ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 10 • Nephron

CHAPTER 18: Urinary System ▪ functional unit of the kidney

Prepared by: Vacaraya50 <3 1. Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)
- have loops of Henle that extend deep
URINARY SYSTEM into the medulla
2. Cortical nephrons (85%)
- have loops of Henle that do not extend deep
into the medulla
▪ Nephron Components:
1. Rebal corpuscle
o structure that contains a Bowman’s
capsule and glomerulus
2. Bowman’s capsule
o enlarged end of nephron
o opens into proximal tubule
o contains podocytes
3. Glomerulus
o tuft of capillaries that resembles a
ball of arm
o lies within the indentation of
Bowman’s capsule
4. Podocytes
o inner layer of Bowman’s capsule
that consists of specialized cells
FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM: 5. Filtration membrane
1. Excretion o in renal corpuscle
2. Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure o includes glomerular capillaries,
3. Regulation of blood solute concentration podocytes, and basement
4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH membrane
5. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis 6. Filtrate
6. Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis o the fluid that passes across the
filtration membrane
ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM: 7. Proximal tubule
• Kidneys o where filtrate passes first
▪ bean-shaped organs 8. Loop of Henle
▪ size of a tightly clenched fist o contains descending and ascending
• Renal capsule loops
▪ Connective tissue that surrounds each kidney o water and solutes pass through thin
• Hilum walls by diffusion
▪ where the renal artery and nerves enter 9. Distal tubule
• Renal sinus o structure between Loop of Henle
▪ cavity that contains blood vessels and collecting duct
• Cortex (outer) Medulla (inner) 10. Collecting duct
▪ surround the renal sinus o empties into calyces
• Renal pyramids o carry fluid from cortex through
▪ located between the cortex & medulla medulla
• Calyx
▪ funnel-shaped structure that surround the tip
of each pyramid
• Renal pelvis
▪ formed by calyces into a larger funnel
• Ureter
▪ exits the kidney and connects to the urinary
bladder
• Collecting duct
▪ carries the fluid from the cortex through the
medulla
• Papillary duct
▪ empty their contents into a calyx

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 ARTERIES AND VEINS
branch off the
RENAL ARTERIES abdominal aorta and
enter the kidneys
INTERLOBAR pass bet. the renal
ARTERIES pyramids
arch bet. the cortex and
ARCUATE ARTERIES the medulla
branch off the arcuate
INTERLOBULAR arteries and project into
ARTERIES the cortex
arise form branches of
AFFERENT the interlobular arteries
ARTERIOLES and extend to the
glomerular capillaries
EFFERENT extend from the
ARTERIOLES glomerular capillaries
surround the proximal
PERITUBULAR convoluted and distal
CAPILLARIES convoluted tubules and
the loops of Henle
specialized portions of
VASA RECTA the peritubular
capillaries that extend
deep into the medulla
formed where the distal
NEPHRON
JUXTRAGLOMERULAR convoluted tubule
APPARATUS comes in contact with
the afferent arteriole
next to BC

Flow of Filtrate through Nephron

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 URINE PRODUCTION- REABSORPTION
• 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and reenters
circulation
• Proximal tubule is primary site for reabsorption
of solutes and water
• Descending Loop of Henle concentrates filtrate
• Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal
tubule and collecting duct is controlled by
hormone

Tubular reabsorption
URINE FORMATION-FILTRATION - Movement of substances from the filtrate across the
wall of the nephrons back into the blood of the
peritubular capillaries
1. FILTRATION
• movement of water, ions, and small molecules
Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
through the filtration membrane into the
Bowman’s capsule
• 19% of plasma becomes filtrate
• 180 Liters of filtrate are produced by the
nephrons each day
• 1% of filtrate (1.8 liters) become urine rest is
reabsorbed

Filtration pressure
- forces fluid from the glomerular capillary across the
filtration membrane into the Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular capillary pressure
- BP in the glomerular capillary Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle
Capsular pressure
- pressure of filtrate already inside the BC
Colloid osmotic pressure
- pressure of filtrate within the glomerular capillary

REGULATION OF FILTERATION
• Cardiovascular shock Reabsorption in the Thick Segment of the
- the filtration pressure and filtrate formation Ascending Limb
fall dramatically
Filtration Pressure

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Reabsorption in the Thick Segment of The
Ascending Limb

3. Atrial natriuretic hormone

- Secreted from the right atrium in response to increased
blood pressure
- Acts on the kidney to increase Na+ & water loss in the
urine

URINE PRODUCTION- SECRETION

• Tubular secretion removes some substances
from the blood.
• These substances include by-products of
metabolism that become toxic in high
concentrations and drugs or other molecules not
normally produced by the body.
• Tubular secretion occurs through either active or
passive mechanisms.
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF BLOOD &
Tubular Secretion URINE
- Active transport of solutes across the nephron walls
into the filtrate

URINE CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME

REGULATION

Three major hormonal mechanisms are

involved in regulating urine concentration
and volume:
1. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
- Renin is secreted from the kidney when blood pressure
decreases
- Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I; then
converted to angiotensinogen II; which stimulates
aldosterone
- Aldosterone increases Na+ and Cl+ reabsorption from
the nephron

URINE MOVEMENT
Anatomy and Histology of the Ureters, Urinary
• Bladder and Urethra Ureters
- small tubes that carry urine
• Urinary bladder
- hollow muscular container that stores urine
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Secreted from the posterior pituitary when blood • Urethra
concentration increases / blood pressure decreases - tube that carries urine form the urinary
- Increases the permeability to water of the distal bladder to the outside of the body
convoluted tubules and collecting ducts • Internal urinary sphincter (males)
- Increases water reabsorption by the kidney
- smooth muscle at the junction of the urinary
bladder and urethra
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• External urinary sphincter (males + females) BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
- skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra
• Micturition Reflex
- Activated by stretch of the urinary bladder Intracellular fluid compartment (ICF)
wall - fluid INSIDE all the cells in the body
- 2/3 water in the body
- COMPOSITION: contains more potassium
(K+), magnesium (Mg2+), phosphate (PO43-)
and sulfate (SO42-)
Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)
- fluid OUTSIDE all the cells in the body
- Ex. Interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and
other special fluids, such as joint fluid, and
cerebrospinal fluid
- COMPOSITION: contains more sodium
(Na+), calcium (Ca2+), chlorine (Cl−), and
bicarbonate (HCO3−)

Thirst Regulation of Extracellular Fluid

Concentration

Thirst regulation
• Blood concentration increases = thirst center
initiates sensation of thirst
• When water is consumed, blood concentration
CONTROL OF THE MICTURITION REFLEX increases = thirst sensation decreases
BY HIGHER BRAIN CENTERS • Blood pressure decreases = thirst sensation is
triggered
• Consumption of water = increases blood volume
+ allows blood pressure to increase
Thirst center
• neurons in the hypothalamus that control water
intake
Thirst
• one of the important means of regulating ECF
volume and concentration

Ion Concentration Regulation

• Negatively charged ions, such as Cl−, are secondarily

regulated by the mechanisms that control the
positively charged ions.
• The negatively charged ions are attracted to the
positively charged ions; when the positively charged
ions are transported, the negatively charged ions
move with them.

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SODIUM IONS • Calcitonin reduces the blood Ca2 +
concentration when it is too high
• Sodium ions (Na+ ) are the dominant ions in the
PTH increases extracellular Ca2 + levels
extracellular fluid.
• About 90 to 95% of the osmotic pressure of the o Causes bone resorption
o Increases Ca2 + uptake in the kidney
extracellular fluid results from sodium ions and
from the negative ions associated with them. PTH increases vitamin D synthesis
• Stimuli that control aldosterone secretion Calcitonin (thyroid gland)
influence the reabsorption of Na+ from
o Inhibits bone resorption
nephrons of the kidneys and the total amount of
o Lowers blood Ca2 + levels
Na+ in the body fluids.
• Sodium ions are also excreted in sweat.
PHOSPHATE AND SULFATE IONS

Sodium ions are dominant extracellular ions • Some ions, such as phosphate ions (PO4 3− )
and sulfate ions (SO4 2− ), are reabsorbed by
o Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption from filtrate
o ADH increases water reabsorption from the nephron active transport in the kidneys.
o ANH increases Na+ loss in urine • The rate of reabsorption is slow, so that if the
concentration of these ions in the filtrate
POTASSIUM IONS exceeds the nephron’s ability to reabsorb them,
• Electrically excitable tissues, such as muscles the excess is excreted into the urine.
and nerves, are highly sensitive to slight • As long as the concentration of these ions is
changes in the extracellular K + concentration. low, nearly all of them are reabsorbed by active
• The extracellular concentration of K + must be transport
maintained within a narrow range for these Phosphate + Sulfate Ions
tissues to function normally.
o When levels are low in the filtrate = ions are
• Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating the reabsorbed
concentration of K + in the extracellular fluid. o When levels are high = excess is lost in the urine
Aldosterone increases K+ secretion in urine Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
o Increased blood levels of K+ stimulate
o Decreased blood levels of K+ inhibit • Buffers
- Resist changes in the pH
Regulation of Blood Potassium Levels - Proteins, phosphate buffer system,
bicarbonate buffer system
• Respiratory System
- Increase respiratory rate raises pH = rate
of CO2 elimination is increased
- Reduced respiratory rate = reduces pH
(CO2 elimination is reduced)
• Kidneys
- Excrete H+ in response to decreasing
blood pH
- Reabsorb H+ in response to an
increasing blood pH
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

CALCIUM IONS
• The extracellular concentration of Ca2 + is
maintained within a narrow range.
• Increases and decreases in the extracellular
concentration of Ca2 + have dramatic effects on
the electrical properties of excitable tissues
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by the
parathyroid glands, increases extracellular Ca2+
concentrations.

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ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS

Acidosis occurs when the pH of blood falls below

7.35
• There are two types of acidosis based upon the
cause:
1. Respiratory acidosis – respiratory is unable
to eliminate adequate amounts of CO2
2. Metabolic acidosis – excess production of
acidic substances (lactic acid + ketone
bodies)
Alkalosis occurs when the pH of blood increases
above 7.45
• There are two types of alkalosis based
upon the cause:
1. Respiratory alkalosis – results from
hyperventilation in response to stress
2. Metabolic alkalosis – results from rapid
elimination of H+ from body

Acute Pyelonephritis

END
Kidney Stones
Goodluck besties!

REFERENCES:
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 10th and 9th
edition by Vanputte, C., Regan, J., and Russo, A.

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