AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR AERODYNAMICS 209

lllErwin, J. R., "Early Work on Supersonic Compressor," Aerodynamics of

Turbines and Compressors, Vol. X of High Speed Aerodynamic and Jet Propulsion,
edited by W. R. Hawthorne, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1964, Sec.
G, Chap. 1.
112Ferri, A., "Aerodynamic Properties of Supersonic Compressors," Aerodynamics
of Turbines and Compressors, Vol. X of High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propul-
sion, edited by W. R. Hawthorne, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1964,
Sec. G, Chap. 2.
H3Wilcox, W. W., Tysl, E. R., and Hartmann, M. J., "Resume of the Supersonic-
Compressor Research at NACA Lewis Laboratory," Journal of Basic Engineering,
Transactions ofASME, Ser. D, Vol. 81, 1959, pp. 559-568.
114Klapproth, J. F., "A Review of Supersonic Compressor Development," Journal
of Engineeringfor Power, Transactions ofASME, Ser. A, Vol. 83, 1961, pp. 248-268.
115Conrad, O., "Statistische Untersuchung von fJberschallverdichtem," Jahrbuch
1965 der WGLR, 1965, pp. 374-383.
116Conrad, O., Pleiss, J., and Weber, T., "Study of Supersonic Compressors,"
FTD-HT-23-1436-68, Feb. 18, 1969.
HVChauvin, J., Breugelmans, F., and Janigro, A., "Supersonic Compressors,"
Supersonic Turbo-Jet Propulsion Systems and Components, edited by J. Chauvin,
AGARDograph 120, 1969.
**sLieblein, S. and Johnsen, I. A., "Resume of Transonic-Compressor Research at
NACA Lewis Laboratory," Journal of Engineeringfor Power, Transactions of ASME,
Ser. A, Vol. 83, 1961, pp. 219-234.
llgBullock, R. O., "Critical High Lights in the Development of Transonic
Compressor," Journal of Engineeringfor Power, Transactions of ASME, Ser. A, Vol.
83, 1961, pp. 243-257.
t20 Calmon, J., "Le Developpement du Compresseur Transsonique a la SNECMA,"
Technique et Science Aeronautiques et Spatiales, No. 5, 1965, pp. 431-445.
121Breugelmans, F. A. E., "The Supersonic Compressor Research at the von
Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics," Paper presented at 1st International Sym-
posium on Air Breathing Engines, Marseilles, France, June 1972.
122Thiaville, J.-M., "Tassement des Compresseurs Axiaux," L'Aeronautique et
l'Astronautique, Vol. 44, 1974, pp. 21-31.
123Benser, W. A., "Transonic Compressor Technology Advancements," Fluid
Mechanics, Acoustics, and Design of Turbomachinery, edited by B. Lakshminarayana
et al., NASA SP-304, Pt. II, 1974, pp. 581-602.
124Simon, H., "A Contribution to the Theoretical and Experimental Examination
of the Flow Through Plane Supersonic Deceleration Cascades and Supersonic
Compressor Rotors," Journal of Engineeringfor Power, Transactions of A SME, Ser.
A, Vol. 95, 1973, pp. 233-243.
125Simon, H. and Bohn, D., "Experimental Investigation of a Recently Developed
Supersonic Compressor Stage (Rotor and Stator Performance)," ASME Paper
74-GT-116, 1974.
~26Wennerstrom, A. J. and Hearsey, R. M., "The Design of an Axial Compressor
Stage for a Total Pressure Ratio of 3 to 1," ARL 71-0061, 1971.
127Wennerstrom, A. J., Frost, G. R., and DeRose, R. D., "Test of an Axial
Compressor Stage Designed for a Total Pressure Ratio of Three to One," ARL TR
74-0001, 1974.
210 AIRCRAFT ENGINE COMPONENTS

~2~Wennerstrom, A. J. and Frost, G. R., "Design of a Rotor Incorporating

Splitter Vanes for a High Pressure Ratio Supersonic Axial Compressor Stage," ARL
74-0110, 1974.
~29Wennerstrom, A. J., Buzzell, W. A., and DeRose, R. D., "Test of a Supersonic
Axial Compressor Stage Incorporating Splitter Vanes in the Rotor," ARL TR
75-0165, 1975.

Reference 130 describes a typical computer program that may be used for
preliminary design of the hub-to-tip flow passage.
130 Bryans, A. C. and Miller, M. L., "Computer Program for Design of Multistage
Axial-Flow Compressors," NASA CR-54530, 1967.

For blade row geometry selection, Refs. 131-134 summarize some meth-
ods originally developed in the United Kingdom based on cascade data
correlation.
13~Howell, A. R., "The Present Basis of Axial Flow Compressor Design, Pt. 1:
Cascade Theory and Performance," British Aeronautical Research Council, R&M
2095, 1942.
~32Andrews, S. J., "Tests Related to Profile Shape and Camber Line on Compres-
sor Cascade Performance," British Aeronautical Research Council, R&M 2743,
1949.
133Carter, A. D. S., "The Low Speed Performance of Related Aerofoils in
Cascades," British Aeronautical Research Council, CP 29, 1950.
134Howell, A. R., "Flow in Cascades," High Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propul-
sion, Vol. X of Aerodynamics of Turbines and Compressors, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, N.J., 1964.

References 12, 13, and 135-139 cover methods and considerations in-
volved in cascade data correlation in the United States.
135Lieblein, S., "Incidence and Deviation-Angle Correlations for Compressor
Cascades," Journal of Basic Engineering, Transactions of ASME, Ser. D, Vol. 82,
1960, pp. 575-587.
136Lieblein, S., "Loss and Stall Analysis of Compressor Cascades," Journal of
Basic Engineering, Transactions ofASME, Ser. D, Vol. 81, 1959, pp. 387-400.
13VWright, L. C., "Blade Selection for a Modem Axial-Flow Compressor," Fluid
Mechanics, Acoustics, and Design of Turbomachinery, edited by B. Lakshminarayana
et al., NASA SP-304, Pt. II, 1974, pp. 603-626.
13aSerovy, G. K., "Utilization of Cascade Data in Axial-Flow Compressor Design
and Analysis--A Critical Review," ASME Paper 70-GT-108, 1970.
139Serovy, G. K., "Deviation Angle/Turning Angle Prediction for Advanced
Axial-Flow Compressor Blade Row Geometries," AFAPL-TR-77-81, 1978.

Cascade data procedures developed in the USSR are reviewed in Refs.

140-142.
14°Bunimovich, A. I. and Svyatogorov, A. A., "Generalization of Results of
Investigation of Foil Compressor Cascades at Subsonic Speed," FTD-MT-24-69-68,
1968.
141Bunimovich, A. I. and Svyatogorov, A. A., "Aerodynamic Characteristics of
Foil Compressor Cascades at High Subsonic Speed," FTD-MT-24-69-68, 1968.
 AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR AERODYNAMICS 211

142Komarov, A. P., "Investigation of Flat Compressor Grids," FTD-MT-24-69-68,

1968.

Losses produced by transonic and supersonic operation are studied in

Refs. 143-147.
143Miller, G. R., Lewis, G. W. Jr., and Hartmann, M. J., "Shock Losses in
Transonic Blade Rows," Journal of Engineering for Power, Transactions of ASME,
Ser. A, Vol. 83, 1961, pp. 235-242.
144Mikolajczak, A. A., Morris, A. L., and Johnson, B. V., "Comparison of
Performance of Supersonic Blading in Cascade and in Compressor Rotors," Journal
of Engineering for Power, Transactions of ASME, Ser. A, Vol. 93, 1971, pp. 42-48.
145Huffman, G. D. and Tramm, P. C., "Airfoil Design for High Tip Speed
Compressors," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 11, 1974, pp. 682-689.
146prince, D. C. Jr., "Three-Dimensional Shock Structures for Transonic/Super-
sonic Compressor Rotors," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 17, 1980, pp. 28-37.
14VWennerstrom, A. J. and Puterbaugh, S. L., "A Three-Dimensional Model for
the Prediction of Shock Losses in Compressor Blade Rows," ASME Paper 83-GT-
216, 1983.

Some additional papers on subjects related to blade selection are Refs.

109 and 148-154.
14~Smith, L. H. Jr., "Secondary Flow in Axial-Flow Turbomachinery," Transac-
tions ofASME, Vol. 77, 1955, pp. 1065-1976.
149Dzung, L. S., "Consistent Mean Values for Compressible Media in the Theory
of Turbomachines," Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 58, No. 10, Oct. 1971, pp. 3-10.
~5°Brown, L. E., "Axial Flow Compressor and Turbine Loss Coefficients: A
Comparison of Several Parameters," Journal of Engineering for Power, Transactions
ASME, Ser. A, Vol. 94, 1972, pp. 193-201.
151Esgar, G. M. and Sandercock, D. M., "Some Observed Effects of Part-Span
Dampers on Rotating Blade Row Performance Near Design Point," NASA TM
X-2696, 1973.
152Smith, L. H. Jr. and Yeh, H., "Sweep and Dihedral Effects in Axial-Flow
Turbomachinery," Journal of Basic Engineering, Transactions of A SME, Ser. D, Vol.
85, 1963, pp. 401-416.
153Smith, L. H. Jr., "Some Aerodynamic Design Considerations for High Bypass
Ratio Fans," General Electric Co., Advanced Fan and Compressor Aerodynamic
Operation, Tech. Memo 74-131, Feb. 1, 1974.
154Koch, C. C. and Smith, L. H. Jr., "Loss Sources and Magnitudes in Axial-Flow
Compressors," Journal of Engineering for Power, Transactions of ASME, Ser. A, Vol.
98, 1976, pp. 411-424.

Methods for blade section and blade row computation and stacking are
described in Refs. 155-158.
155Frost, G. R., Hearsey, R. M., and Wennerstrom, A. J., "A Computer Program
for the Specification of Axial Compressor Airfoils," ARL 72-0171, 1972.
156Frost, G. R. and Wennerstrom, A. J., "The Design of Axial Compressor
Airfoils Using Arbitrary Camber Lines," ARL 73-0107, 1973.
157Frost, G. R., "Modifications to ARL Computer Programs Used for Design of
Axial Compressor Airfoils," ARL 74-0060, 1974.
212 AIRCRAFT ENGINE COMPONENTS

~SSCrouse, J. E., "Computer Program for Definition of Transonic Axial-Flow

Compressor Blade Rows," NASA TN D-7345, 1974.

A useful system for estimating compressor size and weight is given in Ref.
159.
~59Sagerser, D. A., Lieblein, S., and Krebs, R. P., "Empirical Expressions for
Estimating Length and Weight of Axial-Flow Components of VTOL Powerplants,"
NASA TM X-2406, 1971.

Programs for design analysis are the subject of Refs. 160-180.

x60Hetherington, R., "Computer Calculations of the Flow in Axial Compressors,"
Internal Aerodynamics (Turbomachinery), Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
London, 1970, pp. 57-63.
161Marsh, H., "A Digital Computer Program for the Through-Flow Fluid Me-
chanics in an Arbitrary Turbomachine Using a Matrix Method," British Aeronauti-
cal Research Council, R&M 3509, 1968.
162Davis, W. R., "A Computer Program for the Analysis and Design of
Turbomachinery--Revision," Div. of Aerothermodynamics, Carleton University,
Ottawa, Canada, Rept. ME/A 71-5, Sept. 1971.
163Davis, W. R., "A Computer Program for the Analysis and Design of the Flow
in Turbomachinery, Part B--Loss and Deviation Correlations," Div. of Aerother-
modynamics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, Rept. M E / A 70-1, July 1970.
164Davis, W. R. and Millar, D. A. J., "A Comparison of the Matrix and
Streamline Curvature Methods of Axial Flow Turbomachinery Analysis, from a
User's Point of View," Journal of Engineering for Power, Transactions of A SME, Ser.
A, Vol. 97, 1975, pp. 549-560.
16SSmith, D. J. L. and Frost, D. H., "Calculation of the Flow Past Turbomachine
Blades," Axial and Radial Turbomachinery, Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
Convention 1970, Vol. II, Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol.
184, Pt. 3G(II), 1970, pp. 72-85.
166Glenny, D. E., "An Application of Streamline Curvature Methods to the
Calculation of Flow in a Multistage Axial Compressor," Aeronautical Research
Laboratories (Australia), Note ARL/M.E. 346, 1974.
167Glenny, D. E., "Performance Evaluation of a Multistage Axial Compressor
Using a Streamline Curvature Model," ASME Paper 75-WA/GT-10, 1975.
~6~Hearsey, R. M., "A Revised Computer Program for Axial Compressor Design,
Vol. I: Theory, Descriptions and User's Instructions," ARL TR 75-0001, Vol. I,
1975; "Vol. II: Program Listing and Program Use Example," ARL TR 75-0001,
Vol. II, 1975.
169Novak, R. A. and Hearsey, R. M., "A Nearly Three-Dimensional Intrablade
Computing System for Turbomachinery," Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transac-
tions ofASME, Ser. I, Vol. 99, 1977, pp. 154-166.
17°Novak, R. A., "Through-Flow Calculations in Axial Turbomachinery,"
AGARD-CP-195, 1976.
17~Biniaris, S., "The Calculation of the Quasi-Three-Dimensional Flow in an
Axial Gas Turbine," Journal of Engineering for Power, Transactions of A SME, Ser.
A, Vol. 97, 1975, pp. 283-294.
~72Hirsch, C. and Warzee, G., "An Integrated Quasi-3D Finite Element Calcu-
 AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR AERODYNAMICS 213

lation Program for Turbomachinery Flows," Journal of Engineering for Power,

Transactions ofASME, Ser. A, Vol. 101, 1979, pp. 141-148.
173Katsanis, T. and McNally, W. D., "Fortran Program for Calculating Velocities
and Streamlines on the Hub-Shroud Mid-Channel Flow Surface on an Axial- or
Mixed-Flow Turbomachine, I: User's Manual," NASA TN D-7343, 1973;
"II: Programmer's Manual," NASA TN D-7344, 1974.
174Wilkinson, D. H., "Calculation of Blade-to-Blade Flow in a Turbomachine by
Streamline Curvature," British Aeronautical Research Council, R&M 3704, 1972.
175Katsanis, T., "Fortran Program for Calculating Transonic Velocities on a
Blade-to-Blade Stream Surface of a Turbomachine," NASA TN D-5427, 1969.
176Katsanis, T. and McNally, W. D., "Fortran Program for Calculating Velocities
in a Magnified Region on a Blade-to-Blade Stream Surface of a Turbomachine,"
NASA TN D-5091, 1969.
177McDonald, P. W., "The Computation of Transonic Flow Through Two-
Dimensional Gas Turbine Cascades," ASME Paper 71-GT-89, 1971.
178Dodge, P. R., "The Use of a Finite Difference Technique to Predict Cascade,
Stator, and Rotor Deviation Angles and Optimum Angles of Attack," Journal of
Engineering for Power, Transactions of ASME, Ser. A, Vol. 95, 1973, pp. 185-190.
179Dodge, P. R., "A Non-Orthogonal Numerical Method for Solving Transonic
Cascade Flows," ASME Paper 76-GT-63, 1976.
18°Hantman, R. G., Mikolajczak, A. A., and Camarata, F. J., "Application of a
Two-Dimensional Supersonic Passage Analysis to the Design of Compressor Rotors,"
ASME Paper 74-GT-97, 1974.

Reference 181 describes a computer program that functions in the design

mode, combining an axisymmetric solution for the component of the
equation of motion (nonisentropic, streamline curvature) at hub-to-tip com-
putation stations fitted to blade row leading- and trailing-edge shapes with a
blade row definition system based on Ref. 158. This program requires more
detailed input than that of Ref. 130.
18XCrouse, J. E. and Gorrell, W. T., "Computer Program for Aerodynamic and
Blading Design of Multistage Axial-Flow Compressors," NASA Tech. Paper 1946,
AVRARCOM TR 80-C-121, 1981.

References 182-187 outline methods for end wall boundary-layer predic-

tion.
XSZHanley, W. T., "A Correlation of End Wall Losses in Plane Compressor
Cascades," Journal of Engineeringfor Power, Transactions of A SME, Ser. A, Vol. 90,
1968, pp. 251-257.
~S3Stratford, B. S., "The Use of Boundary Layer Techniques to Calculate the
Blockage from the Annulus Boundary Layers in a Compressor," ASME Paper
67-WA/GT-7, 1967.
~S4jansen, W., "The Application of End-Wall Boundary Layer Effects in the
Performance Analysis of Axial Compressors," ASME Paper 67-WA/GT-11, 1967.
is5 Horlock, J. H. and Hoadley, D., "Calculation of the Annulus Wall Boundary
Layers in Axial Flow Turbomachines," British Aeronautical Research Council, CP
1196, 1972.