Amplitude Modulation

DSB-FC (Conventional AM) ☑

DSB-SC ☑
SSB-SC
VSB
 Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) AM
☞ Conventional AM and DSB-SC are wasteful of bandwidth and power because they both
require transmission bandwidth equal to twice the message bandwidth.
☞ As the transmission of information is concerned, only one sideband is necessary.
☞ Thus it is possible to transmit only one of the side bands because the lower side band and
upper sideband carries the same information.
☞ When only one sideband is transmitted, the modulation system is referred to as single
sideband system (SSB-SC).

֎ SSB-SC modulation provides the following advantages as compared to conventional AM and

DSB-SC.
1. It conserves frequency spectrum (Bw) since only one of the side band is transmitted.
2. It requires relatively low power.
3. Noise decrease since the Bw has decreased by half.

☻The benefit of using SSB-SC is therefore derived from the reduced bandwidth requirement
and the elimination of the high power carrier wave.
☻The principal disadvantage of the SSB-SC system is its cost and complexity.
 The two sidebands are redundant (channel bandwidth=2W).
The transmission of either sideband is sufficient to reconstruct the message signal m(t) at
the receiver (channel bandwidth=W).

A single sideband (SSB-SC) AM signal

𝒔(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝒎(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕 ∓ 𝑨𝒄 𝒎(𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕

The plus sign indicates the lower sideband,

and the minus sign indicates the upper Hilbert transform
sideband.

Another method is to employ a filter that

selects either the upper sideband or the lower
sideband of the DSB AM signal.
Hilbert transform
☞ The result of a Hilbert transform is not equivalent to the original signal (rather it is a
completely different signal)
☞ It does not involve a domain change, i.e., the Hilbert transform of a signal x(t) is another
signal denoted by 𝑥(𝑡) in the same domain.
✅The Hilbert transform of a signal x(t) is a signal 𝑥(𝑡)whose frequency components lag the
frequency components of x(t) by 90◦.
 has exactly the same frequency components present in x(t) with the same amplitude—
except there is a 90◦ phase delay.

 For instance, the Hilbert transform of x(t) = Acos(2πf0t + θ) is Acos(2πf0t + θ − 90◦) =

Asin(2πf0t + θ).
𝒙 𝒕 = x(t) ∗ h(t)
𝟏
x(t) Hilbert 𝒙(𝒕) 𝒙(𝒕) = x(t) ∗
𝝅𝒕
Transform ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝝉
h(t)=
𝝅𝒕
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒅𝝉
𝝅 𝒕−𝝉
−∞
Inverse Hilbert Transform
∞
𝟏 𝒙 𝝉
𝒙(𝒕) = - 𝒅𝝉
𝝅 𝒕−𝝉
−∞
Interpretation of Hilbert Transform:-
𝟏
The Fourier Transform of x(t) & are as follows:
𝝅𝒕
X(t) FT X(f)
𝟏
FT -j sgn(f)
𝝅𝒕
Where sgn is the Signum function which defined as:
1,f>0
sgn = 0,f=0
-1 , f < 0
𝟏
Therefore: 𝒙(𝒕) = x(t) ∗ …………①
𝝅𝒕
Taking Fourier Transform on both side of equation ① we
get
𝑿(𝒇) = X(f) [- j sgn (f)] Property 3: x(t) and 𝒙(𝒕) are
∞
orthogonal: −∞ 𝑥 𝑡 . 𝒙 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 0
 𝑿(𝒇) = - j sgn (f) X(f) …………②
Property 1: x(t) and 𝒙(𝒕) has the same amplitude
spectrum : |X(f)|=| 𝑿(𝒇) |
Property 2: if 𝒙 𝒕 is the Hilbert transform of x(t) then the
Hilbert transform of 𝒙(𝒕) is –x(t)
Pre–envelope:-

the pre-envelope of the signal x(t), is defined as the complex-valued function can be
given as:

𝑥+ (𝑡) = x(t) + j 𝒙(𝒕) ………….①

Where; x(t) is the real part of the pre-envelop

j 𝒙(𝒕) is imaginary part of the pre-envelope

𝒙(𝒕) is the Hilbert transform of x(t)

Taking FT of 𝒙+ (𝒕) we get:
𝑋+ (𝑓) = X(f)[1 + sgn(f)]………….②
then substitute sgn(f) value in equation ②, we get:
2X(f) , f > 0
𝑋+ (𝑓) = X(0) , f = 0
0,f<0
Complex envelope:-

the pre-envelope of the signal x(t) can be expressed in the form

𝑥+ (𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ………….①

where 𝑥 (𝑡) is the complex envelope of the signal x(t).

The bandpass signal x(t) can be expressed in terms of the complex envelope as:

x(t) = Re[𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ]……………②

in general, 𝑥 𝑡 is a complex quantity, we can express it as:

𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥𝐼 (𝑡) + j 𝑥𝜃 𝒕 ; ……….③
substituting eq 3 in eq 2, we get:

x(t) = Re[ 𝑥𝐼 (𝑡) + j 𝑥𝜃 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ]

 Time domain description of SSB-SC
The SSB-SC wave can be generated by passing DSB-SC wave through a bandpass filter of transfer
function 𝐻𝑢 (𝑓).

DSB-SC
The DSB-SC modulated wave is defined mathematically as
𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
The Low pass complex envelope of the DSB-SC modulated wave is
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 (𝑡)= 𝐴𝐶 m(t)
Consider Su(t) which is only upper sideband is reserved from the DSB-SC. It has
quadrature as well as in-phase component.
𝑠𝑢 (t) = Re[𝑆𝑢 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡 ]……………①
To determine 𝑆𝑢 𝑡 , we follow three steps:
I. The BPF transfer function Hu(f) is replaced by an equivalent LPF of Transfer
function 𝐻𝑢 𝑓 as shown in fig b of above figure.
We can express 𝐻𝑢 𝑓 as follows:
½[1 + sgn(f)] , 0<f<w
𝐻𝑢 𝑓 = …................②
0 , otherwise
II. The DSB-SC wave is replaced by its complex envelope, the spectrum of this
envelope is shown in fig c of the above fig.
𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 (𝑓)= 𝐴𝐶 M(f) ………….③
III. The desired complex envelope 𝑆𝑢 𝑡 is determined by evaluating the IFT of the product
𝐻𝑢 𝑓 . 𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 (𝑓)
 𝑠𝑢 𝑡 = 𝐼𝐹𝑇 𝐻𝑢 𝑓 . 𝑆𝐷𝑆𝐵−𝑆𝐶 𝑓 ……………④
Substituting eq 2 & 3 in eq 4, we get :

1
su t = IFT ,1 + sgn(f)-.AC M(f)
2
𝐴𝐶
= 𝐼𝐹𝑇 * M(f)+ sgn(f) M(f) +
2
AC
𝑠𝑢 𝑡 = [ m(t) + j m t - ……………….⑤
2
Substituting eq 5 in eq 1, we get : 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 )
AC
𝑠𝑢 (t) = Re[ , m(t) + j m t - 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ]
2
𝑗 2 = −1
A
𝑠𝑢 (t) = Re[ 2C , m(t) + j m t - cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 )]

A
𝑠𝑢 (t) = Re[ 2C , m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + m(t)𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) + jm t cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑗 2 m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) -]
AC
𝑠𝑢 (t) = , m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) -……………..⑥
2
in-phase component quadrature component
☞ Equation 6 shows the SSB-SC modulated wave contains only USB with an in-phase and
quadrature components.
Equation 6’ shows the SSB-SC
AC
𝑠𝐿 (t) = , m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) -……………..6’ modulated wave contains only
2
LSB

Example: find single tone USB and LSB SSB-SC modulation expression for a given message
signal m(t)=AmCos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
Sol:- We know that the USB and LSB SSB-SC equation is:
AC
𝑠𝑢&𝐿 (t) = , m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) - ……..1 {‘+’ for LSB ‘-’ for USB}
2
m(t)=Am Cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ……..2 and the Hilbert transform of m(t) which is
m t = Am Sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ….....3 , Substitute equ. 2 & 3 in equ. 1
AC
𝑠𝑢&𝐿 (t) = ,Am Cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 . cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ Am Sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) -
2

w.k.t Cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = Cos(𝐴). Cos(𝐵) ∓ Sin(𝐴). Sin(𝐵)

AC
𝑠𝑢&𝐿 (t) = ,Cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . Am cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ∓ Sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 . Am 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑚 ) -
2

𝐴𝑐𝐴𝑚
𝑠𝑢&𝐿 (t) = ,Cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 -……….4 {‘+’ for USB ‘-’ for LSB}
2
 SSB-SC Modulators and Demodulators
Modulation/Generation: 1. Phase discrimination/ Hartley modulator
2. frequency discrimination method
Phase discrimination/ Hartley modulator:

The o/p of product modulator

‘I’ is
𝑆𝐼 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡) cos( 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
The o/p of product
modulator ‘Q’ is
𝑆𝑄 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
The signal 𝑆𝐼 & 𝑆𝑄 are fed to a
summer and its o/p is
s t = 𝑆𝐼 𝑡 ∓ 𝑆𝑄 (𝑡)
s(t)= 𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡) cos( 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ∓
𝐴𝑐 m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
{‘+’ for LSB ‘-’ for USB}
 𝒙𝑶 (𝒕) Demodulation/Detection
s(t) Product x(𝒕)
LPF ֎ Coherent Detector:
Modulator

☞ The o/p of the product modulator i.e. x(t) is fed to LPF , which it is
only allows the lower frequency components to pass and to block
𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕)
higher frequency component of its i/p x(t) since then the o/p of
AC
the LPF i.e. 𝒙𝑶 (𝒕) will be : 𝒙𝑶 (𝒕)= m(t) ……4
4

The product modulator o/p is give as

x(t)=s(t) cos( 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ……1
AC
𝑠𝑢&𝐿 (t) = , m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) - …2 the substitute eq 2 in eq 1 we get
2

AC
x(t)= 2
, m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) - . cos( 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

w.k.t: cos(a). Cos (b)= ½ [cos(a+b) + cos(a-b)]

cos(a). sin (b)= ½ [sin(a+b) - sin(a-b)]
AC AC
x(t)= m(t)+ ,m(t) cos 4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ∓ m t 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (4𝜋𝑓𝑐 ) - ……3
4 4
Amplitude Modulation
DSB-FC (Conventional AM) ☑
DSB-SC ☑
SSB-SC ☑
VSB
 Vestigial (VSB) AM
☞ When the information signal contains significant components at extremely low frequencies as
in TV signals, the SSB modulation is inappropriate in transmitting such baseband signals due
to the difficulty of isolating one side band.
☞ This difficulty suggests another scheme known as VSB modulation, which is a compromise
between SSB and DSB-SC modulation.
☞ AM vestigial sideband (VSB) is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one
complete sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second sideband is transmitted.
☞ Probably the most widely known VSB system is the picture portion of a commercial TV-
broadcasting signal.
☞ The bandwidth required by a VSB system is smaller than the DSB-SC system but higher than
the SSB system.
☞ The VSB modulation can be generated by passing a DSB-SC wave through an appropriate
filter with transfer function H(f).

☞ It can also be generated as shown in fig.

by passing the m(t) through Hilbert
transform filter H(f).
 Time domain description of VSB
𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) = Re[s𝑣𝑠𝑏 t 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 -…….1
Where: 𝒔𝒗𝒔𝒃 𝒕 is the complex envelop of 𝒔𝒗𝒔𝒃 (t)

We get s𝑣𝑠𝑏 t at the o/p of the complex LPF having a transfer function of 𝐻 f when a DSB-SC
wave is applied as its i/p. therefore

s𝑣𝑠𝑏 t = ℎ t ∗ s𝐷𝑆𝐵 t .….2

Where, ℎ t s the impulse response of the filter.
☞ Taking F.T of equ 2, we get: s𝑣𝑠𝑏 f = 𝐻 𝑓 s𝐷𝑆𝐵 f .….3

☞ w.k.t. 𝑠𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝑓 =AcM(f) .….4

☞ Then substituting eq. 4 into eq. 3 we get:

s𝑣𝑠𝑏 f = 𝐻 𝑓 AcM(f) w.k.t.
½[1 + 𝑗𝐻𝑄 (f) ] , 𝑓𝑣 < f < w
𝐻 𝑓 =
0 , otherwise
 s𝑣𝑠𝑏 f =½[1 + 𝑗𝐻𝑄 (f) ] AcM(f)
 s𝑣𝑠𝑏 f =𝐴2𝑐 𝑀(𝑓) + 𝑗𝐻𝑄 (f) 𝐴2𝑐 𝑀(𝑓) ……….5
☞ Taking IFT of eq. 5 then we get: s𝑣𝑠𝑏 f =𝐴2𝑐 ,m(t) + 𝑗𝑚𝑄 (𝑡)]….6 ,
Where 𝑚𝑄 (𝑡)= ℎ𝑄 (𝑡)*m(t)
☞ 𝒎𝑸 (𝒕) is the response produced by passing the message signal m(t) through a LPF of
impulse response 𝐡𝐐 (𝐭).
☞ Substituting eq. 6 in eq. 1, we get: 𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) = Re[s𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ]…….1

☞ 𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) = Re[𝐴2𝑐 ,m(t) + 𝑗𝑚𝑄 𝑡 ] 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 ]

W.K.T: 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
 𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) = Re[𝐴2𝑐 ,m(t) + 𝑗𝑚𝑄 𝑡 ] cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ]
𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) =
Re[
𝐴𝑐
2
m(t) cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐 m(t)𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐴2𝑐𝑗𝑚𝑄 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝒋𝟐 𝐴2𝑐𝑚𝑄 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
]
 𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) = 𝐴2𝑐 ,m(t)cos (2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 sin (2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ……….7 𝑗 2 = −1
USB & vestige of LSB

𝑠𝑣𝑠𝑏 (t) = 𝐴2𝑐 ,m(t)cos (2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝑚𝑄 𝑡 sin (2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ……….𝟕

LSB & vestige of USB