In r dc t n.

Th f l − l owingt re p obl ms ofcom bn t

us
st (N e+ )/2] n umbrsca e n m
e etofoddn umb r − s.
2 ) L e r(N ) denote th ema x − i mal u − n mbe o m {1, .., N} w tho t nc l u d i
g a yt hre te r a ri h m et c a por g ss on
√
It sknwo nt ht
Ne − β
log N  r(N )  N (l − ogN minus − parenright α
wih c rta n
r−w−ep
eari a e − k r b no−u n dw as gv n − e o y
ido n
3) A S s e t i a s et f in t − ee − gr wit h t − he p r op ry t h t lls um
s
at
p ai r ae d iff er−e n , th i,t h e eq a − uti on x+ y = u + v ha s n oo l tui − o
et, c a s n y
n t hi s e x pt t he t √ iv l o − lut i n s gv e b x= u, y = v a nd
T e m a xim a l c ard al i ys ( N)o f a Si do nst A ⊂ [1N ] s a isfi s
√
vline
N − c1 N 5 22 < s(N ) < N + c2N 14
he e − x po nenti n h elo w o − bu − n d e − d pn
d ff e ren ceb e tw ee co ne u iepr ime s an d t e im pro ve men ov r
Edro−hungarumlaut
i
T u rán 0sb ou nd s d et oim pro ve dre s u sonp rm es
T heco m mon feat u r − e ofthe e p obl emsis ta−h t t hey re re
at−e d
l i n eareq u a i − o semicolon − n i n c − a se 1comma − parenright x + y = z in case
e
x + y = u + v. W t yt oc onsdr th s oto frpo be m f org e er l
Spoedb un ga r − i nN aionalFo n a t onfo Sc enificRe arc comma − h Grant
No . 190

a−n−d−C −N

RLa o M at ma e D r eM ar s l
 f

a 1 x1 + ..+ a − kxk = b (1.1)

wit x1, .. , xk ina s e tof i − n teg es .

So m eofthesee quation shav e “ tr vi a − l ” sl−o u t − i ons that n e edt obe
x − eclu−d e fro m he consid e
thr eei d e nt−i c lnu m b e s , i n Sid o quoteright − ns pro l e m ,s co l − e ct onsw hr−e
p e r ge ne a , w e efi ne tr i − v
one − period1. D e fi n t − ii − o n . As su me th
equa io n (1.1parenright − comma and the e − r ar l d iffe r e nt a mong t − h e m . Le t

{1, ..., k} = T 1∪ ... ∪ T l

be t he par ti n o f t es eo f s ub s r pst i n o di js o ntn on e m pt p arts T n
∈ ν f i n

X
ai = 0, ν = 1..., l, i
i ∈T ν
t i
a ndn on r val ot her ws e .
a−i
C l ra l − y tr v l so−l ut io ns e x to nly if b = 0 n − ad
n − a co l c t o k i d e n t i c a e t r val slo tui o n ,w e
h il a
t n L
1.2 D e f nii io
. . et

N) = m A: A⊂
oe s t A s u h hat e q @io n (1. )h a
s
no nont r i va so l u ion w i hx i ∈ A
t
a nld etR ( N be h e ana l ogo u sm a x mu mo v r s t s u ch tha t e u at i on (.1
parenright−period
Ni n oF rhe = e qu a i − t n x + y a =
s ha lls e t hat r(N ) ∼ R(N ). W e s hal a l − s o meet eq uato−i nsf r wh
i − ch t e − hs qu ant t − i esb ha vev erydiffere t − n y ( S e − ci−t on 3 ) .
W e shallt ry t − o fi n d es it m ates or t e
a e
rt an c a so f e q uat i n sW e sh al ls co n id rt h e pr o bem oi nfi n ste s wt h
s e
t i
u a slt n
Inc onn e c io w h eq u in (1 .1) wes a wt h a tthe v n shi no f t hec o sta nt t e
c
m ba n the sum t o
o f he c e ffii e t s
 r N) ≤ R( N ) =
O n t he o the r h and , if b 6= 0or s6= 0,t e n r(N ) >λ N w th s ome
λ >0
all N l ar ge en ouh .
parenleft − one2)canb
e
pr o v d wi h Roth O t hem te ods r fo H eth - ( 19 90 ) to
e

obtai n

1.3)

w t h a p s t ivecon a nt α d p e dingo n he co ffi ci ent s1 , .., ak. T h e

t hat r(N )  N if b 6= 0 or s 6= n0 is s ated t y Kom ls , Suy okand Szem
e 197 , an d was rob by know n ongb eoreth t .ó
( T e cond
v xk − i s a oui−t o n , ois txone − comma...
a i
t a nsl ton inv a ri a n e (f x1. ., xk is asou ito n , o 1 + .., xk+ T hi do b e i n v
i nc e a o p ay s a i maor nt reo in th e stu d o f r(
F s h r w es hl lca leqau ion s wit h b =s=
nt
b6= 0o rs 6= 0 n o i va r ia .
N o nn nt eq u @o ns h ve dr awn eat t nt on sof a r. T h et i r( N) N is
ea y,b ut er em a n m an y no tr va u n ed p o b
Wes hal co nisd e rn on in vaar n te uato ns i n t he s eco nd p ar ,a nd d ev t
u
firt p a r to in vari a nteq a t os .
N t−a i n . Sets ofint
say A, d eno esa s et , t heco r − respo ndi n g R o man e − l t t − e ris s − u
ed to denot c ou i − n g f uncti n w thout anyf u here planation , so that

AN ) =| A ∩ 1, N ] | .
2. Lo we r bo u n ds . R ecal th atw e co n − si er the equa i − to n

(21) a x + ... + ax =0
. 1 1 k k
1
dfr a d n l o+ w r = e s w h d h o in gr e
n
i ee s n fi t q

(22 ) u ≤ kk
n n
 of rvia Tlsl ui o n i add so mecomo plin atio onn,s how e vn cu b e pa roo f . x n
ti o t s
t 1 = 1an d d fine un rc u r s ive−l y
X X
( )−1
(two−period 4) un 6= − ai aixi
i − elementS 1≤ i ≤ i − comma 6∈ S
r e v r y tS ⊂ {1, .. k}o f s − ubsc pt s uch th at i ∈ Sai 6= 0 a n dev e r
c ho eo f xi ∈ {ku1j ... un − 1}f o ri 6∈ S. For a t m ) r t h

j1 j −1 =n − (n − 1) −1 n .
= k−1
Co n seq u n l y − comma w e a ne xt e n dour set b y a n n t g − ee r un ≤
kn . T hi s wi a u o m
g
minus − onew th
4)w t − a 2. l o
(
us ei nd u tio . T hes at e m e tis ob v ou ly r urefP on 1 W ee s b lsh i fo na s s
m ng li y at reis o
u i ts vd i t f r n1. p e h P te a uonandl
S d enote t h e s t o t o u sc rp t for w h ic h x = n f
i ∈ Sa i6= 0h,t
c ont ad i t
by u w ee t a o t ern o n r v a ls oul tio n , w h ichcon tr a d ct n d o
1 g n i

h p othe sis .
T he gr e − e d yalgo i − r t hm pr obab ly n eve−r i − g vest he correct
ode r ofm agn
tude . In t h − e

lea tofor dr N 2 /.
Th esa me ma gn i ud e ( up to a cno s a tn) can b ahi ved b y
o dr o
r a nd o m co n − s t c − uton
Be hr n s m e h d h a ga ve t h e ha r low e rb o u ndf rt hre−e −t e m ar t m et i
e o

l p o g re s ions

oa clas s − period
2 . . De finitio n . W esa ytha t a ne qu tion a1x 1 + ... + akxk = 0 i−s o
t y e (l, m
 , ., al a nd bbe ap

√
st ima te
N ) N e lo − gN (

h o l − ds.

me n
b e
ri al argu m ny ield etr e s t m at es tha
n R o
h0s
m ehod31. Def initon .
W

fy ea, − a.
Sido ’ se qu a ton i sa typ i − c a e xa pl .
Asy m m e t − ri eq atio nc anbe e − ra rang−e d as

(31) a1x1 + .. + lxl = a1x + 1 + .. + ax 2l

( a − f i ≤
32 . T h o r em l
. L et ≥ 2, and e t a, .

1/l
(3)
Proof . L t A ⊂[ 1, N ] b ea ny s e t , a n dw ite | A |= M. Fo an
nte le t t(n) de noe t h e um bero

x + .. + axns=
11 ll
X
e 1 . +l l
t( n)= M .
X
2
3 1 ) w i h xi ∈ A, i c − lu i − dngt

4 )
 ai= 0
d x − is − i o n s t − a nt or ∈ T j. Ea ch T j must have t e st t wo
elem ent h en e m ≤ l. At mo t M m s o u t o n s b e on g t−o a
fixe dp a t t − i io n − comma h e n c th
tot l nu
c − hha t 3 .

M 2l
SN ≤ P SN
th a ts , M ≤ (P SN 1/l whc hpr ve s ( . 2 )
N e xt
= xeom fn d c . E
xm n e − rmsof h−t e o t er xν ν 6= j, m, a
M2l− 2s − o luti n − o s . Tak nginto ac count the k2 p s s − i b e ho ces of i and
the nu m ber ofs o − l utio sw it h a t e − l ast one repeated v a u − e o f h ev a
ri ble
a t m ost ( )

k2 M two − l − 2.
F oraset A in w hich t − h e e − r is no so uti n of ( 3 . 1 w ith di tin t xi we
o bt

(k
M − line2 l
)
N
S 2M
d parenleft − three reo e W esho w that n g e n r
y an ysm al r nu m b e.
3.three−period The or em . Fo r e v e y−r l ≥ 3a nd ε >0
the reare po i iv ei nt−e g e

a1. ..alsuchth−a tf o
.5 ) R parenleft − N )  N/ − .

e eq u at n
u t m = two − l, andlet A co s s − i to fth i n b c − on a − t ins o n − l y t h e
i − d g st 0,1, ., d − 1 W e s h w t h a
n
s o l nw i h d ff e e tel em e nt ofA. C o ns d e r a y ou tio of (3 .6)i A
 d ition of h et bas

j +,1
ll sj, t at s , x1 =t x1+ 1.≡ α+ 1j ( a dc n s u n α1j = αl + 1 a T h he
n um e ofs uchinte er u p t o N s  N delta − comma w her
s

δ= g gd 1
l og m = 2 l g d + log l > 2 −ε

/ε
>
if d l .
n iG gonena st yeioefficrce qns)s u c tparenleft−three t
T eo−r em 3two − period an be a pli−e dto de duce abo u n d fo r ertai
nnonsy m met r
equ a o s

7) a 11 +. . + akk = 0.
35 . D mb er m sch tat. the

{1, ., k } = T1 ∪ .. ∪
n−i
t he st ofsubscr p − t s nto m dis o tnon emp t y se s T such tha
X

i∈Tj
f ore ver y j.
a−t n of g

r(N )
o n i d rtheauxi ary equ tion m e j

(3. bmym = y 1
F r m ny olut o o f 3( nine − parenright we ca nm a k e a o − sl ut−i o nof (3).
b y s t − tn

x(j) = yj and xi = y m+j fo

 =n yj =
an da c ho ce o n f or w hc h th e ri hg t sid e do e s ot va n h p ov est heno
u
n r i lty o f t h esol
i
t
n (i. N o w
n
4 . Sid o s ets .A se t A ofi nt eg es isca l e d a Si d one t i fth e q u atio
x + y = u+ v w i thx , y , u v∈ Ac a nhold o n l tr v − ialy, th ti s ei t he x =

y= vr x= v, y = u.
ui v
rm g i vs th eo o in g u s ul e q ae nt c o − n d i − to n. F o r a nin e
e
er
g n e
δ( ) d n t th e n m b r o s − outi ns o n = x − y , x y ∈ A. Teh s e A i
i
iS d ns e a n o ny
f
Th i sis asy m m e ci e q a on, hu s the e sim at O( N ) f rthe
nali yof a Sdo ns tfollo wsr om Th ore m 3 . 2 . ere m re prec e est
are a aia be . H o i
l
e
4 . Th o rm .A S i dn s − e t A ⊂ [1, N] al aysat f ies

(41) | A |≤ N 1 2+ 1/4 + 1.
.
undinH a e sto am – R o h 1 9 6 6 . Anothe rp d rooo−hungarumlaut fw
f sa r − e base d nt h i d a
We s allde du ee a(41) fro pm apr o p r − ty thwhi eh−cisp e r ha p s ofa nid ep
in eres . c . e n
t
4two − period T e or em . Let A ,B be n o empt fini e etson−i
f te ers , | A
s−s a is ns
|B=n . A ume h t A a Sd o t − e. T he n

4 | ≥
m+
n−t
i g − ee − r ua eebi−vul
(u) n
X
σ(u) = | A || B |= mn ,
o − f t h e a r hm e t c a n 2

(43) σ(u − parenright2 ≥vline

|
 a n be a t m ost s ( 4 sou ton a = m a0, b = b0. Conse qently ,b w h ch w e
h e h nr P
l i

u) ≤n n
c m pa i g hi san d (43 we o t in ( 4. 2
P ro o f o f hT e o re m 41 . As
h−e r e m42tohesetB={e

N +n−1 |A +B ≥ .
m −1
Ths gv s√ al
√ √ √
m) m] 2−
√
m m − m m +m = m +m −2 m m =( m−
√
h i − s y e ds aq adratic n q ui y − t f o r

√ p√ √ /
m + one − line + + 1 < N +N +
1
4. 3. T h ere m . F or i − n fin ite ym y − n − a vaue o f N
th r eare w h 12

45 | A ≥N .
Pr o − of sof(
e
cca n e e o em sdu
e : p + 1 r es−i d u s m odulo p + p + 1( Singe 19 38 ) , a nd p e i − s dues
m odu p2− 1( Bos e 1nine − four2 ), w h er e p i sa po wero fa p rime ( P r oof s
f − o t eser s − u l a d fu ther info r ma io−n ca n befoun di n H albe sta m –
Roh one − parenleft966)) B o
c o n − sr − t c to nsare ba s − ed o np r p r − e i s of fin t efield s − period
W e pre e nta s milar c ns t − rut−c ion w h c − h, how ee−v r , ap pi esonl
yth e e is ence of ap rimtiver oot mo ulo a p r − i m .
−1 inegers s much tha the b su a m p rs i a + aT h a r ealdi c f f e ento nm
o ul. o (a p − 1)

p t t i j
gt
s u Ic numbes . e b c ou n n h iff e e ceai − aj tha t c tbh r
 period − six) ai + aj ≡r mod p(p− 1))
hs a tm ost oe olu ionin i, j( u
va ne t othe s t e m tw co on guen es

ai + aj ≡ r( modp − 1parenright − comma i−a + aj ≡ r(mo

tha
i + j ≡ r( m o d p− ), g + gj≡ r
he i n eg e r − s x1 = g, x2 = gj s ai−t y
x1+ x2 ≡ r ( m d p), x1 x2≡ g r mod p), an d c
r m o ud o p. F r o m h e qu e − ness o f a c o i − r z t i
u e
un q uss ene o t p r m utat
Theorem 4 . 1 es m at e s rN ) f o rS ido ’ se quation . Wi h a smallmo
di
c t on o th eagu m e n as i − ghl−t y wea k − e r est ma tec an be i − g v nf or R(N ).
a − s nos l − o t i o wi t − h f ou ds−i i nct eel men t sof A.
S 1/2 1/4

(.8 |A |≤ N + 4N +
4 7 Th eor . Le A, Bbe n o n − e m ty fi n te se s − t o | A i
e ak ns 2

49 bar − A + B≥ vline
3m + n−
e a m e − a t k2 imvu−le−sou
nst
I nd ed , t − aea n y u > 0wi t δ(u >1 ,a nd et w b e t e m a l st ele
o A f orw h c h w − u ∈ A. T ak ea ny o hrs out i n o f u =
S − i n e h ef our n m e r w, w − u,y = x − uan not be all d i si n t b
t
min ima it o f w e ha e y= w . Thu s the r e sa tm o o e u th e s o − lu whi h
s
sh o ws ( u) ≤ 2 a nd if t eh r i o ne,t h e nt he w o sol ut on sha o m m on l m e
nt w.Fo r ny uwit h δ( u) = 2 et w(u)be th i s com e em e n
 d − e n equ a tion w fA
2 , h ust erea rea tmo s − t mu − s ch u m e r . B ythe sy m e y
(u) = δ(
t − h e rear eato ge h er a t mo t m − two u h u mb
t
, ukk ≤ 2m, b e enozronumer
h
Fo l o w t
men t o t h epr o o o T he re m 4 2 weo b ai n
P P
i g he arg u

σ(u)2 ≤ n (n − 1) + m−n + 1
minus−b
b = ui
E ach ui has atm os t n re p r − e entaPo − i nsint h isa t m os kn ≤ m2 n, a
d weh a − v e f b h c e n 2
c − a b ec p ete k ≤ t at f o − e − h m

T re
g
of The r e m 4 . 6 g o e salon t he s a me ln s a o Th eor m 41
5. Age n e ai zat on of Si do nse q u tion .I n h ss e tin w escon i d
t h ee q ua o n
s q − un − e cein which parenleft − five1) h s − a no ontr−i v ials lu to
n is o fte nc led a B s − e quence . T
m 32w e k n w th at r(N )  N . T
@o n( pe t
eq u 5. ) ri u sto o b a in t hi s r sul t bya n ea sy oun t i g ag
me . L e A ⊂ [, N b e aso lu tio −f ee s e | A|
n

der sregare d ) o s A + l − 1.t Th s esu ms r T d ere ntnr teg rs , all es

r
tha n lN d . T h syid s l e ae i i e l
i l ml

( )
vline ≤ m +l − 1 ≤ lN,
(r N m parenleft − l )! /lN
O ntheo t

( (N ) ≥ (1+at ) N
Bo se – h owl a ( 9 6 2 – 63 , seea soH i h eli m − it t am
1
imr(N )N − /
exist s − comma e e − c pt int hec ase l
 ion 5. 1)w
(54)P r of
( o (
. T ak eas R(N tA ⊂) ≤bracketleft−one , 1+ ) 1 .
N comma−bracketright |A ) l| − =M N =R( N ), inw
hi c − h(5.1)
nosou tio n w it h ldi−s t nctintegers For d e oðeν ber o so luti ns o f
∈
( n = x1 + .. + xj xj
)
nd et jn e th e n m be o f ol u o o f .5) w th he re ti c t n t
x1 , ... , x a a ld i st2πi tt.
We w ri e()= e a n dw

f () = ea)
aA
e
hav
t ,
(t)j = σ (n) (n )

’ s f m u−l−a y i e l d

M . n
P
I C onsidert hesu m 1s(n2 . t c o − un
. B yt e a s s u m, xp io no n − A we kno

c j
eq uation (.1)re d c − es to th
Th e n u m be−r fsl i − t n s o f t is quat io nis sl − 1n )2 Ta k in g i to a c c
o t h e lp os i lb e cho ces o fi , j a nd th e M p o s si b l t i e s o i w e fi n d
th t

X P
s ln)2 ≤ l − two M sl1n2≤ 2 M M −. (.6)
− l 1

N o w w e estimat e t hes u are mean of l(n) −s−l n). T h s q uantityis

n umbero f those sol ti onso f parenleft − five.5) i nw h ch xi = x j holds for
o me i 6= F o − r fix ed i and j hi si s equ lto h − t enum b er of ol uit o − n s of

n = 2x − one +x 2+ .. + xminus−l ,
whc h w e sh l l de not e byq n.We co n c u () h a t

σ (n) − sn) ≤ l qn). (57)

. l( 2 (
 0
Z Z
(
( 2l − 2 )1 /parenleft − l− 1) 1 2l − 2 ) 1−1/l − 1)
1
= M l − /l − 1)M l1−1 / (−
(σ(n) − s )) ≤ l4M l − 1.
√
Ml ≤
√
= 2 MM M + l M−
− ( o 1 l1−
e c − an b e integraltext − d − e − c − u − deo f o m l − d − e − quoterightön r s i n
e m oment s | f | f o r m a o − g a r i t h m caly c n I n p r cu ar ,w eh av l−2/(l−)

parenleft − five. 10) M minus−l 1 ≤ Ml ) 1 M (−1 .

( To d edu e ( 510 ) , o n e c an a p ly H ö lders in qual i − t y for f slash − twol−)

f l (l − 2)/parenleft−l
− parenright − one, with
(5.9 )n − d (.10) andraisng
bt an −2 l
(5.11) Ml ≤ (1 + o − parenlef t1)l M.
A ower estima te o f M l w as gi v nin Sec t i − o n semicolon − three(3period − four) yds

(5 Ml ≥M
lN .
( +(
o
6. A u pe rm ult i l
et m netheoptime alw ex r ponee o n son l − yp for tf wa e uw @r ons It . ip eer
ha
d r i a e q i . s p
is e as th ef

m log (N )
γ = lim
logN , Γ= lm lo g N

exist?
Th ony po sbi i ty t o
r
b t − w e n − efae lu e sfi−nd ) ro diura e t − sima
nv W s ide n u to n

61 ) a1x1 + .. . + akxk = 0 .
T he c − on i − d t i − o n wi l − l b ec o nne ted w i − th the p ar i − t t on s

(.2)
6
X

(6 3) i ∈ j a i= 0, j =1, .
a − n y s ub se o fs ub s c r i pt

et − sT
P
W r ie

S = | ai .
6 . 3 . Theo r e . I − f eq a − u io n ( 6 . 1 ) isp rimi ive , hne fr na
y in te−g e n2 we hav e

(6.
a so u − t o −n rs t

65 )
i on ( 6 . 1 ) ah s onl y tiv i a
t h a t h − e nu b − m ers
n − period6( .parenright − one i m − ples t h c n − og une
X
ai ui ≡ 0 (modS n1)
x S i + yn = uqt+v aos o Inna be to h etp s A6 ha v e at fi l astw oel e en
hs : eeq uat i so s o s i e t m t

(u 1 + Sn1v ) + ( u2 +S nv2) = (u 1 + Sn2 ) +( u2 + Sv1).

6 . . T h−e o r e m . or a pr miti eequ i−t o n he l−i

mit i l o r(N )

γ = l − im g
l og N
e i

r (k ≥ −1nkds)
T

k=
l og S n weh a e N ≥ parenleft − Sn)k, h ence r(

g
N)  N


lo
N lo

h mp ii = l m−i o−l g lor(N ) ≥ rparenleft − n)vline ≥l g

for eve yl − ims we hlgo rn)o−l ( a v S loline−g rn

l − og n
p ss lyi f the ppe a l imi s ar 7 . Equ atio ns i nf our v a − ria be−l s
. Any equat on n t − h re v
√
−β lg N −α
7 )
( 1 Ne o
n β
wi iboiv−e−c−o a s m or α idpi ct r on t I Seoe
v √
p articu l − a rca s e , S idon ’ sequ at o comma − n and had r(N ) ∼ N.
T elow eres RN )  N 1slash − three o owsf rom T h orem 2 1 . Thisca
n be mp ov d folo wing a y . f l l e i re
l w
 o g

1/2 ≤ γ = Γ .
w e how thtr−parenlef
a
tN
n R(N
) a e − r notv

r(N  R(N
w ith m epos ive o nta nt β depe din gon th e ce fficie n
Proo . W ite th eequatin as

ax1 + a2x2 + ax − plus3

T a − k e a se t A ⊂ [1, N
comma − bracketright | A |= R(N ), in whi h e q − u a to n
w t h o r di stn c n u m b r .
o
b y x − i weg t − e a ne q atio i n t n on t i − v a so l t n i n And u es as
l t on too n eo f a m o s six eq u
in t he ev a r a be ,s a

7) bj1 1+ bj2y2 + bj33 = 0, j = 1, .. , J, J ≤ 6.

c e s
F o r ea h j l tB j ⊂ [1 N ] b e a s et o it gr inwhc eq u
aton (7 .
u
n so to n ndi
| jB  e−
lgN ;
su chs es x ist by T here m 23
\
∩ (B + ), 0A
,
√
p rN )≥ 0 N e − βl
t edi 7( .o r or tpo (o − f − t) y T h , 2 ) . We ca n wrt eaneq ati n oftype 2
, 2 ) i n t − h e f rm

7.5) a X + bY = cU + dV, ab, c, d > 0, a+ b =c + d.

, (

ho r m . F r t e eu n (5√ ) e h ve

6) r(N )  N
 , d epen ding on sq Pr o o f W ri e a+

Sp0 zero − lessequal ,0 < p

C − l early | B |= p a d−n B ⊂1 , Sp2. W e a reo ng t os u dy so u tions

5
o i n B. E − q u at o (7 e − rd uce−s t
)

e − ls − daxby ≡ +vd ( mo d Sp . niS ce oths de s

ar e i n th e nt e v [ 0,S p) , th ym us t beqe ul . W ec onc l u de t ha

parenleft − seven.9)
o ns q en y

ax + by 0 = cu0+ dv 0 ,
wic hinturn y eld s

x2 + by2≡ u2 +d
Th esquar e
22 2 2
(7 1
7 2 0 b e 2 a i y2 + =

ax +
c n 7 1 m 7 2 w e t 2

)
13 b( ≡ − m )
m
[0, p, thse o n− e ncs m ply x = y, u = v.. A sc ub itti ni n
gpr n u

now s how s t h a t x = y = u = v an
e t on y i f a cbd isa q u ao aicr es d
c
If a cd is not asqu a e , t h n w ec a o e are i − d e m o ulo 8ab
h o
t
tha t (q, 8ab − cd ) = 1 an d abcd s aq ua d cn n esidue for v − e eryp r i m e
a
h
( mod 8abcd − parenright.I n ee comma − d e he o − r em ofq uadrati reci r city
t t
a ndth ðe
onthe q ua dr−a t c c h rat−c ero f 2 sh ow tha tthe J o b s m b o − l acd

)d
p

fact o t nheoe ccur dwi th t hesa mefr equ ncy ).b Bythep r − e sm ± 1 numbert ,
y e i e
 S
N
r( |=

I − fa c − bd = t2 w th a − n nt ger t > 0 t h n w eca nrew i − rte(7 period − one

(x −y) ≡ )u−
f th e + n s va id , the n h s n± d ( 9 ) lea dto .

u ≡ (c+ )x + (b c−)y,. S v≡ (
If
d e ob

( 6 Su ≡( −t + bc + t)
tio nxB c < εp t h l s o wh r e e m oB i n w s e r e res n a t i

2S2 + 2t.
F ora s l t i − o nof (75)am
m

ata ee:
(7.17) cSu = (a−c + t)x + (bc − ty, dSv = (ad − t)x + (bd + t)y,
o

( ) cSu = ac −)x + bc + y dSv = ad +)x+ (bd−

b t − periodhT he n h − t e fi r s t qua t − i o n o one − period7) is a n i q u a
t o − n) in t r e e ad thr e s ase t C1 ⊂ [1,ε p] su c − h th at his e u ai−t o n a
s no s ol t o n i
√
nd
|1| p ec vline
log p
t ea s ly ink r g − i − n th a
th e q u at on s of 7 17 ) r educe ot u = x, v = y and t he yind uc
e
et s o − l t n − o (r − e a lt ejust state dequ a s etw e c effi c − ie ts
i−t
) , so w take C1 = [1, εp ] ∩ N . Sim i − l r l w ce n − o t − r uc a et
C2o−f rt heequa t − i o ns (
 √
0 −c
ly ri ialsou−t i o n s a isf in g(7.14 ) we obta n

r () ≥| B |  N e−

0
asc aime .
r
= r yo = eq
, v, = x, s i − n − s − tq u e
u
e
w can s m
(one − nine5)( f o n ein en ds t o handleo lyS idon sets an d n o tg en
r−e a l e q u
m a y d t a l − s fo t he p oo f b e mo e su erfl uou ) . Al h ou h consr−t u
b ase−d on fin e − tfi dl so rth o ne g v − e nin Se n − o − i9 yied
s arpe se i
t − h is c ntru c i − t on has ce t a nap pl at ons w ere t cannot be repla
he oth ero n e − s. A o − s, the othe cons ruct ons don otsee m t − o a dmit
gener a za ion o arb taryeq ua t − i onsas t h i one .
N o w we can e a sl yd d uce T heo r em 7. 1
exsteP nc eo f γ f folow sfoe mmTh o F er pm .5.
i f o urv ar a bl si s ( a c o − nst an m ul
t e e q a i − t y γ = Γ, n d h o − e rem 7 . 3 i mpl−i es γ ≥ eslash−one 2. e

vline
Fo e − q uato no t y p e ( 3 1 T heo m 2 . 3 yi ed s γ = 1, fore qu a
ons ge nus 2 ( t e es mu tbe sym mer c ) Theorem s 3. 2 an d 7
f
u a i onso g e ns 1 a d t y p (2, 2)t e v au eof γsi un kn o wn. W e s ho t
ha f r this c as s o − f e q ut o n st h reis no u i e − vrs l no n tir v a pu p er o u

foγ.
7 . . T e ore m . For ever y ε > 0 th ris ane quaio nof t y−p e
(2 2 an
g nu
P rof . We t kea nine g r ≥ 2 a n dc on iderth e qu at i − o n

7 ( x y ( u v
eq a o o(7. 1)b as n ono tr vian lsolu ions ne A. g g o . W w

uAsu
t hem e c L e j b et a e n o ale uq a . (17.9 )yi l

(d + 1)xj − dj + yj dj ≡ (d − 1)ujj + 3v j dj(md − o d1 ,

tha ts ,

xj + yj+ uj ≡ 3v j ( mo dd ). (71)

Si nce xj, ..period−comma vj a r e a lin zero − bracketleft

B y d e fi nit i − o n of ht es e B t hi i mp i − le t h t th ey ac n tBy
A(N )  N lo g Bbar − slash og ,
henc e
lg B |

o d .
E

γn> t−ε.
tan β, a

8 . Finit e a d i nfiit eset s . B s i ese sti mtin gh es izeof fi te set

o n ec a n s o n ho wden e a n n fi t
o in of e u t n

( 1) a 11 + ... + kx =.
Su cha s t A s − a tisfies g e n m wh e h e r t he r s a − n
ma y val s f )sN . Moer (1 53) h mod fid B hr nd r0 s o nta ruto i o nto
tfin
a ninfi nt eset o A tha to tins9 no three t e rm arte hm e ical scprog res on n
sat sfies n a - i t i a
√
−β
A (N ) N e lovline N
t
h i−s c n eonefo
d rs an e ua a e d 3.
 A(N ) r
parenleft − b) T e − h re i saninfi ites et A ofp o s i t v ei nt gerss u c so
u − t ion n A w ith k d ffer n − e n umbe rsa n d
P ro
as t Ai fuc ht hatt = | a a u t = S r e v r yi t e g

s i− i
) ]
−1 m ,m ,
and e q − ua s o u i Wo .wLe t j eb t − h e m i xim aln m eb r o r w hc h Aj c
aonxti−ans .anx y xi.

Slb ehen eto

X X
vextendsinglevextendsingle vextendsinglevextendsingle
≤ j−1 |a|
i∈T i element − T i
X X
vextendsingle vextendsingle and
− j
vextendsingle aixi m )vextendsingle ≤ m jminus − one |a|.
∈S ∈S

l i − e − kvextendsinglevextendsingle P w e o b an vextendsingleP vextendsingle i f or

i = 1 ∈S fi rs
X
a n−d eight − parenleft.2) yelds vextendsingle
n d , t ∈ Saein S 1 .
S i − n cethe q − e ua t − i o n s of genu s 1 , weh ave T = ∅, h t−a
is , xi ∈ Aj fora w h i c hcontr
A−s−s u m e h t m≤

( )≥ j ( m
2(mj+
1 )≥1
r u − v − parenright
h − ee − s c o − n d s t e p w e u s e d h − tieen qualt y ≤ ur
(
T hisc nclu s he p oof aofcasen g(ta−parenright Cas e ob−parenleft is q c o m
li teyc ana og
d . ) p
 (8. ) lim i − nfA( N ) N < ∞
ogN
( s e St ö h r ( 1955 , H l ers−t am – Roth (nine − one66, C I − I, 3) W e
no wpr
m s. A ssub meth a−ti−tquao (1 i n f in teset A of po s i ti v i neeg ss uc h ha 8. )
ial
ha nn on i s o

in Aand
(8.four − parenright
Thisc o − rre o − pn dso p ar (a) of T eo r − e m 8 1 . We do
t − o kno w ny
ex ens i − o no fpar t ( b ) .
P
lo g r(

γ = lm
e x − it − s s . Ou rtask i − s toco stu−r c − t an n fi n tese t A s t − a is

A( N ) = chagN γ
m i = S(i +r e1) a s base s : g n ng se s y

0 + αmm + ..
Fo r e − a ch i e t Bi ⊂ [comma − zeroi] be aet ofin ee s in wi hequ aio n ( 1 )
ha olu i − o n , 0 ∈ Bi a n
i
bracketlef t − one +1 b yta−r n s − ltg−n
i i tb i t s fi r l me e − nt .o − Nw w e
,
c
ast h e c le t n o f al i te g es n i nw h os de o p oi to n 8. 5 alt h d α i
i
aiy α ∈B
T h e fc t ha t (8. 1)ha sn o n ontr val so l ini n A c anb esh o w n t hep r oof
.
T
of he ore m6 3 .
W e tm

m0 m1.period − period mk ≤ N < m0 m .mkm + 1.

Fors uc han N weh a
v

AN 0 k
e ε
≥
B| =r+ 1) +1
 N ≥ ii0 i ≥
g − etha at s − l o t h e i e u a l i t y
ed . i
tah t s f or
c i − e nt y a − l rg e . Si nce A( N ) ≤ r(N ) ≤
ut of n ths sect onap il ;u +v enn io ned (sev e .3)g)e, th a 2 t e sfi r stoe
not h od . T he ec n dm ya e hld (E d o − hungarumlautt onjec ur esi tdoes )t,
bu t m u c h e
l
istenc e ofa Sdo n s − e t sa s y n g

(N ) ≥ 4 − 1/3N 1/3
A .
Byex pl t − radical − i ng the p − se ial formo this eq ua t i − o , the c
ns ants−i e asi yim
p roved o vline
b
ndth fe o w h ingi
m
8. 3. T ho rm . The reis n infin i − t e Sidon et A sati f − s yi n g
e 1slash − three

(86) A( N)  ( N ogN ) .
9 . Concud i − n g r em ar ks . W e defin d t r − h e pro per e q
andp r − i m ii−t ity w h ic h
ur s − tim t − ae − s arec m a − ptblew t − h t e − hf − o ll w − o ing p ss−i
biity ( t er eistoo i − l t
po s i − tive sup po t − r toc a − l li a conjec tur colon − parenright

(9.1) γ = 1/gnus
o
f r e er yeq u ti n .
e a o ni g n probl
t hey e ist ( t hep
im tsi−f h − t isass mp t − i o n s − i drop edparenright−period
T h e − s i mples eq uat on for wh chw edon tknow t hev lu eof
γs − ix + 3y
2u + 2v Ido not kn−o w an t h ng m o e than γ ≥ 12 by Theo em
7.period − one
 e γ ≥1 /k
nd a i mp ro e m n t othi ine u l y ( s a γ≥ 2 /)?
Ac kno wledgeme n ts . I am g eat−l y i d b et d to Prof s − e sor V er aT . S
ó h m ainstm ua t − ino f o
al op r o fi − t e dm uchf om disc s oi s with Pro es−s or R . Freud .
R efe e nces
Ajti , . Komlsan d E S zm eredi ( 98 ) , A de ne nfinite Sd onsq e n e , E M roe a
Jn. C o mbn . 2 , 1 – .11 e ´ 1 1 s i i eu c
F.A Behren (19f our−six , On etsofin e − t ge swhi hcontainn th r − e − ee − t r m
– 3 ) , Theoe
P . E r do o − hungarumlaut s a d P .MTa u á H n ( 1 4 ) , O n – 1a47p o b e m o f don
nad it venum b ertheo r yan s − o m e r e atdprob e m sJ. H.Hab e s t a me and
2
K F . Ro t h (d19o66,SM u h enc s , C 6lae do n , . Lo ndon ( nd e d . Springe
New r York , 1983 ) . ) eq e rn D . R . H eth-Br ow ( 198 ) Int e − g
er se tc ont a ningn oa i t hmetic pores ion , J Lond o M a t . Soc 3 5 385394 i
r rg s .
Kom ó s , M . Su ,l ok – a nd E . Sze m
i
. u m ber he r y , yA t a M a t h Hu g ar .2´61 13125 rp ro b ems
1.nea
inc ombin to r Lind str ötm parenlef t − one969, A n i nqualt for B - se q e n c e s J
.Co
L.Mse r ( 95 ) , O n n o av e a g i n g y s e s ofine g e s , Canadia nJ .nM a t h . 5 ,
2 4 – 25−−1 2.12 . R o th 1 ( 1 9 3 ) , O
J . S i g e r ( 1 9 3 8 , A t h e ore m iinsf i−nit ep fr jecties , J go me oryanh o
nstom e , applicati
n s onu mb theor y , T r an s Ame . M
A St ö h r 155, .Ge ö tun du n g e ö t e 3F r 3a e n 3 ube r Basen d − e rn atu ic
enZ ahe nreih J . Re neA ng e w . M ah . 14, 4zero − endashs 65 111 – 140 E . S z e m
e ir´ i ( 1975 ) , O tnsetso fin t − e g r c ontain ng n o k elm e n sinari h m e t icp r o g
s o n , Acta rt . 27 , 199 – 245 . e s i e t
E . S zm e r e di ( 1 90 , nteg erse ts containi n g noarth etc og r s i o n s , A ct a
H u n g a r . 5 6 1 55 – 15 I . i m i pr es M@ , 8
MATHEM A TIC A L I −N STITU TE
N G ARIAN ACA DE YO F C I E NCES B U D A PE T ,PF.27 S
364 H N GA R−Y EmalH1140RZ @ ELL.HU
i U A
andinr