Continuity and Differentiability

02
Algebra of Continuous Functions

Theorem 1: Suppose f & g be two real functions continuous at a real

number c, Then
01 (1) f + g is continuous at x = c
Continuity (2) f – g is continuous at x = c
(3) f.g is continuous at x = c
Continuity of a Function at a Point (4) f /g is continuous at x = c, (provided g(c) ≠ 0)
Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers & let c be
a point in the domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if lim f ( x ) = f (c ) Theorem 2 : Suppose f & g are real valued functions such that (fog)
x →c
is defined at c. If g is continuous at c & if f is continuous at g(c), then
Continuity of a Function in an Interval (fog) is continuous at c.
Suppose f is a function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then for
f to be continuous, it needs to be continuous at every point in [a, b]
including the end points a & b.
03
Continuity of f at a, lim+ f ( x) = f (a )
x→a
Differentiability
Continuity of f at b, lim− f ( x) = f (b)
x →b A function f is said to be differentiable at a point c in its domain, if its
A function which is not continuous at point x = c is said to be left hand & right hand derivatives exist at c are equal.
discontinuous at that point Here at x = c,
Left Hand Derivative,
f (c − h ) − f (c )
= L.H.D. lim = Lf ′(c)
h →0 −h
Right Hand Derivative,
f (c + h ) − f (c )
= R.H.D. lim = Rf ′(c)
h →0 h
Theorem: If a function f is differentiable at a point c, then it is also
continuous at that point. Therefore, every differentiable function is
continuous, but the converse is not true.
04 05
Algebra of Derivatives Chain Rule
Let u, v be the function of X. If y is a function of u, u is a function of v & v is a function of x.
1. Sum and Difference Rule ( u ± v )′ =u ′ ± v′ Then,
dy dy du dv
= × ×
dx du dv dx
)′ uv′ + u ′v
2. Leibnitz or Product Rule ( uv=

 u ′ u ′v − uv′
3. Quotient Rule   =
v v2
07
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

f ( x) f ′ ( x) Domain of f ′
1
06 sin −1 x (−1,1)
1 − x2
Implicit Functions
−1
cos −1 x (−1,1)
An equation of the form f(x, y) = 0 in which y is not expressible in terms 1 − x2
of x is called an implicit function of x & y. 1
Derivative of Implicit Functions tan −1 x R
1 + x2
Let y = f(x, y), where f(x, y) be an implicit function of x & y. −1
Firstly differentiate both sides of equation w.r.t x cot −1 x R
1 + x2
dy 1
The take all terms involving on L.H.S. & remaining terms on sec −1 x | x |> 1
dx | x | x2 − 1
R.H.S. to get the required value. −1
cosec −1 x | x |> 1
| x | x2 − 1
08 09
Logarithmic Differentiation Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Form

Logarithmic Differentiation is a very useful technique to differentiate The set of equations x = f (t), y = g(t) is called the parametric form of an
function of the form f (x) = [u(x)]v(x), where f (x) & u(x) are positive. dy dy / dt g (t )
equation. Here, = or
We apply logarithm (to base) on both sides to the above equation & dx dx / dt f (t )
then differentiate by using chain rule, in this way we can find f ′(x). The
process is called logarithmic differentiation dy
Here, is expressed in terms of parameter only without directly
d x d 1 d x dx
=
dx
( e ) e x , dx
= (log x) = & a a x log a
x dx involving the main variables.

10 11
Mean Value Theorem Rolle’s Theorem
If f:[a, b] → R is continuous on [a, b] & differentiable on (a, b). Then If f :[a, b] → R is continuous on [a, b] & differentiable on (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a ) f (a) = f (b), then there exists some c in (a, b) such that f ′(c) = 0
there axists some c in (a, b) such that f ′(c) = Y
Y′ b−a

X′ a c1 c2 b X
Y′
f (a) f (c) f (b) In the above graph, the slope of tangent to the curve at least at one
X′ X point becomes zero. The slope of tangent at any point on the graph
o
of y = f(x) is nothing but the derivative of f(x) at that point.
Y′
The Mean value Theorem states that there is a point c in (a, b) such that
the slope of the tangent at (c, f (c)) is same as the slope of the secant
between (a, f (a)) and (b, f (b)) or there is a point c in (a, b) such that the
tangent at (c, f (c) is parallel to the secant between (a, f (a) & (b, f (b))
 Questions
1 (d) lim f ( x) must exist but lim g ( x) need not exist
1. If f ( x) = x 2 sin , where x ≠ 0, then the value of the function f at x = 0, x→a x→a
x
so that the function is continuous at x = 0, is 5. Consider the following statements:
(a) 0 (b) –1 x2
1. lim exists.
(c) 1 (d) none of these x →0 x
 x2 
 p 2.   is not continuous at x = 0
 x 
 mx + 1, if x ≤ 2 p
2. If f ( x) =  , is continuous at x = , then x
sin x + n, if x > p 2 3. lim does not exist
 2
x →0 x
Which of the statements given above are correct?
np (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(a) m = 1 n = 0 m
(b) = +1
2 (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
mp p
(c) n = (d) m= n=
2 2 6. The function f (x) = cot x is discontinuous on the set
3. Consider the following statements: (a) {x =np : n ∈ Z } (b) {x = 2np : n ∈ Z }
1. The function f (x) = greatest integer ≤ x, x ∈ R, is a continuous  p   np 
function. (c)  x =(2n + 1) ; n ∈ Z  (d)=x ;n∈ Z 
 2   2 
2. All trigonometric functions are continuous on R. Which of the
statements given above is/are correct ? 7. The function f (x) = e|x| is
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (a) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) continuous and differentiable everywhere
(c) not continuous at x = 0
(d) none of these.
 f ( x) 
4. If lim
x→a   exists, then which one of the following correct ?
 g ( x) 
(a) Both lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) must exist x
x→a
8. What is the set of all points, where the function f ( x ) = is
x→a
1+ x
(b) lim
x→a
f ( x) need not exist but lim g ( x) must exist differentiable?
x→a
(a) (–∞, ∞) only (b) (0, ∞) only
(c) Both lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) need not exist
x→a x→a (c) (–∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) only (d) (–∞, 0) only
9. The function f (x)= x cosec x is 10. Consider the following statements :
(a) continuous for all values of x I. f (x) = |x – 3| is continuous at x = 0.
(b) discontinuous everywhere II. f (x) = |x – 3| is differentiable at x = 0.
(c) continuous for all x except at x = np, where n is an integer Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) I only (b) II only
(d) continuous for all x except at x = np/2, where n is an integer
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

Answer Key

1. (a)

2. (c)

3. (d)

4. (a)

5. (d)

6. (a)

7. (a)

8. (a)

9. (c)

10. (c)