 (∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

The heat exchange between the hot and cold water can be written as;

𝑞ℎ = 𝑚̇ℎ,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

𝑞𝑐 = 𝑚̇𝑐,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

The average heat transfer can be written as;
𝑞ℎ + 𝑞𝑐
𝑞=
2
√𝑅 2 + 1 1−𝑃
𝑙𝑛 (1 − 𝑅𝑃)
𝐹= 𝑅 − 1
2⁄ − 1 − 𝑅 + √𝑅 2 + 1
𝑙𝑛 (2 𝑃 )
⁄𝑃 − 1 − 𝑅 − √𝑅 2 + 1
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝑃=
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜
𝑅=
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) is given by

 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
(∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
l n (∆𝑇1 )
2

∆T1 and ∆T2 are shown in Figure 4.

Effectiveness:

It is defined as the ration of actual heat transfer to maximum heat transfer that could be
possibly be transferred from one fluid to the other.
𝑄 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝜀= =
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

Where,
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑚𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
Also, the number of transfer units is given by
𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
(𝑚𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛

OPERATION PROCEDURE
1. Make all the connections as shown in figure and check valve positions and any
leakage through the system
2. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
3. Switch on the main system.
4. Adjust the desired flow rate of water
5. Switch on the electric geyser set the hot water temperature say 50 to 60 0C.
6. Allow sufficient time for thermal equilibrium to attain between hot and cold water
7. After reaching to thermal equilibrium conditions, note down the readings of
temperature by rotating knob.
8. Note down the reading of hot and cold-water flow rate.
9. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates.
10. Follow the steps 1 to 8 by changing the flow conditions through the test rig.
OBSERVATION TABLE

Hot Water Cold Water

Sr.
Flow rate Inlet Outlet Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet
No
(LPM) Temp. (°C) Temp. (°C) (LPM) (°C) Temp. (°C)

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE
1. Turn off the electric geyser.
2. Allow cold water to flow through electric geyser till its temperature goes down to
room temperature.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.
RESULT TABLE
Sr. mh mc Q U ε,
LMTD NTU
No (kg/s) (kg/s) (W) (W/m2K) Effectiveness

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Plot results of Overall heat transfer vs LMTD
2. Plot results effectiveness vs LMTD
Experiment No: Plate Heat Exchangers

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger

2. To determine effectiveness of the heat exchanger
3. Determine NTU (no. of transfer unit) for parallel flow and counter flow conditions.

THEORY
Plate heat exchangers (the plate and frame) were introduced in the 1930s mainly for
the food industries because of their ease of cleaning, and their design reached maturity in
the 1960s with the development of more effective plate geometries, assemblies, and
improved gasket materials. The range of possible applications has widened considerably
and, at present, under specific and appropriate conditions, overlaps and successfully
competes in areas historically considered to be the domain of tubular heat exchangers.
They are capable of meeting an extremely wide range of duties in many industries.
Therefore, they can be used as an alternative to tube-and-shell type heat exchangers for
low- and medium-pressure liquid-to-liquid heat transfer applications.
A typical plate heat exchanger is shown in an exploded view in Figure 1. The
elements of the heat exchanger are a fixed plate, compression plate, pressing equipment,
and connecting ports. The heat transfer surface is composed of a series of plates with parts
for fluid entry and exit in the four corners. The flow pattern through a plate heat exchanger
is illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of plate heat exchanger set up

 Figure 2: Flow direction of plate heat exchanger set up

APPARATUS
This setup consists of two centrifugal pumps, two flow meters, two SS water storage
tank, a water heater, heat exchangers (tube in tube, plate heat exchanger, and shell & tube
heat exchanger ), and a control panel. The schematic arrangement and flow diagram of the
setup are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of heat exchanger set up

 Figure 4: Flow diagram of heat exchanger setup

As shown in the schematic diagram, from the 65-liter storage tank (heater in hot tank)
pump circulates the water to the heat exchanges. An electromagnetic flow meter is used
for the measurement of the flow. Pump-1 circulates the hot water to the heat exchanger
and pump-2 circulates the cold water. Water flow is fully controllable by the VFD provided
in the control panel. For the temperature measurement, RTD-pt100 temperature sensors
are used. Figure 2 shows the flow diagram of the setup and the corresponding
nomenclature are given in Table 1.
TC : Hot water tank temperature controller (oC)
T1 : Ambient temperature (oC)
T2 : Heat exchangers hot water inlet temperature (oC)
T3 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s hot water inlet temperature (oC)
T4 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s hot water outlet temperature (oC)
T5 : Tube in tube heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T6 : Plate heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T7 : Shell & Tube heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T8 : Customize heat exchanger outlet hot water temperature (oC)
T9 : Cold water tank temperature (oC)
 T10 : Heat exchangers cold water inlet temperature (oC)
T11 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s external tube cold water inlet temperature (oC)
T12 : Tube in tube heat exchanger’s external tube cold water outlet temperature (oC)
T13 : Tube in tube heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)
T14 : Plate heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)
T15 : Shell & Tube heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)
T16 : Customize heat exchanger outlet cold water temperature (oC)

Table 1: Technical Specifications:

Sr.
Part name Detail / Technical specification
No
Hot & Cold Water  Capacity : 65 litres
1
Storage tanks  MOC : SS304
 Capacity : 3 kW
2 Water Heater
 MOC : SS316
 Make & Model : Lubi SMSJ 051
 Power : 0.5 HP/0.37 kW
Centrifugal pumps  Voltage : 415 V ( 3-phase )
3
(2 NOS)  Contact part : SS
 Head : 18 m
 Current : 1.5 amp max

 Type : Electromagnetic
4 Flow meter (2 NOS)  Range : 0-150 LPM
 Line size : 1/2”

 Make & Model : Alfa laval CBH16-25H

Shell & Tube Heat
5  Heat Transfer Area : 0.5 m2
Exchanger
 No. of Plates : 25
Temperature
8  RTD pt-100 type
Sensor

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U):

The heat transfer in plate heat exchanger is obtained by considering it as a counter flow
arrangement with introduction of correction factor and given as;
𝑞 = 𝐹 𝑈0 𝐴0 (∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷
Where, F is the correction factor, U0 is over all heat transfer coefficient, A0 is outer surface
area of tube and (∆T)LMTD is Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference.
 𝑞
𝑈0,𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 𝐹 𝐴 (∆𝑇)
0 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

The heat exchange between the hot and cold water can be written as;

𝑞ℎ = 𝑚̇ℎ,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

𝑞𝑐 = 𝑚̇𝑐,𝑤 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

The average heat transfer can be written as;
𝑞ℎ + 𝑞𝑐
𝑞=
2
√𝑅 2 + 1 1−𝑃
𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝐹= 𝑅 − 1 1 − 𝑅𝑃
2⁄ − 1 − 𝑅 + √𝑅 2 + 1
𝑙𝑛 (2 𝑃 )
⁄𝑃 − 1 − 𝑅 − √𝑅 2 + 1
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝑃=
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜
𝑅=
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) is given by

∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
(∆𝑇)𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 =
∆𝑇
l n (∆𝑇1 )
2

∆T1 and ∆T2 are shown in Figure 5

Figure 5: Temperature profile for plate heat exchanger

Effectiveness

It is defined as the ration of actual heat transfer to maximum heat transfer that could be
possibly be transferred from one fluid to the other.
𝑄 𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝜀= =
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
Where,
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑚𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
 Also, the number of transfer units is given by
𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
(𝑚𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛

OPERATION PROCEDURE

1. Make all the connections as shown in figure and check valve positions and any
leakage through the system
2. Connect the equipment to the power supply.
3. Switch on the main system.
4. Adjust the desired flow rate of water
5. Switch on the electric geyser set the hot water temperature say 50 to 60 0C.
6. Allow sufficient time for thermal equilibrium to attain between hot and cold water
7. After reaching to thermal equilibrium conditions, note down the readings of
temperature by rotating knob.
8. Note down the reading of hot and cold-water flow rate.
9. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates.
10. Follow the steps 1 to 8 by changing the flow conditions through the test rig.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Hot Water Cold Water
Sr.
Flow rate Inlet Outlet Flow rate Inlet Outlet
No
(LPM) Temp. (°C) Temp. (°C) (LPM) Temp. (°C) Temp. (°C)

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Turn off the electric geyser.

2. Allow cold water to flow through electric geyser till its temperature goes down to
room temperature.
3. Turn off the main switch on the control panel.
4. Turn off the main switch and disconnect the test rig from the power supply.

RESULT TABLE
 Sr. mh mc Q U ε,
LMTD NTU
No (kg/s) (kg/s) (W) (W/m2K) Effectiveness

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Plot results of Overall heat transfer vs LMTD

2. Plot results effectiveness vs LMTD