Scribd
Upload
18 views15 pages

LG 1 (Coronary Heart Disases)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is defined as impaired heart function due to inadequate blood flow, leading to significant mortality rates in industrialized countries. Key risk factors include smoking, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle choices such as physical inactivity and alcohol consumption. Prevention strategies focus on dietary changes, smoking cessation, blood pressure management, and targeted interventions for high-risk individuals.

Uploaded by

rekanshwan5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views15 pages

LG 1 (Coronary Heart Disases)

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is defined as impaired heart function due to inadequate blood flow, leading to significant mortality rates in industrialized countries. Key risk factors include smoking, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle choices such as physical inactivity and alcohol consumption. Prevention strategies focus on dietary changes, smoking cessation, blood pressure management, and targeted interventions for high-risk individuals.

Uploaded by

rekanshwan5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Coronary Heart Diseases

Professor Dr. Kameran Hassan Ismail


MBChB, HDCAP (Sweden), M.Sc., Ph.D.,
FSPA (OHIO, USA)

Head of Higher Education


College of Medicine
Hawler Medical University
Definition

 Impairment of heart function due to inadequate blood


flow to the heart compared to its needs, caused by
obstructive changes in the coronary circulation to the
heart.
 It is the cause of 25-35% of deaths in most
industrialized countries.
 Presentations (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction,
heart arrhythmias, cardiac failure and sudden death).
Changes in the Pattern of diseases

 Epidemiological transition
 Demographic transition
 Changes in ecology and lifestyle
– Industrialization
– Urbanization
– Motor vehicles
– Air pollution
– Changes in diet,
– Sedentary life,
– Use of tobacco products,
– Alcohol and other drugs
Risk factors

 Smoking
– it is responsible for 25% of CHD deaths under 65
years of age in men.
– The risk of developing CHD is directly related to the
number of cigarettes smoked per day.
– Its influence is synergistic with other risk factors
(HTN & elevated serum cholesterol).
Risk factors

 Smoking
– The risk declines quite substantially within one year
of stopping smoking
– The risk of a fatal recurrence of MI may be reduced
by 50% after giving up smoking.
Risk factors

 Hypertension

– Hypertension accelerates the atherosclerotic


process especially if dyslipidemia is present.

– Both systolic and diastolic components are


significant risk factors.
Risk factors

 Elevated serum cholesterol


– Triangular relationship between habitual diet, blood
cholesterol-lipoprotein levels and CHD and these
relationships are judged to be causal.
– LDL is most directly associated with CHD.
– VLDL (atherosclerosis) is more strongly associated with
peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication)
than with CHD.
– HDL is protective against the development of CHD.
Risk factors

 Diabetes
– The risk of CHD is 2-3 times higher in diabetics than
in non-diabetics.
– CHD is responsible for 30 to 50% of deaths in
diabetics over the age of 40 years in industrialized
countries.
 Oral contraceptives
– Women using oral contraceptives have higher
systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
– The risk of myocardial infarction in women seems to
be increased by oral contraceptives.
Risk factors

 Genetic factors
– A family history of CHD is known to increase the risk
of premature death.
– Genetic factors are probably the most important
determinants of a given individual's TC and LDL.
 Physical inactivity
– Regular physical exercise increases the
concentration of HDL and decreases both body
weight and blood pressure .
Risk factors

 Type A personality
– Type A behavior is associated with competitive
drive, restlessness, hostility and a sense of urgency
or impatience.
 Alcohol
– High alcohol intake (75 g or more per day) is an
independent risk factor for CHD, hypertension and
all cardio-vascular diseases.
Prevention of CHD

 Primary prevention
– Population strategy
 Dietary changes
 Smoking cessation (smoke-free society)
 Blood pressure lowering
 Physical activity
– High risk strategy
 Identifying risk
 Special advice
 Secondary prevention
Interventions in Population strategy

1. Dietary changes :
– reduction of fat intake to 20-30% of total energy intake
– consumption of saturated fats must be limited to < 10% of
total energy intake
– a reduction of dietary cholesterol to below 100 mg per
1000 kcal per day
– an increase in complex carbohydrate consumption
(vegetables, fruits, whole grains and legumes)
– avoidance of alcohol consumption
– reduction of salt intake to 5 g daily or less
Interventions in Population strategy

2. Smoking smoke-free society.

3. BP. lowering : ( potential benefit , safe , low cost )

2-3 mmHg in BP. of pop. great in CHD.


Aim is to mean pop. BP. Levels ( by prudent diet ,
regular physical activity & wt. control )

4. encourage regular physical exercise esp. in children.


High risk (targeted) strategy

A. Identifying risk: (hypertensive, smokers, strong family


history, obese, diabetics, young women using oral
contraceptives .
B. Specific advice :
1. Advice and motivate high risky group to take positive
action against risk factors
2. Treat hypertension
3. Stop smoking
4. Decrease serum cholesterol.
References

You might also like