Vishwakarma Institute of Technology

Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 1

Title of the assignment – Introduction to mechanical components

Name of the student – Sanskar Rahul Chitnis

Roll No. – 8 Batch – 1 Division – B PRNo. – 12413720

3
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Experiment No. 1

TITLE: Introduction to mechanical components

AIM: Study of the basic Mechanical components in robotics
APPARATUS: All Mechanical components.
1. Nut – Bolt and Screw: As shown in figure 1.1 a nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are
almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. A bolt is a form
of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are closely related to screws. The two
partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a
slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.

Figure 1.1 “Nut & Bolt”

As shown in figure 1.2 - a screw is a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt ,
typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread
(external thread). Screws are used to fasten materials by digging in and wedging into a
material when turned, while the thread cuts grooves in the fastened material that may help
pull fastened materials together and prevent pull-out. There are many screws for a variety
of materials; those commonly fastened by screws include wood, sheet metal, and plastic.

1. Screw compared to Nut-Bolt (b) Right hand and Left-hand Threads

Figure 1.2 “Screw and type of threads”

2. Shaft: In machinery, the general term “shaft” refers to a member, usually of circular cross- section
as shown in figure 1.3, which supports gears, sprockets, wheels, rotors, etc., and which is used to
transmit power from one part to another or from a machine which produces power to a machine
which absorbs power. The material used for is alloy steel such as nickel chromium or chromium
vanadium.

4
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Figure 1.3 “Example of Shaft and key”

3. Keys: A key is a machine element as shown in figure 1.3 and 1.4 is fitted in an axial direction into
the mating member such as pulleys, gears. The primary function of key is to prevent the relative
rotation between the shaft and the mating member. Sunk keys are having keyways both in the shaft
and the hub. These keys are suitable for heavy duty since they rely on positive drive. It is uniform in
width and thickness throughout. There are two types of sunk keys as Square and Rectangular keys.
1. Square key: A square key is sunk half in the shaft and half in the hub of a gear, pulley or crank.
In general, a square key has its sides equal to one-fourth of the shaft diameter.
2. Rectangular key: Rectangular key is also called as the flat key. It is used where the weakening
of the shaft is serious and where added stability of the connection is desired. Flat keys with uniform
cross section are called Feather keys. Feather key permits axial movementof the hub on the shaft.
There is one more type of the flat keys available called as Gib head flat key. Where it is provided
with a Gib head which facilities their removal.

Figure 1.4 “Types of Keys”

3. Couplers: It is a mechanical device that joins two rotating shafts to each other for the purpose of
transmitting power and absorb the misalignment between them. Couplers are generally categorized
in the following varieties.
i) Rigid Couplings: Rigid Couplings are mainly used in areas where the two shafts are
coaxial to each other. There are following types of couplings that fall under the rigid
coupling’s category.
1. Rigid Sleeve or Muff Couplings – This is the basic type of coupling. This consists of a pipe whose
bore is finished to the required tolerance based on the shaft size. Based on the usage of the

5
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
coupling a keyway in made in the bore in order to transmit the torque by means of the key.
Two threaded holes are provided in order to lock the coupling in position. The figure 1.5
shows a type of the rigid sleeve or muff coupling.

Figure 1.5 “Muff Coupling”

2. Flanged Coupling – The coupling basically consists of two flanged end pieces as shown in the
figure 1.6. The flanges are connected firmly by means of fitted bolts which are tightened
accordingly to the torque to be transmitted. Further there are 02 types of flanges couplings as
protected and un protected.

(a)Unprotected flange coupling (b) Protected Flange Coupling

Figure 1.6 “Types of Flange Couplings”

3. Gears: A gear is a kind of machine element in which teeth are cut around cylindrical or cone
shaped surfaces with equal spacing. By meshing a pair of these elements, they are used to transmit
rotations and forces from the driving shaft to the driven shaft. Gears are machine elements that
transmit power by means of successively engaging teeth. Smaller Gear of the Pair is known as
Pinion and Larger is known as Gear.
According to the position of axes of the shafts, there are following types of gears:
1. Parallel
1. Spur Gear
2. Helical Gear
3. Rack and Pinion
2. Intersecting
1. Bevel Gear
3. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel
1. Worm and worm gears

1. Spur Gear: in spur gears as shown in figure 1.7, the teeth are parallel to the axis of the gear. These
are cost effective, easy to manufacture. But, spur gears only work with mating gear and it needs to
have the axis of each gear parallel.

6
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Figure 1.7 “Spur Gear”

2. Helical Gear: In Helical gears as shown in figure 1.8 teeth are at an angle to the gear axis
(usually 10° to 45°) hence called helix angle (see figure 1.6-a). Helical gears are smooth
and quite due to gradual tooth engagements. More tooth engagement allows greater
powertransmission for given gear size. But, Helical gears are more expensive and
results in axial
thrust.

1. Helix angle b) Parallel axis helical gear

Figure 1.8 “Helix angle and type of helical gears”

3. Bevel Gear: Bevel gears are very similar to spur gears except they are intended to transfer rotation
through a 90 degree translation. The bevel gears make a 90 degree transition easy but it does require
a strong gear box. The speed and torque are treated the same in a bevel gear as they are in a spur
gear.

Figure 1.9 “Bevel

7
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
G
e
a
r
”

8
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

4. Rack & Pinion: Rack and pinion, mechanical device consisting of a bar of rectangular cross
section (the rack), having teeth on one side that mesh with teeth on a small gear (the pinion). The
pinion may have straight teeth, as in the figure, or helical (twisted) teeth that mesh with teeth on the
rack that are inclined to the pinion-shaft axis.

Figure 1.10 “Rack and pinion mechanism”

If the pinion rotates about a fixed axis, the rack will translate; i.e., move on a straight path, as shown
by the arrow AB in the Figure. Some automobiles have rack-and-pinion drives on theirsteering
mechanisms that operate in this way.
If the rack is fixed and the pinion is carried in bearings on a table guided on tracks parallel tothe
rack, rotation of the pinion shaft will move the table parallel to the rack as shown by the arrow CD
in the Figure. On machine tools, rack-and-pinion mechanisms are used in this wayto obtain rapid
movements of worktables; the pinion shaft is usually rotated with a hand crank .

5. Worm and Worm Gears: A worm drive as shown in figure 1.11 is a gear arrangement in which
a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in
appearance to a spur gear). The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel.
Worm gear has self-locking property.

Figure 1.11 “Example of Worm and Worm Gear”

9
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

6. Chain & Sprocket: Sprockets and chain as shown in figure 1.12 can be used to change the speed,
torque, or original direction of a motor. For sprockets and chain to be compatible witheach other
they must both have the same thickness and pitch. For the sprockets and chain to work effectively,
all the sprockets should be on parallel shafts with their corresponding teethon the same plane.
A sprocket is a toothed wheel that fits onto a shaft. It is prevented from rotating on the
shaftby a key that fits into keyways in the sprocket and shaft.
A chain is used to connect two sprockets. One sprocket is the driver sprocket. The other
sprocket is the driven sprocket. Motion and force can be transmitted via the chain from one
sprocket to another, therefore from one shaft to another. Chains that are used to transmit
motion and force from one sprocket to another are called power transmission chains.

Figure 1.12 “Chain and Sprocket Mechanism”

7. Belt Drives: A belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more
rotating shafts. A belt drive offers smooth transmission of power between shafts at a considerable
distance. Belt drives are used as the source of motion to transfer to efficiently transmit power or to
track relative movement. In a two-pulley system, depending upon the direction the belt drives the
pulley, the belt drives are divided into two types. They are open belt drive and crossed belt drive.

Figure 1.13 “Open and Cross Belt Drives”

As shown in figure 1.13 An open belt drive is used to rotate the driven pulley in the same
direction of driving pulley. A crossed belt drive is used to rotate driven pulley in the
oppositedirection of driving pulley. Belt drives are simple and very economical. They don’t
need parallel shafts. They are lubrication-free. They require less maintenance cost. Belt
drives are highly efficient in use (up to 98%, usually 95%). They are very economical when
the distance

10
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
between shafts is very large. On the other hand, in belt drives Heat build-up occurs. Speed
is limited to usually 35 meters per second. Power transmission is limited to 370 kilowatts.
Operating temperatures are usually restricted to –35 to 85°C. Figure 1.14 shows some types
of highly efficient belt drives.

Figure 1.14 “High - Efficiency Belt Drives”

8. Bearings: Mechanical systems have moving parts that transmit motion and force. The system may
also convert one type of motion into another type of motion, e.g. rotary motion into reciprocating
motion. In the ideal mechanical system, all the input motion and force is converted into output
motion and force. However, friction between various parts of the mechanism results in heat being
generated, wearing of surfaces in contact and loss of efficiency of the mechanical system. Lubricants
and bearings are used to counteract the effectsof friction in mechanisms.
Bearings are used to reduce the effects of friction. There are three main categories,
1. Bush bearing
2. Ball Bearing
3. Roller Bearing

Figure 1.15 “Types of Bush Bearings”

As shown in figure 1.15, plain bearing, also called bushes, consist of a tube-like sleeve.
Someplain bearings have a flange at one end. Plain bearings are made from materials that
have a
low coefficient of friction.

Figure 1.16 “Ball Bearings”

11
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
As shown in figure 1.16 ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to
maintain the separation between the bearing races. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce
rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least three
races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. In most applications, one
race is stationary and the other is attached to the rotating assembly (e.g., a hub or shaft). As
one of the bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are
rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were sliding
against each other.

Figure 1.17 “Roller

Bearings”
As shown in figure 1.17 roller bearing consist of a number of truncated conical rolling
elements held in a cage between the inner and outer races. Taper roller bearings have a high load
bearing capacity due to the line contact between each of the roller bearings and the inner and
outerraces. Taper roller bearings can support radial and axial loads. This conical geometry
creates a linear contact patch which permits greater loads to be carried than with spherical (ball)
bearings, which have point contact. The geometry means that the tangential speeds of the
surfaces of each of the rollers are the same as their raceways along the whole length of the
contact patch and no differential scrubbing occurs
4. Srings: A spring is a mechanical device which is used for efficient storage and release of energy. It
is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recoverits original shape
when the load is removed. Helical spring is a spiral wound wire with a constant coil diameter and
uniform pitch. Function of helical spring are,
1. To apply force in valves brakes and clutches
2. To absorb shock Used to store energy and subsequently release it.
3. e.g. clock springs, toys
4. For supporting moving masses
5. To maintain a force between contacting surfaces e.g. Cam
1. Compression spring: These are designed to operate with a compressive load and found inshock
absorbers, spring mattresses, mechanical pencils, and retractable pens, ball pens as shown in figure
1.18.

12
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Figure 1.18 “Compression Spring”

2. Extension spring: These are designed to operate with a tensile load. An archetypical example
is a Slinky, but these are also found in luggage scales and garage door mechanisms. A typical
example is bicycle stand spring as shown in figure 1.19.

Check List of components to observe

SN Component Location (where it is SN Component Location (where it is observed)

observed)

1 Nut Bolt Bicycle,Furniture 15 Rake and Car Stearing

Pinion

2 Screws Electronics,Toys 16 Bevel Gear Food processors

3 Rivets Utensils,Backpacks 17 Warm Gear Clocks

4 Cotter Joint Bicycles 18 Flat Belt Treadmills

5 Pin Joint Door hinges 19 V-Belt Washing Machines

6 Shaft Ceiling fans,Mixers 20 Rope Used to hang things on

7 Spindle Sewing Machines 21 Pulleys Window Blinds

13
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

8 Keys Door Locks 22 Washers Found in taps

9 Couplings Washing Machines 23 Helical Spring inside click pens

Spring

10 Washers Used to assemble 24 Leaf Spring Used in trunks

furniture

11 Spanners Used to tighten bolts 25 Eye Bolt Hanging planters

12 Bearings Skateboards,bicycle 26 Dome Nut Sharp bold end in

tablets

13 Spur Gear Mechanical Devices 27 Wing Nut Used to assemble

furniture

14 Helical Gear Cars,Mixer Grinders 28 Cam Sewing Machine

Follower

Conclusion: These components are essential to many devices and tools we use in everyday life ,
highlighting the importance of basic mechanical elements in creating functionality,convenience
and durability.

14
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

15
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 2

Title of the assignment – Introduction to electrical and electronic

components

Name of the student – Sanskar Chitnis

Roll No. – 8 Batch –1 Division –B PRNo. – 12413720

Date of performance –

16
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Experiment 2
Introduction to electrical and electronic components

AIM: To Study basic electrical and electronic components used in an electromechanical system
such as robotics.

APPARATUS: Various types of wires, cables, switches, sockets, fuses, lugs, resistors, capacitors,
diodes, Light Emitting Diodes, Infra-Red LEDs, transistors, relay, connectors, cables, Digital Multi
Meter, breadboard.

Theory:
3. Wires : There are many types of wires among which P.V.C. (Poly Vinyl Chloride) wires are
most used. These have conductors with P. V. C. insulation. P. V. C. is non- hygroscopic,
tough, durable, resistant to corrosion and chemically inert. However, P.
V. C. softens at high temperature and hence is not used where extremes of temperature occur.
e.g. in heating appliances.

4. Cables : These consist of several individually insulated conductors, which are put together
inside a protective mechanical covering. There can be two types of cables: 1) Aerial cables 2)
Underground cables. The construction of a typical cable is shown in figure below.
Cu Conductors PVC insulation Bedding GI Armouring

Serving

Figure 2.1 “Construction of a cable”

5. Switches : These are used to make the circuits ON or OFF. The different types are -
1. SPST (single pole single throw)
2. SPDT (single pole double throw) also called Two-way switch

17
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
3. DPDT (double pole double throw)
4. DPST (double pole single throw)
5. SPDT with center OFF
6. Intermediate switch
7. Emergency switch
8. Push button switch
9. Roller type switch
10. Hinge lever type switch
11. Plunger type switch
For various types of switches refer figure 2.2.

Emergency Plunger type

Piano Switch Switch Switch

Figure 2.2 “Types of switches”

6. Sockets : These are the points from which electricity can be tapped. Generally, sockets have
three terminals namely I) phase ii) neutral iii) earth. Sockets can be classified depending upon
the current carrying capacity such as 5 Amp or 15 Amp. or upon single-phase, three- phase
(industrial sockets) etc. Refer figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 “Socket”

7. Fuses : A fuse is a device, which disconnects and protects the circuit from short circuit and
overload. It consists of a porcelain base with a fuse wire, which melts at high

18
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
temperature. When excess current flows, the fuse wire melts and disconnects the circuit from
the supply. Two types of the fuses are available.
8. Rewirable fuse
9. H. R. C. fuse (High Rupturing capacity). (Refer figure 2.4)

Figure 2.4“HRC fuses”

The rewirable fuse is also called as Kit Kat fuse. The types of H. R. C. fuse are Pin type, Bottle
type and Screw type. Rewirable fuses are cheap and HRC fuses are costly. But they are very much
useful in hazardous area like Chemical plants, LPG filling plants.

10. Lugs
Lugs are used to make firm connection of wires or cables and to increase the life of joints.
The lugs can be classified as
11. Eye or hole type
12. U type,
13. Pin type.
Generally, copper or aluminum lugs are used. Many times, they are silver coated, as silver is
the best conductor. A crimping tool is used to make a firm connection of a wire and lug. Nut
bolting is used to make a firm joint of two lugs. For various types of lugs, refer figure 2.5

.
Figure 2.5“Different types of lugs”

19
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

14. Resistors: Resistors offer a resistance to the flow of current. There are two types of resistors
– fixed and variable. Potentiometer is the variable resistor which is used to vary the resistance
by rotating the shaft. For various types of resistors, refer figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6“Different types of resistors”

How to calculate the value of a resistor? Resistor value is calculated by the color code. Table 2.1
illustrates the color codes of resistor.

Color 1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band Decimal Tolerance

Multiplier
Black 0 0 0 1
Brown 1 1 1 10 ±1%
Red 2 2 2 100 ±2%
Orange 3 3 3 1K
Yellow 4 4 4 10K
Green 5 5 5 100K
Blue 6 6 6 1M
Violet 7 7 7 10M
Gray 8 8 8 100M
White 9 9 9 1000M
Gold 0.1 ±5%
Silver 0.01 ±10%
None ±20%

Table 2.1“Color codes of resistors”

20
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
15. Capacitors: Capacitors are used to store the charge. Capacitors can be fixed or variable. In
robotics, mostly fixed capacitors are used. The capacitors are available with or without
polarity. Ceramic and mica capacitors are of no-polarity and electrolytic capacitors come with
polarity. Various types of capacitors are shown in figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7“Different types of capacitors”

How to calculate the value of ceramic capacitor? For example, what is the value for 102k
ceramic capacitors?

Figure 2.8“Identification of capacitor value from digit codes”

Capacitances vary from 22pF to about 15000µF. Values <0.1µF are mainly mica and ceramic
capacitors and values C>= 1µF are electrolytic capacitors.

21
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
16. Diodes: Diode is the basic two terminal component that allows the flow of current only in one
direction. Most diodes are made of semiconductor materials like silicon, germanium, or
selenium. Diodes can be used as rectifiers, voltage regulators, signal limiters, switches, signal
modulators and oscillators. In robotics, mainly, LEDs, IR LEDs and photo diodes are used.
Regular diodes and Zener diodes are rarely used. Various types of diodes are shown in figure
2.9.

Figure 2.9“P-N junction, Zener, and Light Emitting Diodes”

17. Transistors: A transistor is a semiconductor device that exhibits all the properties of a switch,
allowing or blocking the flow of electrons. It has three terminals, one for input, one for output
and one for controlling switching. It is the fundamental building block of modern electronic
devices and is commonly found in circuit boards as discrete parts or embedded into integrated
circuits. Refer figure 2.10 for symbol and various types of transistors.

Figure 2.10“Symbol and types of transistors”

18. Relays: A relay is a device that opens or closes the contacts to cause the operation of the other
electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an

22
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
assigned area and gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area.
Thus
protects the system from damage. The pole and throws are the configurations of the relay, where
the pole is the switch, and the throw is the number of connections. The single pole, the single
throw is the simplest type of relay which has only one switch and only one possible connection.
Similarly, the single pole double throw relay has a one switch and two possible connections.
Figure 2.11shows standard relay.

Figure 2.11“Relay and relay terminals”

19. Connectors: An electronic connector is an electro-mechanical device whose purpose is to

quickly and easily disconnect or interrupt a circuit path. Connectors come in a variety of sizes,
shapes, complexities, and quality levels. Their function dictates their design, and different
features are added to adjust the ease of connection, mating type, durability, insulation between
pins, etc. In addition, because many connectors must perform their job in rugged conditions,
their construction is often adjusted to provide protection from vibrations, extreme
temperatures, dirt, water, contaminants, and more. Refer figure 2.12 for various connectors.

Figure 2.12“Types of connectors”

23
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

20. Cables: Cable is a conductor or group of conductors for transmitting electric power or
telecommunication signals from one place to another. Electric communication cables transmit
voice messages, computer data, and visual images via electrical signals to telephones, wired
radios, computers etc.

21. Digital Multi Meter: A digital multi meter or DMM is a test tool used to measure two or more
electrical values—principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and resistance (ohms). It is a
standard diagnostic tool for technicians in the electrical/electronic industries.

The face of a digital multi meter typically includes four components:

22. Display: Where measurement readouts can be viewed.

23. Buttons: For selecting various functions; the options vary by model.
24. Dial (or rotary switch): For selecting primary measurement values (volts, amps, ohms).
25. Input jacks: Where test leads are inserted.

Figure 2.13 Digital Multi Meter

26. Breadboard: A breadboard is a solder less device for temporary prototype with electronics
and test circuit designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits

can be interconnected by inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and then making
connections through wires where appropriate. The breadboard has strips of metal underneath
24
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
the board and connects the holes on the top of the board. Figure
2.14 shows breadboard.

Figure 2.14“Breadboard”

Check List of components to observe

SN Component Location (where it SN Component Location (where it
is observed) is observed)
1 Switches Control Panel 10 LEDs Indicators in Cars
2 Sockets Wall Outlets 11 Resistors Circuit Boards
3 3 Phase Cables Electrical Boards 12 Potentiometer Voltage Controller
4 Fuse Fuse Box 13 Capacitor Power Supply Circuits
5 MCBs Circuit Breaker Panel 14 Push Button Control Panel
6 Logs Power Logging System 15 Multimeter Electrical Testing Toolkit
7 3 Phase Socket Data Centres 16 Zener Diode Voltage Regulating
system
8 Motor Fans,Trimmer 17 Relays Control Circuits
9 Rheostat Electrical Lab 18 Breadboard Prototyping Electronic
circuits

Conclusion:
This list provides a structured approach to inspect, document various
components. This list explains, from basic switches to complex 3 phase
cables and electronic components.

34
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 5

Title of the assignment – Know your Micro-controller kit

Name of the student – Sanskar Chitnis

Roll No. – 08 Batch – 1 Division – B PRNo. – 12413720

Date of performance –

35
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Experiment No-5.
Title: Know your Micro-controller kit.

Tasks:
27. Get introduced to the Arduino Uno kit hardware.
28. Get introduced to the features of Arduino IDE.

History & important features of the Arduino UNO kit hardware:

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip AT mega 328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino. Arduino is a prototype platform(open-source) based on an
easy-to-use hardware and software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to a
microcontroller) and a ready- made software called Arduino IDE(Integrated Development
Environment),which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.
Key Features -
 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn
it in to an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and
many actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece of
hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can
simply use the USB cable since it provides the in system programming facility.

 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
micro-
controller into an easily accessible package.

Specifications of Arduino UNO:

29. Microcontroller: ATmega328

30. Operating Voltage – 5V Input voltage - 7-12 V Recommended), 6-20v (limits).

31. Digital / pins: 14 C6 are PWM) 01 Analog Vo pins 16. • De current per 1/0 pin - 40mA for 3.3v
pin-50mA

32. Flash memory - 32 KD of which 0.5 XB wed by boot loader → SRAM -2kh (ATmega328)

33. EEPROM - 1xb. (AT mega 32), Clock speed - 16 MHz

36
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Parts of Arduino Uno:

Important features of Arduino IDE and the menu:

34. Sketch editing tools- Arduino programs are called as sketch. Tool has various libraries to
perform different mathematical, interfacing functions. Also provides the facility of a Serial
Monitor to observe interim results. One can choose board of the choice as per requirements.
Port selection is also available.
35. Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and
constants), and Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino software
program, step by step, and how we can write the program without any syntax or
compilation error. Software structure consists of two main functions −
36. Setup( ) function - The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize the
variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each
power up or reset of the Arduino board.
37. Loop( ) function - After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values,
the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing
your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

Pins of Arduino Uno:

Vin: This is the input voltage pin of the Arduino board used to provide input supply from an
external power source.
5V: This pin of the Arduino board is used as a regulated power supply voltage and it is used to give
supply to the board as well as onboard components.
3.3V: This pin of the board is used to provide a supply of 3.3V which is generated from a
voltage regulator on the board
GND: This pin of the board is used to ground the Arduino board.
Reset: This pin of the board is used to reset the microcontroller. It is used to Resets the
microcontroller.
Analog Pins: The pins A0 to A5 are used as an analog input and it is in the range of 0-5V.
Digital Pins: The pins 0 to 13 are used as a digital input or output for the Arduino board.
Serial Pins: These pins are also known as a UART pin. It is used for communication between the
35
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Arduino board and a computer or other devices. The transmitter pin number 1 and receiver pin
number 0 is used to transmit and receive the data resp.
External Interrupt Pins: This pin of the Arduino board is used to produce the External interrupt
and it is done by pin numbers 2 and 3.
PWM Pins: This pins of the board is used to convert the digital signal into an analog by varying the
width of the Pulse. The pin numbers 3, 5, 6,9,10 and 11 are used as a PWM pin.
SPI Pins: This is the Serial Peripheral Interface pin; it is used to maintain SPI communication with
the help of the SPI library. SPI pins include:
38. SS: Pin number 10 is used as a Slave Select
39. MOSI: Pin number 11 is used as a Master Out Slave In
40. MISO: Pin number 12 is used as a Master In Slave Out
41. SCK: Pin number 13 is used as a Serial Clock
LED Pin: The board has an inbuilt LED using digital pin-13. The LED glows only when the digital
pin becomes high.
AREF Pin: This is an analog reference pin of the Arduino board. It is used to provide a
reference voltage from an external power supply.

Conclusion:
Understanding and effectively utilizing Micro-Controller kit has expanded my
capabilities in electronics and programming. This versatile toolset offers the
practical applications for prototyping and automation projects. This microcontroller
kit is an excellent educational resource.

38
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 6

Title of the assignment – : Interfacing of LED with Arduino Uno kit

Name of the student – Sanskar Chitnis

Roll No. – 8 Batch –1 Division –B PRNo. – 12413720

Date of performance –

39
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No-

6Title: Interfacing of LED with Arduino Uno kit.

Pre-requisite: Information about safe voltage levels and protection of LEDS.

Tasks: Interface external LEDs with the UNO kit in a variety of combination and write a
program.

42. Blink 1 LED with predetermine timing for ON and OFF

43. Blink 2 or 4 LED’s with predetermine timing for ON and OFF (together and alternately)
44. Blink minimum 7-8 LED’s to switch ON and OFF sequentially in both directions
45. To simulate working of traffic signal for two three way road. Formulate your own theme and
delay cycle Decide the hardware required and assemble the same on a breadboard for your theme

Theory: As per the problem statement, we need to connect given LEDS into the specified variety
of combinations using Arduino Uno, jumpers, LED's, breadboards and resistance.

In the case of 5-LED problem statement, we need to arrange the LEDs in Specified manner along
with appropriate resistance in order to prevent LED from bursting. Similarly, vehicle turn indicator
and traffic signal are safety measures, which would work on similar principle.

Working: When we complete the total connection and coding part, the working can be understood
easily.

46. First of all, in all the 3 cases, LED's blink or glow so using “Digital write" they can glow.
47. In the alternating lightening case 1, 3, 5 glow while LED, 2, 4 are off and vice-versa...

Whereas in loop run, we just increase the delay time. In case of parking light system, similar
mechanism is used. used along with delay, where the system depicts left led glowing to show that
vehicle is turning left and right glower when the vehicle is turning right and bath of them glow
when the vehicle u parked, while above two cases are similar, traffic light has 6 Led's in total (for
two way) and two glow at a time, where delay time is quite different as compared to above two
cares.

40
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Electronic components and materials required:

48. Arduino Uno - operating voltage 5.v. AT mega 328P. No of digital 1/o pins-14, Input voltage
limits 6-20 V.

49. LEDs should be available in different colors as per requirement. Specification forward
biased.
1.2 to 36 V rated about 10 to 30 mA.

50. Bread board - 5A rated. 2 distribution strips.

51. Jumpers should be male to male.

52. Resistors - As per requirement, but 182 recommended.

53. Arduino IDE software - Latest supporting version supporting UNO.

ACTUAL CONNECTED CIRCUIT PHOTOS

Task 1

Circuit Connection photo before operation/ Working

Actual Photograph during Working of the circuit

EXPALNATION OF THE RESULT OF EACH TASK

Industrial application:
54. This project can be used in traffic signals and vehicle indicator.
55. In day to day life, in festival lightings, road safety boards, etc.

Conclusion:
Implementing simple LED blinking patterns and simulating traffic signals using a
microcontroller kit can provide understanding basic electronics and programming concepts.
These projects help us to grasp how micro-controllers control hardware through code, and
how to effectively use components like LEDs, resistors, and sensors.

41
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

56. Blink 1 LED with predetermine timing for ON and OFF

CONDITION I CONDITION II

CODE:

42
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

57. Blink 2 or 4 LED’s with predetermine timing for ON and OFF

(together and alternately)

CONDITION I

CONDITION II

43
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

CODE:

CONDITION I

CONDITION II

44
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

CODE:

58. Blink minimum 7-8 LED’s to switch ON and OFF sequentially in both
directions

CONDITION I CONDITION II

45
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

CONDITION III CONDITION IV

CODE:

46
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

59. To simulate working of traffic signal for two three way road.
Formulate your own theme anddelay cycle Decide the hardware
47
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
required and assemble the same on a breadboard for your theme.

CONDITION I CONDITION II

CONDITION III

CODE:
48
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

49
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 7

Title of the assignment – Interfacing of LDR with ARDUINO UNO kit.

Name of the student – Sanskar Rahul Chitnis.

Roll No. – 08 Batch – 1 Division – B PRNo. – 12413720

Date of performance –

50
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No.-7

Title: Interfacing of LDR with ARDUINO UNO kit.

Pre-requisites: Assignment number 2 must be performed and Principle of working of LDR.

Tasks: Interface LDR with the UNO kit and write a program.

60. : Interface LDR with the UNO kit such that when you cover the LDR surface, an LED
will glow indicating night hours. When uncovered , the LED should switch OFF.
61. To implement automated street light ON OFF system depending upon at ambient light
intensity. Use at least 3-LESs as street Light.
62. To count number of objects passing through. The system should use light source
(LED) and detector (LDR). Initially count should be. Zero and with every object passing it
should be incremented by '1' Display the count on serial monitor of the serial monitor.

Theory:

Working Principle-The working principle of an LDR is photoconductivity, which is nothing but

an optical phenomenon. When the material absorbs the light then the conductivity of the material
enhances. When the light falls on the LDR, then the electrons in the material's valence bond are
eager to the conduction band. But, the photons in the incident light must have energy superior to
the band gap of the material to make the electrons jump from one band to another band (valence to
conduction).
Hence, when light has ample energy, more electrons are excited to the conduction band which
grades in many change canters. When the effect of this process and the flow of the current starts
flowing more. the resistance of the device decreases.

Sensor Specifications -

1. Resistance: 400 ohm to 400 kilo ohm.

2. Normal resistance variance: 1 kilo ohm to 10 kilo ohm.

3. Sensitivity: about 3 msec.

4. Voltage rating: - 3-12 V.

For the first problem statement, an automated sheet be implemented. Here, when the light is falling
on the LDR the LEDS will turn off and when the LDR is not receiving no / low light intensity the

51
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
LEDS will glow, which depicts that during the day the street lights would be off and during night
times they will turn on.

For the second problem statement, a counted is to be implemented where in the system would
record the number of objects posted through. Here, an LDR and & light source led would be placed
opposite to each other. When an object passes between both of them it would block the light source
to the LDR due to which the LDR will turn off hence incrementing the count. So, every time an
object passes the count will be incremented and from this, we can get the total number of objects
passed. The final count would be printed on the serial monitor.

Electronic components and materials required:

63. Arduino board (UNO): operating voltage 5V (AT mega 328P)

64. LDR Rating - 250 V

65. Bread board- 5A rated.2 distribution strips.

66. Arduino IDE software.

67. LEDS –lids as per requirement (4) and in different colors.

68. Jumpers - should be male to male.

69. Resistors as per requirement, but 1 kilo ohm recommended.

Interfacing Circuit diagram: (Draw Connections between Arduino Uno and the Sensor as
well as other components)
The first Tasks was connecting the LDR and Arduino Uno on the bread board which was to be
done very carefully to avoid errors. Then, the coding part expected was quite easy and lastly it was
working at.

42
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
ACTUAL CONNECTED CIRCUIT PHOTOS

Task 1

Circuit Connection photo before operation/ Working

Actual Photograph during Working of the circuit

Photograph of Serial Monitor depicting the result

EXPALNATION OF THE RESULT OF EACH TASK

Application:
Apart from being used in street lights, LDR is used in the:

1. Infrared astronomy.

2. It is used in light failure alarm circuits and used in light meter.

3. LDR is also used in smoke detectors.

Conclusion:
From the above task we got to know, how to use LDR and what are its properties. I also studied the working
principle and various required materials for the task. I got to know, how LDR can be used to light up different
LEDs on the basis of required condition, such as lightening of LED automatically when threshold becomes less.

45
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
70. Interface LDR with the UNO kit such that when you cover the LDR surface, an
LED will glow indicating night hours. When uncovered , the LED should
switch OFF.

BEFORE: AFTER:

CODE:

46
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
71. To implement automated street light ON OFF system depending upon at ambient
light intensity. Use at least 3-LESs as street Light.

CONDITION I CONDITION II

CONDITION III

47
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
CODE:

72. To count number of objects passing through. The system should use light source
48
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
(LED) and detector (LDR). Initially count should be. Zero and with every object passing it
should be incremented by '1' Display the count on serial monitor of the serial monitor.

BEFORE AFTER

CODE:

49
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

50
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 8

Title of the assignment – Interfacing of ultrasonic sensor with Arduino Uno kit

Name of the student – Sanskar Chitnis

Roll No. – 08 Batch – 1 Division – B PRNo. – 124113720

Date of performance –

51
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Experiment No.-8

Title - Interfacing of ultrasonic sensor with Arduino Uno kit.

Pre-requisite: Principle of working of ultrasonic sensor and Calculation of distance

Tasks: Interface ultrasonic sensor with the UNO kit and write a program.

73. To find distance (in cm) between the sensor and fixed surface like obstacle or wall etc.
Display the distance on Serial monitor. Verity the distance by actual measurement.
74. Give alert using Buzzer and LED. If distance goes above or below a predetermined level
75. Ultrasonic distance between two ranges finding and turn ON appropriate LED

Theory:
Working Principle - Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above
the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send
the ultrasonic sound.

Sensor Specifications:

76. Operating voltage +5v

77. Theoretical measuring distance - 2cm to 450 cm

78. Practical measuring distance -2 cm to 80 cm

79. Accuracy-3mm,measuring angle covered < 15°

80. Operating current < 15 mA.

81. Operating frequency – 40 Hz.

82. Buzzer

Firstly, the sensor and Arduino Uno are connected. Now, as per the problem statement, we have to
measure the distance between the sensor and a fixed surface. Once the power supply is given, the
sensor will send and receive the sound waves and calculate the time taken for the waves to return.
Distance will be calculated by using the formula distance = (speed of sound X time) /2, and this
distance measured will be displayed on the Serial monitor.

52
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Operating components and materials required:

83. Arduino board (und) - operating voltage 5V (At mega 328P)

84. Breadboard 1-5A rated, 2-distribution strips.

85. Jumpers - set of make to male connectors & a set of male to female connectors.

86. Arduino IDE Software - updated to the latest version.

87. Ultrasonic Sensor - operating voltage-5x

88. Buzzer

ACTUAL CONNECTED CIRCUIT PHOTOS

Task 1

Circuit Connection photo before operation/ Working

Actual Photograph during Working of the circuit

Photograph of Serial Monitor depicting the result

EXPALNATION OF THE RESULT OF EACH TASK

Industrial application: Apart from the distance measurement, ultrasonic sensors are used in robot
sensing, presence detection, tank level detection and many applications on the production line, etc.

Conclusion:
Interfacing an ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino Uno kit provides a practical and insightful
introduction to working with sensors and micro-controllers. Through this process, have
46
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
learned how to measure distances accurately and create responsive systems using buzzers and
LED

89. To find distance (in cm) between the sensor and fixed surface like
obstacle or wall etc.Display the distance on Serial monitor. Verity the
distance by actual measurement.

CODE:

49
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

90. Give alert using Buzzer and LED. If distance goes above or below a
predetermined level

50
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

CODE:

91. Ultrasonic distance between two ranges finding and turn ON appropriate
51
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
LED

CODE:

52
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 9

Title of the assignment – 16x2 LCD Interfacing with Arduino Uno Kit

Name of the student – Sanskar Chitnis

Roll No. – 08 Batch – 1 Division – B PRNo. – 12413720

Date of performance –

53
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Experiment No. 9

Title: 16x2 LCD Interfacing with Arduino Uno Kit

Prerequisites: Working Principle and Character formation logic of LCD

Tasks:
92. Write a program to display Hello World! On LCD at desired location
93. Write a program to scroll custom message on Right or Left direction on LCD.
94. Write a program to display custom characters on LCD
95. Display distance measured by ultrasonic sensor.

Theory:
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is the display device that can be interfaced with Arduino. For this,
The Liquid Crystal library (Liquid Crystal.h) allows to control LCD displays. LCDs have a parallel
interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control
the display. The interface consists of the following pins:
1. A register selects (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory for writing data
to. One can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an
instructionregister, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what
to do next.
2. A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode
3. An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers
4. 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that you're
writingto a register when you write, or the values you're reading when you read.

1. Also, the Liquid Crystal library shows how to use the scrollDisplayLeft () and
scrollDisplayRight () methods to reverse the direction the text is flowing.
2. For custom character display,
Create a custom character for use on the LCD. Up to eight characters of 5x8 pixels are
supported (numbered 0 to 7). The appearance of each custom character is specified by an
array of eight bytes, one for each row. The five least significant bits of each byte determine
the pixels in that row. To display a custom character on the screen, write () its number.

There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd) and LED Backlight
(Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turn
on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

54
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

LCD functions: 1. LiquidCrystal. Begin(16x2)- Initializes LCD specifying size in number of

columns and rows.
Electronic components and materials required:
96. Arduino UNO Development Board,
97. USB Cable,
98. Breadboard,
99. LED, Resistor (1 k ohm),
100. 10K Potentiometer,
101. Connecting Wires,
102. 16x2 LCD Module.

ACTUAL CONNECTED CIRCUIT PHOTOS

Task 1

Circuit Connection photo before operation/ Working

Actual Photograph during Working of the circuit

EXPALNATION OF THE RESULT OF EACH TASK

Flowchart/ Algorithm: Write detailed steps of algorithm for each Tasks (A, B, C and D)
Step - 1
Open Arduino IDE. Here use "Liquid Crystal" library. This is an inbuilt library, so no need to install
that library separately.
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
Step -2
Next initialize the library with the number of the interface pins. With the function "LiquidCrystal
lcd ()". The function has six attributes. These are the interface pins in the order of "RS, E, D4, D5,
D6, D7". Here we use pins 12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2. corresponding to above.
LiquidCrystal lcd (12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
Step - 3

55
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Now can call this display by "lcd". Next program the setup part. We need to set the number of
columns and number of rows. Here use the LCD with 16 column and 2 rows. Set the number of
columns and rows by the function "lcd.begin(16, 2)". If you have a display with 16 columns and 4
rows this become "lcd.begin(16, 4)". And set the A0 pin as input.
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(A0,INPUT);
Step - 4
The setup part is over. Next loop partFirst to clear the displayuse the function "lcd. Clear ()". This
function will clean the entire display.lcd. Clear ();
Step - 5
We need a starting point to start printing. So set the cursor to that particular point by the function
"lcd.setCursor()". This function has only two attributes. It is that starting points. (The number of
column and number of row). Start from first column first row. The first column is represented as 0,
second is 1, and so on and the first raw is represented as 0, second is 1. So, we need to start fromthe
position (0, 0). You can easily understand if you know about matrix. The piece of code become,
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
Step - 6
The instruction to print. to print "Hello World" by the instruction "lcd.print()". Alternatively, you
can print anything. Please don, t forgot the double quote marks.
lcd.print("Hello World");
Step -7
In the above printing statement, we use total of 14 characters. So, the current position of cursor is at
(14, 0). Now to print on the next line, i.e., the position (0, 1). Set the cursor to that point by the
function "lcd.setCursor()".
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
Step - 8
Now the cursor is at the position of second row and first column (0, 1). Then print another text
"Value" by the function lcd.print().
lcd.print("Value : ");
Step - 9
Here we use 8 characters in second line. So, the current position of cursor is (8, 1). Next, we needto
read the analog value from the pin A0 and print it to the display. It uses "analogRead()" functionto
read the analog value and use the "lcd.print()" function to print the value to the display. And there is
no need of double quotes.
lcd.print(analogRead(A0));
Step - 10
Delay (): we have to add some delay. Otherwise, the text will blinkcontinues. That because of the
first instruction "LCD. Clear ()". Every time when see this command the Arduino will clear the
display, This results the blinking of display. But use of delay will decrease this blinking.
Delay (500);
Step - 11
Connection
56
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
103. LCD RS pin to digital pin 12
104. LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
105. LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5
106. LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4
107. LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3
108. LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2
109. LCD R/W pin to ground
110. LCD VSS pin to ground
111. LCD VCC pin to 5V
112. 10K POT:
113. ends to +5V and ground
114. wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)

Conclusion:
LCDs are mostly used in portable electronic games, in flat panel televisions, in electronic
billboards, in video- projection system and many more such devices

115. Write a program to display Hello World! On LCD at desired location.

CODE:

Connection:

56
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

116. Write a program to scroll custom message on Right or Left direction on

LCD.

CODE:

57
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

58
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Connection:

117. Write a program to display custom characters on LCD

CODE:

59
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Connection:

60
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

118. Display distance measured by ultrasonic sensor.

CODE:

61
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Connection:

62
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 10

Title of the assignment– IR sensor interfacing with Arduino Uno

Name of the student– Sanskar Chitnis

Roll No.– 08 Batch– 1 Division–B PRN No.–12413720

Date of performance–

63
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 10

Title: IR sensor interfacing with Arduino Uno

Prerequisites: Various Sensors, and its usage in applications, Sensitivity Control of Sensor.
Problem statement
A) Write a program to interface IR sensor so as to display the presence of obstacle on serial
monitor.

Theory: An IR sensor, also known as an Infrared sensor, is an electronic device that detects and
measures infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a
wavelength longer than visible light. IR sensors work by emitting an infrared beam and then
measuring the amount of reflected light. They are widely used in various applications such as
remote-control devices, security systems, obstacle detection, and industrial automation. The IR
sensor consists of two main parts: an infrared emitter and an infrared detector. The emitter emits
an infrared beam, which bounces back to the detector if it encounters an object. The detector
measures the reflected light and converts it into an electrical signal, which is then processed by the
sensor’s circuit. Based on the electrical signal, the IR sensor can determine the distance, speed, or
presence of an object. IR sensors are also available in both analog and digital forms, with different
specifications for sensitivity, accuracy, and response time.

IR Sensor Module
IR sensor module hardware mainly includes IR LED/IR Tx, Photodiode/IR Rx, LM393
comparator IC, signal LED, power LED, Trim pot, and pins like VCC, GND & Output

Operating components and materials required with specifications:

119. Arduino Development Board,

120. USB Cable,

64
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
121. Breadboard,
122. Connecting Wires,
123. IRModule

Interfacing Circuit diagram: (Draw Connections between Arduino Uno and the
IR Sensor aswell as other components)

Code : ( Put screenshot here )

65
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

66
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Result:(Put screenshot of serial monitor for each problem statement given i.e., for
each of the AimA) and B).

Applications of IR Sensor:
Proximity Sensing: IR sensors are commonly used for proximity sensing applications, such as
detecting the presence of an object or person in close proximity to the sensor for e.g., in Automatic
Hand Sanitizer.
Motion Detection: IR sensors can be used as motion detectors to sense movement in an area. They
are often used in security systems, automatic lighting controls, and burglar alarms. PIR motion
sensor is used in these types of Application.
Remote Control Systems: IR sensors are extensively used in remote control devices, such as TVs,
air conditioners, and home entertainment systems. They receive infrared signals from remote
controllers and convert them into electrical signals for device control.
Ambient Light Sensing: IR sensors can measure ambient light levels and adjust the brightness of
displays or lighting systems accordingly. They are commonly found in smartphones, tablets, and
automatic lighting systems.
Object Counting: IR sensors can be used to count the number of objects passing through a specific
area, such as people entering or exiting a building or items on a conveyor belt.

Conclusion:
We learnt that IR sensors are extremely adaptable and may be utilized for a wide range of
applications, including motion detection and temperature measurement.

67
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 12

Title of the assignment– Seven Segment Display Interfacing with Arduino

Name of the student– Sanskar Chitnis

RollNo.– 08 Batch– 1 Division– B PRNo.– 12413720

Date of performance –

62
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 12

Title: Seven Segment Display Interfacing with Arduino

Pre-requisite: LED Display Construction and working, seven segment display code concept,
Counter Operation
Tasks
124. Write a program to turn ON and turn OFF the individual LED.
125. Write a program to implement simple decimal counter (Counting 0 to 9) using a 7 Segment
Display.
126. Form Special Character of Your choice and Display.

Theory:
When Arduino application only needs to display numbers, consider using a seven-segment display.
The seven-segment display has seven LEDs arranged in the shape of number eight. They are easy
to use and cost effective.

Seven segment displays are of two types: common anode and common cathode. The Internal
structure of both types is nearly the same. The difference is the polarity of the LEDs and common
terminal. In a common cathode seven-segment display (most popularly used), all seven LEDs plus
a dot LED have the cathodes connected to pins 3 and pin 8. To use this display, we need to connect
GROUND to pin 3 and pin 8 and, and connect +5V to the other pins to make the individual
segments light up. The following diagram shows the internal structure of common- cathode seven-
segment display:

63
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
The common anode display is the exact opposite. In a common-anode display, the positive terminal
of all the eight LEDs is connected together and then connected to pin 3 and pin 8. To turn on an
individual segment, you ground one of the pins. The following diagram shows the internal structure
of the common-anode seven-segment display.

Operating components and materials required with specifications:

1. Arduino UNO Development Board,

2. USB Cable, Breadboard,
3. Connecting Wires,
4. Push Button (Micro Switch)
5. Segment Display (Common Cathode Type)

63
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Interfacing Circuit diagram: (Draw Connections between Arduino Uno and the disply as well
as other components)

A)

B)

64
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

C)

65
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Code: ( Put Screenshot of code) :

A)

B)

66
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

C)

67
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Result :( Put screenshot of serial monitor for each problem statement given i.e., for each of the
Aim A) and B) and C)

Applications:
127. Digital Displays of Testing Machines
128. Digital Clock

Conclusion:
Interfacing a seven-segment display with Arduino allows you to display numbers or
characters by controlling individual segments. Using digital pins, the Arduino sends
signals to light up specific segments of the display, which are arranged to form
68
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
numbers (0-9). Commonly, either a common cathode or common anode display is used,
with each type requiring a different wiring configuration.

67
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 13

Title of the assignment–Servo Motor Interfacing with Arduino

Name of the student– Sankar Chintis

Roll No.– 08 Batch– 1 Division– B PRNno.– 12413720

Date of performance–

68
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 13

Title: Servo Motor Interfacing with Arduino

Pre-requisite: Difference between servo and DC motor, PWM, Current requirements of a
Servo
Tasks:
129. Write a program to control the Servo Motor Rotation by one Degree using Arduino
Uno
130. Write a program to control Servo Motor Rotation Control using potentiometer.
131. Write a program to rotate servo through given degrees. Accept Command from cell
phonevia blue tooth.

Theory:
A servo motor is an electric device used for precise control of angular rotation. It is used in
applications that demand precise control over motion, like in case of control of a robotic arm, The
rotation angle of the servo motor is controlled by applying a PWM signal to it.By varying the width
of the PWM signal, we can change the rotation angle and direction of the motor.
Servo motors have three wires: power, ground, and signal. The power wire is typically red, and
should be connected to the 5V pin on the Arduino board. The ground wire is typically black or
brown and should be connected to a ground pin on the board. The signal pin is typically yellow or
orange and should be connected to PWM pin on the board. In these examples, it is pin number 9.

The Servo.h is a great library for controlling servo motors.

Knob Circuit
For the Knob example, wire the potentiometer so that its two outer pins are connected to power
(+5V) and ground, and its middle pin is connected to A0 on the board. Then, connect the servo
motor to +5V, GND and pin 9.

Functions Used

132. Servo my servo

 This creates an object named my servo of the class Servo.

133. myservo.attach(pin)

 This function attaches the servo variable to a pin.

 Pin is the pin number to which the servo is attached.

134. myservo.write(angle)

 This function writes a value to the servo, thus controlling the position of the shaft.
 Angle can take values between 0 to 180.

69
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
135. map (value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)

70
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
 This function is used to map a number from one range to another range.
 This means that “value” having a value between “fromLow” to “fromHigh”
gets converted to equivalent values in the range of “toLow” to “toHigh”.
“fromLow” getsmapped to “toLow” and so on.

Operating components and materials required with specifications:

 Arduino UNO Development Board,
 USB Cable, Breadboard,
 Connecting Wires,
 10 K Potentiometer
 Servo

Interfacing Circuit diagram: (Draw Connections between Arduino Uno and the Sensors as
well as other components)

Algorithm: Write (Type) detailed steps of algorithm for each Tasks giveni.e., for each of the Aim
A), &B).
136. Program to control the Servo Motor Rotation
by one DegreeSTEP 1-Start
STEP 2- include servo.h library
STEP 3- define angle
STEP 4- create a new object myservo from the library
STEP 5- in void setup, declare myservo.attach(9)
STEP 6- in void loop, use for loops to rotate the motor
STEP 7-Stop
137. Program to control servo motor with
potentiometer.STEP 1-Start
71
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
STEP 2- include servo.h library
STEP 3- create a new object myservo from the class Servo
STEP 4- define a variable val and port pin and initialize it to the analogue pin of the Arduino A0
STEP 5- in void setup, declare myservo.attach(9)
STEP 6- in void loop, initialize the variable val to the value from the analogue input of the
potentiometer
STEP 7- map the value of angle and rotate the motor
STEP 8- Stop

Result: Put screenshot of serial monitor for each Tasks given i.e., for each of the Aim A), & B).

Connection:

A)

71
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
B)

CODE:

A)
72
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

73
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

B)

74
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Applications:
Servo motors are used in DVD and Blue ray disc players. Automobiles also use servo motors. In
modern cars it is used to control its speed. Printers also uses the servo.

Conclusion:
Interfacing a servo motor with Arduino is straightforward, as servo motors only require a
PWM signal for control. The Arduino sends a PWM signal to the servo's control pin,
determining its position (angle). The motor is typically powered by the Arduino's 5V pin,
though larger servos may need an external power supply.

75
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 14

Title of the assignment– DC Motor Interfacing with Arduino

Name of the student– Sanskar Chitnis

DivisBion– 1 2 4 1 3P7R2 0No .–

Roll No.– 08 Batch- 1

Date of performance–

76
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Experiment No. 14

Title: DC Motor Interfacing with Arduino

Pre-requisite: PWM, Current requirements of DC Motor, Calculation of required voltage
and Current of a DC motor.
Tasks
138. Write a program to control DC motor clockwise & anti clockwise rotation control
using a pushbutton.
139. Write a program to control Speed of DC Motor Rotation using a potentiometer or H bridge.

Components: Arduino UNO Development Board, USB Cable, Breadboard, LED, Resistor (1 k
ohm), Connecting Wires, Potentiometer 10K, DC Motor etc.

Theory:
DC motor converts electrical energy in the form of Direct Current into mechanical energy in the
form of rotational motion of the motor shaft. The DC motor speed can be controlled by applying
varying DC voltage; whereas the direction of rotation of the motor can be changed by reversing the
direction of current through it. For applying varying voltage, we can make use of PWM technique.
For reversing the current, we can make use of H-Bridge circuit or motor driver ICs that employ the
H-Bridge technique. PWM wave generated on the Arduino UNO is used to provide a variable
voltage to the motor through L293D. In Arduino, analog. Write function is used to generate PWM
wave.

77
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
140. Digital Pin To interrupt (pin)

 This function is used to declare the digital pin as an interrupt pin.
 Example, digital Pin To Interrupt (2) is used to declare digital pin 2 as an interrupt
pin.
 On UNO board, only pins 2 and 3 can be configured as interrupt pins. Hence,
argument tothis function can only be pin 2 or pin 3.

141. Attach Interrupt (digital Pin To Interrupt(pin), ISR, mode)

 This function is used to configure the mode of interrupt event and declare the ISR
for thatinterrupt. The interrupt event and ISR is for the interrupt pin declared by the
function digital Pin To Interrupt(pin).
 ISR in this function is the name of the ISR that will be used for this interrupt.
 mode defines when the interrupt will be triggered. There are four modes
available tochoose from:
1. LOW: trigger the interrupt whenever the pin is low.
2. CHANGE: trigger the interrupt whenever the pin changes value.
3. RISING: trigger when the pin goes from low to high.
4. FALLING: trigger when the pin goes from high to low.
 Example, attach Interrupt (digital Pin ToInterrupt(2), motor, FALLING) configures
digitalpin 2 as an interrupt pin with ISR named motor and which generates interrupt
for every falling edge event on pin 2.

142. analog Write (pin, value)

 This function is used for generating PWM on PWM digital pins (3, 5,6,9,10,11 for
ArduinoUNO).
 Value can be any number between 0 to 255. 0 being 0% duty cycle and 255 being
100%duty cycle.

Operating components and materials required with specifications:

 Arduino UNO Development Board,
 USB Cable, Breadboard,
 Connecting Wires,
 10 K Potentiometer
 DC Motor 12V 200 rpm

78
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics
Interfacing Circuit diagram: (Draw Connections between Arduino Uno and the motor as wellas
other components)
A)

B)

79
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

CODE:

A)

B)

80
 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY: 2024-2025: Semester I & II
ET1012: Applied Electromechanics

Conclusion:
Interfacing a DC motor with Arduino involves using a motor driver (like L298N or L293D) to
control the motor's speed and direction. Arduino generates PWM signals to control speed, while
direction is managed by switching the motor driver’s input pins. A separate power source is
needed for the motor, as Arduino can't supply enough current.

81