ANTIMICROBIAL,

ANTIOXIDANTANDPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
OF WEEDS OF POACEAE FAMILY

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
BOTANY

Submitted by
SANJANA

UID-21MSB1107

Under the supervision of

Dr. Rajesh

Department of Biosciences
Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab

YEAR
2022-23
 CONTENTS

Candidate’s Declaration i.

Certificate ii

Acknowledgements iii

Contents iv

Contents Page no:

Motivation of Research 9-10

Introduction 10-19

Review of literature 19-25

Materials and methods 25-33

Results 34-44

Discussion 44-48

Conclusion 49

References 50-62
ABBREVIATIONS

FeCl3 Iron trichloride

C Celsius
mL mililiter
cm Centimeter
H2SO4 Sulfuricacid
H2O Water
HCl Hydrochloric acid
l liter
gm gram
nm nanometer
DPPH 2,2-diphenyl
picrylhydrazyl
DMS Dimethyl sulfoxide
O
Motivation of Research

There are many potential medications in medicinal plants, making them a safer and healthier
alternative to manufactured pharmaceuticals (Rai et al., 2007). Antimicrobial resistance and
degenerative illnesses like cancer and cardiovascular disease are major public health issues
that require immediate response. More research is being done on curative treatments
including using pharmaceuticals and alternative plant therapies. Plant polysaccharides have
attracted interest due to their potential bioactivities, including their anti-oxidant, anti-
microbial activities with their phytochemical changes. Many weed plants have been
characterized consists the prime sources of natural antioxidants. The function of secondary
metabolites in plants includes biotic defence against diseases, herbivores, and insects as well
as abiotic survival under environmental challenges (Jan et al., 2021). Additionally, they
operate as allelopathic agents, UV protectors, and signal molecules in the development of
nitrogen-fixing root nodules in legumes (Crozier et al., 2006). They also attract pollinators
and animals that disperse seeds. The chemical defence molecules have been focusingof
extensive research as they have potential to act as drugs, food additives and in useful
components for human use(Zhao, et al., 2005). The Poaceae family has limited beneficial
and is prevailing by species that consists shortage of allaloid (Gaoue et al., 2017).
Additionally, to fend against herbivory, this family of plants develops few chemical defences
frequently relies on bodily defences such silicates and leaf hardness. That is why, not many
of plant species of Poaceae family generate chemicals which are desirablefor health. Grasses
include the kinds of natural products (such tannins and lignin) which are considered to be
physiologically inactive and less metabolic active. These substances many times have
maximum molecular weight which lessen digestion and thus herbivory (Moerman and
Stepp,2001). Due to synthetic antioxidants' toxicity and carcinogenicity, which have lately
been demonstrated to induce health issues such cirrhosis, many experts are worried about
their safety. In order to treat various ailments, plants seemed employed as worthyorigin of
long-establishedprescriptions. As a result, more and more natural sources of protected
antioxidants have been a surge in development. Actually, lots of these remedial plants are
excellent suppliers of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. Vitamins, phenolics,
flavonoids, tannins, and carotenes are examples of plant-based antioxidants that are
considered ofengage in a crucial part in procedure of decomposition by interacting with free
radicals and preventing cell injuryin absence of having any negative side effects (Pisoschi et
al., 2009). Previous researches have indicate a defensive power of high dietary essential
antioxidants in opposition to cancer and chronic heart disorders (Prasad et al., 2010). As a
result, need of common antioxidants in medicines, nutraceuticals, and food additives has
greatly expanded in recent years. Demand for non-poisonous, essential conservative, a lot of
which are expected to have one of them antioxidant or antibacterial activity, has increased as
cognizance of the detrimental sequel of non-natural conservative has grown. Because less
solvent is needed and longer extraction durations are not required than with the usual
extraction approach, polyphenol extraction from plants employing quick and effective
methodologies is a low-cost method.

INTRODUCTION

Weeds are plants that grow iniquitously and at the wrong time. They have invaded both
fertile and infertile portions of land. They contend with crops for minerals, water, and
available space. undesirable plants are weeds, however not all undesirable plants are
necessarily weeds(Amend et al., 2019). One of the biggest and most globally diverse families
of flowering plants is the grass family (Poaceae), which contains around 11,000 species that
may be found on every continent and in every climatic zone. The creation of substitute
medications free from the negative effects of synthetic pharmaceuticals depends heavily on
medicinal plants (Andrade et al., 2019). Actually, phytochemicals, or natural products has
boundlessnatural ability, are widely found in plants and at present the basis of pharmaceutical
discovery (Dutt et al., 2019). A significant prospect for the creation of new therapeutic
options is to utilise the biological potential of healing plants (Ayazet al., 2019;Maheret al.,
2019). Since beginning of time, it has been used in almost every traditional medical system,
including ayurveda, unani, and siddha. In its conventional applications, it functions as a folk
remedy (Pandey et al.,2015).

Medicinal plants are crucial in the creation of substitute medications free from the negative
side effects of synthetic pharmaceuticals (Andrade et al., 2019). Volatile oils, extracts, and
non-identical natural productsare admitted compounds escorted by antibacterial and
antioxidant properties with minute to harmlessresult. These substances have crucial therapy
for numerous disorder (Rengasamy et al., 2019). Actually, the primary component of drug
discovery currently relies on secondary metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are
widely prevalent in plants and have enormous biological potential (Dutt et al., 2019). In this
study, the test plants are good sources of natural antibacterial and antifungal activities caused
by the being theirphytochemicals because of their low cost, high stability, compatibility, and
environmental friendliness (Bezirtzoglou et al., 2021). The creation of substitute medications
free from the negative effects of synthetic pharmaceuticals is greatly aided by medicinal
plants (Kayoka-Kabongo, et al., 2022). Both ancient and modern medicines have their origins
in plants and natural goods, and the development of commercially produced pharmaceuticals
presently makes extensive use of these natural resources (Hassan et al., 2020). Around 25%
of medications prescribed globally are reportedly derived from herbs, according to credible
and scientific publications (Didar et al., 2020). Worldwide, bacteriologicalsepticity cause
large number of deaths each year. Infections are cited as the cause of 9.2 million recorded
fatalities in 2013 i.e., 17% of all fatalities (Gupta et al., 2019). Various tactics arepurposed for
addressing antibiotic resistance. One of these strategies has been the use of failed antibiotics
to be combined with other molecules, which has been suggested to restore the intended
antibacterial activity(Zhao et al., 2022). In this instance, phytochemicals have demonstrated
powerful effects, and several studies have employed natural compounds to combat bacterial
resistance.

"Antioxidants" have the ability to significantly improve human wellness. Antioxidant acts as
chemical neutralizers by providing electrons to free radicals and disguise them as non-
dangerous particles thereforedecreasing the oxidative destruction of biological processes
(Suleriaet al., 2022). Free radicals have a strong- standing relationship with oxidative stress,
which is when oxygen reacts with certain molecules (Gupta et al., 2020). Secondary
metabolites are substances generated by plants as part of their defence systems during
development, and they serve as antioxidants that prevent oxidative stress from damaging cells
by eliminating reactive oxygen species from the body (Raguindin et al., 2020; Starowicz et
al., 2021).As a result of their antioxidant, anti-bacterial, colourant, and flavouring properties,
nutrimentconsequence regarded as extravagant preservatives(Guillard et al., 2018; Faustino et
al., 2019)

Numerous floraare usage for their antimicrobial properties, which are the result of
combinations created during the plant's secondary metabolism. These goods are recognised
by their active components, such as the phenolic compounds found in tannin and in the
essential oils. Flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, and tannins are only a few phytochemical
antioxidants that are often found in plants and may be used to forage excess free radicals
from body. The antioxidant effects of plant parts and essential oils have been the subject of
several studies (Hadjadj et al., 2020). Given that they are recognised to be non-toxicfor the
environment and less possibily to promptoffence to humans than artificial pesticides, plant
extracts seem to be one of the best options. Despite the detrimental effects of weeds, certain
commonly considered weedy plants may really have some useful properties. Several
qualities are: stability of the soil; natural surroundings and food for flora and fauna,honey for
bees, stunning benefitis,adding up basic materials,resources of naturalreservoirs,human
being utilizations.

However, for farmers these are simply plants that need to be viablehandling, so thatgive rise
tofood, feed and fibres for living beings. In this setting, weeds' harmful effects have an
indirect negative impact on all living things. In the fields of traditional knowledge and
ethnomedical practise, a wealth of information with regard to the use of herbal medicine
hostile to a variety of ailments and illnesses may be anticipated and gathered. In many
regions of the world and throughout the history of humankind, medicinal plants have been
utilised to cure a wide range of human ailments. Traditional healers either literally or
verbally transmit their knowledge of plants to their family or close friends.

Phytochemicals, also known as plant chemicals, are the chemicals that found in plants that
are not edible but have a range of health benefits and anti-disease properties. Plant chemicals
contain non-essential elements that your body does not need them to function and maintain
life (El-Beltagiet al. 2022).Phytochemicals have both macro and micronutrients.
Phytochemical screening, is a scientific process that involves the analysis, inspection,
extraction and experimentation of plant derived substances including flavonoids, terpenoids,
quinine and other phytochemicals(Rahman et al., 2021). The disseminationto these chemicals
for medicinal plants is uniform. They are present in every component of plants, either
through primary or secondary metabolism. They typically contribute to plant growth and
have biological functions that safeguard plants.Numerous compounds of various weed plants
morphological elements have been discovered and categorized. Plants contain minerals,
sugars, proteins, and other substances like alkaloids, terpenoids, vitamin C, and palmitic acid
(Zhang et al., 2022). Flavonoids and carotenoids have also been listed as this plant's
significant phytoconstituents. The plant parts of Cynodon dactylon were among the plant
sections whose aqueous and alcoholic extracts be revealed anti-diabetic and wound-healing
properties.
This study focuses on the antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical analysis properties of
some commonly known plants, such as Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium aegyptium,
Setaria viridis, Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa. In this investigation, extracts of leaf, stem,
inflorescence and roots of weed plants of Poaceae family was screened. These extracts were
processed for qualitative determination of some antimicrobial, antioxidant and
phytochemical’s constituents. According to Qualitative phytochemicals each plant extract
consists of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and many more. Antibacterial and
antimicrobial screening against Bacillus rhizoplanae, Pseudomonas protogens and fungal
against Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma herbarum, Trichodermareesei was done and minimum
inhibitory concentration was determined.

The primary goals of the current studywere to examine the phytochemical makeup,
antioxidant effects, and antimicrobial properties of certain significant weed plants.

Objective:

• The plant extract of weeds of Poaceae family is used as antibacterial agent against
gram positive and gram-negative bacteria Bacillus rhizoplanae, Pseudomonas
protogens andantifungal agent against Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma herbarum,
Trichodermareesei.

• To analysis the methods and mechanism of activity of antioxidants against pathogens

(bacteria or fungi)

• To examine the antimicrobial activities with phytochemical changes from the

different types of weed samples of Poaceae family (Sorghum halepense,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Setaria viridis, Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa.)

SIGNIFICANCE OF WORK

Cheaper pesticides:

Weeds can fight off harmful organisms in their surroundings.

As result, they have power over antimicrobial compounds, which need to be

recognized in order to evolveextracheaper pesticides.
 Best alternative to synthetic pesticide:

Herbal medicines are fetchingincreasingly well likedascribed by their

environmental benefits.

Natural products for plant disease control are also viewed alternatives to man-
made pesticides because of their lower environmental effects.

Treatment of diseases:

By knowing the antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of weeds of Poaceae family, the

data will be useful of behaviour towards spectrum of infections differ from common
cold to liver and heart diseases.

Plants used in this study:

Avena sativa

The herbaceous biennial plant oats (Avena sativa)are member of the family Poaceae.They are
one among types of byproducts that do well in cold, moist climates (Kim et al., 2021). Avena
sativa have long been regarded as a nutritious food since they are rich in protein, fibre,
vitamins, and minerals and are frequently eaten as oat meals. Avena sativa are known as a
high-value crop because they have big quantity of proteins and lipids, stabilize concentrations
of key polypeptides like lysine, and 2-6% of -glucan (Kalucka et al., 2020).

Taxonomical grouping:

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Supermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Avena
Species: sativa

Typically, it is used mostly for non-food purposes, such as animal feed, in nations like
India. Avena sativa as ediblesare examined in many processes for their nutritional
advantages. Oats are an excellent supply of high-quality proteins, carbs, lipids, minerals,
phenolic acids, flavonoids, and antioxidants (Maheshwari et al.,2019; Chen et al., 2021).
They are also a reliable sourceof nutritional fibres including -glucan or soluble dietary
fibres.Oats are also rich in tocotrienol, a kind of vitamin E that has antioxidant and anti-
cancer properties or helps with high cholestrol. Thus, compared to other plants, oats
represent a far more contemporary and resilient agricultural paradigm(Kim et al., 2021).
Additionally, it is crucial in the production of cellulose pulp, filter, and building boards
in breweries. Avena sativa are now increasingly being used as a food and medicine
(Ramzan, 2020).

Cynodon dactylon

Cynodonis also called Bermuda grass which is a species of family Poaceae. Cynodon
dactylon, also make mention by the common names dhub, doob, or harialil, durba in
Bengali, garikoihallu in Kanarese, garikagaddi in Telugu, durua or haritali in Sanskrit,
dhubkhabbal in Punjabi, durua in Marathi, and arugampul in Tamil. A weed plant called
Cynodon dactylon may be found in numerous places, including East Africa, Asia,
Australia, and Southern Europe (Venkatachalam et al., 2018). The weed Cynodon has
been discovered to have a variety of possible therapeutic benefits. Several substances
have been recognised and measured in various morphological C. dactylon sections. The
plant includes terpenoids, vitamin C, palmitic acid, alkaloids, proteins, carbohydrates,
and minerals (Kalimuthu et al., 2022).

Taxonomical grouping:

Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Super division: Spermatophyta
Division: Magneliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Subclass: Commelinidae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Cynodon
 Species: dactylon

The plants extract of Cynodon dactylonin addition shown to have potent antimicrobial
resultsaverse tomicro-organisms in recent research (Hossaini et al., 2021).According to
photochemical tests, C. dactylon (L.) Pers. includes volatile oils, amino acids and so
many other secondary metabolites. The herb has cardioprotective benefits as well as
diuretic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties.
Traditional healers utilise C. dactylon to treat stomach aches, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea,
conjunctivitis, anuria, and biliousness (Patel et al., 2012).

Sorghum halepense

About 44% of weed species that arise, take over, and seriously harm cattle and
agriculture throughout the world are members of the Poaceae genus Sorghum (Zimdahi,
2018). Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers, is regarded as the most well-liked weed in the
world due to its high potential for infection on pastures and crops. This perennial
rhizomatous weed of summer may reproduce by both seeds and rhizomes (Otto et al.,
2012). Sorghum halepense has variety to environments, including fields, open woods,
marshes, and ditches (Rambabu et al., 2016). Numerous important compounds, such as
oxazolidinone, taxiphyllin, chlorogenic acid, sorgoleone prunasin, dihydrosorgoleone p-
coumaric acid, hydroxyl benzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-
hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-phloroglucinol, are abundant in Sorghum halepense
rhizomes (Shah et al., 2021)

Taxonomical grouping:

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Supermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Sorghum
Species: halepense
Various chemical components found in plants have potential as medicinal agents. The
majority of these plant-produced chemicals are extracted using different solvents, and
their therapeutic benefits are discovered. Hypertension, Insulin resistance-related, is a
chronic ingestion illness which is characterised for incorrect control of the metabolism
of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids as a result of impaired or insufficient insulin
production (Mabrouk et al., 2013). It is also linked to hyperglycemia, which causes
oxidative stress by causing nonenzymatic glycation and self-oxidation of glucose
(Kerolles et al., 2014). These consequences of diabetes mellitus, such as nephropathy,
anaemia, and hepatopathy as well as dyslipidemia(Azeez et al., 2010), the main risk
factor for cardiovascular disease (Umeononihu et al., 2015), have all been demonstrated
to be strongly correlated with this oxidative stress.

Setaria viridis

Setaria viridis is a spherical cereal that belongs to the Poaceae family, which also
includes maize and sorghum, and is a round grain that comes in a range of hues and
sizes. Alike tropical or subtropical areas of the earth, such as Africa or Asia, it may grow
without difficulty in any soil type (Karpagapandi et al.,2023).the phenolic acids,
peptides, carotenoids, and tocols found in foxtail millet, which are bioactive substances
with antioxidant capabilities.Setaria viridis bioactive elements are becoming essential as
functional dietary components.

Taxonomical grouping:

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Supermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Setaria
Species: viridis
Setaria viridiscontains nutrients that have anatomic effect which stop development of
chronic illnesses. A grain with a modest quantity of gluten, such as foxtail millet, can be
taken by people with celiac disease (Sagar et al., 2022). Proso millet contains phenolics
that have potential to be anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial
(Udeh et al., 2018). Excellent amounts of dietary fibre, relatively short amino acid
chains, metallurgic, polypeptides, phenylic acid, phyto-sterols, tocols, phytic acids,
lycopenes, unsaturated lipids, and a number of antinutritional substances may be found
in Setaria v. (Pavan et al., 2022).

Dactyloctenium aegyptium

With occasional expansions in the subtropics, Dactyloctenium aegyptium is found

throughout the pantropics. It may be found throughout Asia (including Palestine,
Lebanon, Turkey, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, and the
Philippines), as well as in Yemen, Iraq, China, and Afghanistan (as well as Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen) (Ali Esmail Al-
Snafi, 2017) According to a antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical investigation
of Dactyloctenium aegyptium, the plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins,
flavonoids, steroids, fixed oils, and phenols in addition with carbohydrates, proteins,
amino acids, and terpenoids (El-Sayed et al., 2022).

Taxonomical grouping:

Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Supermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Dactyloctenium
Species: aegyptium

Plant was thought to be diuretic, astringent, cooling, and constipating (Ali et al., 2023).
Traditional uses of this bitter tonic included treating gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary
 conditions, as well as coughs, polyurea, fevers, smallpox, heartburn, immunodeficiency,
urinary lithiasis, maternity spasms, renal infections, canker, and wound relieve (Janbaz
et al., 2015). Fever, diarrhoea, acute hemoptysis, and wounds and ulcers can all be
treated topically using plant juice (Pandey and Gupta,2014).The results of the
pharmacological studies showed that Dactyloctenium aegyptium had effects on the
stomach and intestines, as well as on antibacterial, antioxidant, reproductive, cytotoxic,
and antidiabetic substances.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In India, weed plants are significant therapeutic plants. Since the beginning of time, it has
been employed in practically every traditional medical system, including ayurveda, unani,
and siddha. In its traditional use, it functions as a folk remedy (Anand et al., 2022). Including
multifariousness biological effects, Plants inclusive of antioxidants, antimicrobial activity,
plants constitute a significant source of medication. Natural plant compounds have been
identified for drug research and development in recent times. The study of secondary plant
products has advanced greatly during the past 20 to 30 years. As a result, they are often
created by plants to meet specific requirements, as opposed to the primary metabolites, which
provide generally similar biological functions in all species. Secondary metabolites
frequently share substrates with parent metabolites or are produced through modified
synthetic pathways from the primary metabolite. With the help of genetic encoding for a
variety of beneficial and interesting secondary metabolite syntheses, plants have been
developing to adapt to their environment. These substances, particularly essential oils, are
employed in human life as medications, flavourings, or sedatives (Mrid et al., 2021). Weeds
are the name for such plants. A plant, in other words, whose agricultural potential exceeds its
moral potential. (McKerracher, 2023).

Natural antioxidants have a broad range, are secure, and are efficient at controlling the
damaging processes brought on by redox imbalance, also brought on to excess of free
radicals (Tan et al., 2018). Antibiotics that are synthetic or semi-synthetic are often applied
tocurrent pharmaceuticalsact towards microbiological illnesses. However, a lot of
microorganisms now have antibiotic resistance, which makes treatments ineffective. Modern
antibiotics are also highly pricey. As a result, the usage of plant extract and chemicals
generated from it has increased (Vanlalveni et al., 2021). Pasteur and Joubert marks the
beginning of the history of antimicrobials. According to technical definitions, antibiotics are
only those compounds made by one kind of microbe that may either kill or stop the growth
of another microorganism.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemicals have enormous potential to control illnesses

in both plants and people. The first step in realising these chemicals' potential for medical and
agricultural use is screening and identifying them in various plant species. According to
earlier research (Shah et al., 2019), numerous botanicals have the ability to treat chronic
illnesses like cancer, diabetes, inflammation, stroke, and ageing. According to these data,
plants continue to be a valuable source for the development of new medications and
medicinal chemicals. Human cells can fail to create enough antioxidants, in contrast to plant
cells (Gomez et al., 2021). More people are consuming organic foods as per current
worldwide trends. The vastly increased consumer knowledge of food safety has led to the
restriction on several pesticides used in agriculture. From effectiveness, biodegradability,
lower toxicity, and enormous availability of source materials, botanical insecticides have
gained popularity (Campos et al., 2019).

Phytochemicals a broad category of chemical constitution to invent flora species (Mercy et al.
2017). The other secondary functions which phytochemical substances performs for plants
are restoring vegetation development, keeping safe plants by operate plants protecting
appliances,shade, flavour and detect the smell(Sruthi et al. 2021). The phytogenic substances,
such as flavonoids, quinine, terpenoids, etc., carry out definite metabolic processes which
support curative effects including anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and
antioxidant capabilities (Batiha et al. 2020). In sequence recognize dissimilar category of
phytochemicals instant in unlike fragments of centre for the finding of medicines, a scientific
method is called as phytochemical process require analysing, examination, withdrawing, or
carrying out tests. The vital compounds are then taking hold of more distant study and
analysis. procedure, known as phytochemical screening, was qualitative. The conclusion
might be useful for growth of productive prescriptions to various disorders. The work is
significant because plants that exhibit cytotoxicity in live cells may be further researched and
especially explored to produce medications that are both potentially effective against germs
and microorganisms as well as cancer. For combination of compounds toparticular venture to
cure good physical condition issues as well as life-long conditions,it is necessary to be
familiar with association connecting phytochemicals and biological activity of plants (Tran et
al., 2021). Natural herbs have been said to possess a variety of therapeutic effects (Roy et al.,
2022). Usage of herbal plants in industrialised civilizations may attributed the extraction and
production of several medications from these plants (Jain et al., 2019). Some high activity
profile medications have been created by the extraction and characterisation of many active
phytocompounds from these green factories (Sahu et al., 2019).

A chemical which causes death or prevents the extension of microbes like bacteria, fungus,
and protozoans is known an anti-microbial. Antimicrobial medications either eradicate
microorganisms (microbiocidal) or stop their growth (microbiostatic). Antimicrobial
compounds called disinfectants are applied to non-living items. The discovery of that
particular species of bacterium by Pasteur and Joubert marks the beginning of the history of
antimicrobials. According to scientific definitions, antibiotics are only those compounds
made by one kind of bacterium that may either kill or stop the growth of another
microorganism, which in turn might stop the growth of further bacteria (Elekhnawy et al.,
2020). Almost every medication that works to get rid of a bacterial infection from your body
is referred to be an antibiotic. Antimicrobials include both naturally occurring substances and
those created synthetically. A chemical which causes death or prevents the extension of
microbes like bacteria, fungus and protozoans is known, an anti-microbial. Antimicrobial
medications either eradicate microorganisms (microbiocidal) or stop their growth
(microbiostatic). Antimicrobial compounds called disinfectants are applied to non-living
items. The discovery of that particular species of bacterium by Pasteur and Joubert marks the
beginning of the history of antimicrobials. According to technical definitions, antibiotics are
only those compounds made by one kind of microbe that may either kill or stop the growth of
another microorganism.

Malnutrition and antioxidant insufficiency may make people more susceptible to oxidative
stress, raising their chance of developing cancer (Zhanget al.,2018). Additionally, prolonged
inflammation, such as that seen in conditions like causing digestive system diseases,
neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac diseases, or decaying, can overcome antioxidant
protection (Chelombitko et al., 2019). Some antioxidant vitamins, like vitamin D, are crucial
for controlling the metabolism activity which result in body parts activities. In various
medicinal researches, antioxidant enhancement isproven to lessen domestic antioxidant
exhaustion and the redox harms it causes (Forman and Zhang,2021). The search for plants
bioactive compound with different mechanism of action to fight of harmful microbes can
save human body from redox injuries which are by free radicals has been sparked by the rise
of antibiotic resistance among microbes and the various diseases that people suffer from due
to reactive oxygen species. Free radicals have a strong- standing relationship with oxidative
stress, which is when oxygen reacts with certain molecules(Ijarotimi et al., 2021 andWanie et
al.,2022). Correct research-based facts or a grasp the chemical components of herbal
medicines are needed for appropriate usage. The chemical components of plants are what
cause their medicinal benefits (Khare, et al.,2021). The antioxidant capabilities and pursuit on
different plants can be determined using a variety of techniques. These techniques may be
roughly classified into in vitro and in vivo categories. All tests performed outside of a live
organism are included in the invitro procedures. Antioxidants' interactions with chromogenic
radicals like 2,2'diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) are measured spectrophotometrically.

The overall goal from this study was to comprehensively highlight the significance, uses,
phytochemical content, isolated antioxidant compounds, antioxidant content (total phenol and
total flavonoid contents), and antioxidant activities (DPPH) of selected weeds plant with the
goal of their short- or long-term development into future phytopharmaceuticals for the
medical care or management of extensive illnesses. Many weed plants of Poaceae family
such as Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Setaria viridis, Cynodon dactylon,
Avena sativa.

One of the Dasapuspam utilised in naturopathy, Cynodon dactylon, widely distributed as

regarded dangerous plant for conquer area of activity. Its chemical composition and
significance in conventional medicine have both been extensively explored (Hossaini et al.,
2021). It is used in ethnomedicine to treat respiratory problems, menstruation problems, skin
injuries, dandruff, and diarrhoea. Dactyloctenium aegyptium, which has a pantropical
distribution and is a devastating weed in crop fields, has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory,
anticancer, and antipyretic properties(Ali et al., 2023). It is also used to treat small pox,
wounds, and ulcers (Hansakul et al., 2009; Jananie et al., 2011). The two aforementioned
species are valuable forage and fodder plants. Various chemical compounds, some of which
havefascinating metabolic processes, such as antimicrobial (Barnabas et al., 2013) or
antioxidant properties (Nitya et al., 2011) properties, are produced by fungal endophytes that
are found in some grass species (Ghimire et al., 2011; Tanaka et al., 2012). The
aforementioned grass species must be investigated for their potentials because they are great
origin of antioxidants and other chemicals which may either produced individually or in
conjunction with endophytes (Jananie et al., 2011; Abdullah et al., 2012; Abdallah and El-
Ghazali, 2013).
Most people raise the Avena sativa plant primarily for its seeds. In the globe, the seed is a
significant dietary source of fibre. It can have been rolled, sliced with a steel cutter, or
pounded into flour. Oats are utilised in the brewing of beer in several regions of the world.
The Avena sativa plant has beneficial nutrients in every aspect (Rasane et al., 2015). By
turning glucose to glycogen with increasing body's intake of glucose for cease to function as
a power source, Avena sativa can reduce blood sugar levels in a number of different ways
(Varma et al., 2016). Avena sativa is good source of protein, and essential for cellular
thickening or protection, the development for tissues and muscles, and the prevention of
muscle loss. Minerals are necessary to maintain healthy bones and teeth and to convert food
you eat into energy. Essential fats are necessary for optimal cell function, blood pressure and
cholesterol management, energy production, body temperature regulation, and organ
protection. A form of heart-healthy fibre called beta-glucan (Hoffmanova, et al., 2019)
Polysaccharides (complex carbs), for regulating mood, blood sugar, and immunological
function. Dietary fibre, for the maintenance of digestive and blood pressure health.
Antioxidants, which shield your body from free radicals that can harm tissue cells and cause
inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Using flavonoids, saponins, and sterols to control
your body's lipid (fat) density (Belkheir and Singh, 2013). Dietary fibre beta-glucan (-glucan)
is Avena sativa's main active ingredient. Beta-glucan, which is found in oat kernels, is a
soluble fibre that: controls the consistency of stools by absorbing liquids from the digestive
system. prevents constipation or diarrhoea from occurring when the digestive process is too
rapid or too sluggish, respectively. bulks up the stool and lessens urgency in those who are
suffering from diarrhoea by absorbing liquids in the digestive system. aids in increasing the
body's ability to absorb nutrients from meals. There is a lot of beta-glucan in avena sativa.
Avena sativa is a profitable crop and a topic of considerable medical attention due to the
potential health advantages of beta-glucan (Krishnan et al., 2021).

In the tropics, S. viridis is mostly found at high altitudes and is largely a weed of the
temperate zone. In addition to waste locations, disturbed regions, and along roadways, it also
thrives primarily in cultivated fields and gardens. S. viridis is a yearly plant that can only
reproduce from seeds. The amount and concentration of polyphenols extracted may change
depending on the particular solvent chosen. Different ratios of chemicals or their
combinations were utilised to extract phenols from water. Methanol was the best solvent for
extracting phenolic compounds and flavonoids from whole wheat and bran-rich millet
fractions because it is more polar (Suma and Urooj,2011). Vitamin E was extracted using
several solvents from the bran oil of foxtail millet (SE). Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCE)
can be used to extract semi-non-polar chemicals from S. viridis, while subcritical propane
extraction (SPE) may be just as successful. Oils production (%), tocopherol content, and
phospholipids composition of S. viridis bran oil was evaluated across these three extraction
techniques (Shi et al., 2014). the phenolic acids, peptides, carotenoids, and tocols found in S.
viridis, which are bioactive substances with antioxidant capabilities. The antioxidant content
can be increased by germination and fermentation processes (Mohamedet al., 2012). It is
necessary to investigate the bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of carotenoid and tocols
in S. viridis for further study to give more in-depth knowledge on bioactive components.
Carotenoids are good for human health because they act as antioxidants and have positive
effects on immune system function, eye cell health, and atherosclerosis prevention. By
soaking up the power from one oxygen, turning it into triplet oxygen in absence of altering its
chemical structure, or put a stop to oil reaction by illumination, carotenoids function as
antioxidants (Gulcin, 2020). The predominant carotenoids discovered in S. viridis were lutein
and zeaxanthin, however both are present in varying amounts (Zhang et al., 2019).

Sorghum halepense plant's methanol extraction or different fragments were subjected to

established procedures for phytochemical analysis to determine the presence or absence from
secondary metabolites. Determine the antioxidant properties of Sorghum halepense, at 25
degrees Celsius incubate and properly closed with aluminium foil for 30 minutes, the
commonly used DPPH assay was used. After that, its optical density was regular at 517 nm
and modify below one. Ascorbic acid sample solutions were added to DPPH solutions, and
the optical density was spectrophotometrically determined. The primary sources of natural
antioxidants are plants.The ability of the pharmaceutical substances was calculated using
well accepted standard tests. By using the DPPH test, in which the free radicals of DPPH are
decreased, it was possible to estimate the main antioxidant properties of plant extracts
(Baliyan et al., 2022). The antioxidant properties for Sorghum halepensemethanolic extract,
produced fractions, and ascorbic acid (standard) were assessed and compared
spectrophotometrically at 517 nm (Shah et al., 2021).

Our capacity restore to health regular illness is still under risk from extension and forming
tolerance of bacteria which evolved novel opposition to processes(Iskandar et al.,
2022).Developing world expansion of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria, regularly called as
"superbugs," that creates illness which may not be cured with now to be had antimicrobial
prescription such antibiotics or antifungals, is specific disturbed (Basak et al., 2016).All
stages of development have shortages of antibiotics and antifungals, particularly in the area of
health care (WHO, 2022). Additionally, it has been suggested that an excess of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) contributes in emergence with number of liver and degenerative
illnesses, adding cancer, breathing problems, nerve disease, and stomach diseases.
Malnutrition and antioxidant insufficiency can believe human high susceptible to chemical
reactions, raising chance for developing cancer (Liu et al., 2018).

A preliminary test to find both primary and secondary metabolites in an extract is called a
phytochemical screening. From wide variety of phytoconstituents, an exact grouping of them
has not up till now achievable. As indicated by their activity from plant metabolic activity,
phytoconstituent are now categorised as primary or secondary constituents. Common sugars,
amino acids, proteins, purines and pyrimidines of nucleic acids, chlorophylls, and other
substances are among the primary ingredients (Sanjay et al., 2021). Available plant products,
which include secondary metabolites like saponin, steroid and glycosides etc., considered
natural components. For a Chemical point, tannins are difficult to characterise since the title
put something on top of all-around oligomers or polymers. Tannins can make reversible or
irreversible combination from amino acids (naturally), saccharides such as cellulose,
hemicelluloses, pectin, etc., alkaloids, nucleic acids, minerals, and other high molecular
weight polyphenolic chemicals. Above 4000 flavonoids are recognized, numerous of them
are present in vegetables, tea, fruits,flavoured beverages (Xu et al., 2023). The consumption
of flavonoidsispersistedprior to this position, and they seem to have participate in remarkable
role as effective curative diseases. Numerous organisms, synthesise alkaloids by naturally.
The term "saponin" refers to the stable foam that they produce in aqueous solutions, such as
soap (Rai et al., 2021).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Botanical identification of plant used

The five weed plant species of Poaceae family were obtained fromthe fields of area Bhiwani,
Haryana. The botanical identification was achieved from department of botany, Panjab
University, Chandigarh. The Accession No: for Avena sativa, Cynodon dactylon,Setaria
viridis, Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium aegyptiumare 22645, 22646, 22647, 22654,
22655 respectively.

Sample collection
At first, the five species of weed plants of Poaceae family are collected from the fields of
area Bhiwani, Haryana (Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Setaria viridis,
Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa). After that the plant parts were kept shaded for 10-20 days
then keeping them in hot air oven for complete drying. Grinding was done to make fine
powder withpestle mortar.
Chemicals
DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol, Molisch's
Reagent, concentrated H2SO4 concentrated HCl, Meyer's reagent, chloroform, 10% FeCl 3,
70% Ethanol, distilled water, Potato Dextrose, magnesium, Agar, nutritious agar media.

Drying, Grinding and Powdering of Plant Material

Procedure

The selected plant materials were chopped into little pieces, cleaned with distilled water, and
let it dried upto four weeks in shadow. Straight sun rays are often kept away from, though,
lessen likelihood to the chemical processes that might lead to the production of an artefact
following exposure to UV radiation. To prevent heat and moisture, and have to be evaporated
as rapidly as viable to a not closed space not as much as simple circumstances, ambient
temperature, with airy surroundings around plant parts. Plant materials can also be dried in an
oven if necessary, however the ideal temperature range for drying them is between 40 and
50°C. Plant material can be grind intopestle mortar, a spice mill, or both. By increasing the
outside touching in middle of plant parts or the extraction solvents, particle size reduction
increases yield rate and yield.
To improve extraction efficiency, pretreatments including drying and grinding of plant
materials are often carried out before the extraction (Kossar et al., 2022). Because bigger
particles require more time to remove, and is crucial for the small particles be as equal in
measurements as feasible (Hussain et al., 2019).

Preparation of methanol extract

The solvents employed to extract the phenolic components were water and methanol.
Finding demonstrated that the methanol extract was highly efficient against microbes than
aqueous extract. Since methanol is regarded as the optimum solvent for extraction, it was
used for the maceration (Osmi et al., 2019).

For methanol extraction, 90 ml of methanol were added to 10 g of each dried powdered

sample, powdered leaves, flowers, roots and seeds. After 30 minutes, the mixes were left in
incubator shaker for 3-4 days. In order to liberate the soluble phytoconstituents, maceration
aims for sootheor breaking of the plant's cell wall (Jules et al. 2021). The powdered material
and chemicals for the tests were weighed using an electronic analytical balance. After that,
cotton was infused with the solution. Marc and filtrate were obtained.

The filtrates were vigorous to a pasty mass at lower pressure after the extracts were strain
using Whatmann filter paper. Chemical experiments performed on methanol extract to check
for the presence of different secondary metabolites, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Phytochemical Screening

Generally, weeds have been disregarded, and their use for medicinal applications have not
considered much attention. Many qualitative assay used in this investigation are reffered to as
phytochemical tests. By using standard operating measures testing was done based on
published papers. (Thusa and Mulmi, 2017; Mazzara et al., 2022; Konan et al., 2022)

Test for tannin/polyphenol:

3–4 drops of 10% FeCl3 were added to the diluted extract; gallic tannins caused the solution
to turn blue, whereas catechol tannins caused it to turn green.

Test for Reducing Sugar:

a test for reducing sugar involved heating 0.5 mL of plant extract, 1 mL of water, and 5–8
drops of Fehling's solution. Brick red precipitation, a sign of the presence of reducing sugar,
appeared.

Test for Glycosides:

Glycosides can be tested for using Molisch's Reagent Test. 5 mL of Molisch's reagent and
concentrated H2SO4 were added to the extract. Glycosides were recognised by a violet hue.

Test for flavonoids:

A little piece of magnesium was warmed along with 4 mL of extract solution, 1.5 mL of 50%
methanol solution, and 4 mL. When 5– 6 drops of concentrated HCl were added, flavonoids
showed a crimson colour.

Test for Alkaloids:

1mL of Meyer's reagent was added to 2 mL of extract. The presence of alkaloids was
revealed by the pale-yellow precipitate.

Test for Saponins:

1g of the sample, which was powdered, was boiled in 20 mL of distilled water for the
saponins test. 5 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of filtrate were vigorously quivered. The
presence of saponins was suggested by the development of foaming.
Test for Terpenoids:

0.2 g of each sample was combined with 2 mL chloroform and 3 mL conc. H 2SO4 to test for
terpenoids. Presence for terpenoids was suggested by the reddish-brown colouring.

Test for Steroid:

a test for steroid use involved dissolving 1 g of plant extract in a few drops of acetic acid and
adding a drop of concentrated H2SO4. The presence of steroids was detected by the
emergence of green colour.

Microorganisms
For fungal strains: Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma herbarum, Trichodermareesei.
The bacteria spp. was used: Bacillus rhizoplanae, Pseudomonas protogens.

MS Media for Bacterial Culture

MS medium is a secure medium. Sugar is an ideal food source for bacteria, and the main
issues may be related to non-sterile working environments and excessive autoclaving times
(even for caramelised sugar). The standard storage temperature is 4 °C. Keep the liquid
media that has been made, the plates with solid MS, the stock of basic salts and vitamins at
this temperature.
The four main parts of the media are as follows:
Mineral salts that are required for thickening and maturing of plants are included in inorganic
nutrients. Macronutrients (calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen) and micronutrients (copper,
iron, and zinc) are the 2 categories into which it is divided. Organic nutrients: These are
essential for the growth and developmental for cultures, and they commonly persist proteins
and vitamins. Auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins are growth hormones. It is required for the
enlargement and evolution of tissues and organs. Agar and gelatin are used as gelling agents.
It offers the cultures assistance for their growth.

Procedure:
Bench was sterilized with 70% Ethanol, then 17.05g MS media was weighted by using
sensitive balance on filter papers and dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water. The solution was
autoclave on 121ºC upto 15-20 minutes. The media was poured in the petri dishes and left to
solidify. A sample of bacteria was shed on the agar media and put in the incubator at 37ºC for
24 hours.

Preparation of MS Media
1. In 500 ml of distilled water, in a conical flask or beaker, add 17.05 gramsMS Media.
2. For completely dissolved mixture medium is then heated or boiled.
3. Next, dissolved medium is placed into autoclave at 1210C for 15-20 minutes.
4. After autoclaving, conical flask or beaker is taken out and left for cooling at room
temperature for 4-5 minutes.
5. In laminar air flow, prepared media is transferred into sterile petri plates.
6. After media solidifies, to prevent from any moisture petri plates can be placed into hot
air oven before further use at low heat settings.

Potato Dextrose Agar media

Procedure:
The Bench was sterilized with 70% Ethanol, then 19.5g of Dextrose Agar media was
weighted by using sensitive balance on filter paper and dissolve in 500ml of distilled water.
The solution was autoclaved at 121 ºC for 15 minutes. The media was poured in the petri
plates and left to solidify. A sample of fungus was shed on the agar media and put in the
incubator at 37ºC for 48 hours.

Preparation of PDA

1. In 500 ml of distilled water, in a conical flask or beaker, add 19.5 grams PDA Media.
2. Next, dissolved medium is placed into autoclave at 121 0C for 15-20 minutes. Mix
well before dispensing.
3. After autoclaving, conical flask or beaker is taken out and left for cooling at room
temperature for 4-5 minutes.
4. In laminar air flow, prepared media is transferred into sterile petri plates.
5. After media solidifies, to prevent from any moisture petri plates can be placed into hot
air oven before further use at low heat settings.

Antimicrobial Activity

1. Plant material have taken.

2. Microbial Cultures: Fungal and Bacterial Cultures: Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma

herbarum, Trichodermareesei, Bacillus rhizoplanae, Pseudomonas protogens.

3. Preparation of extract:

iDistilled water was used to clean every portion of every plant sample, which was then dried

in the shade.

iiAfter shade, dry smash the component and soak it in methanol for three days in a 250 ml

flask.

iiiAfter that, the extract was filtered on a petri dish and permitted to evaporate.

ivAfter evaporation, take the extract with sticky properties out of the petri dish.
vthe extract was then diluted in DMSO at various concentrations (i.e., 25%, 50%).

vi. 25% concentration of DMSO is used as a controller.

For the antimicrobial effect, plant extract was employed.

various combinations of 25%, 50%.

 Take 25 microgram of plant extract and 75 ml of DMSO to make the 25%

concentration of plant species extract. Next, a 25% concentrated standard solution
was made.

 Take 50 microgram of plant part extract and 50ml of DMSO to make the 50%
concentration of plant species extract. After that, a 50% conc. Standard solution was
made.

Disc-Diffusion Method

In early 1950s, since for broth it took a lot of time procedure to dilute, many lab researchers
switch to disc-diffusion tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing is done using Kirby Bauer
assays, sometimes make reference to the Disc diffusion tests. In the 1960s, there was a matter
due to dearth of standardisation, Kirby and Bauer later evaluated illustrations. WHO
standardised the operation in 1961. The original technique is presently refurbished and make
alterations by CLSI, to make sure worldwide constant. This test commonly handed-down to
assess the worth of how receptive to or unaffected aerobes or non-obligatory anaerobes are to
different antibiotic categories.

Principle of disc diffusion method

The test organism must be incubated in broth for the whole night. Because it does not block
sulphonamides and provides repeatability with the medium's composition and pH, MS Media
must be employed. When put onto Petri plates, the agar should be 4mm thick.

Procedure for disk diffusion method

1. In preparation for test, sanitise area and turn on the hob.
2. Take cotton swab, removing extra medium stick on the side walls of petri plates,
sterile cotton swab is putting into inoculum and pressed against the tube wall.
 3. After fully swab turn the plate its whole surface area. Lawn culture or carpet culture
are two names for this method.
4. Let the plates left to dry for 5 minutes, so that medium absorb the inoculum
completely.
5. Sanitise the forceps with ethanol, prior to picking up the antibiotic discs.
6. Discs should be placed in equal distance.
7. For well contact of discs to medium, lightly touched each disc with forcep, to prevent
misplacement.
8. Next, put plates into incubator at 370C for 24-48 hours.
9. By using a ruler, measure the zone of inhibition from the diameter of discs after
incubation period.

Antibacterial Activity:
• Made MS Media, by autoclaving at 121 0C for 15-20 minutes. The autoclaved mixture
medium was then transferred into laminar flow hood, put into sterile petri plates, and
left to solidify.
• Next, 3 discs with a 25%, 50% concentration of plant extract and 100% concentration
of 25% DMSO in the agar media plate were placed using 100 l of bacterial cell
suspension culture.
• For 24-48 hours, the petri plate was incubated at 37°C.
• Determine the zone of inhibition.

Antifungal Activity:

• Made PDA media and autoclaved it for 15 minutes at 15 psi pressure at 1210C.
• The autoclaved media was then placed in a laminar air flow hood, antibiotics were
added, and the media was poured into sterile petri plates where it was left to solidify.
• Spread 100 l of the fungal cell suspension culture across the agar media plate, by
placing 3 discs of 25%, 50% concentration of plant extract and 100% concentration
 of 25% DMSO in the agar media plate were placed using 100 l of fungus cell
suspension culture.
• For 24-48 hours, the plate was incubated at 37°C.
• Determine the zone of inhibition.

Antioxidant Activity

Investigation into the methods for calculating total antioxidant activity (TAC) and total
phenolic content (TPC) is essential. Since they are quick, repeatable, simple, and affordable,
spectrophotometric (colorimetric and fluorescence) tests have drawn further observation in
this context (Munteanu and Apetrei, 2021; Limantul et al., 2022). The most well-known
colorimetric tests, DPPH. The DPPH test, which makes use of an aromatic benzoic ring
radical system, is now widely handed-down free radical scavenging antioxidant analysis
(Munteanu and Apetrei.,2021). The term "DPPH" refers to a stable free radical. In serum,
bodily fluids, and food samples, it has been frequently employed. A UV spectrophotometer
and the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) reagent are sole necessities (De Falco et al.,
2022). The common usage of the DPPH reagent, a crystalline powder with a black colour
manufactured primarily of fixed free radical molecules, is as a radical and a trap (or
"scavenger") for other radicals. The DPPH radical is a heavy violet appearance in solution
because of wide absorption band with a centre of 515–520 nm. DPPH has a lot of benefits
because it is easy and affordable. The radical scavenging time of thirty minutes enables
DPPH to respond well even in company of infirm antioxidants. The antioxidant effectiveness
measured at room temperature to avoid the potential for heat degradation of the substances
under investigation. The outcomes are highly precise and reproducible. Furthermore, DPPH
has a strong correlation and can screen a lot of samples and bioactive compounds
(polyphenols, flavonoids) fast.

Antioxidant Activity Procedure:

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of aqueous extracts

ofPoaceae family (Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Setaria viridis, Cynodon
dactylon, Avena sativa) was performed.
Preparation of weed plant extract:

Start by obtaining a dried and powdered sample of the weed plant. Next, prepare an extract of
the plant by adding 1 g of the powder to 10 mL of methanol or ethanol. Shake the mixture for
30 minutes using a shaker or vortex mixer, then filter it through a filter paper to remove any
insoluble particles. The resulting extract was be used for the DPPH assay.

Preparation of DPPH solution:

Dissolve 0.1 g of DPPH in 100 mL of methanol or ethanol to prepare a 0.1 mM DPPH

solution.

Assay procedure:

To perform the assay, add 2 mL of the DPPH solution to 2 mL of the diluted weed plant
extract at various concentrations. Allow the mixture to react in the unlighted area for 30
minutes at room temperature. The degree of discoloration of the DPPH solution, which is
proportional to the antioxidant activity of the plant extract, measured spectrophotometrically
at 517 nm (Nataraj et al., 2023).

RESULT
Many biochemical and phytochemical substances found in medicinal plants have antibacterial
and antifungal action against human diseases. Due to its potential effectiveness against
microorganisms and the benefit that infections cannot concurrently evolve resistance, the
quest for alternative antimicrobial medicines derived from plant extract attracted a lot of
attention (Adelaid et al., 2008).

The extracts were discovered to have strong antioxidant effects and high inhibitory activity
against bacteria and fungi.Different quantities are (25 microgram, 50 microgram) were taken
from the extract of plant species and the controls were made independently in 1000ml of 25%
DMSO. Each microorganism's fresh culture was needed to make the microbial suspensions.
Therefore, the tilted agar media was infected from microorganisms to the stored cultures 24
hours before test. Using the agar disk-diffusion technique, the methanolic extract of plants
was appraise antimicrobial activity. In order to do this, one loop of each strain's normal
culture was grown on sterile MS Media for bacteria and Potato Dextrose agar for fungus
media. Different amounts of the methanolic plant extract were impregnated onto paper discs
(6 mm in diameter) that had been sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Using
sterile forceps, they were then positioned on the culture medium's surface and fastened by
applying light pressure. It is notable that the conventional gentamicin discs (10 g/disc) had
their antibacterial activity assessed independently in Petri dishes. The diameter of the non-
growth halo was determined following 24-hour incubation period at 37°C (Rahman,2014).

Analysis for Antibacterial Activity

In present investigation, gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms Bacillus

rhizoplanae and Pseudomonas protogens were evaluated to test the performance of plant
crude extract in methanol solvent. The antibacterial activity of severalplant extracts and their
combinations were investigated by many scientists using disk-diffusion technique (Sharma et
al., 2020).

Zone of inhibition for all the concentrations of five plant species extract shows antibacterial
activity in opposition to both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms Bacillus
rhizoplanae and Pseudomonas protogens.

The 25 and 50 microgram concentration of Sorghum halepense against Pseudomonas

protogens bacteria has zone of inhibition with 6mm and 8mm and the value for 25% DMSO
is 4mm. But the value for Setaria viridis which has least antibacterial activity against the
Pseudomonas protogens bacteria value of zone of inhibition has5mm for 25 micrograms,
9mm for 50 microgram plant extract concentration and 2mm for 25% DMSO. The value for
zone of inhibition of 25 and 50 microgram concentration of Dactyloctenium aegyptium
against Pseudomonas protogens bacteria is 6mm and 8mm and the value for 25% DMSO is
which is 4mm(Fig. 1).Cynodon dactylon consists zone of inhibition of 5mm and 7mm of 25
and 50 microgram concentration and 2mm for 25% DMSO against Pseudomonas protogens.
Avena sativa consists of 7mm and 9mm of 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 3mm for
25% DMSO against Pseudomonas protogens. (Table 1)
 Figure 1: Disk-diffusion assay to measure the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of
Dactyloctenium aegyptiumagainst Pseudomonas protogens bacteria

The 25 and 50 microgram concentration of Sorghum halepense against Bacillus

rhizoplanaebacteria is 7mm and 9mm and the value for 25% DMSO is less which is
3mm(Fig. 2). But the value for Setaria viridis which has least zone of inhibition against the
Bacillus rhizoplanaebacteria is 6mm for 25 micrograms, 8mm for 50 microgram plant extract
concentration and 4mm for 25% DMSO. But the values for Dactyloctenium aegyptium
against Bacillus rhizoplanaebacteria has zone of inhibition with 5mm and 7mm and the value
for 25% DMSO is less which is 2mm.Cynodon dactylon consists zone of inhibition of 5mm
and 8mm of 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 2mm for 25% DMSO against Bacillus
rhizoplanae.As, Avena sativa consists zone of inhibition of 5mm and 7mm of 25 and 50
microgram concentration and 3mm for 25% DMSO against Bacillus rhizoplanae.(Table 2)

Table 1: Zones of inhibition of weed extract against Pseudomonas protogens

Name of Plant 25μg extract + 750μl 50μg extract + 500μl 1000μl DMSO
species DMSO (mm) DMSO (mm)
(mm)

Cynodon dactylon 5 7 2

Dactyloctenium 6 8 4
aegyptium

Setaria viridis 5 9 2

Avena sativa 7 9 3
 Sorghum halepense 6 8 4

Table 2: Zones of inhibition of weed extract against Bacillus rhizoplanae

Name of Plant 25μg extract + 750μl 50μg extract + 500μl 1000μl DMSO
species DMSO (mm) DMSO (mm)
(mm)

Cynodon dactylon 5 8 2

Dactyloctenium 5 7 2
aegyptium

Setaria viridis 6 8 4

Avena sativa 5 7 3

Sorghum halepense 7 9 3

Figure 2: Disk-diffusion assay to measure the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of

Sorghum halepenseagainst Bacillus rhizoplanae bacteria
The dilute concentration 100ml of 25% DMSO shows least activity or less zone of inhibition
but plant extract with 25 and 50 microgram concentration shows high antibacterial activity
and has high values of zone of inhibition. 50 microgram concentration of all plant species
shows highest antibacterial activity.

Sorghum halepense shows maximum zone of inhibition of the antibacterial activity among
the all-other species (Fig. 2) and Setaria viridis shows least antibacterial activity against the
bacteria. Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa shows average
antibacterial activity against both the bacteria. The concentrations of Sorghum halepense is
more active against Bacillus rhizoplanae rather than Pseudomonas protogens. The
concentrations of Dactyloctenium aegyptium has more zone of inhibition active against
Bacillus rhizoplanae rather than Pseudomonas protogens.Cynodon dactylon with 50
micrograms has more activity against Bacillus rhizoplanae rather than Pseudomonas
protogens.Avena sativa has more antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas protogens rather
than Bacillus rhizoplanae.

Analysis for Antifungal Activity

The plant species used for antifungal activity was Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium
aegyptium, Setaria viridis, Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa against three fungus species
(Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma herbarum, Trichodermareesei).

For Penicillium xyleborini fungus Avena sativa has 5mm and 9mm of zone of inhibition of 25
and 50 microgram concentration and 2mm for 25% DMSO against Penicillium xyleborini but
Setaria viridis has 2mm and 5mm of zone of inhibition of 25 and 50 microgram
concentration and very least zone 1mm for 25% DMSO against Penicillium xyleborini. Zone
of inhibitionfor, Cynodon dactylon shows 4mm and 8mm for 25 and 50 microgram
concentration and 1mm for 25% DMSO against Penicillium xyleborini. Zone of inhibitionfor,
Sorghum halepense shows 5mm and 7mm for 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 3mm
for 25% DMSO against Penicillium xyleborini(Fig. 3). Zone of inhibitionfor, Dactyloctenium
aegyptium shows 4mm and 6mm for 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 1mm for 25%
DMSO against Penicillium xyleborini.For Penicillium xyleborini fungus Avena sativa shows
maximum zone of inhibition for antifungal activity as compare to other plant species and
Setaria viridis shows least antifungal activity from other plant species. (Table 3)
Table 3: Zones of inhibition of weed extract against Penicillium xyleborini

Name of Plant 25μg extract + 750μl 50μg extract + 1000μl DMSO

species DMSO (mm) 500μl DMSO (mm)
(mm)

Cynodon dactylon 4 8 1

Dactyloctenium 4 6 1
aegyptium

Setaria viridis 2 5 1

Avena sativa 5 9 2

Sorghum halepense 5 7 3

Figure 3: Disk-diffusion assay to measure the antifungal activity of methanolic extract of

Sorghum halepenseagainst Penicillium xyleborinifungi.

For Phoma herbarum fungus Cynodon dactylon has 5mm and 7mm of zone of inhibition of
25 and 50 microgram concentration and 3mm for 25% DMSO against Phoma herbarum but
Avena sativa has 2mm and 5mm of zone of inhibition of 25 and 50 microgram concentration
and very least zone 1mm for 25% DMSO against Phoma herbarum. Zone of inhibitionfor,
Setaria viridis shows 5mm and 9mm for 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 2mm for
25% DMSO against Phoma herbarum. Zone of inhibitionfor, Sorghum halepense and
Dactyloctenium aegyptium(Fig. 4) both shows same values of 4mm and 6mm for 25 and 50
microgram concentration and 1mm for 25% DMSO against Phoma herbarum. For Phoma
herbarum fungus Cynodon dactylon shows highest antifungal activity as compare to other
plant species and Avena sativa shows least antifungal activity from other plant species. (Table
4)

Figure 4: Disk-diffusion assay to measure the antifungal activity of methanolic extract of

Dactyloctenium aegyptium against Phoma herbarum fungi.

Table 4: Zones of inhibition of weed extract against Phoma herbarum

Name of Plant 25μg extract + 50μg extract + 1000μl DMSO
species 750μl DMSO (mm) 500μl DMSO (mm)
(mm)

Cynodon dactylon 5 7 3

Dactyloctenium 4 6 1
aegyptium
Setaria viridis 5 9 2

Avena sativa 2 5 1

Sorghum halepense 4 6 1
 For Trichodermareeseifungus Cynodon dactylon has 6mm and 9mm of zone of inhibition of
25 and 50 microgram concentration and 3mm for 25% DMSO against Trichoderma reesei but
Setaria viridis has 3mm and 6mm of zone of inhibition of 25 and 50 microgram
concentration and very least zone 1mm for 25% DMSO against Trichodermareesei (Fig. 5)
Zone of inhibitionfor, Avena sativa shows 4mm and 7mm for 25 and 50 microgram
concentration and 1mm for 25% DMSO against Trichodermareesei. Zone of inhibitionfor,
Sorghum halepense shows 5mm and 9mm for 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 2mm
for 25% DMSO against Trichodermareesei. Zone of inhibitionfor, Dactyloctenium aegyptium
shows 5mm and 7mm for 25 and 50 microgram concentration and 3mm for 25% DMSO
against Trichodermareesei.For Trichodermareeseifungus Cynodon dactylon shows maximum
zone of inhibition for antifungal activity as compare to other plant species and Setaria
viridis(Fig. 5)shows least antifungal activity from other plant species extract. (Table 5)

All the concentrations of five plant species extract shows zone of inhibition for antifungal
activity against all the three fungi i.e.,Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma herbarum,
Trichodermareesei. The dilute concentration 100ml of 25% DMSO shows least activity but
plant extract zone of inhibition with 25 and 50 microgram concentration shows high
antifungal activity. 50 microgram concentration of all plant species shows highest
antibacterial activity

Table 5: Zones of inhibition of weed extract against Trichodermareesei

Name of Plant 25μg extract + 50μg extract + 1000μl DMSO
species 750μlDMSO (mm) 500μl DMSO (mm)
(mm)

Cynodon dactylon 6 8 3

Dactyloctenium 5 7 3
aegyptium
Setaria viridis 3 6 1

Avena sativa 4 8 1

Sorghum halepense 5 9 2
 Figure 5: Disk-diffusion assay to measure the antifungal activity of methanolic extract of
Setaria viridis against Trichodermareesei fungi.

Analysis for Antioxidant Activity

DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl) is steady free radical with heavy purple appearance,
subsequent to be given proton from a proton donor as like phenolic components, it reduces its
chromophore and looks yellow (Christodoulou et al., 2022). It is one of the compounds that
possess a proton free radical and shows high absorption at 517 nm. When DPPH comes in
contact with proton radical scavengers, its purple colour grow faint quickly. This assay
decides the scavenging of stable radical species of DPPH by antioxidants. Reduction in the
color was measured by spectrophotometer; λmax 517(Marchi et al., 2022).

Table 6: Absorbance of different weed extract at 517nm

Weeds Absorbance at 517nm

Cynodon dactylon 1.212

Dactyloctenium aegyptium 1.333

Sorghum halepense 1.362

Setaria viridis 1.791

Avena sativa 1.637
In present investigation, Avena sativashows antioxidant activity of absorbance1.637 at
517nm. Cynodon dactylon showsabsorbance of 1.212 at 517nm of antioxidant activity.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium has absorbance of 1.333 at 517nm for antioxidant activity.
Sorghum halepenseshows antioxidant activity of value 1.362 at 517nm. In this study,
methanol extract of Setaria viridis plant exhibited high antioxidant activity with an
absorbance of 1.791 at 517nm. As comparing all species Cynodon dactylonconsists least
antioxidant activity with an absorbance at 517nm. (Table 6)

Analysis for Phytochemical Screening

Test for tannin/polyphenol:

3-4 drops of 10% FeCl3 were added to reconstituted extract. Gallic tannins changed the
solution to blue colour, while catechol tannins changed it to green in colour. There was
presence of blue or green colour appears in Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa weeds which
means that in the plant species there is presence of gallic acid or catechol tannins. Other plant
species shows negative result for this test. (Table 7)

Test for Reducing sugar:

Test for reducing sugar involved, 0.5ml of plant extract, 1ml distilled water and 5-8 drops
Fehling’s solution and heat, the result was only very light colour appears and observation of
brick red ppt is not which means there is no presence of reducing sugar. (Table 7)

Test for Glycosides:

Molisch’s Reagent test can be used to detect the presence of glycosides in plant extracts. 5ml
of Molisch’s reagent and little bit concentration of H 2SO4 were added to the plant’s extract.
Violet hue indicates the presence of glycosides. Only Cynodon dactylonshows positive result
for this test.(Table 7)

Test for Flavonoids:

After a little amount of magnesium was warmed along with 4ml of plant extract solution
added. 1.5ml of 50% methanol solution, and 4ml of extract solution. After dropping 5-6 drops
of concentrated HCl, crimson colour observed, flavonoids showed a crimson colour which
means here also there is presence of flavonoids in all plant species. (Table 7)
 Test for alkaloids:

In 2ml of plant extract add 1ml of Mayer’s reagent. Pale-yellow precipitates revealed
alkaloids. There is presence of alkaloid in all species of plants. (Table 7)

Test for Saponins:

For saponin test 1g of powdered sample was boiled in 20ml of distilled water. 5ml distilled
water with 10ml filtrates were vigorously quenched. Development of foaming was suggested
the presence of saponins. Cynodon dactylonandSorghum halepenseshows negative result and
all other three plant species shows positive result for this test. (Table 7)

Test for Terpenoids:

0.2g of each sample was added to 2ml of chloroform and 3ml of concentrated H 2SO4.
Reddish brown colouring shows presence of terpenoids. But in result Cynodon
dactylonandSorghum halepenseshows black colour appearance and Setaria viridisand
Dactyloctenium aegyptium shows light colour appearance which means terpenoids are not
present in any of plant species, except Avena sativawhich shows reddish-brown colouring.
(Table 7)

Test for Steroids:

Steroid test involved use of dissolving 1g of plant extract with few drops of acetic acid and
add a drop of conc. H2SO4. Green colour detects the presence of steroids. Only light colour
observed in plant species except black colour of Avena sp.and result showed that there is no
presence of steroid into the all-plant species. (Table 7)

Table 7: Phytochemical analysis of different weeds

Phytochemical Tests Avena Cynodon Dactyloctenium Setaria Sorghum

sativa dactylon aegyptium viridis halepense

Tannin/Polyphenol + + - - -

Reducing Sugar - - - - -

Glycosides - + - - -

Flavonoids + + + + +
Alkaloids + + + + +
Saponins + - + + -

Terpenoids + - - - -

Steroids - - - - -

In Table 7: - Sign shows the absence of phytochemicals and + sign shows presence of in
phytochemicals Poaceae family of weed plants extract.(Table 7)

DISCUSSION

Antimicrobial Activity

In this study, the methanolic extract of Sorghum halepense, Setaria viridis, Dactyloctenium
aegyptium, Avena sativa andCynodon dactylonantibacterial properties were assessed. For
this, several strains of fungi (Penicillium xyleborini, Phoma herbarum, Trichodermareesei),
Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus rhizoplanae), and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas
protogens) were selected, and their non-growth halo diameter (in mm) and disk-diffusion
technique were used to analyse the effects of extract on the non-growth of these
microorganisms.Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial growth as well as the
development of the nongrowth halo were both successfully inhibited by the methanolic
extract of all plant species.
Fungi were affected by the methanolic extract of the different components of plant species, a
halo with a diameter of 5-9 mm developed. In a similar study, the same methods were used
(Disk-diffusion) to assess the antimicrobial activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Cynodon
dactylonin opposition to gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. albus) and gram-negative
bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The result demonstrates that hydroalcoholic extract of
Cynodon dactylonhas strong antibacterial properties. The lowest inhibitory concentration
showed that all bacterial strains were responsive to Cynodon dactylonextract (Renu et al.,
2012).
One of studies involved, the disk-diffusion method was handed-down to measure the
antibacterial activity from plant extract of Cynodon dactylonobtained from seven solvents.
These solvents were acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-pentane
against certain micro-organisms. The outcomes examined that ethanol 7-10mm and ethyl
acetate 7-12mm extracts had notable antibacterial activity against all bacterial infections.
With zone of inhibition of 2-5mm and 5-9mm, respectively, methanol extracts demonstrated
acceptable antibacterial efficacy. Using agar disk-diffusion method, leaf extract of Cynodon
dactylonagainst the pathogens (B. subtilis, S. aureus,E. coli, K. pneumonia and S.aeruginosa)
investigated antibacterial activity (Savadi et al., 2020). The result showed that the tested
micro-organisms were significantly inhibited the leaf extract of Cynodon dactylonfrom
chloroform extract. In this study, C. dactylon shows reasonable antibacterial and antifungal
activity against (Bacillus rhizoplanae, Pseudomonas protogens,Penicillium xyleborini,
Phoma herbarum, Trichodermareesei).
Strong antifungal activity was displaced the methanolic plant extracts of S. halepense against
fungi and bacteria. Similarly in a study, strong antifungal activity was demonstrated against
C. cladosporioides and T. viride by the methanolic plant extracts of S. halepense. Because in
S. halepense, it contains lots of phytochemical like sterols, is considered to be really good
against antimicrobial agents (Salazar-Lopez et al., 2018). The allelopathic and antibacterial
likely of Sorghum halepense has been shown to be enhanced by phenols and flavonoids in
several sections of the organism (Alghamdi et al., 2022).
In a study, the entire plant of D. annulatum is used for treatment of diseases like dysentery
and menorrhagia, while stem of S. spontaneum is sometimes eaten to reduce stomach issues
(Majeed et al., 2020; Mishra et al., 2022). Similarly, E. indica, D. aegyptium, V.
zizanoidesand I. cylindrica, the majority of biological activities of bulk of these plants are
not studied, despite their relevance in ethnomedical research (Prakash et al., 2022). Number
of researches disclose most of these species accommodate different secondary metabolites
(Arya et al., 2022). Present study of D. aegyptium, Avena sativa, Setaria viridis shows
antimicrobial activity similar to these studies and contains various secondary metabolites.
Additionally, the Pseudomonas protogens strain was well inhibited by the extracts of
Sorghum halepense and Avena sativa.

AntioxidantsProperties

The capability of different samples to scavenge free radicals is measured utilize the activity
of stationary DPPH radical. The scavenging activity of different concentrations of the
methanolic extract of plant parts of all five species antioxidant measured by DPPH. The
reducing agent DPPH is transformed into the colourless molecule hydrazine when it accepts
electrons from reducing substances like phenols. Reduced absorbance is related to this
structural modification. Antioxidants are substances that possess this property (Kim et al.,
2019). With increasing quantities of the methanolic extract of plant species, it is evident that
the free radical scavenging action considerably increases. DPPH, tests were performed to
determine the ability of a methanolic extract of Poaceae family (Sorghum halepense,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Setaria viridis, Cynodon dactylon, Avena sativa)fractions to
scavenge free radicals. The DPPH (a-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl) test determined
spectrophotometrically the scavenging potential of plant extract by converting DPPH into a,
a-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl and altering its colour to violet.

In this study, methanol extract of Setaria viridis plant exhibited high antioxidant activity with
an absorbance of 1.791 at 517nm. This shows that plant methanolic extracts, especially at
higher concentrations, have a strong scavenging action. The concentration of this parameter
was in line to the concentration of phenylic compounds in various plant species' methanolic
extracts. These findings suggest that the antioxidant activity of the plant extract may be due
to the phenylic components. The capacity of various extracts to scavenge free radicals
directly rises with an increase in phenolic component content. Higher amounts of phenolic
components enhance the chance of hydrogen donation to free radicals, increasing the
scavenging activity of the extract since there are more hydroxyl groups in the reaction media
(Wang et al., 2014; Sharaibie et al., 2023).

Different methods were accessed the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of aerial
plant parts of Cynodon dactylon. The extract results concentration- dependent free radical
scavenging activity in each of assays(Savadi et al., 2020). In similar study, in C. dactylon, the
extracts of ethyl acetate and methanol were used continuously and then concentrated. To
determine the antioxidant activity, DPPH tests were done on 4 cancer lines and a normal cell
line, resulting plant with substantial antiproliferative and antioxidant properties. (Albert-
Baskar and Ignacimuthu et al., 2010).Present study also shows antioxidant value 1.212 for
Cynodon dactylon which indicates that the plant has significant amount of phenolic
component in it. Similarly, components of A. viridis produced in methanol and ethyl acetate
fractions were found the antioxidant properties (Akbar et al., 2020). The outcomes
determined that the ethyl acetate leaf fraction performed better than other fractions.

(Punia et al., 2021),Sorghum halepensehas the ability to operate as antioxidant agent because
of the existence of bioactive polyphenols and dietary antioxidants. In one more study, for
antioxidant properties there were different Sorghum halepenseextract were tested by (Khayal
et al., 2019). From previous studies, Sorghum halepense may have cytotoxic, antioxidant, and
anti-diabetic properties related to several disorders (Batool et al., 2020). In this study
Sorghum halepense shows antioxidant activity, methanol Sorghum halepense extracts were
tested for their antioxidant capacities and it shows absorption similarly with value 1.362.
Present study shows the same significant radical scavenging activity with all the five plant
species of Poaceae family and shows antioxidant activity, indicating a significant light
absorption by the specific compounds present in the weed extract.

Phytochemical Screening

In the
previous research
performed by Bagewadi et
al. shows the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids,
In the
previous research
performed by Bagewadi et
al. shows the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids,
In the
previous research
performed by Bagewadi et
al. shows the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids,
The different antimicrobial activities of plant extracts are due to existence of various
phytochemical compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and
steroids, which might have antimicrobial properties and affect the cell membrane (Khare and
Anand, 2021).There are more and more reports of the usage of medicinal plants for their
pharmacological characteristics in many nations.

(David et al., 2020) identified leaf extract from Cynodon dactylon and obtained 24 different
compounds. Similarly in earlier research of (Nischitha et al., 2020) purposed in methanolic
extract of same plant Cynodon dactylon shows the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins
and glycosidesthat supports present result same for Cynodon dactylon while saponin showed
negative result.Depending on their solubility in different solvents, plant materials bioactive
compounds vary, as given by (Truong et al., 2019). (Kumar et al., 2022) used to
determinequalitative analysis of existence of different phytochemical compounds in Cynodon
dactylon as, steroids, alkaloids and phenols, also with macroscopic and microscopic
characteristics of plants. This study of Cynodon dactylon shows the presence of alkaloids,
tannins, glycosides and flavonoids into it.

(Ghica et al., 2023), in plant extract of Avena sativa are found with phytochemicals; organic
acids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenolics, carbs, flavonoids, sterols, tocols, terpenoids, lignans
and carotenoids. In this investigation, Avena sativa shows positive result for alkaloids,
tannins, terpenoids, saponins and flavonoids into it. A previous study in plant Dactyloctenium
aegyptium phytochemical examination found with alkaloids and saponins (Ti et al., 2023). As
similar to this investigation, Dactyloctenium aegyptium shows positive result for alkaloids,
flavonoids and saponins. Flavonoids appears in little amount in Dactyloctenium aegyptium.
Particularly in relation to its widespread usage in traditional medicine, Dactyloctenium
aegyptium has demonstrated several intriguing biological activities.

In this study of Sorghum halepense, was revealed to contain the existence of proteins,
alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates and devoid of saponins.
Setaria viridis shows result found alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins in the plant. In a similar
study of Sorghum halepense, plant extract consists of cytotoxic, anti-diabetic and antioxidant
properties due to prevalence of afore mentioned phytochemicals in plant extract and its
fractions linked with many illnesses (Shah et al., 2021). Similarly in this study, plant extract
of Sorghum halepense found with alkaloids and flavonoids.

The plant extract that contains saponin can be treated in various diseases; inflammation, UV
damage, stomach ulcers, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders (Roopashree and
Naik, 2019). Furthermore, saponins are used as adjuvants to enhance the absorption of
medicinal drugs and bioactive compounds (Zhou et al., 2021). Alkaloids and saponins in
plants make its plant extract potentially powerful antimicrobial agents (Alam et al., 2021). To
examined the grasses to exhibit phytotoxicity there is presence of certain phyto-constituents
which can be utilised as natural herbicides (Jabeen et al., 2023).

The plant extract of various species used in this study can have been used in traditional
medicine because of presence of various phytochemicals into them. One may draw the
conclusion that the methanolic extract of all parts of plant species of Poaceae family
(Sorghum halepense, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Setaria viridis, Cynodon dactylon, Avena
sativa) has the ability to prevent the growth of harmful and spoilage bacteria and fungi in
foods based on the findings of this study and those reported in other researches. As a result, it
is advised to utilise these in culinary items as a natural preservative and flavouring
ingredient.

In the
previous research
performed by Bagewadi et
al. shows the presence of
alkaloids, flavonoids,
CONCLUSION

The antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical screening of tested plants sample was
done. From the study, come to the conclusion that plants used are good source of
antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytoconstituents which may be used in treating different
diseases. For antibacterial activity, Sorghum halepense shows maximum zone of inhibition of
the antibacterial activity among the all-other species and Setaria viridis shows least
antibacterial activity against the bacteria. But C. dactylonshows maximum antifungal activity
against fungus Phoma herbarumand Trichodermareesei. For Penicillium xyleborini fungus
Avena sativa shows maximum zone of inhibition for antifungal activity. In antioxidant
properties, methanol extract of Setaria viridis plant exhibited high antioxidant activity and
Cynodon dactylonconsists least antioxidant activity with an absorbance at 517nm. Along with
strong DPPH activity, this plant exhibits significant phenolic and flavonoid contents. For
phytochemical, Cynodon dactylonshows the existence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides
and flavonoids into it. Avena sativashows positive result for alkaloids, tannins,terpenoids,
saponins and flavonoids. This study's findings,all of the plants have phyto-constituents into
them. These plants extract can be utilised as an effective substitute for synthetic antioxidants
for preserving food ingredients and edible oils because of its strong antioxidant activity.

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