V.S.B.

Engineering College, Karur

An Autonomous Institution
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Academic Year: 2024-25 (Even Semester)
CME 380-Automobile Engineering
2 Mark Questions with Answers

UNIT I-VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES

1. State the advantages of frameless body construction over conventional chassis

construction.
• A whopping amount of fuel is conserved because of the drastic decrease in weight,
thanks to this type of construction
• The manufacturing costs are much lower than those of the traditional ways of
frames.
• These Frameless Constructions have better collision properties due to which the
entire frame crumbles and absorbs the body shocks in an event of a collision,
providing better safety to the passengers.
• This kind of a construction allows for better stability, lighter weight and better
handling characteristics for the vehicle.
2. Define lift and drag coefficient of aerodynamics.
The lift coefficient is a dimensionless coefficient that relates the lift generated by a
lifting body to the fluid density around the body, the fluid velocity and an associated
reference area. A lifting body is a foil or a complete foil-bearing body such as a fixed-
wing aircraft.

The drag coefficient is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or
resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. It is used in the drag
equation in which a lower drag coefficient indicates the object will have less aerodynamic
or hydrodynamic drag.

3. What is VVT? Mention its advantages. (April/May-2019)

In internal combustion engines, variable valve timing (VVT) is the process of altering
the timing of a valve lift event, and is often used to improve performance, fuel economy
or emissions. It is increasingly being used in combination with variable valve lift systems.
Advantages
• Improved engine operation
• Increased engine power (which allows the use of a smaller engine to achieve
the same performance)
• Reduced fuel consumption and
• Decreased emissions
4. Mention the necessity of an oil ring in an IC engine.
• These are generally known by the term Oil Control Rings-Scrap the excess oil
• Piston rings help in transferring heat to from the Piston crown to the cylinder walls.
• Excess heat of above 300° is generated during the working of a combustion process,
so as to ensure smooth operation of the Piston it is necessary to ward of the heat.

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5. List down the various aerodynamics forces and moments acting on a vehicle in
motion.
• Aerodynamic drag
• Aerodynamic lift
• Side force
• Yawing movement
• Rolling movement
6. Write the need of using I-cross section in connecting rod design.
An I section is an efficient way of reducing weight while keeping the strength of a
structure in the correct position to maximize compressive, tensional, and torsional
resistance. Having a box structure is also strong for the same reasons but is almost
impossible to cast.
• The I section is easy to cast,
• easy to machine, and
• easy to produce in quantity as well
7. List atleast two IC engine components and material they are made up of.
Cylinder block:
Cylinder is made by high grade cast iron because it is indirect contact of combustion
gases. Cast iron has high compressive strength to handlethe pressure and temperature. It is
made by casting and usually cast inone piece.
Piston:
Piston is prime mover in engine, so it should be light. It is in direct contact with
combustion temperature and pressure, so it should have high strength to handle this
pressure. So generally, piston is made by cast iron but sometimes it is made by aluminium
alloy. Usually it is made by casting.
Connecting rod:
Connecting rod transmits the power to crankshaft. It should have high strength. So, it
is made by alloy steel but in small engine it is made by aluminium to achieve lighter
weight. It is made by forging.
Inlet valve and Exhaust valve:
Inlet valve admits the air and fuel into the cylinder. It is usually made by silicon
chrome steel with about 3% carbon. It is made by forging.
Exhaust valve discharge the exhaust gases. It is made by austenitic steal. It is also
made by forging.
8. Sketch the layout of front engine and rear wheel drive vehicle.

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9. What is frameless construction?
• In this type of construction, there is no frame. It is also called unitized frame-body
construction.
• In this case, the body shell and under body are welded into single unit.
• The under body is made of floor plates and channel and box sections welded into
single unit.
• This assembly replaces the frame.
• This decreases the overall weight compared to conventional separate frame and
body construction.
10. State the function of pushrod and rocker arm.
• The pushrod has the simple function of transmitting the reciprocating movement
of the valve lifter to the rocker.
• A rocker arm is an oscillating lever that conveys radial movement from the cam
lobe into linear movement at the poppet valve to open it.
11. List the classification of chasses name according to its control methods.
a. Conventional-forward chassis
b. Semi-forward chassis
c. Full-forward chassis
12. What are the main components of IC engines?
✓ Crankshaft
✓ Exhaust & inlet camshaft
✓ Piston
✓ Connecting rod
✓ Spark plug
✓ Valves
✓ Cooling water jacket
✓ Cylinder block
13. What are the types of cross sectional frames used in automobiles?
• Channel Section
• Box section
• I-section
• Hat section
• Tubular section
14. What are the forces acting on the running vehicles?
• Lift force
• Drag force
• Thrust force &
• Weight
15. Give the typical specification of an automobile.
➢ Engine
➢ Power
➢ Model motor
➢ Position of motor
➢ Motor dislodging
➢ Most extreme motor speed
➢ Torque
➢ Fuel framework
➢ Turbine
➢
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16. Why a gear box is required in an automobile?
a) The main purpose of a gear box is to multiply the torque available in the driving
wheels so that a wide range of torque is available in the same.
b) Provide the torque needed to move the vehicle under a variety of road and load
conditions. It does this by changing the gear ratio between the engine crankshaft
and vehicle drive wheels.
c) Be shifted into reverse so the vehicle can move backward.
d) Be shifted into neutral for starting the engine.
17. What are resistances to vehicle motion.
• Aerodynamic drag
• Gradient resistance
• Rolling resistance
• Inertia
18. What is chassis? How its design is related to vehicle aerodynamics?
• “A vehicle without body is known as chassis”
• The chassis of a vehicle is the underlying frame that all the parts and panels are
mounted on.
• While its effects on aerodynamics is not as direct as the shape of the body panels
on the exterior of the car, the design and shape of the chassis decides what the
exterior can look like.
19. What are the advantages of diesel engine in cars?
 Its efficiency is high while comparing with gasoline engines
 It has Better Durability
 It produces Greater torque&
 It has Good resale value
20. How are automobiles classified based on capacity? Give examples.
• Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) – Large and bulky motor vehicles – e.g: Large
trucks, buses
• Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) – Small motor vehicles – e.g: Cars, Jeeps
• Medium Vehicle – Relatively medium sized vehicles – e.g: Small trucks, mini
buses
21. What is known as Unitary or monocoque construction in automobile?
• Monocoqueis a structural system where loads are supported through an object's
external skin, similar to an egg shell.
• The word Monocoque is a French term for "single shell" or "single hull".
22. Write any two merits and demerits of horizontal engines?
Merits of horizontal engines:
1. The inertia forces of the reciprocating parts combined together to give an
impulse to the chassis frame of the vehicle as the stroke of the engine piston is
horizontal. If the cylinder head is towards the front end of the vehicle, then a driving
impulse is obtained from the engine. This impulse force slides the engine forward on a
smooth floor when the running engine is placed on the floor. Therefore, a vehicle
fitted with horizontal engine tends to push forward the moped or the scooter by its
impulsive force.
2. Fuel economy is also more.
Demerits of horizontal engines:
1. The crankcase cannot be used for storing lubrication oil for splash
lubrication.
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 2. There will be excessive wear at the lower side of the piston and cylinder
liner where the cylinder liner gives support to the engine because the weight of the
piston is carried by the cylinder liner.
3. Consumption of lubricating oil is more due the lubricating oil which
dribbles from the bearings returning to the crankcase, but it is thrown out by the
centrifugal forces

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 UNIT II –ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS

1. What are the advantageous of electronic fuel injection system over conventional
injection system?
• A major benefit of EFI systems is the greatly improved cold and hot starting
performance
• Fuel Consumption is lesser in EFI
• It produces more Power
• Enhanced Reliability
2. What are the various pollutants in I.C engine? What are the effects?
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas produced due to incomplete combustion
of fossil fuel such as petrol, diesel etc. It reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of
blood. It causes health effect such as coma and death. It is one of the green housegas,
so it increases the globe temperature.
Oxides of nitrogen
Fuel containing nitrogen is burnt in combustion chamber. Lot of nitrogen gas
is emitted from exhaust of the vehicle. Nitrogen react with atmospheric oxygen to
form nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid. Nitric acid corrodes the metal and non-metallic
material. The formation of acid rain is due to the presence of nitric acid.
Smoke
Smoke is produced because of insufficient mixing of fuel and air. It contains
carbon monoxide and carbon di oxide. Smog is produced by smoke. It gives harmful
effects to men such as asthma, eczema, lung and stomach cancer.
Sulphur oxide
It is formed mostly from the combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels
such as coal and oil. In atmosphere it can be converted to sulphuric acid and resulting
in the formation of acid rain. It may damage the plants. It causes eye irritation and
breathing problem to healthy person. It corrodes metal.
3. Decode: TCIS and WGT.
TCIS- Thermostatically Controlled Intercoolers
WGT- Waste Gate Turbocharger
4. Why a catalytic converter in a modern-day IC engine is called three-way
catalytic converter.
Most present-day vehicles that run on gasoline are fitted with a "three way"
converter, so named because it converts the three main pollutants in automobile
exhaust: an oxidizing reaction converts carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned
hydrocarbons (HC), and a reduction reaction converts oxides of nitrogen (NOx) to
produce carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and water (H2O)
5. Write the expansion of GT type turbocharger and write the significance of it.
• “GT stands for Garrett turbocharger”
• They are designed to be smaller than previous turbo generations, have higher
fuel efficiency, more torque, and meet emissions standards.

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6. Compare the difference between MPFI and GDI systems.
In multipoint fuel injection system, there is an injection valve for each engine
cylinder. The fuel is injected before entering into combustion chamber at high
pressure. Amount of fuel is controlled by ECU depending upon the engine operating
combustion. The main advantage of this system is that it allows more time for the
mixing of air and petrol.
GDI is also an electronically controlled system. In this case gasoline is injected
directly inside the combustion chamber and controlled by ECU.
7. Mention at least two types of electronic ignition systems.
(a) Capacitance Discharge Ignition system
(b) Transistorized system
(c) Piezo-electric Ignition system
(d) The Texaco Ignition system
8. Are euro and Bharat emission norms the same? If not then the difference
between them.
Yes, Euro and Bharat emission norms are same. Euro emission standards
define the limits of exhaust emissions from almost all type of vehicles such as cars,
two wheelers, heavy vehicles, etc.
The Bharat stage norms have been styled to suit specific needs and demands of
Indian conditions. The differences lie essentially in environmental and geographical
needs, even though the emission standards are exactly the same.
For instance, Euro III is tested at sub-zero temperatures in European countries.
In India, where the average annual temperature ranges between 24 and 28 °C, the test
is done away with.
Another major distinction is in the maximum speed at which the vehicle is
tested. A speed of 90 km/h is stipulated for BS III, whereas it is 120 km/h for Euro III,
keeping emission limits the same in both cases
9. Compare and contrast between carburetion and mono point fuel injection used
in motorcycles.
The primary difference between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel
injection atomizes the fuel through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a
carburetor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to
draw the fuel into the airstream.
Carburetors may put out a little more pollution through the tailpipe than fuel
injection, but the bigger difference is when the bike isn't running.
Fuel-injection systems are essentially sealed, so they're not allowing unburned
fuel to escape when the motorcycle is parked.
10. Which is most commonly used supercharger in automobile? Why petrol engines
are rarely supercharged?
Centrifugal type superchargers are most commonly used supercharger in
automobile.
A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of
air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the
engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing
power.
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11. Give short note on Unit Injector system.
A Unit injector is a high pressure integrated direct fuel injection system for
diesel engines, combining the injector nozzle and the injection pump in a single
component. The plunger pump used is usually driven by a shared camshaft. In a unit
injector, the device is usually lubricated and cooled by the fuel itself
12. Define “Intermittent injection” of petrol engine.
Fuel injection is now the preferred way of getting the fuel mix to the
combustion chamber in both petrol and diesel engines. An intermittent injection
system pulses on and off to control the amount of fuel entering the combustion
chamber. When more fuel mix is required, the injector is pulsed on is increased.
13. Write the Emission norms of Euro BS IV for petrol vehicle (in g/Km)

Emission Norm CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM

BS-IV (Petrol) 1.00 0.10 0.08 --- ---

BS-IV (Diesel) 0.50 --- 0.25 0.30 0.025

14. Define “Continuous Injection” of petrol engine.

In a continuous injection system, fuel flows always from the fuel injectors, but
at a variable flow rate. This is in contrast to most fuel injection systems, which
provide fuel during short pulses of varying duration, with a constant rate of flow
during each pulse. Continuous injection systems can be multi-point or single-point,
but not direct.
15. Mention the principle of operation of a distributor type pump.
The distributor-type fuel system is found on small- to medium-sized diesel
engines. Its operation is similar to an ignition distributor found on gasoline engine. A
rotating member, called a rotor, within the pump distributes fuel at high pressure to
the individual injectors in engine firing-order sequence.

16. What do you understand by common rail direct injection system? Give its salient
features.
Common rail direct fuel injection is a direct fuel injection system for diesel
engines. It features a high-pressure (over 100 bar or 10 MPa or 1,500 psi) fuel rail
feeding solenoid valves, as opposed to a low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors
(or pump nozzles).
• It delivers 25% more power and torque than the normal direct injection engine.
• Initial cost is low.
• Superior pick up is possible.
• It maintains lower levels of noise and vibration.
• Higher mileage is obtained.
• Emissions are low.
• Fuel consumption is less.
• Improved performance is obtained.

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17. What is gasoline injection system?
If the fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber instead of the
intake port the injection system is said to be gasoline injection system.
18. What are the functions of a turbo charger?
• To reduce the weight per horse power of the engine as required in aero
engines.
• To reduce the space occupied by the engine as required in marine engines.
• To have better turbulence and it ensures more complete combustion giving
greater power and low specific fuel consumption.
• To improve volumetric efficiency of the engine at high altitudes as in aero
engines and at high speed as in racing cars.
• To maintain the power of a reciprocating IC engines even at high altitude
where less oxygen is available for combustion.
19. What do you understand by the term DTS-I?
DTS-I refers a digital twin spark ignition. This technology introduces usage of
two spark plugs having 90° angle which ensures the complete fuel combustion as well
as better fuel economy
20. How does a turbo charger work?
It spins an air compressor by pushing extra air (and oxygen) into cylinders and
it allows them to burn more fuel in each second with the help of exhaust gas to drive a
turbine. The turbocharger on a car is similar to the principle to a piston engine.
21. Enlist the limitations of turbo charging.
(i) Special exhaust manifolds are required for the turbo charging system.
(ii) In order to inject more fuel per unit time, the fuel injection needs
modification.
(iii) In contrast to a naturally aspired engine which can digest solid particles in
the inlet air without undue stress, a turbocharged engine can pass only the minutes
material particles without damage.
(iv) It is difficult to obtain good efficiency over a wide range of operations
since the efficiency of the turbine blades is very sensitive to gas velocity.
(v) Turbochargers are costly and add complexity. Adding a turbo can often
cause a cascade of other engine modifications to cope with the increased power such
as exhaust manifold, intercooler, gauges, plumbing, lubrication and pistons.
22. Write the main requirements of an injector nozzle.
(i) To inject fuel at a sufficiently high pressure so that the fuel enters the
cylinder with a high velocity. It creates finer droplet size of fuel. The momentum of
smaller droplets is less. Hence, the penetration is also less.
(ii) Penetration should not be high so as to impinge on cylinder walls which
may results poor starting.
(iii) Fuel supply and cut-off should be rapid. There should be no dribbling.
23. State any four reasons due to which, the spark plug may fail to function
properly.
a) Sooted spark plug: Insulator nose, electrodes and air space are covered in
velvety, black soot due to faulty carburetion.

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 b) Spark plug insulator damage: Scorching is due to sparks jumping. across the
insulator which may be caused because of spark plug adaptor was worn out, the
rubber gasket was torn out, embrittled or hardened
c) Worn spark plugs: Centre and ground electrode show visible material loss
due to aggressive fuel or oil additives, thermal overload and exceeding replacement
interval.
d) Incorrect tightening torque: It causes traces of hydrocarbons on spark plug
body, broken ground electrodes
24. What is known as valve overlap?
Valve overlap is the period during the valve timing where both intake and
exhaust valves open. The valve overlap is the sum of the angle of opening the intake
valve before TOC and closing of the exhaust valve after TOC. If the piston is
positioned between 4th stroke (exhaust) and lststroke (intake) at TDC, both valves
open

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 UNIT-III TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

1. What is the function of clutch? Give types of clutch?

The function of the clutch is to connect and disconnect the engine with road wheels.
The clutch has to be disengaged during gear shifting, idling etc.
TYPES
➢ Friction clutches
➢ Single plate clutch
➢ Multi plate clutch
➢ Cone clutch
➢ Semi centrifugal clutch
➢ Centrifugal clutch Fluid clutches
➢ Fluid flywheel
2. State the requirements of an automotive clutch.
➢ Torque transmission should be maximum
➢ Gradual engagement of clutch plates
➢ Heat dissipation should be more
➢ Dynamic balancing of clutch components
➢ Vibration damping.
3. Why is gear box necessary in automobile?
➢ The variation of resistance to vehicle motion at different speeds
➢ The variation of tractive effort of the vehicle required at various speeds For
above said reasons, a gearbox is necessary in an automobile
4. What is 4WD & AWD?

4WD refers a four wheel drive car and AWD refer an all wheel drive car.
5. What is tractive effort?
It is the force available at the road wheels for propelling the vehicle.
T = μW
Where, T = Tractive effort μ– Coefficient of friction between tyre and road surface W –
Load of the vehicle
5. Define the term ‘double declutching’ used in sliding mesh gear box.
It is though there is no measure to allow easy meshing of gears Double clutching
technique must be acquired for shifting gears properly.

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6. What is an over drive? Mention its need.
When the speed of the output shaft is greater than the speed of the input shaft, then the
drive is known as overdrive. Example: 0.8:1 or 0.9: 1
Need:
✓ It allows a lower engine speed to maintain the car at heighway speed.
✓ This system saves fuel
✓ Wear on the engine and accessories are reduced.
7. What is a Hotchkiss drive?

The Hotchkiss drive is a system of power transmission. It was the dominant form of
power transmission for front engine in rear wheel drive layout cars. Hotchkiss drive is a
shaft drive systems consists of a driveshaft’s extending from the transmission in front to
the differential in the rear. It uses universal joints at both ends of the driveshaft which is
not enclosed.
8. Mention any two uses of propeller shaft.

1. Solid or open type

2. Hollow or enclosed type
9. What is a fluid coupling?
Fluid coupling is device which transmits torque due to the kinetic energy of the moving
fluid. In a fluid coupling, two members namely impeller and turbine are present.
10. What is the function of transfer box?
The transfer box is used to convert 2 wheel drive into 4 wheel drive. This is mainly used
in hilly regions.
11. What is a universal joint? What are its types?
Universal joint is a type of flexible joint between two shafts who axes intersect and may
assume different inclinations at different times. It is used to transmit power even at
inclined angles of the shaft. Types
Yoke joint Single cardan joint Double cardan joint Rag joint Canfield joint
12. State the functions of a slip joint

The function of a slip joint is to accommodate the propeller shaft length variations, when
a vehicle is moving over a bump or bit.
13. What is a transfer case?

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 A transfer case is a part of the drivetrain of four-wheel-drive, all-wheel-drive, and other
multiple powered axle vehicles. The transfer case transfers power from the transmission
to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts.

14. What is Hotchkiss drive and Torque Tube drive?

15. In Hotchkiss drive, the loads such as vehicle weight, driving torque, braking torque and
side thrust all are taken by leaf springs. Two universal joints and one slip joint are must
needed. In Torque tube drive, the driving torque and braking torque are taken by torque
tube while the vehicle weight and side thrust are taken care of by leaf springs. One
universal joint is just sufficient.
16. What is the function of differential unit?
The function of a differential unit is to permit the vehicle turns without wheel skidding. It
permits higher speed for outer wheels and reduced speed for inner wheels during turning.
17. What loads are coming to rear axle?
Bending moment due to vehicle weight, Driving torque Braking torque Side thrust
18. What is the function of pressure plate in a clutch?
The function of a pressure plate is to hold the friction (clutch) plate tightly against the
engine flywheel.
19. What is meant by differential lock?
A Differential lock will transmit the same amount of power to both wheels on the axle
- which is very useful in 4WD applications where a truck might be stuck and have
problems getting out of deep mud or snow.
20. List the design consideration in selecting a clutch for power transmission
✓ Transmission of torque
✓ Gradual engagement
✓ Dissipation of heat
✓ Dynamic balancing
✓ Size of the clutch
✓ Vibration damping

21. State the function of axle

Axles are an integral component of most practical wheeled vehicles. Theaxles serve to
transmit driving torque to the wheel, as well as to maintain the position of the wheels
relative to each other and to the vehicle body.

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22. What is fluid flywheel and where its used?
A hydrodynamic device used to transmit rotating mechanical power. It has been used
in automobile transmissions as an alternative to a mechanical clutch. It also has
widespread application in marine and industrial machine drives, where variable speed.
23. Mention the function of transfer case box used in all wheel drive vehicle.
The transfer case is used in both 4wheel and all wheel drive vehicles. It is attached
to the rear of the transmission and receives power directly from the transmission. If
the driver selects 4-Lo, power is supplied to all four wheels using a lower gear ratio,
which multiplies the torque from the transmission.
24. Enumerate the forces acting on rear (live) axle of a vehicle
✓ Driving Thrust
✓ Torque Reaction
✓ Braking torque or thrust
✓ Side Thrust
✓ Weight of the body
25. What is a free wheel? What is the importance of the free wheel in the
transmission of an automobile
A free wheel or over running clutch is a device in a transmission that disengages the
driveshaft from the driven shaft when the driven shaft rotates faster than the drives
shaft. It allows the drive shaft of a motor vehicle to continue turning when its speed is
greater than the engine shaft.
26. Write short notes on panhard rod
Its is a suspension link that provides lateral location of the axle.thepanhard bar is a
simple device, consisting of a rigid bar running sideways in the same plane as the
axle, connecting one end of the axle to the car body or chassis on the opposite side of
the vehicle.
27. What are the functions of gear box
✓ It helps the engine to disconnect from driving wheels.
✓ It helps the driving wheels to be driven at different speeds.
✓ It provides the leverage between engine and driving wheels to be varied.
✓ It helps the running engine to be connected to the driving wheel smoothly and
without shock.

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28. Mention the purpose of synchromesh mechanism
Synchronizer equalize the speed of the shaft and gear before they are engaged. To
simplify the operations of changing gears without the occurrence of clashes and their
consequent damages a synchromesh gearbox is used in different types of motor
vehicle.

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 UNIT IV STEERING,BRAKESAND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS

1. Define castor and camber.

Castor: The tilt of the king pin from the vertical reference line when viewed from side
is known as castor.
Camber: The camber angle is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel relative to the
vertical reference
2. Why camber angle provided ?
Cmaber angle altrs the handling qualities of a particular suspension
design.Particularly,a negative camber improves the grip when cornering because it
places the tyre at better angle to the road,transmitting the forces through the vertical
plane of the tyre rather than through a shear force across it.
3. What loads are coming to axle?
Vertical bending load due to vehicle weight
1. Driving torque 2. Braking torque 3.Side thrust
4. What is the purpose of Toe-in and Toe-out?
The purpose of providing a toe in and toe out is straight line stability of the vehicle,
after negotiating a turn.
5. Define wheel track and wheel base.
The distance between the tyre centers, mounted on the same axle is known as wheel
track. The wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels
6. Define king pin inclination.
The tilt of the king pin from the vertical reference line is known as King Pin
Inclination (KPI). It is also called as Steering Axis Inclination (SAI)
7. What are the requirements of steering system?
a) It multiply the turning effort applied on the steering wheel by the Driver
b) When the Driver releases the steering wheel after completion of turning, the wheel
should achieve a straight ahead position immediately , called self-rightening effect.
c) Shocks of the road surface absorbed by wheel should not be transmitted to Driver’s
hand
8. What are the different types of stub axles? Which is the most preferred one?
1. Elliot 2. Reversed Elliot 3.Lamoine4. Reversed Lamoine
Out of these four types, Reversed Elliot is the most preferred type.

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9. What is function of suspension system in automobile?
The function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle and its occupants from
road shocks and vibrations generated by the road surface, while maintaining steering
control and stability at all times.
10. What are the different types of tyres used in automobile?
1. Cross ply tyres 2. Radial ply tyres 3.Belted bias tyres
11. What are the different types of springs used in suspension system?
Leaf springs (Rigid axle suspension) Coil springs (Independent suspension)
Torsion bar (Independent suspension)
12. Distinguish between disc brake with drum brake.

Sl.No Drum Brakes Disc Brakes

1. Relatively cheaper Costlier

2 More weight Lighter than drum brakes
3 Easily subjected to brake loading Offer resistance to brake fading
4 Non uniform pressure distribution Uniform pressure distribution

13. What are the benefits of anti-lock brake system?

o Preventing the wheel from locking at the time of braking
o Keeping the wheel rotating
o Due to rotating wheel, it helps you to steer away the vehicle from the object, while
applying brakes at the same time.
14. Give a brief note on damper.(shock absorber)And state the types of Damper
It is used to dampen the vibrations of the suspension springs. It is mostly used in
independent suspension. Types:a) Mechanical shock absorber b) Hydraulic shock
absorber c) Telescopic shock absorber
15. Define steering gear.
The steering gear is used to convert the rotational movement of the steering wheel into
linear movement of the steering linkage. Moreover it provides mechanical advantage.
16. Give the function of tyre?
1. Braking forces to the Road Surface
2. Changing & Maintenance Direction of Travel
3. Absorbing Road shocks
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17. Define Anti roll bar
Stabilizer or a sway bar is used in all independent suspension to decrease the
tendency of the vehicle to roll or tip on either side when making a turn known as anti-
roll bar.

18. Discriminate leading shoe and trailing shoe

In most modern system for providing the powerful braking on front wheels, the leading
shoes are used at the front and trailing shoes at rear wheels. This arrangement results
the increase in adhesion of front tyres and reduced in adhesion at the rear.

19. Mention any two steering geometry parameters and their significance.

Steering geometry is the angular representation and obtaining relationship between

front wheels.

Castor: The tilt of the king pin from the vertical reference line when viewed from side
is known as castor.
Camber: The camber angle is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel relative to the
vertical reference
20. Differentiate between passive and semi active suspension systems.
Active suspension is a type of automotive suspension that controls the vertical
movement of the wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body with an onboard
system, rather than in passive suspension where the movement is being determined
entirely by the road surface.
Semi-active suspension is a type of automotive suspension systems that controls the
damping force of the shock absorber in response to input from the continuously
varying road surfaces.
21. Enumerate any two merits of using full floating front axle
1. On the other hand, a full floater axle that breaks would not cause the wheel to
come off because the wheels are attached to the wheel hub and not the axle. This
will make it safer for you on the road, especially if you’re hauling a lot of heavy
items.
2. The load capacity of a full floater axle vehicle is higher than a semi floater axle
vehicle. People with SUVs and pickup trucks will benefit the most from a full
floater axle, especially if you haul heavy items on a regular basis

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 3. The axle shaft of the full floater only takes the differential rotational power and
transmits it to the wheels.
22. Mention the type of steering gear commonly used in light motor vehicle.
Most car-based vehicles use rack-and-pinion steering in which the steering
wheel turns a pinion gear that moves on a rack to turn the front wheels. Others use
recirculating ball systems in which ball bearings are mounted on a “worm”-type
steering gear.
23. What is traction control? Mention its significance.
The traction control system which maintains the traction and stability of the vehicle
regardless of the road surface condition is known as traction control.
Significance
• Traction Control systems optimise grip and stability of the car on the road
during acceleration by measuring wheel rotation.
• It stops wheel spin by reducing engine power or temporarily applying the
brakes to that wheel, allowing the car to accelerate smoothly, even on slippery
surfaces.
24. Express a relation satisfying the condition for true rolling condition of a vehicle.
True rolling occurs only when the direction of motion of the vehicle is
perpendicular to the wheel axis i.e. the wheel is subjected to forward force. When
wheel is subjected to side force that acts parallel to the wheel axis, a true scrub action
is produced. When the wheel is subjected to both forward and side forces, the
movement is compounded of true rolling and lateral distortion. This condition occurs
when the wheels are being steered, i.e. the direction of motion is neither parallel nor
perpendicular to the axis of rotation. On a circular path, true rolling condition occurs
when the projected axes of several wheels all moving in different curved paths
intersect at a single point called the instantaneous centre.

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25. With neat block diagram, list the components of a typical traction control
system used in modern passenger car.

26. What is an include angle

The angle formed in the vertical plane between the king pin centre line and the wheel
centre line. A correct measure of included angle contributes to steering ease. Include
angle is around 90-100
27. Name the classification of brake system
1. According to the applications
✓ Service or running or foot brake
✓ Parking or emergency or hand brake
2. According to the number of wheels
✓ Two wheel brake
✓ Four wheel brake
3. According to construction
✓ Drum brake
✓ Disc brake

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28. What is the function of the tension spring in the clutch plate
Tension spring is made of round wire and the spring wire is coiled in a sequence
such that the turn is at right is at right angles of the spring. The gap between the
successive coils is small. By applying load the spring elongates in action. They often
have little loops on the ends to attach to things. The applications of the tension helical
spring are found in carburettors, garage door assemblies, vise-grip pilers, etc.,
29. Name the types of front axles
1. Live front axle
2. Dead front axle

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 UNIT-V-ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

1. What is gasohol?
Gasohol is a mixture of petrol and ethanol used as fuel in internal combustion
engines. It is a fuel which is used in cars and light vehicles. It consists of about nine
parts gasoline and onepart ethanol. Most gasohol used in the U.S.

2. Mention at least two demerits of an electric vehicle?

a) Charging Woes
b) Traveling Distance (Range)
c) Lack of Power
d) Overloaded Batteries
e) Battery life
f) They are Expensive
g) They are heavy.

3. What are the modifications required in an IC engine to use hydrogen?

Since unburned hydrocarbons are not a concern in hydrogen engines, a large
bore-to-stroke ratio can be used with this engine. To accommodate the wider range of
flame speeds that occur over a greater range of equivalence ratios, two spark plugs are
needed.

4. What are the advantages of Electric & Hybrid vehicles?

Advantages of Electric vehicles
o Reduce or even eliminate your fuel costs.
o Reduce car emissions to help the environment.
o Become energy independent.
o Low maintenance
Aadvantages of Hybrid vehicles
o It runs cleaner and has better gas mileage which makes it environmentally
friendly.
o It runs on twin powered engine (gasoline engine and electric motor) that cuts
fuel consumption and conserves energy.
o Lighter Vehicle
o Good Resale Value

5. Define Bio fuel with any one example.

A bio fuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from
biomass, rather than a fuel produced by the very slow geological processes involved
in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil.
Examples of bio fuels include ethanol (often made from corn in the United States and
sugarcane in Brazil), and biogas (methane derived from animal manure and other
digested organic material).

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6. Sketch the layout of parallel- configured electric vehicle.

7. Mention at least two merits of a hybrid electric vehicle?

• Environmentally Friendly: Advantage of hybrid car over gasoline powered car
is that it runs cleaner and has better gas mileage which makes it
environmentally friendly.
• A hybrid vehicle runs on twin powered engine (gasoline engine and electric
motor) that cuts fuel consumption and conserves energy.

8. Differentiate between bio-fuel and bio-diesel.

• A biofuel is a fuel made from biological materials such as vegetable oils,
organic waste, wood or starch. These include ethanol, biodiesel, renewable
diesel and methanol from renewable sources.
• Biodiesel is a fuel which is made the esterification of vegetable or animal oils
to create a fuel capable of operating in a compression ignition engine with few
modifications
9. Sketch the layout of a series configured electric vehicle.

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10. What are the merits and demerits of super critical methanol (SCM)
transesterification process?
• It eliminates the conventional dying process and the need of catalyst and also
reduces environmental problems caused by landfill accumulation
• It reduces reaction time without the use of a catalyst
• Supercriticaltransesterification has the potential for destruction of microalgae
hard cell wall and conversion of extracted lipids to biodiesel.
• Need of modeling of the transesterification of vegetable oils to biodiesel using
a solid base as a catalyst
11. Mention any four types of fuel cells.
• Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
• Direct methanol fuel cells
• Alkaline fuel cells
• Phosphoric acid fuel cells
• Molten carbonate fuel cells
• Solid oxide fuel cells
• Reversible fuel cells
12. What is the working principle of fuel cell?

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a

fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a
pair of redox reactions. A fuel cell is composed of an anode, a cathode, and an
electrolyte membrane. A fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a
fuel cell and oxygen through the cathode. At the anode site, the hydrogen molecules
are split into electrons and protons. The protons pass through the electrolyte
membrane, while the electrons are forced through a circuit, generating an electric
current and excess heat.
13. What you understand the term Hybrid vehicle?
A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as internal
combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, e.g. in
diesel-electric trains using diesel engines to drive an electric generator that powers an
electric motor, and submarines that use diesels when surfaced and batteries when
submerged
14. Write short notes on LPG.
Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also
referred to as simply propane or butane, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases
used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
15. Why alcohol is an alternate fuel for SI engine?
Alcohols are attractive alternate fuels because they can be obtained from both
natural and manufactured sources. Methanol and ethanol are two kinds of alcohols
that seem most promising. An alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline,
by volume.

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16. List down the major constituents of natural gas and LPG.
• Natural gas is primarily composed of methane, but also contains heavier
hydrocarbons. It also contains small amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulphide and trace amounts of water.
• Propane (C3H8) constitutes upto 60% of LPG. Butane (C4H10) makes up
close to 40%. Other hydro-carbons around 2%.
17. Indicate the difference between an electric vehicle and a hybrid vehicle.
The primary difference between a hybrid car and an electric car is that the
hybrid car derives some of its power from a conventional gasoline engine. On the
other hand, a true electric car gets all of its power from electrical sources.

18. What are fuel cells?

Fuel cells are the class of devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel
directly into electricity by electrochemical reactions. A fuel cell resembles a battery in
many respects, but it can supply electrical energy over a much longer period of time.
19. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of Bio-diesel.
Advantages
• Produced from Renewable Resources
• Can be Used in existing Diesel Engines
• Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Better Fuel Economy
Disadvantages
• Variation in Quality of Biodiesel
• Not Suitable for use in Low Temperatures
• Slight Increase in Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
20. What are the alternative energy sources for automobiles now?
The alternative fuels in use today include ethanol, biodiesel, methanol, natural
gas, propane, electricity, and hydrogen.
21. Why fuel cells are not preferred for automobile now?
Fuel cell vehicles don't have the same range limitations as battery-powered
vehicles because they can simply store more (hydrogen) fuel. The main disadvantages
of today'sfuel cell vehicles are the lack of enough infrastructure for hydrogen
refuelling, and the cost of the catalysts

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22. Define: energy intensity.
• Energy intensity is a measure that is often used to assess the energy
efficiency of a particular economy.
• It is calculated by taking the ratio of energy use (or energy supply) to
gross domestic product (GDP).
• It indicates how well the economy converts energy into monetary
output
23. Why is hydrogen called as secondary energy source?
Hydrogen is considered as a secondary source of energy, commonly referred
to as an energy carrier. Hydrogen as an important energy carrier in the future has a
number of advantages. For example, a large volume of hydrogen can be easily stored
in different ways, including underground hydrogen storage, compressed hydrogen in
tanks. Hydrogen is also considered as a high efficiency, low polluting fuel that can be
used for transportation, heating, and power generation.

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