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3. Which statement describes the consequence of the successful implementation of the
Affordable Care Act?
a. Americans will pay closer attention to their health status.
b. Most of the population will be covered by health insurance.
c. Public health departments will need to increase the number of nursing positions.
d. The prevalence of obesity will decrease.
ANS: B
One consequence of successful implementation of the Affordable Care Act might be that the
majority of the population would be covered by insurance and public health agencies will
not need to provide direct clinical services in order to assure that those who need them can
receive them. The Affordable Care Act will not directly cause Americans to pay closer
attention to their health status or decrease the prevalence of obesity.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

4. The public health nurse (PHN) must participate in the essential services of public health.
What is one of the essential services of public health nursing?
a. Monitoring health status by completing a community assessment
b. Diagnosing and investigating health problems in the world
c. Informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues
d. Working in law enforcement to regulate health and ensure safety
ANS: C
The PHN monitors health status in several ways, completing a community assessment is
only one way that health status is monitored. The PHN would not diagnose or solve “world”
problems, or work in law enforcement. Rather, the PHN would participate with local
regulators to protect communities and empower people to address health issues.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

5. A public health department is using the mission of public health as described by the Institute
of Medicine when planning its health programming. Which of the following activities will
most likely be implemented?
a. Tracking avian flu outbreaks and doing surveillance in the United States
b. Providing a flu shot for an elderly person at the health department
c. Keeping track of alternative therapies in use in the United States
d. Keeping snake antivenom at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in
Atlanta
ANS: A
The Institute of Medicine’s stated mission on public health is “to generate organized
community and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health.” Tracking avian
flu outbreaks and doing surveillance applies this concept at a population level. Providing a
flu shot for an elderly person only addresses individual care. Keeping track of the use of
alternative therapies does nothing to prevent disease or promote health of the population.
Keeping snake antivenom is aimed at disease care for an individual, not health promotion or
disease prevention.
 DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing process: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

6. A public health department makes sure that the essential community-oriented health
services are available in the community. Which of the following core public health functions
is being implemented?
a. Policy development
b. Assessment
c. Assurance
d. Scientific knowledge-based care
ANS: C
Assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to ensure certain activities
have been appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. Policy
development seeks to build constituencies that can help bring about change in public policy.
Assessment includes activities that involve collecting, analyzing, and disseminating
information on both the health status and the health-related aspects of a community or a
specific population. Public health is based on scientific knowledge but is not a core function.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

7. What is the purpose of public health core functions?

a. Clarifying the role of the government in fulfilling the mission of public health
b. Ensuring the safety of populations in receiving quality health care
c. Providing community-based individualized care to every person in the United
States
d. Uniting public and private providers of care in a comprehensive approach to
providing health care
ANS: A
As defined by the Institute of Medicine in its 1988 report The Future of Public Health,
assessment, policy development, and assurance are core functions at all levels of
government for the purpose of clarifying the government’s role.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

8. Which of the following statements about public health is accurate?

a. Prevention of early deaths can be more effectively accomplished by medical
treatment than by public health approaches.
b. Expenditures and resources for public health have increased in recent years.
c. Historically, gains in the health of populations have been related largely to changes
in safety, sanitation, and food safety.
d. Reform of the medical insurance system is the single change needed to improve
the health of Americans.
ANS: C
 Fielding and Tilson have asserted that most of the increase in life span has been made
through improvements in sanitation, clean water supplies, making workplaces safer,
improving food and drug safety, immunizing children, and improving nutrition, hygiene,
and housing. Medical treatment has not made as significant of an impact on the life span as
public health measures. Funding for public health in recent years has been on a gradual
decline. Although reform of the medical insurance system may help improve the health of
Americans, there are many other factors that will need to be addressed.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

9. A public health nurse (PHN) collects data and monitors the health status of the population.
Which of the following core public health functions is the nurse addressing?
a. Assessment
b. Prevention
c. Assurance
d. Policy development
ANS: A
Assessment consists of systematic data collection and monitoring health status.
Prevention is not a core function, assurance is making sure essential services are available,
and policy development is needed to provide leadership in developing policies.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

10. The public health nurse (PHN) compares the rate of teenage pregnancy in various areas of
the city. Which of the core functions of public health is the nurse addressing?
a. Assurance
b. Assessment
c. Prevention
d. Policy development
ANS: B
Assessment refers to systematic data collection, which this nurse is doing for teenage
pregnancy. Prevention is not a core function, assurance is making sure essential services are
available, and policy development is needed to provide leadership in developing policies.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

11. A public health nurse (PHN) develops and implements local public health policies through
partnerships with agencies, organizations, and consumers within the community. Which of
the following core public health functions is the nurse addressing?
a. Assessment
b. Prevention
c. Assurance
d. Policy development
ANS: D
 Policy development deals with developing and implementing health policies. Prevention is
not a core function, assurance is making sure essential services are available, and
assessment refers to systematic data collection.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

12. A nurse provides for the availability of essential personal health services for people who
would otherwise not receive health care. Which of the public health core functions is the
nurse addressing
a. Assessment
b. Prevention
c. Assurance
d. Policy development
ANS: C
Assurance deals with the availability of health services. Prevention is not a core function,
assessment refers to systematic data collection, and policy development refers to the need to
provide leadership in developing health policies.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

13. The nurse manager makes sure that the staff members who work in a local clinic are
competent in their job responsibilities. Which of the public health core functions is being
demonstrated?
a. Assurance
b. Assessment
c. Prevention
d. Policy development
ANS: A
Assurance refers to making sure a competent health care workforce is available. Prevention
is not a core function, assessment refers to systematic data collection, and policy
development refers to the need to provide leadership in developing health policies.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

14. Which intervention is the nurse most likely to implement when addressing one of the
primary goals of public health?
a. Ensuring that a newly diagnosed 40-year-old hypertensive man takes his
medication
b. Finding home care for a 70-year-old client recuperating from a hip replacement
c. Conducting an infant car seat safety check
d. Contacting a local hospice to admit a terminally ill 60-year-old woman
ANS: C
 The correct answer is concerned with the health of many people, while the other answers
address individual interventions. According to the Core Functions Project, all levels of
health care, including population-based public health care, must be funded or the goal of
health of populations may never be reached.

DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

15. A community health nurse collects data about the number and proportion of persons aged 25
or older with less than a high school education. Which term best describes this type of data?
a. Sociodemographic characteristics
b. Health status data
c. Health risk factors
d. Health care resource consumption information
ANS: A
The number and proportion of people is a sociodemographic characteristic. Health status
includes birth and death rates. Health risk factors discuss proportions of populations who
have particular health conditions or health risks. Health care resource consumption refers to
spending on health care per capita.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

16. The public health nurse (PHN) analyzes data related to the number and type of United States
Environmental Protection Agency air quality standards that a community failed to meet.
This data is an example of using which community health profile indicator?
a. Sociodemographic characteristics
b. Health status
c. Health risk factor
d. Functional status
ANS: C
Health risk factors discuss proportions of populations who have particular health conditions
or health risks; breathing air of poor quality is a risk to health. The number and proportion
of people is a sociodemographic characteristic. Health status includes birth and death rates.
Functional status refers to reports of good health status by members of the population.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

17. A nurse is implementing quality performance standards in a public health department.

Which statement best describes the importance of this action?
a. Quality performance standards are used to guide improvement in the public health
system.
b. Quality performance standards rigidly control public health.
c. Quality performance standards guide administrators to monitor public health at the
national level.
d. Quality performance standards can be used as hiring guidelines for nurses.
 ANS: A
These standards were developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1998.
They set the bar for the level of performance that is necessary to deliver essential public
health services (PHSs). These standards were developed around the 10 essential PHSs. They
focus on the overall public health system rather than on single organizations and describe an
optimal level of performance. They are intended to support a process of quality
improvement. State and local communities can assess their performance using certain
available tools. They are not meant to control public health or be used for hiring guidelines.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

18. To better address emerging public health issues, a public health nurse (PHN) plans to
complete continuing education in this area. Which content areas should be included in the
course that is chosen?
a. Leadership
b. Ethics
c. Communication
d. Finance
ANS: B
Public health workers should be educated in eight content areas to be able to address
emerging public health issues and advances in science and policy: (1) informatics, (2)
genomics, (3) cultural competence, (4) community-based participatory research, (5) policy,
(6) law, (7) global health, and (8) ethics.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Planning

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

19. The public health workforce should demonstrate competency in which of the following
competency categories?
a. Financial planning and management
b. Workforce needs assessment
c. Acute care services
d. Curriculum development
ANS: A
Workforce needs assessment, acute care services, and curriculum developments are not
considered categories of core competencies of public health. Rather there are eight
categories of competency, which include: (1) analytic/assessment, (2) policy
development/program planning, (3) communication, (4) cultural competence, (5)
community dimensions of practice, (6) basic public health sciences, (7) financial planning
and management, and (8) leadership and systems thinking.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

20. Why is public health nursing considered a nursing specialty?

a. It has a distinct focus and scope of practice.
b. It requires a master’s degree in nursing.
 c. It is focused on disadvantaged citizens.
d. It performs interventions at the acute care level.
ANS: A
Public health nursing has a distinct focus and requires a special knowledge base. The other
answers are not characteristics of a specialty.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

21. The necessary basic preparation for public health nursing is what level of nursing
education?
a. Associate degree
b. Baccalaureate degree
c. Master’s degree
d. Doctor of Nursing Practice
ANS: B
A Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) is the necessary basic preparation to function as a
beginning staff PHN. An Associate degree is not enough for basic preparation. A Master’s
degree or Doctor of Nursing Practice degree would be part of preparation for advanced
practice.

DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

22. A public health nurse (PHN) has been prepared at the graduate level. Which activity should
the practitioner be able to complete?
a. Teaching public and community health nursing
b. Assessing and intervening successfully at the aggregate level
c. Diagnosing and treating disease while having earned prescriptive authority
d. Running for political office as experts in public health policy
ANS: B
According to the Consensus Conference, specialists should have assessment skills that allow
them to intervene at the aggregate level. Public health practitioners have a broad range of
practice areas within public health and are not limited to only nursing and medicine.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

23. A public health nurse (PHN) provides clinic-based services for HIV-positive citizens in the
community. Which term best describe this activity?
a. Primary prevention
b. Health education
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Policy making
ANS: C
 This clinic is for clients who already have a disease process; therefore, it is tertiary
prevention (preventing deterioration in a patient, a relapse, or disability and dependency by
anticipatory nursing and medical care). Primary prevention is using general and specific
measures in a population to promote health and prevent the development of disease
(incidence) and using specific measures to prevent disease in those who are predisposed to
developing a particular condition. Health education would involve providing specific
education to this population. Policy making is formulating plans by an organization in order
to make decisions.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

24. A nurse is working in the community with an aggregate/population. Who is the nurse most
likely to interact with?
a. Students in a county school system
b. Christians around the world
c. A patient in the intensive care unit at the local hospital
d. People who drink coffee
ANS: A
A population or aggregate is a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or
environmental characteristics in common. Members of a community who can be defined in
terms of geography or a special interest can be seen as constituting a population. The clients
in the first option share a geographical and special circumstance (school) characteristic.
Christians around the world are too large of a geographical space. A patient cannot be an
aggregate/population as there is no one to interact with. People who drink coffee share a
common interest but may not share a common geographical location to interact.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

25. How is a population best defined?

a. High-risk group
b. Those interacting within a school or institutional setting
c. Collection of individuals who share at least one common characteristic
d. Geographical location within a community
ANS: C
A population or aggregate is a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or
environmental characteristics in common. High-risk groups, school or institutional setting,
and geographical location within the community all describe types of populations, not the
definition of population.

DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

26. Population-focused practice concentrates on defining the problems or needs of and

implementing solutions for whom?
a. Individuals
b. Aggregates
 c. Communities
d. Geographical regions
ANS: B
Aggregates are a defined population made up of individuals in communities of a specific
geographical region. Population-focused practice is implemented with defined populations
or subpopulations. This is larger than the scope of individual care but may not address the
larger needs of the entire community or geographical region.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

27. A nurse is using a population focus when providing public health nursing care. Which
statement best describes the care that is being provided?
a. Priority is given to the highest risk population.
b. Direct caregiving is limited to preventive measures, such as administration of
immunizations.
c. Attention is given to the population or community, regardless of whether they do
or do not access the health care system.
d. Only populations outside institutional settings are considered.
ANS: C
PHNs are concerned with the health of the entire population. Priority is given to the entire
population, not just the group at highest risk or those outside of institutional settings. Direct
caregiving is not the focus of public health nursing care.

DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

28. A nurse is working in a community health nursing practice setting. Which intervention is the
nurse most likely to implement?
a. Administering a flu shot to a client in a physician’s office
b. Conducting a flu shot clinic at a community center
c. Performing a client assessment in a hospital
d. Providing supervision of staff in a rehabilitation center
ANS: A
Community health nursing practice focuses on the health of individuals, families, and
groups and the effect of their health status on the health of the whole community.
Administering a flu shot to an individual is the only example that meets this criterion.
Performing a client assessment focuses only on individual care, not the community.
Providing supervision of staff does not focus on the community. Conducting a flu shot clinic
at a community center focuses on protecting the community as a whole and would be
considered public health nursing practice.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

29. Which statement about community health nursing practice is correct?

a. It focuses on the delivery of personal health services to individuals and families.
 b. It provides care to protect the health of the whole community.
c. It emphasizes the setting where care is provided for clients and families.
d. It requires a baccalaureate preparation for practice.
ANS: A
Public health nursing provides care to protect the health of the community as a whole.
Community-based nursing practice emphasizes the setting where care is provided for clients
and families. It is generally assumed that a graduate of any baccalaureate program has the
necessary basic preparation to function as a beginning staff PHN; however, this is not a
requirement for public health nursing or community health nursing practices.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

30. A nurse is implementing community-based nursing care. Which intervention is the nurse
most likely to complete?
a. Assessing the health needs of a defined community
b. Providing care to families in a community
c. Promoting the health of an entire community
d. Investigating environmental health problems in a community
ANS: B
Community-based nursing practice is a setting-specific practice whereby care is provided
for families where they live, work, and attend school. The focus is on acute and chronic care
and the provision of services. Providing care to families is the only intervention that
accurately describes this definition. Assessing the health needs of a community, promoting
the health needs of an entire community, and investigating environmental health problems
in a community would be considered public health nursing practice.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

31. A nurse is conducting vision screenings on children in the school setting. Which type of
nursing practice is the nurse performing?
a. Community-oriented
b. Public health
c. Community health
d. Community-based
ANS: D
Community-based nursing practice is a setting-specific practice whereby care is provided
for clients and families where they live, work, and attend school. Community-oriented
nursing emphasizes the prevention of disease and disability. Public health nursing focuses
on the care within the whole community. Community health nursing focuses on the health
status of individuals and the effect of their health status on the whole community.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance
32. The nurse is investigating environmental health problems caused by contaminated ground
water. Which type of nursing practice is being implemented?
a. Community-oriented
b. Community-based
c. Policy development
d. Tertiary care
ANS: A
Community-oriented nursing emphasizes the prevention of disease and disability.
Community-based nursing practice is a setting-specific practice whereby care is provided
for clients and families where they live, work, and attend school. Policy development seeks
to build constituencies that can help bring about change in public policy. Tertiary care
focuses on highly specialized medical care.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

33. A public health staff nurse (PHN) who has a clear understanding of population-focused
practice, would most likely engage in what activity?
a. Volunteering for a local community action coalition
b. Performing interventions with individuals in the community
c. Improving the effectiveness of care provided
d. Considering earning a PHN certification
ANS: C
Public health staff nurses who have a clear understanding of population-focused care
improve their effectiveness and efficiency of practice; have professional satisfaction by
seeing how individual care contributes to health at the population level; and appreciate the
practice of others who are population-focused specialists. PHN specialists are prepared at
the master’s level and function in an administrative role.

DIF: Cognitive level: Applying TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

34. Public health nurse (PHNs) are looking to improve population-focused care in the
community. Which activity best describes a key opportunity for the nurses to accomplish
this goal?
a. Assuming traditional nursing roles
b. Influencing public health policy
c. Conducting community assessments
d. Specializing in community-based nursing practice
ANS: B
PHNs must move into positions in which they can influence policy formation. They must
assume positions that are not traditionally considered nursing. Conducting community
assessments is part of public health nursing practice, not necessarily a key opportunity to
improve practice. Specializing in community-based nursing practice is setting-specific and
does not relate to a key opportunity to improve population-focused care.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

 MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance

35. A local senator has proposed changes to the health care delivery system in the United States.
Based on current trends, what is most likely to occur?
a. There will be new opportunities provided for public health specialists.
b. It will result in isolated care being provided to individuals.
c. There will be an increased emphasis in specialty care.
d. It will increase the utilization of acute care services.
ANS: A
Proposed changes in the health care delivery system will provide new opportunities for
public health specialists and result in the creation of new roles within the system. The
proposed changes will build an integrated system (not isolated), decrease emphasis on acute
care services, and focus on health promotion and disease prevention.

DIF: Cognitive level: Analyzing TOP: Nursing process: Implementation

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

1. What are considered barriers to public health nursing? (Select all that apply.)
a. The mindset that the only role for the nurse is at the bedside.
b. The structures within which nurses work and the process of role socialization
within those structures.
c. Few nurses receive graduate-level preparation in the concepts and strategies of the
disciplines basic to public health.
d. The steady decline in the number of job opportunities in the area.
e. The inability to equally distribute the increasing funds.
ANS: A, B, C
Barriers exist in thinking that nurses only work in a hospital at the bedside, the process of
role socialization in public health which can be a very autonomous profession, and that few
nurses have had advanced education in public health. The number of job opportunities
continues to increase, but the amount of funding allotted to public health continues to
decline.

DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding TOP: Nursing process: Assessment

MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
Other documents randomly have
different content
 anchors, and sea weeds, in open work, spread over the face of the
pediments, and the area within consists of handsome grass-plats,
divided by gravel-walks, kept in excellent order, leading down the
middle, and across to the centre of the area, where is a statue in stone
of Mr. Robert Sandes well executed. He has a bale of goods placed
behind; he stands with his right-foot upon another bale, and near his
left-foot is a small globe, and anchor. On the pedestal is the following
inscription:

To the memory of Captain Robert Sandes, an elder brother, and deputy-

master of the corporation of Trinity House, who dy’d in
1701, and bequeath’d to the poor thereof one hundred pounds,
also the reversion (after two lives) of a freehold estate in the
county of Lincoln of 147l. a year, now in their possession. This
statue was erected by the corporation A.D. 1746.

The end of each wing next the road has an empty niche, and over it is
a very small pediment, on each side which is placed a small ship.
The ground on which this hospital stands was given to the corporation
of the Trinity house by capt. Henry Mudd, an elder brother, and the
above beautiful and commodious building erected by the company in
the year 1695, for the reception of twenty-eight masters of ships, or
their widows, each of whom receives 16s. per month, 20s. a year for
coals, and a gown every second year.

Trinity House, a society founded in the year 1515, by Sir Thomas Spert,
Knt. commander of the great ship Henry Grace de Dieu, and
comptroller of the navy to Henry VIII. for the regulation of seamen,
and the convenience of ships and mariners on our coast, and
incorporated by the above mentioned Prince who confirmed to them
not only the ancient rights and privileges of the company of
mariners of England; but their several possessions at Deptford; which
together with the grants of Queen Elizabeth and King Charles II. were
also confirmed by letters patent of the first of James II. in 1685, by the
name of The master, wardens and assistants of the guild or fraternity of
the most glorious and undivided Trinity, and of St. Clement in the parish
of Deptford Strond in the county of Kent.
This corporation is governed by a master, four wardens, eight
assistants, and eighteen elder brethren; but the inferior members of
the fraternity, named younger brethren, are of an unlimited number, for
every master, or mate, expert in navigation may be admitted as such;
and these serve as a continual nursery to supply the vacancies among
the elder brethren when removed by death, or otherwise.
The master, wardens, assistants, and elder brethren are by charter
invested with the following powers:
1. That of examining the mathematical children of Christ’s hospital.
2. The examination of the masters of his Majesty’s ships; the
appointing pilots to conduct ships in and out of the river Thames; and
the amercing all such as shall presume to act as master of a ship of war
or pilot, without their approbation, in a pecuniary mulct of 20s.
3. The settling the several rates of pilotage and erecting light-houses,
and other sea marks upon the several coasts of the kingdom, for the
security of navigation; to which light-houses all ships pay one half-
penny a tun.
4. The granting licences to poor seamen, not free of the city, to row on
the river Thames for their support, in the intervals of sea service, or
when past going to sea.
5. The preventing of aliens from serving on board English ships,
without their licence, upon the penalty of 5l. for each offence.
6. The punishing of seamen for desertion, or mutiny, in the merchants
service.
7. The hearing and determining the complaints of officers and seamen
in the merchants service; but subject to an appeal to the Lords of the
Admiralty, or the Judge of the court of Admiralty.
To this company belongs the ballast office, for clearing and deepning
the river Thames, by taking from thence a sufficient quantity of ballast,
for the supply of all ships that sail out of that river; in which service
sixty barges with two men in each, are constantly employed, and all
ships that take in ballast pay them 1s. a ton, for which it is brought to
the ships sides.
In consideration of the great increase of the poor of this fraternity, they
are by their charter impowered to purchase in mortmain lands,
 tenements, &c. to the amount of 500l. per annum; and also to receive
charitable benefactions of well disposed persons, to the like amount of
500l. per annum, clear of reprizes.
There are annually relieved by this company about 3000 poor seamen,
their widows, and orphans, at the expence of about 6000l.
They commonly meet to chuse their master at their house at Deptford;
but are not obliged to do it there. See the article Deptford.
Their meetings are generally on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at their
house in Water lane, Thames street; but their courts are not constantly
fixed to a set time.
Their house in Water lane has been twice burnt down, once at the fire
of London, and the last time in the year 1718. Among the curiosities
preserved in the hall of this building is a flag taken from the Spaniards,
by the brave Sir Francis Drake, whose picture is also there: a large and
exact model of a ship entirely rigged, and two large globes; and in the
parlour are five large drawings curiously performed by the pen, of
several engagements at sea in the reign of King Charles II. Maitland.

Trinity lane, Garlick hill, Thames street.☐

Trinity Minories, a curasy situated in the Little Minories, in Portsoken-ward,

where anciently stood an abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called
the Minoresses, founded by Edmund Earl of Lancaster, brother to King
Edward I. in the year 1293, but being suppressed in the year 1539, a
number of houses were erected in its room, and a small church was
built for the inhabitants, and dedicated to the Trinity, whence it
received its present appellation, the additional epithet of Minories being
added from the above Monastery.
The present church is a small brick edifice with a low tower crowned
with a turret.
The patronage has been all along in the crown: but the income of the
curate is said to be so small as to amount to no more than 25l. per
annum, besides surplice fees.

Trinity the Less, a church formerly seated at the north-east corner of Little
Trinity lane, where at present a German chapel, denominated the
Swedish church, is situated; it received the epithet of Less, to
 distinguish it from the Trinity priory at Aldgate: but this church suffering
the fate of the other public buildings, at the fire of London in 1666, and
not being rebuilt, the parish was by act of parliament united to the
church of St. Michael’s Queenhithe.

Trinity Priory, on the south side within Aldgate, was founded by Queen
Matilda, daughter to Malcolm King of Scotland, wife to Henry I. in the
year 1108, in the place where Siredus had begun to erect a church in
honour of the holy cross and St. Mary Magdalen: she endowed it with
the port of Aldgate, the customs belonging to it, and the sum of 25l.
This priory was built on a piece of ground upwards of three hundred
feet long, in the parish of St. Catharine, near a parochial chapel
dedicated to St. Michael, which stood where are now the row of houses
by the pump, fronting the gate; and soon obtained the name of Christ
church; in a short time it grew rich in lands and ornaments, and
surpassed all the priories in the city of London and county of Middlesex,
for its church, got into its possession the parishes belonging to the
neighbouring churches of St. Mary Magdalen, St. Michael, and St.
Catharine, and the prior was frequently an Alderman. This priory was
dissolved by King Henry VIII. in the year 1531, and of nine well-tuned
bells that belonged to the conventual church, the four largest are now
in the steeple of Stepney church, and the other five at St. Stephen’s
Coleman street. Maitland.

Trinity stairs, Broad street, Ratcliff.☐

Trinity street, Rotherhith.☐

Trinity yard, Broad street, Ratcliff.☐

Tripp’s alley, Whitechapel.☐

Trotter alley, Barnaby street, Southwark.

Trotterbone alley. Duke street.

Trumball’s yard, Queen street, Windmill street.†

Trump alley, Cheapside.

Trump street, King street.

Trumpet yard, Whitechapel.*

Tryance court, Red lion street, Spitalfields.

Trype yard, 1. Catharine Wheel alley: 2. Dunning’s alley, Bishopsgate street

without: 3. Petticoat lane.

Tudor street, Bridewell Precinct.

Tufton street, Lumley street, Westminster.

Tuke’s court, Chancery lane.†

Tun, in Cornhill, a prison built with stone by Henry Wallis, Mayor of London
in the year 1282, as a prison for night-walkers, and other suspicious
persons, and called the Tun from its resembling a tun standing upon
one end. This prison being, in 1401, made a cistern for water conveyed
by leaden pipes from Tyburn; was thence called the conduit. It had at
the same time a strong prison made of timber placed upon it, which
was called the cage; this prison had a pair of stocks, and was for the
punishment of night-walkers. On the top of the cage was placed a
pillory for the punishment of bakers offending in the assize of bread;
for millers stealing of corn at the mill; for bawds, scolds, and persons
guilty of perjury; the last mentioned persons were usually brought on
horseback from Newgate with paper mitres on their heads, and with
their faces to the horses tails, and having stood in this pillory, were in
the same manner conducted back to Newgate.

Tun alley, Love lane, Wood street.*

Turk’s Head court, Golden lane, Barbican.*

Turk’s Head yard, Turnmill street, Cowcross.*

Turks Row, Chelsea.

Turky or Levant Company, a body of merchants incorporated by Queen

Elizabeth in the year 1579, when that Princess granted them many
 great privileges, which have been confirmed by several succeeding
Princes.
The trade of this company originally extended no farther than to
Venice; but discovering there oriental gems, and other valuable
commodities brought from the east, they extended their trade to Turky;
and tho’ the English East Company, which was afterwards incorporated,
deprived them of the trade of jewels and spices, they have almost ever
since carried on a trade to the Levant with success, though it is now
upon the decline. Maitland.
In the Turky trade there was always a balance against us; and yet it
was esteemed of no disservice to the nation, as that company imported
raw silk, cotton, and several other articles that were purchased with our
cloth and other woollen goods; but the French have supplanted us by
making a slight sort of cloth, that appears as fine as ours, and being
made thinner and lighter, is not only fitter for warm climates; but can
be afforded cheaper.
In the year 1754, an act was passed, by which it was ordered that
every subject of Great Britain, who desired admission into the Turky
company, should be admitted within thirty days after such request, and
enjoy all the privileges of the company, on their paying 20l. for such
admission.
The affairs of this company are managed by a Governor, deputy
governor and a court of assistants, consisting of eighteen members,
annually chosen in the month of February; who hold a court monthly,
or as occasion requires, for the management of the company’s affairs;
as appointing Consuls, Vice-consuls, factors, &c. to the places where
their factories are kept; as at Smyrna, Aleppo, Constantinople, Cyprus,
&c. who are answerable to the company for what they do or act under
them.

Turn-about alley, Windmill Hill row.

Turn-again lane, 1. Snow Hill: 2. Thomas street.

Turnbull street, Cowcross, this street was anciently denominated Turnmill

Street, from the mills erected in it, turned by a stream of water from
Hampstead and Highgate; which being at present seemingly dried up,
some writers have represented it as lost; but that stream is brought to
 the suburbs of London in two large wooden pipes, each of a
seven inch bore. Maitland.

Turnbull yard, White’s alley, Longditch.

Turners, a society incorporated by letters patent granted by King James I.

in the year 1604; by the name of The master, wardens and commonalty
of the art or mystery de lez Turners of London.
This company is governed by a master, two wardens, and twenty-four
assistants; with a livery of 144 members, who, upon their admission,
pay a fine of 8l. They have a convenient hall on College hill, Thames
street.

Turner’s alley, Little Eastcheap.†

Turner’s court, St. Martin’s lane.†

Turner’s street, Derby street.†

Turnmill street, the ancient name of the street now corruptly called
Turnbull street. See Turnbull street.

Turnpike passage, King street.

Turn-stile, 1. Drury lane: 2. Holbourn.

Turnwheel lane, Cannon street, by Wallbrook.

Turret yard, Little sanctuary, Westminster.

Turnville street, Shoreditch Fields.

Tuttle court, Barnaby street, Southwark.

Tweed street, Berwick street, Old Soho.

Tweezer’s alley, Milford lane, in the Strand.

Twelve Bell court, Bow church-yard, Cheapside.*

Twickenham, a pleasant village in Middlesex situated on the Thames
between Teddington and Isleworth, and between two brooks that here
fall into that river. The church, which is a modern edifice, rebuilt by the
contribution of the inhabitants, is a fine Doric structure. Here is a
charity school for fifty boys, who are cloathed and taught: And this
delightful village is adorned with the seats of several persons of
distinction, particularly on the bank of the river. To begin at the upper
end; there is an elegant Gothic seat called Strawberry Hill, belonging to
the Honorable Mr. Walpole; then a beautiful house, late the Earl of
Radnor’s, now in the possession of Mr. Hindley. The next of
considerable note is Sir William Stanhope’s, formerly the residence of
our most celebrated poet Mr. Alexander Pope; then Mrs. Backwell’s; and
the last on this beautiful bank is doctor Battie’s, at present in the
possession of Mr. Paulet. All these houses, besides several others on
this delightful bank, enjoy a most pleasing prospect both up and down
the river, perpetually enlivened with the west country navigation,
and other moving pictures on the surface of this enchanting river. Then
below the church, you have the fine seat of Mr. Whitchurch, that of the
Earl of Strafford, Mrs. Pitt, and at the entrance into the meadows, the
elegant structure called Marble Hall, belonging to the Countess of
Suffolk. Still further down the stream you have the small but very pretty
house of Mr. Barlow; the larger and more grand one of Mr. Cambridge;
and the sweet retirement called Twickenham Park, the residence of the
Countess of Montrath. This brings you down to Isleworth, which from
the entrance into the meadows at Lady Suffolk’s, is about a mile and a
half on the bank of the river, opposite to Ham-walks and Richmond-hill,
and is one of the most beautiful walks in England.

Twig’s rents, Blue Anchor alley.†

Twisters alley, Whitecross street.

Two Brewer’s yard, in the Curtain, Hog lane.*

Two Leg alley, Old Bethlem.*

Two Swan yard, Bishopsgate street.*

Twyford’s alley, Petty France, Westminster.†

Tyburn, anciently a village situated on the eastern bank of the rivulet
Tyburn, from whence it took its name, and at the east end of
the Lord Mayor’s banquetting house bridge, in the neighbourhood of
which the city has nine conduits, that were first erected about the year
1238, for supplying the city with water; but it having for many years
been better supplied from the New River, the citizens in the year 1703,
let the water of those conduits on a lease of forty-three years, for the
sum of 700l. per annum.
At the north-east corner of Tyburn Bridge stood the Lord Mayor’s
banqueting house, to which it was usual for his Lordship to repair with
the Aldermen, accompanied by their ladies in waggons, to view the city
conduits, after which they had an entertainment at the banqueting
house. This edifice under which were two cisterns, for the reception of
the water from the neighbouring conduits, having been for many years,
neglected, was taken down in the year 1737, and Tyburn is now only
known by the gallows, erected where that village stood, and at present
alone bears the name of Tyburn. Maitland.

Tyburn lane, Hyde Park road.

Tyburn road, Oxford street.

Tyger court, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.*

Tyer’s gate, Barnaby street, Southwark.†

Tyler’s street, King’s street, Golden Square.†

Tyson’s street, Shoreditch Fields.†

 V.
Valiant Soldier alley, Barnaby street.*

Vauxhall, a hamlet in the parish of Lambeth, particularly famous for the

pleasantness of the gardens, that have been many years converted into
a place of genteel entertainment, during the spring and summer
seasons. They were the first of the kind perhaps in the world: in the
midst of the garden is a superb orchestre containing a fine organ and a
band of music with some of the best voices, and the seats or boxes are
disposed to the best advantage with respect to hearing the music. In
most of the boxes are pictures painted from the designs of Mr. Hayman,
on subjects admirably adapted to the place. But there are in the grand
pavilion four pictures of his own hand from the historical plays of
Shakespear that are universally admired for the design,
colouring and expression. The trees are scattered here with a pleasing
confusion. At some distance are several noble vistas of very tall trees,
where the spaces between each are filled up with neat hedges, and on
the inside are planted flowers and sweet smelling shrubs. Some of
these vistas terminate in a view of ruins, and others in a prospect of
the adjacent country, and some are adorned with the painted
representation of triumphal arches. There are here also several statues,
and in particular a good one in marble by Mr. Roubiliac of the late Mr.
Handell playing on a lyre in the character of Orpheus. As Ranelagh has
its rotunda, so here also is a rotund and ball room, finely illuminated, in
which is an orchestre with an organ, where if the evening proves rainy
the company may be safely sheltered and entertained. When it grows
dark the garden near the orchestre is illuminated, almost in an instant,
with about 1500 glass lamps, which glitter among the trees, and render
it exceeding light and brilliant: and soon after a very extraordinary
piece of machinery has of late been exhibited, on the inside of one of
the hedges near the entrance into the vistas: by removing a curtain is
shewn a very fine landscape illuminated by concealed light; in which
the principal objects that strike the eyes are the cascade or waterfall,
and a miller’s house. The exact appearance of water is seen flowing
down a declivity, and turning the wheel of the mill: it rises up in foam
at the bottom, and then glides away. This moving picture, attended
with the noise of the water, has a very pleasing and surprizing effect
both on the eye and ear; but we cannot help observing, with respect to
this piece, that however well it is executed, yet peoples being obliged
to wait till the curtain is drawn; and after beholding it for a few
minutes, having it again suddenly concealed from the view, when the
exhibition is ended for that night, has too much the air of a raree show.
If it could have been contrived to make its appearance gradually, with
the rising of the moon in the same picture, which might seem to
enlighten the prospect, and at length by degrees to become obscured
by the passing of that luminary behind a cloud, the effect would
perhaps have been much more agreeable. Every thing is provided in
these gardens in the most elegant manner for the company who chuse
to sup.
 S. Wale delin. E. Rooker sc.
View at the Entrance into Vaux Hall.

Vauxhall court, Little Chapel street.

Vauxhall stairs, Vauxhall.

Vauxhall Stairs lane, leading from the above stairs toward the garden.

Vauxhall walk, Bull street, Lambeth.

St. Vedast’s, situated on the east side of Foster lane, in the Ward of
Farringdon within. A church has stood for many centuries in the place
where this is situated; but not under the same tutelage: the first building
was dedicated to St. Foster, and from that the lane in which it stands
was called Foster lane: but afterwards the church being rebuilt, was put
under the patronage of St. Vedast, Bishop of Arras, in France, who died
in the year 550.
This church was so far destroyed by the fire of London in 1666, that
nothing was left standing but the steeple and the walls; but these being
repaired, continued till the year 1694, when they were taken down, and
the present edifice was finished in 1697. It is built entirely of stone, and
 the body is sixty-nine feet in length, fifty-one broad, and thirty-six feet
high. It is well enlightened by a range of windows placed so high that
the doors open under them. The tower is plain, and the spire which is
short rises from a double base. English architecture.
The author of The Critical Review of the public buildings, mentioning this
steeple says, “It is not a glaring pile that strikes the eye at the first view
with an idea of grandeur and magnificence; but then the beautiful
pyramid it forms, and the just and well proportioned simplicity of all its
parts, satisfy the mind so effectually, that nothing seems to be wanting,
and nothing can be spared.”
The patronage of this church was anciently in the prior and convent of
Canterbury, till coming to the archbishop of that see in the year 1352 it
has been in him and his successors ever since, and is one of the thirteen
peculiars in the city belonging to the archiepiscopal see. To this church
the parish of St. Michael Quern is united, and the rector receives 160l. a
year in lieu of tithes. Maitland.

Vere street, 1. Beer street: 2. Brook’s street, Ratcliff: 3. Clare Market: 4.

Oxford street. Thus named from the Lady of the late Earl of Oxford.

Victualling Office, on the upper part of Little Tower Hill near the end of King
street; is separated from Tower Hill by a wall and gates, and contains
some houses for the officers, with store rooms, slaughter houses, a
brewhouse, for salting, barrelling, &c. of provisions.
This office is under the direction of seven commissioners, each of whom
has his separate department, as in the Navy Office, and a salary of 400l.
per annum, as the first commissioner and comptroller, the commissioner
of the bakehouse, another of the cutting house, another of the
brewhouse; another of the accounts; another of the cooperage; and
another who is hoytaker.
Under these commissioners is a secretary who has 200l. per annum, and
five clerks; a cash accomptant who has 120l. per annum, and four
clerks, besides an extra-clerk; an accomptant for stores, who has 100l.
per annum, and five clerks, besides an extra-clerk; the clerk of the
bakehouse and master baker, who has 130l. a year, and two clerks,
besides an extra-clerk, a clerk of the cutting house who has 110l. a year,
a clerk and extra-clerk. Besides these there are a storekeeper of the
brewhouse, who has 60l. a year; a master cooper; a muster master of
 the workmen; a master butcher; a surveyor of oxen and hogs; clerks to
keep charge on pursers, a clerk for stating a purser’s accounts, a short
allowance clerk, and a clerk to bring up accounts of stores in arrears,
most of these have clerks under them: and there are also a few other
officers and servants.

Vigo lane, 1. Burlington Gardens: 2. Swallow street.

Villar’s court, 1. Huggen lane: 2. St. James’s street.

Villar’s street, in the Strand, so called from its being built on the ground
where the house of Villars Duke of Buckingham formerly stood. See York
Buildings.

Vincent’s court, Silver street.†

Vine court, 1. Bishopsgate street without.* 2. Brook’s street.* 3. Chequer

alley.* 4. Golden lane.* 5. Gravel lane.* 6. Harp alley, Shoe lane.* 7.
Lamb street, Spitalfields.* 8. Moor lane.* 9. Narrow street, Limehouse.*
10. Onslow street, Vine street.* 11. Shoemaker row, Aldgate.* 12. Three
Crane lane, Thames street.* 13. Vine street, in the Minories.* 14. Vine
yard, Horsely down lane.* 15. Vineyard, St. Olave’s street.* 16.
Whitechapel.*

Vine street, 1. Fore street, Limehouse.* 2. St. Giles’s.* 3. Hatton Wall.* 4.

Lamb street.* 5. Maiden lane, Deadman’s place.* 6. Millbank.* 7. in the
Minories.* 8. Narrow Wall, Lambeth.* 9. Chandois street.* 10. Warwick
street.

Vine yard, 1. Old Horselydown lane.* 2. Pickax street, Aldersgate

street.* 3. Ratcliff.* 4. Redcross street.* 5. Tooley street, Southwark.*

Vinegar yard, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark: 2. Blue Anchor, alley: 3. Bowl

alley, St. Giles’s: 4. Dirty lane, Blackman street, Southwark: 5. Drury
lane: 6. George street, in the Mint: 7. St. John’s lane, Smithfield: 8. Sun
yard, Nightingale lane.

Vintner alley, Thames street.

Vintners, one of the twelve principal companies, were anciently denominated

Merchant wine tunners of Gascoyne, and were of two sorts, the
 Veneatrii, who imported the wine, and the Tabernarii who sold it by
retail, either kept taverns or wine cellars. They were however
incorporated by letters patent granted by King Henry VI. in the year
1437, by the name of the master, wardens, freemen and commonalty of
the mystery of Vintners of the city of London; but without the power of
making by-laws.
They are governed by a master, three wardens, twenty-eight assistants,
with a livery of 194 members, who, upon their admission, pay a fine of
31l. 13s. 4d. They are possessed of a very considerable estate, out of
which is paid to charitable uses about 600l. a year, and have a
handsome hall in Thames street, where was formelry the house of Sir
John Stody, who gave it the company: it was called in antient records
the place of Stody, or the manor of the Vintry.
The buildings enclose a square court, and in the north front next the
street is a large and handsome gate, with columns wreathed with grapes
and supporting a Bacchus on three tons. Behind the hall is a garden
through which is a passage to the Thames.

Vintners Almshouse, at Mile-end, was founded by the company of Vintners,

for the use of twelve widows of deceased members, each of whom
receives 3s. a week, and every year a chaldron of coals, and about 40s.
given at certain times. Maitland.

Vintry Ward, takes its name from the Vintry, situated where the Vintners hall
now stands, and where the antient vintners or wine merchants, who
lived on the banks of the Thames, landed their wines, which they were
obliged to sell in forty days, till Edward I. granted them longer time, and
certain privileges. This ward is bounded on the north by Cordwainers
wards; on the east, by Walbrook and Dowgate wards; on the south by
the Thames, and on the west by Queenhithe ward. The principal streets
are a part of Thames street, from Little Elbow lane in the east,
to Townsend lane, in the west; a part of Queen street, Great St. Thomas
Apostles, Garlick hill, Great and Little Elbow lane, &c. and the most
remarkable buildings are the parish churches of St. Michael’s Royal, St.
Martin’s Vintry, and St. James Garlickhithe; Vintners hall, Cutlers hall,
Plumbers hall, and Fruiterers hall.
The government of this ward is by an alderman, and nine common
councilmen, under whom are four scavengers, fourteen wardmote
 inquest men, and a beadle. The jurymen returned by the wardmote
inquest for this ward are to serve in the several courts held in Guildhall
in the month of April. Stow. Maitland.

Virginia court, 1. Artichoke lane: 2. Butcher Row, East Smithfield.

Virginia Planters hill, Upper Shadwell.

Virginia row, 1. Greyhound lane, Limehouse: 2. Shoreditch.

Virginia street, Ratcliff Highway.

Underwood’s Almshouse, was at first erected at the west end of the rectory
house of St. Botolph’s Bishopsgate, by one Mr. Underwood, for the
accommodation of sixteen poor old women; but on the rebuilding of
Petty France, when it changed its name to that of Broad street, &c.
this almshouse, with that of Alleyn’s adjoining, were in the year 1730,
forced to make way for the new passage leading into Bishopsgate street;
and a new building was erected in Lamb Alley, in the same parish, for
these poor women, each of whom is allowed 2s. 6d. per month.

Unicorn alley, 1. Blackman street, Southwark.* 2. Fore street, Cripplegate.*

3. Holiwell street.* 4. Kent street, Southwark.* 5. in the Minories.* 6.
Wheeler street.*

Unicorn court, 1. in the Haymarket.* 2. Kent street.* 3. Redcross street.*

Unicorn yard, 1. Blackman street Southwark.* 2. Butcher Row, East

Smithfield.* 3. St. Olave’s street, Southwark.* 4. Old street,
Horselydown.* 5. Tooly street, Southwark.*

Union bridge, Old Horselydown, Southwark.

Union court, 1. a well built court in Broad street, London Wall, extending into
Wormwood street: 2. Scroop’s court, Holbourn: 3. Throgmorton street,
Lothbury.

Union Fire Office, is a very handsome building, erected for that purpose in
Maiden lane, near Cheapside, where goods and merchandize, but not
houses, are insured from loss by fire, by a mutual contribution.
This office, like that of the Hand-in-Hand Fire Office, was erected by a
considerable number of persons, who mutually agreeing to insure one
another’s goods and merchandize from loss by fire by an amicable
contribution, entered into a deed of settlement for that purpose, on the
16th of February, 1714–15, and had it inrolled in chancery on the 3d of
July following, and this deed being signed by all persons desirous of
becoming members, they are thereby admitted to an equal share in the
profit and loss, in proportion to their respective policies.
This office insures for all merchants, traders, housekeepers, and others
in the cities of London and Westminster and within ten miles round,
merchandize, goods, wares, utensils in trade, houshold furniture, and
wearing apparel; except plate, pictures, glass and china ware not in
trade; except also ready money, jewels, books of account, tallies,
writings, barns, ricks and stacks of corn, hay, straw and horses. The
term of insurance to be seven years, or less if desired.
The terms and methods of insurance are as follows
I. For the policy and mark are paid 8s. 6d. over and above all other
expences.
II. Every person designing to insure, shall before surveying the goods,
pay 10s. earnest money, to go towards the charge of insuring, if agreed
to, and the policy be taken up within three months after, otherwise the
said 10s. is sunk to the society: but if the directors do not agree to such
insurance, the earnest money to be returned. Also old policies directed
to be renewed, and not taken away within three months are also to be
cancelled, and the charge of the policies and stamps of such renewals
deducted out of the deposit-money of such insurers.
III. For every 100l. insured on goods inclosed within brick or stone, 2s.
premium, and 10s. deposit; and on goods not so inclosed, 3s. premium,
and 15s. deposit. And so in proportion within part brick part timber.
IV. For insurances deemed hazardous, as to situation, or kind of goods,
each 100l. inclosed in brick or stone, 4s. premium, and 1l. deposit; in
timber, 6s. premium, and 1l. 10s. deposit. Hazardous Insurances both by
situation and kind of goods, if inclosed in brick or stone, 6s. premium,
and 1l. 10s. deposit; in timber 9s. premium, and 2l. 5s. deposit. And so
in proportion within part brick part timber.
V. Those who insure above 1000l. not exceeding 2000l. in one policy, to
pay double the premium that others do, but the same deposit; and from
2000l. to 3000l. on the following terms, viz. For every 100l. insured on
goods inclosed in brick or stone, 6s. premium and 10s. deposit, and on
goods not so inclosed, 9s. premium, and 15s. deposit. Insurances
deemed hazardous, as to situation or kind of goods, each 100l. inclosed
in brick or stone, 12s. premium, and 1l. deposit; in timber 18s. premium,
and 1l. 10s. deposit. Hazardous insurances, both by situation and kind of
goods, if inclosed in brick or stone, 18s. premium, and 1l. 10s. deposit;
in timber 1l. 7s. premium, and 2l. 5s. deposit; and so in proportion
within part brick part timber. Since the 15th of November 1738, the
society have enlarged their insurances to 4000l. on the following terms,
viz. For every 100l. insured on goods inclosed in brick or stone, 6s.
premium, and 10s. deposit; and on goods not so inclosed, 9s. premium,
and 15s. deposit; and the hazardous insurances in the same proportion
as the 3000l. insurances; and so in proportion within part brick part
timber, and since to 5000l.
VI. If more than twenty pounds weight of gunpowder is kept on the
premises insur’d, the policy is to be void.
VII. All insurances beyond the bills of mortality pay 3s. to the surveyor
for his charges, &c.
VIII. Every member to have a policy under the hands and seals of three
of the trustees, and the society’s mark (being a double Hand-in-Hand)
affix’d upon his house, &c. The insurance to be good from the time the
charge is paid, and the deed of settlement subscribed by the person
insuring. The policy, on expiration (after accounting for the deposit-
money and mean profits) to be returned to the Office, as also the mark.
IX. So much of the deposit-money is to be returned at the expiration of
the policy, as has not been applied to the making good of losses, and the
payment of necessary charges, together with a proportionable dividend
of profits. And beyond the deposit, no one to be answerable for above
10s. per cent. on brick, and proportionably for part brick and timber, to
any one loss.
X. Every member transferring his policy, and the executors or
administrators of every member dying, shall within three months at
farthest, give notice thereof to the directors or their clerk, and bring the
policy to the office, to have such transfer, or death, indorsed, and enter’d
in the books, and in default thereof the benefit of the insurance to be
lost. Every of which indorsements to be sign’d by two trustees at least,
and 6d. for every 100l. on each removal insured to be paid for the same.
Provided, that if the directors do not allow of such executor,
administrator or assignee to be a member, or do not admit of any such
indorsement of any such transfer, or death, (all questions thereabouts to
be decided by balloting) then such executor, administrator or assignee,
or person, shall only have what shall be due to their respective policies,
and all farther demands on the said policies shall henceforth cease, any
forfeitures or disabilities incurred by the breach of this article, where no
loss has happened, may be relieved by the directors, if from the nature
and circumstances of the case they think it reasonable.
XI. Any members of this society removing their goods from the places
where they were assured, shall have no benefit of such assurance, or be
paid for any loss that may happen, till such removal be allowed by the
directors for the time being; and if notice be not given of such removal
within three kalendar months after the time of such removal, the policy
to be void.
XII. The insurance of any goods, &c. in this society, which shall be
insured in any other office at the same time, to be void: And yet such
insurer shall be liable to his covenants. Nevertheless a liberty is given to
insure in any other office, so as such other insurance is indorsed on this
society’s policy, and subscribed by two of the trustees, for which 6d. per
cent. is to be paid; and in which case a proportionable part of any loss is
to be paid by this society.
XIII. All members sustaining any loss, shall give immediate notice of it to
the directors, or clerk, in order to a view, and shall make out their loss
by the oaths on affirmations of themselves, or by their domesticks or
servants, or by their books or vouchers, or the Certificates of the
minister, churchwardens, constables, or other neighbouring inhabitants,
not concern’d in such loss, or by such other method as the directors
shall reasonably require; and in case of fraud or perjury, such pretended
sufferers to lose all benefits of the insurance. In case of any violent
suspicion of fraud or clandestine practices, (though the same for want of
evidence may not be fully proved) it shall be lawful for the directors to
declare such member’s policy void, and exclude him the society; and he
is never afterwards to be capable of insuring in this office. All questions
relating thereunto to be decided among the directors by balloting.
XIV. The directors, shall on all alarms of fire meet together at their office
to determine upon the methods most conducive to the safety of the
office, and service of the public.
XV. The directors with all convenient expedition, after any loss, shall
settle a rate of contribution, and set it up in the office, and publish it in
the Gazette, and otherwise as they think fit. And when such loss
amounts to 50l. or upwards, such rate shall be settled by a majority of
the directors at two successive weekly-meetings at the least; and if any
five members, insuring to the value of 5000l. think themselves agrieved,
they may within fourteen days after such publication, inspect all the
office accounts, &c. and offer their exceptions to the directors; and not
being there agreed, it shall stand referred to the next general meeting.
Nevertheless when such rates shall exceed the deposit-money, every
member shall pay into the office his proportion, within thirty days after
such publication; and all defaulters may by the directors be excluded the
benefit of their insurances, and yet be liable to the payment of the said
rates, pursuant to these articles.
Other offices of insurance on goods either deduct at least 3 per cent. out
of each claim for defraying charges, &c. or oblige the sufferers to agree
to an average; which this office is so far from doing, that no person is
put to any charge but that of an affidavit to prove his loss. And though it
is objected against this office, that the members are liable to farther
contributions, upon extraordinary losses, which is not the case in any
other office that insures goods; yet this is certainly so far from being an
objection against the Union Office, and a recommendation of those other
offices, with such as reason justly, that this single confederation proves
the excellency of the Union establishment, in making such provision for
answering losses, as it is presumed, cannot be exceeded by any human
contrivance. This office has paid since its first establishment in 1715 to
the end of the year 1757, to sufferers by fire, the sum of 62,538l. 18s.
11d. ½ besides which, there have paid to porters and other necessary
charges occasioned by fires upwards of 5600l.
This office is under the management of twenty-four directors, elected by
a majority of the members out of their own body, by balloting, at a
general meeting in the month of September; at which time the oldest
eight of the twenty-four go out, and eight others are elected in their
stead in a way of constant rotation. These appoint all the other officers,
and meet every Wednesday in the afternoon between the hours of three
 and seven, to dispatch business, and in March to ascertain the dividends
and contributions for the preceding year. The directors annually chuse
out of their own body by balloting, a treasurer, and two assistant
treasurers; also six trustees, three of whom sign all policies; and five
auditors, to examine and pass the accounts; but as this office is solely
calculated for the public good, none of the directors have any advantage
above the rest of the members.
There are porters and watermen, &c. provided by the office, who assist
in removing of goods; these wearing the societies livery and badge, and
having given security for their fidelity, may be trusted in case of danger.
Extracted from a copy of the proposals, and an abstract of the deed of
settlement received at the office in October 1758.

Union square, in the Minories.

Union stairs, Wapping.

Union street, 1. King street, Westminster: 2. New Bond street.

Upholders, or Upholsterers, a fraternity incorporated by letters patent granted

by King Charles I. in the year 1627. They are governed by a master, two
wardens, and twenty-eight assistants with a livery of an hundred and
thirty-one members; who upon their admission, pay a fine of 4l. 10s. but
they have no hall.

Upper Brook street, Grosvenor square.†

Upper East Smithfield, near Tower Hill.

Upper Ground street, near the Falcon, Southwark.

Upper Gun-alley, Wapping.*

Upper Middle-row, Broad St. Giles’s.§

Upper Moorfields, near St. Luke’s hospital.

Upper Millbank, Horseferry.

Upper Moorfields-row, Upper Moorfields.

Upper Shadwell street, Shadwell.

Upper street, Islington, the street and row on the west side of Islington.

Upper Turn-stile, High Holbourn.☐

Upper Well-alley, Wapping.

Gentleman, Ushers, an order of officers under the Lord Chamberlain, of

which there are several classes, as the gentlemen ushers of the
privy chamber; those of the presence chamber daily-waiters; and those
who are quarter-waiters in ordinary.
The gentlemen ushers of the privy-chamber are four in number, and
have the power of commanding all officers under them in the privy-
lodgings, the bed-chamber excepted, and when there is a Queen, have
the honour of leading her, in the absence of the Lord Chamberlain and
Vice Chamberlain. The salary of each is 400l. a year.
The gentlemen ushers of the presence chamber, are also four, who are
daily-waiters in ordinary, the first of whom has the considerable office of
black rod. This gentleman in time of parliament attends every day the
house of Lords, and is also usher of the most noble order of the Garter.
See BLACK ROD. These gentlemen ushers wait in the presence chamber,
where they attend next the King’s person; these under the Lord
Chamberlain and Vice Chamberlain order all affairs, and all the under
officers above stairs obey them. They have each 150l. per annum. There
is also an assistant gentleman usher whose salary is 66l. 13s. 4d. a year.
The gentlemen ushers quarterly-waiters in ordinary, are eight in number.
These also wait in the presence chamber, and give directions in the
absence of the gentlemen ushers daily-waiters, to whom they are
subordinate. Their salary is only 50l. a year. Chamberlain’s present state.

Usher’s court, Seething lane, Tower street.†

Uxbridge, a town in Middlesex, in the road from London to Oxford, from the
first of which it is distant eighteen miles and a half. Though it is entirely
independent, and is governed by two bailiffs, two constables, and four
headboroughs, it is only a hamlet to Great Hillington. The river Coln runs
through it in two streams, full of trout, eels, and other fish, and over the
main stream is a stone bridge that leads into Buckinghamshire. The
church, or rather chapel, was built in the reign of Henry VI. This town
has many good inns, and is particularly distinguished by the whiteness of
the bread, particularly their rolls. There are many corn-mills at a small
distance, and a considerable number of waggon loads of meal are
carried from thence every week to London. Uxbridge gives the title of
Earl to the noble family of Paget.
 W.
Wade’s rents, Gunpowder alley.†

Waite’s yard, Blackman street, Southwark.†

Wake’s court, Five Feet lane.†

Walbrook, a street which runs down from the south-west corner of the
Mansion-house, towards the Thames. This street, which is chiefly
inhabited by merchants and tradesmen, especially furriers, took its name
from a rivulet called Walbrook, on account of its entering the city
through the wall, between Bishopsgate and Moorgate, and after many
turnings and windings, ran down this street, and emptied itself into the
Thames near Dowgate. The loss of this rivulet was owing to the many
bridges built over it, which at last increased to such a number, covered
with houses, that whole streets were erected over it, and the channel of
the river became a common sewer.

Walbrook Church. See St. Stephen’s Walbrook.

Walbrook Ward, takes its name from the above street. It is bounded on the
east by Langbourn ward, on the south, by Dowgate ward; on the west,
by Cordwainers ward; and on the north, by Cheap ward. Its principal
streets and lanes are, Walbrook, Cannon street on both sides
the way from Green Lettice court to Abchurch lane; the east end of
Bucklersbury; St. Swithin’s lane, almost as far as Bearbinder lane, a
small part of Lombard street, and almost all Bearbinder lane.
The most remarkable buildings are the fine church of St. Stephen
Walbrook, and St. Swithin’s; the Mansion-house for the residence of the
Lord Mayor; Salter’s hall; and that antient piece of antiquity called
London stone.
This ward is governed by an Alderman, and eight common council men,
one of whom is the Alderman’s deputy; thirteen inquestmen, six
scavengers, seven constables, and a beadle. The jurymen returned by
 the wardmote inquest serve in the several courts of Guildhall in the
month of October.

Walingford court, Throgmorton street.†

Walker’s court, 1. Berwick street, Old Soho.† 2. Knave’s Acre.†

Walker’s yard, Tothill street.†

Wall of London. See London Wall.

Wall’s alley, in the Minories.†

Wallis’s street, Shoreditch.†

Walnut-tree alley, 1. Bishopsgate street.‡ 2. Tooley street, Southwark.‡

Walnut-tree court, Tooley street.‡ 2. Whitechapel.‡

Walnut-tree yard, Bishopsgate street without.‡

Walter’s Almshouses, of these there are the three following founded by Mr.
John Walter, citizen and draper: one of which was in Blackman street,
Southwark, built and endowed in the year 1651, for four poor men and
eight poor women, each of whom receives 5s. a month, 10s. every new
year’s day, and a chaldron of coals yearly. This almhouse is now removed
to the south-east side of the New Road, leading from Westminster bridge
to Blackman street.
Another founded by the same person in the year 1651, at Newington
Butts, for sixteen poor men and women, who have each an allowance of
5s. per month, half a chaldron of coals every year, and 10s. every new
year’s day.
Another in Old street, founded by the above Mr. Walters, in the year
1658, for eight poor widows, each of whom have likewise an allowance
of 5s. per month, and half a chaldron of coals every Christmas. Maitland.

Walton, a village in Surry, situated on the Thames, opposite to Shepperton

in Middlesex. It is said that the last mentioned county once joined to this
town, till about 300 years ago, the old current of the Thames
was changed by an inundation, and a church destroyed by the waves.
At this place is a very curious bridge over the Thames, erected by the
public spirited Samuel Decker, Esq; who lives in this town, and who
applying to parliament for that purpose, obtained in the year 1747, an
act to impower him to erect a bridge there, and this admirable structure
was completed in August 1750.
It consists of only four stone piers, between which are three large truss
arches of beams and joists of wood, strongly bound together with
mortises, iron pins, and cramps; under these three arches the water
constantly runs; besides which are five other arches of brick-work on
each side, to render the ascent and descent the more easy; but there is
seldom water under any of them, except in great floods, and four of
them on the Middlesex side are stopped up, they being on high ground
above the reach of the floods.
The middle arch, when viewed by the river side, affords an agreeable
prospect of the country, beautifully diversified with wood and water,
which is seen through it to a considerable distance. The prodigious
compass of this great arch to a person below, occasions a very
uncommon sensation of awe and surprize; and his astonishment and
attention are increased, when he proceeds to take notice, that all the
timbers are in a falling position; for there is not one upright piece to be
discovered; and at the same time considers the very small dimensions of
the piers by which the whole is supported. The manner of its
construction is better shewn in the print than can be described in words.
In passing over this bridge, when you have proceeded past the brick-
work, the vacant interfaces between the timbers, yield, at every step, a
variety of prospects, which, at the centre, are seen to a still greater
advantage. But though each side is well secured by the timber and rails,
to the height of eight feet; yet as it affords only a parapet of wide
lattice-work, and the apertures seem, even to the eye, large enough to
admit the passage of any person to go through, provided he climbs, or is
lifted up, and as the water is seen through every opening at a great
depth below, those unused to such views cannot approach the side
without some apprehensions.
It would, indeed, have been easy to have closed these openings
between the braces and rails with boards; but they are purposely left
open to admit a free passage for the air, in order to keep the timbers the
more sound, and that the least decay may be the more easily perceived
and repaired.
 From this admirable bridge the nobility and gentry in this neighbourhood
find a very agreeable benefit, especially as the ferries are dilatory,
dangerous, and at times impassable; and its being erected has caused
the roads thereabouts, in both counties, especially on the Surry side, to
be greatly improved.

Waltham Abbey, a village in Essex, on the east side of the river Lea, which
here dividing, incloses some islands with fine meadows, and parts it from
Waltham Cross. The abbey from whence it took its name, was built in
honour of the holy cross, by Harold son to Earl Godwin, to whom Edward
the Confessor gave the village; and this abbey Harold endowed with
West Waltham, now called Waltham Cross, and sixteen other manors. Its
abbots, who were mitred, and had the twentieth place in parliament,
lived in a most splendid, but hospitable manner, and were frequently
visited by Henry III. when he was reduced, and obliged to carry his
family about for a dinner. The abbey was at its dissolution bestowed by
King Henry VIII. on Sir Anthony Denny, his groom of the stole, whose
grandson afterwards employing workmen to convert it into a seat for
himself, they are said to have dug up the corpse of Harold, which after
his being slain in battle against William the Conqueror, was at his
mother’s request, by the Conqueror’s consent, interred in the abbey.
This is now, or was lately, the seat of —— Jones, Esq; the gardens
belonging to the house, were some years since much admired; but since
the taste for inclosed gardens has been condemned, they have been
little frequented unless by some curious persons, to see the fine tulip
tree that grows in a grass plot near the house.

Waltham Cross, also called West Waltham, is a post and market town on the
west side of the river Lea in Middlesex, in the road to Ware, twelve
measured miles from London. It takes its distinguishing epithet from the
cross built there by Edward I. in honour of his beloved Queen Eleanor,
whose corps in its way from Lincolnshire to London rested here. That
Princess’s effigies are placed round the pillar with the arms of her
consort, and those of her own, viz. England, Castile, Leon, and Poictou,
which are still in part remaining though greatly defaced.

Walthamstow, a village in Essex, situated on the river Lea, contiguous to

Low-Layton. Here are three manors, Walthamstow Tony or High-hall,
Walthamstow Frances, or Low-hall, which was the manor of the late J.
 Conyers, Esq; and the manor of the rectory, which once belonged to
Trinity abbey in London.
In this parish are several ancient seats, and handsome houses,
belonging to persons of distinction, the most remarkable of which was
that of Higham-hall, pleasantly situated upon Higham-hills, a rising
ground, about half a mile north from Clay street, just above the river
Lea, overlooking the counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire, and
commanding a most delightful and extensive prospect. It has been a
magnificent and spacious fabric, and in ancient times, when the Lords
resided upon their royalties, no place could be more admirably situated
than this mansion, erected at the top of the hill of Higham, and having
within its view the whole extent of its jurisdiction: but there are now
hardly any traces of its ancient grandeur remaining.
The church of Walthamstow, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, is a large
edifice situated upon a hill, and consists of three isles, that on the north
side built by Sir George Monox, Knt. Alderman and Lord Mayor of London
in the reign of Henry VIII. is called Monox’s isle; that on south side bears
the name of Thorne’s isle, from a citizen and merchant taylor of that
name, who was probably at the expence of building it. In this church are
a great number of monuments.
Before the communion table within the rails, is a piece of marble over
the body of Doctor Pierse, Bishop of Bath and Wells.
On leaving the altar there is a monument erected to the memory of Sir
Thomas Stanley, Knt. second son to the Earl of Derby, on which there is
the effigy of a Lady on her knees. Besides which there are many others.
Additions to Stows Survey.

Walton’s court, Church-yard alley.†

Wandsworth, a village in Surry, situated between Battersea and Putney, is

said to obtain its name from the river Wandle, which passes through it
under a bridge called the sink of the country, into the Thames. Here are
several handsome houses belonging to the gentry and citizens of
London.

Wanley’s court, Black Friars.†

Wansted, a village in Essex, adjoining to Woodford, and separated from
Barking parish by the river Roding. There are in this place and its
neighbourhood several fine seats of the nobility, gentry and wealthy
citizens; but their lustre is greatly eclipsed by Wansted-house, the
magnificent seat of the Earl of Tilney. This noble seat was prepared by
Sir Josiah Child, his Lordship’s grandfather, who added to the advantage
of a fine situation, a vast number of rows of trees, planted in avenues
and vistas leading up to the spot of ground where the old house stood.
The late Lord, before he was enobled, laid out the most spacious pieces
of ground in gardens, that are to be seen in this part of England. The
green house is a very superb building furnished with stoves and artificial
places for heat, from an apartment which has a bagnio, and other
conveniences, that render it both useful and pleasant.
The house was built since these gardens were finished, and is a
magnificent edifice two hundred and sixty feet in length, and seventy in
depth, fronted with Portland stone, which, where it is not discoloured by
the smoke, as in London, grows whiter and whiter, the longer it is
exposed to the open air.

S. Wale delin. J. Taylor sc.

Wansted, the Seat of the Earl of Tilney.
 The fore front of the house has a long vista that reaches to the great
road at Leighton Stone, and from the back front facing the gardens is an
easy descent that leads to the terrace, and affords a most beautiful
prospect of the river, which is formed into canals; and beyond it the
walks and wildernesses extend to a great distance, rising up the hill, as
they sloped downwards before; so that the sight is lost in the woods,
and the whole country, as far as the eye can reach, appears one
continued garden. Tour through Great Britain.
The house was built by the late Earl of Tilney and designed by Col.
Campbell, and is certainly one of the noblest houses not only near
London, but in the kingdom: it consists of two stories, the state and
ground story. This latter is the basement, into which you enter by a door
in the middle underneath the grand entrance, which is in a noble portico
of six Corinthian columns supporting a pediment in which are the arms
of this nobleman. To this you ascend by a flight of steps and pass into a
magnificent saloon richly decorated with painting and sculpture, through
which you pass into the other state rooms which are suitably furnished
with pictures, gilding, velvet, tapestry, and other rich hangings. Before
this house is an octangular bason which seems equal to the length of
the front, here are no wings, though it seems probable it was the
original design of the architect. On each side as you approach the house,
are two marble statues of Hercules and Venus, with obelisks and vases
alternately placed, which makes some attonement for the defect just
mentioned. The garden front has no portico, but a pediment with a bas
relief supported by six three quarter columns.
The parish church has been lately rebuilt, chiefly by the liberality of Sir
Richard Child, Bart. Lord Viscount Castlemain, and in the chancel is a
very superb monument for Sir Josiah Child, whose statue in white
marble stands pointing downward to the inscription. Underneath lies the
figure of Bernard his second son, and on each side sits a woman, vailed,
one leaning her head upon her hand, and the other closing her hands
and wringing them. There are also several boys in mourning postures,
and one expressing the vanity of life by blowing up a bubble.

Wapping, anciently an hamlet in the parish of St. Mary Whitechapel, situated

on the north bank of the Thames, at some distance east from
London, but by the increase of buildings is not only rendered a separate
and distinct parish, but is entirely joined to this metropolis. The site of
this parish is supposed by Maitland to have been formerly within the flux
 of the river Thames; but when, or by whom it was at first imbanked, is
unknown; however, the same author supposes it to have been first taken
from the river about the year 1544; though it was not inhabited till after
the year 1571.
Mr. Strype, in his edition of Stow’s Survey, gives the following account of
the origin of this hamlet. The banks of the river Thames, says he, were
frequently damaged by the inundations of that river, particularly about
the year 1561, when several breaches were made therein, and these
were no sooner repaired, than another happened in 1571, when the
commissioners of sewers, after viewing the place, were of opinion, that
the most effectual way to secure the bank of the river in those parts,
would be to erect houses thereon, upon which the first foundation of the
houses of Wapping was laid.
The most remarkable things in this district are St. John’s church, a
Presbyterian, Quakers, and French meeting houses; a work-house for
the reception of the poor, and two charity schools; one square, a yard
for ship-building, and eight pair of stairs or steps to go down to and
return from the river, two of which are denominated docks, the one
being called Bell-dock, and the other Execution-dock, this is the common
place of execution for pirates, who are here hung on a gallows which
projects over the river.

Wapping Dock stairs, Wapping.

Wapping Dock street, Wapping,

Wapping New-stairs, Wapping.

Wapping Old-stairs, at Wapping.

Wapping street, Hermitage.

Wapping wall, Shadwell.

War Office, at Whitehall. This office is under the government of the

secretary at war, who has under him a deputy secretary, a first clerk, and
twelve other clerks.

Wardens court, Clerkenwell-close.

Wards, certain districts into which the city and its liberties are divided, each
being under the government of an Alderman and his deputy, and
represented by several common councilmen.
Maitland supposes that the first division of this city into wards was not
merely on account of government, as at present; but that London, like
the other cities and towns in this kingdom, was anciently held of the
Saxon Kings and nobility in demesne, and their several properties therein
being so many sokes or liberties, were under the immediate dominion of
their respective Lords, who were the governors or wardens thereof, and
from thence arose the Saxon appellation ward, which signifies a quarter
or district. This opinion, he adds, is not only corroborated by the wards
of Baynard’s Castle, Faringdon, Coleman street, and Basinghall, or
Bassishaw’s, still retaining the names of their ancient proprietors, but
also by the other wards of the city being alienable, and the purchasers
becoming the proprietors thereof, with the additional epithet of
Aldermen.
What the number of wards in this city at first was, does not appear upon
record; however, by the first account we have of them in the year 1284,
we find that they were then twenty-four; but in 1393, Faringdon being
much increased in the number of its houses and inhabitants, was divided
by parliament into the inward and outward wards, whereby the number
was augmented to twenty-five; and in 1550, the citizens having
purchased the borough of Southwark of King Edward VI. with the
privileges belonging to it, they erected that into a twenty-sixth ward: but
the power granted them by charter, not proving sufficient to support
their title to it, by excluding the justices of peace for the county of Surry
from interfering in the government, it became only a nominal ward: it,
however, serves to dignify the senior Alderman, called The father of the
city, who generally, by his great age, is rendered unable to undergo the
fatigue of business, and has therefore this ward, in which there is no
business to be done.
The wards into which the city is divided were originally known by other
names, though they have long been called by those by which they are at
present distinguished. These are, Aldersgate, Aldgate, Bassishaw,
Billingsgate, Bishopsgate, Bread street, Bridge ward within, Bridge ward
without, Broad street, Candlewick, Castle Baynard, Cheap, Cordwainer,
Coleman street, Cornhill, Cripplegate, Dowgate, Faringdon within,
Faringdon without, Langbourn, Lime street, Queenhithe, Portsoken,
 Tower street, Vintry and Walbrook, of each of which we have given a
particular account under the several articles. Aldersgate Ward, Aldgate
Ward, Bassishaw Ward, &c.
Every one of these wards is like a little free state under the government
of its own Alderman and his deputy, who is always one of the common
council, and is at the same time subject to the Lord Mayor as chief
magistrate of the city. The housekeepers of each ward elect their
representatives the common council, who join in making by-laws for the
government of the city; and each ward has a number of officers and
servants, who are solely employed in the business of their respective
districts. Of these there are in the several wards, 26 Aldermen, 236
common councilmen, 241 constables, 423 inquestmen, 218 scavengers,
who employ rakers to clean the streets, at the expence of 3466l. 19s.
per annum; 32 beadles, 672 watch-men, to prevent robberies by night,
and 4800 lamps, to illuminate the streets, all maintained at the expence
of the wards in which they are placed. In short each ward manages the
affairs belonging to it, without the assistance of the rest, and each has a
court for the management of its affairs, called a court of wardmote.

Court of Wardmote, is thus denominated from the words Ward and Mote,
that is, the Ward-court. It is constituted for transacting the business of
the ward, for which purpose the Lord Mayor annually issues a
precept to the several Aldermen, to hold a court of wardmote on St.
Thomas’s day.

Wardours street, Oxford street.

Wardrobe, or the King’s great wardrobe, in Scotland-yard. This office in

ancient times was usually kept near Puddle-wharf, Great Carter lane, in
an house built by Sir John Beauchamp, son to Guy de Beauchamp, Earl
of Warwick, and afterwards sold to King Edward III.
The master of this office is an officer of great antiquity and dignity. High
privileges and immunities were conferred on him by Henry VI. which
were confirmed by his successors, and King James I. not only enlarged
them, but ordained that this office should be a corporation, or body
politic, for ever.
This office provides robes for the coronations, marriages, and funerals of
the Royal Family; furnishes the court with hangings, cloths of state,
carpets, beds, and other necessaries; furnishes houses for Embassadors
 at their first arrival; cloths of state, and other furniture for the Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, and all his Majesty’s Embassadors abroad;
provides all robes for foreign Knights of the garter, robes for the Knights
of the garter at home, with robes and all other furniture for the officers
of the garter; coats for kings, heralds, and pursuivants at arms; robes for
the Lords of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the Exchequer, &c. livery for
the Lord Chamberlain, Grooms of his Majesty’s privy-chamber, officers of
his Majesty’s robes; for the two Chief Justices, for all the Barons of the
Exchequer, and several officers in those courts; all liveries for his
Majesty’s servants, as yeomen of the guard, and wardens of the Tower,
trumpeters, kettle-drummers, drummers and fifes; the messengers, and
all belonging to the stables, as coachmen, footmen, littermen, postillions
and grooms, &c. all the King’s coaches, chariots, harnesses, saddles,
bits, bridles, &c. the King’s watermen, game-keepers, &c. as also
furniture for the royal yachts, and all rich embroidered tilts, and other
furniture for the barges. Chamberlain’s present state.
Besides the master or keeper of the wardrobe, who has a salary of 800l.
a year; and his deputy, who has 200l. there are a comptroller and a
patent clerk, each of whom has 300l. a year, two under clerks and a
clerk of the robes and wardrobes; besides many tradesmen and
artificers, to the number of about sixty, who are all sworn servants to the
King.
Besides the great wardrobe, there is a removing wardrobe, to which
there belong a yeoman, who has 230l. per annum; two grooms, who
have 130l. a year each, and two pages, each of whom has 100l. per
annum.
There are likewise standing wardrobe-keepers at St. James’s, Windsor
Castle, Hampton Court, Kensington, and Somerset house.

Wardrobe court, Great Carter lane, so called from the above wardrobe
formerly situated there. See the foregoing article.

Ward’s court, Goswell street.†

Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, situated on the river Lea, twenty-two miles

from London. As this town lies low, and upon a level with the river, it
was drowned in the year 1408, by floods from the neighbouring park
and other uplands; and sluices and wears being made in its river to
 preserve it from the like inundations, Camden supposes, that it from
thence acquired the name of Ware.
The plenty of water about this town gave rise to that admirable project
of cutting a channel from hence, for conveying the New River to London.
Here is a very considerable market for corn, and so great is the malt
trade here, and in the neighbourhood, that 5000 quarters of malt and
other corn are frequently sent in a week to London, by the barges,
which return with coals. Here is a school for the younger children of
Christ’s hospital in London, a charity school, and six or seven
almshouses; and at the crown inn is a great bed much visited by
travellers, it being twelve feet square, and is said to hold twenty people.
The heir of the late Thomas Byde, Esq; Lord of the manor, has a house
pleasantly situated in the park, with an ascent on every side: and among
other improvements, is a vineyard, and a canal cut from the Rib, which
turns that stream along the south side of the park.

Warehouse yard, 1. Bridge yard: 2. Mincing lane, Fenchurch street.

Warner’s square, Wapping.†

Warner’s street, Coldbath fields.†

Warner’s yard, Mincing lane, Fenchurch street.†

Warnford court, Throgmorton street, Lothbury.†

Warwick court, 1. Berry street: 2. High Holbourn: 3. Warwick lane. See the
next article: 4. Warwick street Charing cross.

Warwick lane, extends from Newgate street to the end of Paternoster row,
near Amen corner, and obtained its name, from there being formerly
here in Warwick court, the city mansion of the Earls of Warwick.
Maitland. This lane is now famous for its containing the College of
Physicians.

Warwick street, 1. Charing cross: 2. Cockspur street, Pallmall: 3. near

Golden square: 4. Mary le Bonne.

Warwick’s wharf, near the Strand.†